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C a s e s t u d Valley, Lower Chitral WoodenFigure 11: food intheKalash store village ofJaoGuru,Birir stores, terraces to reducedamage to housesfrom falling rocks, S Hazards Adapting toFlash FloodsandOther Chapter 5 Part 3– TheCaseStudy y

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2 6 . i n Technical strategies includethe construction offood various technical and non-structuralmeasures. trategies for adaptingto d d S e c 2 : 3 7

S e c 2 : 3 7 fl ash fl oods inChitralinclude

Mats Eriksson and economic resilience. per se.Nevertheless, alladjustmentmechanisms addto social cope withmany kindsofstress andnot only non-structural strategies have beenestablished for people to is especiallytruefor long-term adjustments.Infact most ofthe ofpeople’scultureandday-to-daythey becomepart life. This Indeed, over timepeople tend to internalise theirpractices;and against naturalhazards, not many elementscometo mind. asked directlywhat they aredoingto improve theirpreparedness previous mistakes andcommunityinitiatives. Whenpeopleare resource managementregulations,andtheability to learnfrom and economicdiversi risk ofnaturalhazards assetsthrough amongdifferent spatial on strong family andsocialnetworks, theabilityto spreadthe resistant structures.Non-structuralstrategies especiallyrely retaining walls for fl ood protection, andtraditionalearthquake- fi cation mechanisms,traditionalnatural fl ood preparedness 4 / 2 7 / 2 0 0 7

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P M LOCAL KNOWLEDGE PAKISTAN Technical and structural strategies never happened before!” (Narrated by Aziz Urahman, Gurin village, Gurin Gole, Shishi Koh valley, Lower Chitral) Food stores, terraces, and retaining walls “The fl ood took place on July 14th 2006 from 4 pm to 9 pm. “Through our work with communities here in Chitral we have […] It destroyed all our fi elds but our houses were safe and so seen cases in which people built terraces at the back of their were our grain stores kept inside the houses. We can store up housing plots to reduce damage from rock fall on their houses.” to two to three months of grain but the quantity depends on (Syed Harir Shah, Programme Manager for Community-based how much land each person has and on the time of the year. Disaster Risk Reduction, Focus Humanitarian Assistance, We also have houses in the pastures with food stores (butter Chitral) especially) but the fl ood washed away three of those. It had “Before, the community used to construct protection walls but now it is too costly so we rely on the government.” (Abdullah Khan Shakir, Drosh, Lower Chitral)

“In the old days there was no system of preparedness in place to ensure food supplies for the inhabitants during the 6-month winter period. The people themselves ensured they had enough essential commodities for the block period. Even today, local people, the business community, and the local government arrange essential commodities and wheat for six months in summer in preparation for winter, and the business community as well as the households stock their daily needs for a four to fi ve month period to overcome the season’s harshness. People still use indigenous wisdom to harvest seasonal crops Mats Eriksson Figure 12: Retaining walls along a stream in Birir village (Kalash) according to the changing climatic situation, and they know fi nanced by an external organisation using local materials. Traditional how to protect their crops, plants, and livestock from the harsh fl ood-protection walls are made out of stone and wood. But nowadays, in many places, wood is becoming very expensive, or is weather conditions. A very famous saying is: “if you are not even unavailable because of excessive deforestation. caring for yourself, who will care for you” (Thansoro key khiyal

Herders of Chitral: The Lost Messengers? 38

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C a s e s t u d houses aremany“There rich peopleherebutthey don’tbuildtraditional – Kalash areanethnicminorityinLower Chitral) (Kalash elder, Krakal village, Bumburet Valley, Lower Chitral we“If anearthquakealways starts, runinto ourhouses!” Traditional houses earthquake-resistant Humanitarian Assistance,Chitral) Manager for Disaster Community-based RiskReduction, Focus no arrow, ka takhiyalkoy Lower Chitral. The TraditionalFigure 13: Kalash houses, Krakalvillage,Bumburet Valley, Part 3– TheCaseStudy y

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2 6 . i n .” (Reshun, UpperChitral) d d S e c 2 : 3 9

S e fl c at roof also serves asanoutdoor livingspace. at roofalso serves 2 : 3 9 ).” (Syed HarirShah,Programme

