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Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plants Knowlton’s Cactus (Pediocactus knowltonii): Eighteen Years of Monitoring and Recovery Actions 1 2 ROBERT C. SIVINSKI AND CHARLIE MCDONALD 1New Mexico Forestry Division, P.O. Box 1948, Santa Fe, NM 87504 2USDA-Forest Service, 333 Broadway Blvd., SE, Rm. 209, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87102 ABSTRACT. Pediocactus knowltonii is a rare, endemic cactus that is presently known to occur on a single 10-hectare hill in northwestern New Mexico near the Colorado border. It was listed as federally endangered in 1979. Population monitoring and recovery actions were initiated when the Recovery Plan was adopted in 1985. The land at the type locality has been donated to The Nature Conservancy and long-term monitoring plots have been annually studied since 1986. This population reached peak density in 1994 and is presently in decline. A total of 301 clones were made and transplanted to two nearby habitats above the Los Pinos arm of Navajo Lake, beginning in 1985. Transplant survival and flowering were good, but natural recruitment has been slow. Seeding trials were also conducted at both locations in 1985 and 1991. Only 4% of seeds planted became established as adult plants and no new recruitment has yet been observed. INTRODUCTION by the New Mexico Cactus and Succulent Society in 1960, which was Pediocactus knowltonii L. Benson under the mistaken perception that this (Knowlton's cactus), listed as site would be flooded by the newly endangered by U.S. Fish & Wildlife constructed Navajo Reservoir. Field Service (USFWS) on November 28, trips were organized to salvage the cacti 1979, is one of the rarest cacti in the from the type locality. Several thousand United States. It was discovered in 1958 P. knowltonii plants were reportedly by the late Fred Knowlton and named by taken by this group of hobbyists (Paul Lyman Benson (1961). Knowlton’s Knight, personal communication, 1984). cactus is known to occur only at its type This rare cactus is presently available as locality on a small hill of about 10 plants or seeds from licensed hectares in San Juan County, New commercial growers, which has relieved Mexico just south of the Colorado/New some of the collection pressures on the Mexico border above Navajo Lake. natural population. Extensive searches of this region in New Mexico and adjacent Colorado have In an effort to protect the only natural failed to locate additional natural population of this rare cactus, the populations. landowner (Public Service Company of New Mexico) donated the 10-hectare Shortly after its discovery, this P. type locality to The Nature Conservancy knowltonii population was repeatedly (TNC). This small preserve was fenced visited by cactus collectors to obtain to exclude livestock. A few cacti (<100) plants for the succulent hobbyist trade. This population was severely impacted 98 occur on adjacent BLM land, which is contractile roots, which can pull the also enclosed by a livestock-proof fence. entire plant below the soil surface during periods of severe drought. All A recovery plan was developed for Knowlton’s cacti begin with a single- Knowlton’s cactus and approved by stem and most retain that morphology USFWS in March, 1985 (USFWS, throughout their lives. However, plants 1985). A reintroduction program into that are damaged or buried for a long adjacent suitable habitats was identified period will often become multi-stem as the primary effort towards recovery of plants. Approximately one-quarter of this species. Monitoring at the type the natural population have 2-15 heads locality was also initiated to obtain per plant. information on growth and phenology from the natural population for MONITORING AND POPULATION TRENDS comparison to the transplant efforts. Twenty-four circular monitoring plots HABITAT AND POPULATION (4 m diameter) were established in 1986 CHARACTERISTICS at the natural population of Knowlton’s cactus in the TNC preserve. These plots Pediocactus knowltonii habitat occurs have all conditions of slope, aspect, soil on Tertiary alluvial deposits overlying type, and associated vegetation on the the San Jose Formation. These deposits small hill at the type locality. Only 11 form rolling, gravelly hills covered with of these plots contained Knowlton's piñon pine (Pinus edulis Englem.), cactus during the term of this study. Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus One of these occupied plots (including scopulorum Sarg.) and black sagebrush rebar, tags, and an undetermined number (Artemisia nova A.Nels.). A relatively of cacti) was removed by cactus dense soil cover of foliose lichen poachers in 1995, so the final data set (Parmelia sp.) is an unusual aspect of consists of a ten-plot total. Each plant the habitat. This cactus grows in full sun within an occupied plot was measured between cobbles and in the understory of and marked with a numbered tag held in sagebrush and conifers. Average annual the ground by a 8-penny nail. Stem precipitation is 30 cm, arriving mostly diameter, and number of flowers or during late summer and winter months. fruits have been recorded during the last The only known natural habitat is the eighteen years. top and slopes of a single small hill. The total numbers of P. knowltonii Knowlton’s cactus density is variable at within the study plots at the type locality this location, but can be surprisingly between 1986 and 2003 are shown in high in some areas with up to13 cacti per Figure 1. The 1989 monitoring was square meter. The total population in incomplete (only 5 of 11 plots) and has 1992 was estimated to be 12,000 plants been deleted from this analysis. Overall, by using a series of belt transects across the population trend increased by 78% the hill where this species occurs. from 1986 to 1994, then continuously Individual plants can become decreased from 1995 to 2003 to a final reproductive adults when they are 10 number slightly below the original 1986 mm, or more, in diameter. Flowering density. The steep decline and increase peaks in early May and fruits ripen in between 1995 and 1997 is an artifact of June and July. This small cactus has detectibility. Many cacti had pulled into 99 1985 and again in 1991 450 for suitable habitats that 400 350 are similar to the 300 natural habitat of this 250 species. Suitability 200 criteria were cobbley 150 substrates in piñon- 100 50 juniper woodland with 0 a dominant shrub Total Number of Cacti in 10 Plots 6 8 8 8 91 93 95 97 component of black 9 9 9 19 19 19 1 1 1 1999 2001 2003 sagebrush. Two Year locations were selected as potential FIGURE 1. Total numbers of Pediocactus knowltonii in the ten monitoring reintroduction sites. plots at the TNC Preserve, New Mexico. Each plot is circular with a 4m One on Bureau of Land diameter Management land the ground during the extreme drought approximately two year of 1996 and could not be accurately miles south of the type locality and counted until 1997. Therefore, the trend another on Bureau of Reclamation land line between 1995 and 1997 should, approximately 5 miles to the south at actually, be more gradual than shown in Navajo Lake. Figure 1. The reintroduction (transplant) program began in May, 1985, when 250 stem cuttings were taken from multi- There are no weather stations near the stem plants at the type locality. These TNC Preserve, but a severe, long-term clones were taken to a greenhouse and drought has been apparent in the Four grown in pots over the summer until Corners Region for the last several years fully rooted. One hundred fifty of these and is probably the driving force behind adult clones were placed at the the recent decline of this population. transplant location on the Los Pinos arm These small cacti are very drought of Navajo Lake, which is hereafter tolerant, however, dry conditions cause referred to as the Navajo #1 Site. They an increase in rabbit and rodent attacks, were planted in fall of 1985 in a grid which are frequently fatal. Recruitment pattern at two-meter intervals along 15 to this population is not consistent over lines of ten plants each (Olwell et al, time and several years can pass between 1987). This site was supplemented with episodes of significant germination and another 102 cuttings planted on the establishment. A great many seedlings south side of this grid in the early spring were observed during the early- and of 1995. These later transplants are in mid-1990s, but relatively fewer new the same general area, but are referred to plants were found in the monitoring as the Navajo #2 Site. plots during the years after 1995. An additional 250 cuttings were taken TRANSPLANTING PROGRAM in the spring of 1991. Each of the parent plants used for the 1991 cuttings were A ten-mile radius south of the P. marked so that they could be monitored knowltonii type locality was searched in 100 for any mortality that resulted from the Impacts of Cloning Operations stem cut. In September 1991, a total of On 7 May 1991, Steve Brack, 149 five month-old clones where planted independent horticultural contractor, on the BLM's Reese Canyon Area of took 250 single-stem cuttings of Critical Environmental Concern Knowlton’s cactus from multiple- (ACEC), which is referred to as the stemmed individuals at the type locality BLM #1 Site. This transplant effort population. After removing a cutting differed from the Navajo Lake site by from the base of each cactus, a small method of planting and placement rock was placed against the wound and a pattern. The Navajo Lake plants were number was assigned to the donor plant. transplanted with the rooting medium This number was inscribed on an still attached to the roots.
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