Mats Eriksson openings/windows, andcorrugated thenew roofs. Certainly modern trends favour houses withseparate rooms, larger including the social statusattachedto modernbuildings trends anymore either–for reasonsother than expensive. Richhouseholds donot always follow thetraditional of theother housesaremadeofmudbrick,because wood is anymore andinstead have to usemorestones andclay. Most 20 bigtrees.Thepoorest householdscannot afford wood deforestation. Atraditionalhousemightrequire about 10 to access to wood isbecoming moreanddif because thesestructuresdo not have any wood. Butnowadays, walls alongtheroadside aredamaged by bigearthquakes thatonlythecattleshedsand The Kalash elderreports of stone, mud,andclay with thickwooden logs(25inches). from theentrance.Thewalls aremade in lightandairapart smoke outofthecentral layers. Dueto thecold climate, aholeintheroof to letthe 5 wooden pillars single room withoutwindows ( of wood, stones, andclay. Atraditionalhouseconsists ofa resistantduetoare earthquake asophisticated combination West FrontierChitral andtheNorth Province (NWFP)ingeneral, about them.Traditional housesintheKalash valleys, andin andmanyearthquakes smallones,butthey arenot too worried Most Kalash have elders witnessedatleastoneortwo major Thefivewooden pillarsarefoundinmosttraditionalChitrali housesandhaveaspecial Fatima, Asan, andHussain.(Group discussion, Brepresettlementarea, UpperChitral) meaning intheIsmaili religion.Eachpillarsymbolisesaprophet: Mohammed,Ali, 5 support a support fi replace istheonlyopeningbringing fl at roof madeofstone andmud baipash ) andaveranda. Five fi nancial ones, nancial fi cult dueto . The 4 / 2 7 / 2 0 0 7

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P M LOCAL KNOWLEDGE PAKISTAN style provides a healthier environment because it has better of controversy regarding the roots of the problem and how to ventilation than the traditional style and the materials used are tackle it. Some people perceive traditional (wooden) houses as less prone to fi re, but the structure is not as energy effi cient not being ‘environmentally friendly’ because they take a lot of and earthquake resistant as the traditional structure. The wood to construct. Others perceive that the forest policy is not decreasing use of traditional houses is also related to the adequate and does not allow people to manage the forests in lack of labour due to the increasing number of men seeking a sustainable manner – this is discussed below in the section jobs outside their villages. Building traditional houses is on ‘natural resource management’. extremely labour intensive and requires specifi c skills. Overall the changes in house construction raise an interesting point Non-structural strategies Social capital “We help each other. We are people descended from one ancestor here. We are one people. It’s natural to help each other.” (Qazi Said Ahmad, village leader, Ashret village, Chitral)

“The villagers from higher up used to warn us and we used to spend nights outside in this other village. The people of this village used to help us to save our belongings. They help us a lot!” (Aged woman, Chenar village, Mastuj, Upper Chitral)

“Now we are building a new house here [on the fringe of the last debris fl ow]. We don’t have any other options. We are Mats Eriksson Figure 14: Kalash girl in front of a traditional Kalash house, Bumburet not going to the resettlement area because our relatives live Valley, Lower Chitral. Traditional houses are stronger because they here and we still have a small plot of land. Whether or not the are made out of a sophisticated combination of wood, stones, and clay. But nowadays, access to wood is becoming more and more resettlement area is safer from fl oods, our relatives are here diffi cult due to deforestation – especially for the poorest households so it is more convenient for us to live close to them. We can’t who cannot afford to buy it. leave this place because it is our family land. No one can leave their ancestral land!” (Woman, Brep, Upper Chitral) Herders of Chitral: The Lost Messengers? 40

Chitral Case study April 26.inddSec2:40 Sec2:40 4/27/2007 1:38:28 PM C h i t r a l

C a s e s t u d affected by future hazards. Despite knowing aboutthedanger, somepeople contributes to underestimationordisregard ofthepossibility Moreover, astrong senseof placeandfamily tiessometimes the villagesto earncash,therefore increasingindividualism. of threatmay weaken to work outside asmenarestarting of helplessness.However, thissenseofsolidarityintheface networks orsystems whichhelpreducetheirsense support Households have strong family/lineage/clan tiesandsocial go backto theirparents’homes during the insurance before, during,andafter Relatives provide andneighbours socialandpsychological Chenar village,Mastuj,UpperChitral) to live withmy relatives thanto live inasafer place.” inmy land andIamcomfortable own area.Itismoreimportant could Iwould not leave thisplacebecauseIamattached to this area to maintain, andstillbene “We lost“We seven Gole, UpperChitral) three months duringthesummer.” (both menandwomen)household members gothere for two to inthevillagehasland the pastures andsome “Everybody Diversi Part 3– TheCaseStudy y

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2 6 . i n d d S fi e cation strategies c 2 fl oods stillprefer to resettleinthesamevulnerable : 4 1

S fi e elds inthelast major c 2 : 4 1 fi t from, family support. (Elder, PananDeh,Reshun fl oods. Somewomen also fl ood in1978. Even ifI fl od season. ood (Women, forced upon the farmers and thusthetraditionalcultivationforced uponthefarmers rotation ofcrops was abandoned andtheone-crop system was not beincreased ineitherquantity orquality. For example, the “ Chitral) migration.” “No oneleaves thevillagepermanently. Itisonlyseasonal Koh Valley, Lower Chitral) Rashidullah, Kahn Zarin,Ghulam Jafar, Gurinvillage,Shishi possible.” [that hadjustbeendamaged by the on ouragriculturalland.We to willstart cultivate thisland work isnot easyto get outside.Sowe dependent arestill very dif to themarket for 100 Pakistani rupeesperkilogramme.Itis the cities.They alsocuttreesinthemountainsandsellwood “People now have grainfrom thewarehouses andgoto work in Deh, Reshun Gole,UpperChitral) pastures, buttherearealsoriskshigherup.” “All ourlivestock (goats,sheep,andcows) aretaken upto the Upper Chitral) rainy season.” “It issafer to keep thelivestock upin thepastures duringthe Due to lack ofmanagement, thecultivated areainChitralcould fi cult becausewe have lessandwood available and (Islamuddin,AzizUrahman, GulMuhammadJan, (Qazi SaidAhmad,village leader, Ashretvillage, (Women’s group discussion,Chenarvillage, fl ood] againassoon (Elder, Panan 4 / 2 7 /

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P M LOCAL KNOWLEDGE PAKISTAN system of growing maize, barley, millet, and pulses was diversifi cation) allowing people to take advantage of the abandoned. As a result an amount of 60 million is annually ecological niches, depending on seasonal climatic changes spent on food subsidies for the district from the national by moving livestock between different grazing lands (using exchequer”. (NWFP and IUCN-Pakistan 1999) the fast-growing and nutritious higher altitude plants, while the sites at lower elevation rest or are used for cropping and Pastures, agricultural land, and houses – three (gendered) vice versa). However, generally, this resource optimisation habited worlds wherein herders/nomads, men, and women are strategy also increases some risks. In the transfer of livestock, at the heart of a complex agropastoral system, a combination the herds and fl ocks and herders are at risk from avalanches, of irrigated cultivation and animal husbandry. Livelihood storms, blizzards, landslides, and so on – more so than they diversifi cation has been a key coping mechanism for facing the would have been had they stayed put. In fact, blizzards in late harsh environmental conditions (including physical isolation spring and early fall have probably caused more deaths and and natural hazards) and economic hardship. Chitral remains damage to transhumance fl ocks and livestock than any other closed to the rest of Pakistan for about six months of the year natural hazard (Personal conversation, Dr. James Gardner). during the winter because of snow, which can be several metres’ This means that transhumance might be a useful strategy for deep (and temperatures can reach minus 15 degrees Celsius). spreading the risk of possible death of livestock in fl ash fl oods Certain strategies spread the risks of fl ash fl oods among but on an ad hoc basis only. people’s physical and economic assets, allowing the system to maintain a level of fl exibility and to bounce back in the face In some areas, the animal sheds are located away from the of change in general (and natural hazards in particular). Long- houses (horizontal spatial diversifi cation). Indirectly this can term strategies include vertical transhumance and economic contribute to spreading the risk of physical damage from fl ash diversifi cation, but also the separation of houses from animal fl oods over a geographical area. However, the practice is very sheds, and landholdings dispersed over a wide area. All four context-specifi c and varies from place to place depending, for aspects may contribute towards disaster preparedness in instance, on political/religious, economic (labour effi ciency), certain contexts and indirectly only: apart from transhumance, institutional (access to user rights), and climatic factors and they are not common practices in the region. illustrating the complexity of the system. For instance, in some places, it is a new trend infl uenced by religious, political factors. Transhumance can be described as a resource optimisation The religious leader of the Ismaili Muslims recommended to its strategy between the lowland and the pastures (vertical spatial followers, mainly located in Upper Chitral, that they separate

Herders of Chitral: The Lost Messengers? 42

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C a s e s t u d Chitral District YoungFigure 15: herderbringinga especially atnight. (Personal communication, Farid Ahmad) sheds closeto theirhouses to be ableto watch theircalves, conditions during winter, somepeople may want to buildtheir his shedoutside ofthevillage.Finally, dueto climatic theharsh for hiscattle.Avillagerwithnouserrightsiscompelled to build congested villages,speci to them.Inthecaseof the shedscaneasilybetransported whereas shedsarebuiltclose to the for doingsovary. Insomecases,houses arebuiltonslopes, Chitral, separatingshedsfrom housesisnot new, butreasons their shedsfrom theirhousesfor hygienic purposes. InLower Part 3– TheCaseStudy y

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2 6 . i n d d S e c 2 : 4 3

S e c 2 : 4 3 fi c routes areassignedto eachvillager fl ock of goats to the pastures, ofgoatstothe pastures, ock fi elds sothatmanurefrom

Mats Eriksson deforestation. This isbecause ofthelackjobsand leadsto increased livelihood diversi In Chitral,asinmany other placesintheHimalayas, the not alldiversi diversi their villagespermanently). Inthatsense,spatialandeconomic outside (onereasonwhy peopledonot leaveopportunities still centralto people’slivelihoods becauseofthelackjob livelihoods through remittances,the agropastoral system is although morepeoplethan before arediversifying their selling wood andgetting jobsoutsidethevillage.Today, diversi People sources relyondifferent ofincome(economic speci spreading strategy againstnaturalhazards isquite context- theabilityto landholdingsasarisk-Again, relyondispersed people’s/family’s pastrelationshipswiththeformer rulers. In other landholdingsmay cases,dispersed alsodependon cases, onlytherichestpeoplehave landholdings. dispersed many peopledo not have landholdings. Inmost dispersed still fall back onother landholdings. Ifa A third strategy for spreadingrisksisto rely on dispersed fi c. fi fi Obviously intertwined. cation mechanismsareoften cation). Mostrelyonsubsistence agriculture,livestock, fi cation strategies areappropriate orsustainable. fi cation process includesthesaleofwood. fl ood damagesone fi eldslocated somewhere else.However, fi eld, thelandowner can 4 / 2 7 / 2 0 0 7

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P M LOCAL KNOWLEDGE PAKISTAN Natural resource management lack of education are big problems.” (Qazi Said Ahmad, village leader, Ashret village, Lower Chitral) Access to landownership

“We are not homeless. Everybody has a piece of land. We “The government destroyed the forest higher up and to hide inherited our land from our ancestors.” (Qazi Said Ahmad, the degradation they set the forest on fi re. This is why we had village leader, Ashret village, Lower Chitral) this big fl ood recently.” (Villagers, Lower Chitral)

“One hundred and three households lost some land and 57 “The community ban cutting down trees and pulling shrubs to households lost everything due to the fl ood. Eighteen families reduce the fl oods. If we do cut trees and pull out shrubs we are are now living in the resettlement area [land provided by the fi ned. I know many people who have been fi ned. People report government]. The others are living on their relatives’ land. Now whenever they see somebody cutting down trees. Now we have we don’t want anything from the government. We only want the to buy fi rewood from lower down in Chitral.” (Dost Mohammed land that is around our houses and drinking water.” (The land and Sardar Azam, village between Mastuj and Buni, Upper around the resettlement area is owned by the Government.) Chitral) (Group discussion, Brep, Upper Chitral) “In Garumsheshma [local place] the community imposed a “Our land is more fertile now! Most of the damaged fi elds from ban on cutting down trees at a specifi c time of the year.” (Syed the last 1978 fl ood are now cultivable and very fertile.” (Aged Harir Shah, Programme Manager in Community-based Disaster women, Chenar village, Mastuj, Upper Chitral) Risk Reduction, Focus Humanitarian Assistance, Chitral)

Community regulations on grazing and deforestation “In order to prevent furrows (small gullies) being formed, “People here have too many goats! To stop the fl oods people need communities used to ban the practice of dragging wood to stop the goats from grazing and to start forest regeneration. down the slopes. Gullies may aggravate fl ash fl oods in case of I have witnessed lots of changes in the forest cover over time extreme rainfall events. This type of ban reduced the impact and many timber mafi as are working here. Rich people hire of fl oods but had a big impact on people’s livelihoods because contractors to cut down trees for sale in Chitral. People are they were left with no alternatives. Now this practice is being overgrazing their herds and cutting down trees because they revived in some places due to deforestation problems.” (Aziz do not have other means of livelihood. Unemployment and Ali, District Manager, IUCN-Pakistan Chitral Unit)

Herders of Chitral: The Lost Messengers? 44

Chitral Case study April 26.inddSec2:44 Sec2:44 4/27/2007 1:38:38 PM C h i t r a l

C a s e s t u d IUCN-Pakistan 1999) IUCN-Pakistan formedof gullyingalongthetracks by thedraggedlogs.(NWFPand practice hasbeenbannedinorder toreducesoilerosionasaresult they havethe hillsidesafter This beencutinhighaltitudeforests. activityisthepracticeofdragginglogsdownperiod. Onesuch rangelandfor aparticular of undesirableactivitiesonaparticular locality orbansonanumber as bansoncuttingwood inacertain verbal laying codeofconduct(‘dastoor’) down various principlessuch Chitral town. Traditional resourcemanagement includeda forest Figure 16: Tracks causedby draggingwood ondenudedhills around forests. Nowadays, theseinformal community rules allowing for have strong rules to securethesustainable useofpasturesand fewas very jobsareto befound outside.Communitiesused to meansofsubsistence, as agriculture isstilltheirmostimportant important Most peoplein ChitralDistrictown land.Thisisvery Part 3– TheCaseStudy y

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Arun B. Shrestha just rented itoutfor afew days whenthe instance andhad boughtahouseonloan, did alltherepairs, arenow“Some villagers completely indebted. This manfor discussion, resettlementarea,Brep,UpperChitral) store for grain,andanimalshedsinsafer places.” government banks.Now we arethinkingofbuildinga common should bestored insafe places.Ourmoney shouldbein slopes. Ourhousesshouldhave fewer rooms. Ourvaluables have“We learnednow thatwe shouldbuildourhouseson Learning fromprevious mistakes Other attitudestowards Pakistan 1999) are alsonow beingrevivedareas.(NWFP andIUCN- incertain nationalisation offorest resources in1975, butsome ofthem the sustainableuseofforests have eroded becauseofthe it to buildembankments. Writing theseletters iswhat we are “Now we arealsowritingletters to thegovernment requesting external help Community initiatives and attitudestowards the it away. Thepeoplewhohave not hadanything damagedby Lower Chitral) in caseofacrisis(saving money).” or socialorganisationto which everybody couldcontribute fl ooddon’tcometogether. Now we arethinkingofavillage

fl ash (Shainigar village,Drosh, fl ood cameandwashed fl oods (Group 4 / 2 7 / 2 0 0 7

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P M LOCAL KNOWLEDGE PAKISTAN doing to prepare ourselves because we are expecting fl oods started to organise themselves at the community level; for every year.” (Abdullah Khan Shakir, Shainigar village, Drosh) instance, to request external help from the government and “Before, people were solely dependent on their own resources. non-government organisations. Some attitudes seem to But now their mindset is different. People are becoming indicate an increasing dependence on external help. The last dependent on the government.” (Prof. Faizi, Chitral College) quote illustrates how political and religious factors can come into play in infl uencing people’s vulnerability to fl oods. The “We managed to arrange four million Pakistani rupees from villagers’ complaint reveals that local political and religious the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme to construct retention powers can inhibit community initiatives and institutional cross- walls against recurrent fl oods, but the local mullahs (religious scale linkages. This example also reveals how religious beliefs, and political leaders) prevented us from having any kind of and in this case the division between the Ismaili Muslims in arrangement with Aga Khan Rrural Support Programme. Lower Chitral and the Sunni Muslims in Upper Chitral, can We received threats that we were engaging in anti-Pakistani infl uence local practices in disaster preparedness. The Ismaili actions and we fear that whenever we make a request for Muslims believe that the Aga Khan, the founder of the Aga Khan action we may be arrested.” (Villagers group discussion, Lower Foundation, is their religious leader. Therefore, some religious/ Chitral) political Sunni Muslim leaders refuse any intervention from the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme, which is linked to the Aga Other general attitudes towards fl ash fl oods reveal that some Khan Foundation as a way of denying or opposing the Ismaili people manage to learn from previous mistakes and have Muslims.

Herders of Chitral: The Lost Messengers? 46

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A villagers bestusethem fordisaster preparedness? (e.g., family, social,professional, political)andhow canthe relatives located? Whatnetworksarepeople embeddedin households’ social networklooklike? Wherearetheir their relatives andtheirneighbours like? Whatdoesa Social capital adopting earthquake-safe practices? changes inthepoliciessupport orpreventpeoplefrom and land)policiesinfluencing localpractices?Howcan on localknowledgeandpractices? Howarecurrent(forest forces, includingnaturalresource policies,haveanimpact not buildingtraditionalhouses anymore?Howdoexternal houses andwhichonesare not?Whyarethosehouseholds sustainable? Whichhouseholds arebuildingtraditional intensive)? Howcantraditional structuresbemademore labour reduce thesustainabilityof suchbuildings(e.g.,very resistant thannewones?Whataretheelements that elements thatmake traditional buildingsmoreearthquake learned fromtraditionalhousingstructures?Whatare the Traditional houses earthquake-resistant doing atthecommunityleveltocontrolstream? food store? food? For howmanydaysormonthscan theyrelyonthe When dotheystartstoringfood?Where?Whatkind of season? Dotheyhavespecificfoodstoragetechniques? are communitiesandhouseholdspreparingforthe rainy Technical –Food strategies andstructural storage p r i l

2 6 . i n d d S e c 2 : 4 7

Terraces walls andretaining

S e – c 2 : 4 7 What arepeople’s relationshipswith Box 3:Didyou tonatural hazards ask?Strategies ofadaptation : whatarepeople : whatcanbe : how local knowledge andpracticesondisaster preparedness? Islamic belief systeminfluence,promote, and/orhinder not beenliving intheregionforsolong? Howdoesthe practices indisaster preparednessthan peoplewhohave time (e.g.,the Kalash)havedifferentknowledge aboutand longperiodof Do peoplewho havebeensettledfora very practices indisasterpreparedness thanIsmailiMuslims? do SunniMuslimshave different knowledgeaboutand in disasterpreparedness? For example,inthiscasestudy, background influencelocal knowledgeaboutandpractices class, caste,physicalability, andethnicity] andreligious the context(e.g.,historical, sociocultural[age,gender, people havelearnedfromprevious floodevents?Howdoes attitudes towardsflashfloods? Whataretheindicatorsthat Other attitudestowards equitable? floods? Whatarethelocaladjustmentstrategies?Are they ownership disputesarisefromlossoflanddueto flash and entrepreneurialattitudesorbackgrounds?Do land arrangements business? Dotheyhavemicro-finance What backgroundandmindsetdopeoplehaveregarding activities? Dotheyalsorelyoncash-income in differentlocations?Dotheyhavelivelihood (physical, economic,social)?Dotheyhavelandholdings spread theimpactsofflashfloodsamongtheirresources management Diversi fi andnaturalresources cation strategies – How do communities and households try to How docommunitiesandhouseholdstry fl ash fl oods – What arepeople’s 4 / 2 7 / 2 0 0 7

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