Kaktuszok Télállósága Magyarországon

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Kaktuszok Télállósága Magyarországon KAKTUSZOK TÉLÁLLÓSÁGA MAGYARORSZÁGON Doktori értekezés MOHÁCSINÉ SZABÓ KRISZTINA Budapest, 2007. A doktori iskola megnevezése: Kertészettudományi (Interdiszciplináris) tudományága : Növénytermesztési és kertészeti tudományok vezet ője: Dr. Papp János egyetemi tanár, DSc Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar Gyümölcsterm ő Növények Tanszék Témavezet ők: Dr. Schmidt Gábor tanszékvezető egyetemi tanár, DSc Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Kertészettudományi Kar Dísznövénytermesztési és Dendrológiai Tanszék Dr. Mészáros Zoltán egyetemi tanár, DSc Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem A jelölt a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában el őírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, az értekezés m űhelyvitájában elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, ezért az értekezés nyilvános vitára bocsátható. ........................................................... ........................................................................... Az iskolavezet ő jóváhagyása Témavezet ők jóváhagyása A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Élettudományi Területi Doktori Tanács 2007. december 11-i határozatában a nyilvános vita lefolytatására az alábbi bíráló Bizottságot jelölte ki: BÍRÁLÓ BIZOTTSÁG : Elnöke Rimóczi Imre DSc Tagjai Terbe István CSc Mihalik Erzsébet CSc Kiss Istvánné CSc Opponensek Isépy István CSc Neményi András PhD Titkár Nagy József PhD TARTALOMJEGYZÉK 1. Bevezetés……………………………………………………………………………..………1 2. Irodalmi áttekintés……………………………………………………………………..……..4 2. 1. A kaktuszok botanikai jellemzése……………...…………………………………..….4 2. 1. 1. A télálló kaktuszokat érint ő rendszertani változások……………………..…….4 2. 1. 2. A kaktuszok általános morfológiai jellemzése……………………………….....8 2. 1. 2. 1. A kaktuszok szövettani jellemzése………………………………………....9 2. 1. 2. 2. A kaktuszok vegetatív és generatív szerveinek jellegzetességei……….....17 2. 1. 2. 3. A kaktuszokban el őforduló speciális anyagok, kemikáliák……………….27 2. 2. A télálló kaktuszok f őbb élettani sajátosságai………………………………………..30 2. 2. 1. Vízhiány – szárazságt űrés……………………………………………………...30 2. 2. 2. A növényeket ér ő stresszhatások………………………………………………34 2. 2. 3. A h őmérséklet, mint stresszor………………………………………………….36 2. 3. A télálló kaktuszok elterjedése…………………………………………………….....37 2. 4. A télálló kaktuszok adaptációs lehet őségei……………………………………..........40 2. 4. 1. Adaptációja Európában……………………………………………………......40 2. 4. 2. A télálló kaktuszok kertészeti vonatkozásai Magyarországon………...……....41 2. 5. A télálló kaktuszok szaporodási és szaporítási lehet őségeinek irodalmi áttekintése………………………………………………………………….43 2. 5. 1. A kaktuszok reproduktív stratégiái……………………………………............43 2. 5. 2. Vegetatív szaporítási módok…………………………………………..……....44 2. 5. 3. Magvetéses szaporítás………………………………………………..………..45 2. 5. 4. Steril magvetés és mikroszaporítás………………………………….………...46 3. Anyag és módszer…………………………………………………………………………...48 3. 1. Fagyt űrési és morfológiai vizsgálatok a szabadban..…………………………………54 3. 1. 1. Az extenzív zöldtet őn elhelyezett télálló Opuntia gy űjtemény vizsgálata…….54 3. 1. 1. 1. A növények származása és elhelyezése…………………………...……54 3. 1. 1. 2. A megfigyelés módszere………………….………………………......…55 3. 1. 2. A tövisek és a szártagok méretbeli változása az id őjárás függvényében………56 3. 2. Adaptációs felmérés a télálló kaktuszgy űjteményekben ……………………………..57 3. 3. Biokémiai vizsgálatok…………………………………….……………..….…..….....58 i 3. 3. 1. A peroxidáz enzim aktivitásának változásai.…………………………….........58 3. 3. 1. 1. A vizsgált anyag ismertetése…………………………………………....58 3. 3. 1. 2. Mintavétel, tárolás………………………………………………………59 3. 3. 1. 3. A peroxidáz enzim aktivitásának mérése……………………………….60 3. 3. 2. Az összes fenoltartalom meghatározása…………………….……………...….60 3. 4. Szaporítási vizsgálatok……………………………………………………………….61 3. 4. 1. Opuntia tortispina szártagok gyökeresedése…………………………………..61 3. 4. 2. A télálló kaktuszok magvetése steril és hagyományos körülmények között….62 3. 4. 3. A télálló kaktuszok magvetésénél alkalmazott táptalajok…………….……….64 4. Az eredmények ismertetése…………………………………………………...………….…66 4. 1. Fagyt űrési és morfológiai vizsgálatok a szabadban…………..……………..….……66 4. 1. 1. Az extenzív zöldtet ő Opuntia gy űjteményének vizsgálata .................….…….66 4. 1. 2. A tövisek és szártagok méretbeli változásai az id őjárás függvényében....……77 4. 2. Adaptációs felmérés a télálló kaktuszgy űjteményekben …………………….….……81 4. 3. Biokémiai vizsgálatok…………………………………………………………….…...85 4. 3. 1. A peroxidáz enzim aktivitásának változásai………….………………………...85 4. 3. 2. Az összes fenoltartalom meghatározása………...………………….…………..93 4. 4. Szaporítási vizsgálatok……………….……………………………..………………...95 4. 4. 1. Az Opuntia tortispina szártagok gyökeresedése….…………….……………...95 4. 4. 2. A télálló kaktuszok magvetése steril és hagyományos körülmények között.....101 4. 4. 2. 1. Steril magvetés…………………………...……………………………..101 4. 4. 2. 2. „Hagyományos” magvetés……………………………..…………….....103 4. 4. 2. 3. A télálló kaktuszok magvetésénél alkalmazott táptalajok……………...108 5. Összefoglalás………………………………………………………………………………..113 5. 1. Fagyt űrési és morfológiai vizsgálatok a szabadban…….…...….…………………....114 5. 1. 1. Az extenzív zöldtet őn elhelyezett télálló Opuntia gy űjtemény értékelése….....114 5. 1. 2. A tövisek és szártagok méretbeli változásai az id őjárás függvényében….…....115 5. 2. Adaptációs felmérés a télálló kaktuszgy űjteményekben…………………………..…115 5. 3. Biokémiai vizsgálatok……………………………………………...………………...115 5. 3. 1. A peroxidáz enzim aktivitásának változásai…………………………...............115 5. 3. 2. Az összes fenoltartalom meghatározása……….……………………….......….116 5. 4. Szaporítási vizsgálatok……………………………………………………………….116 ii 5. 4. 1. Az Opuntia tortispina gyökeresedése……………………………………........116 5. 4. 2. A télálló kaktuszok magvetése steril és hagyományos körülmények között…..117 3. 4. 3. A télálló kaktuszok magvetésénél alkalmazott táptalajok……………………..117 5. 5. Új tudományos eredmények…………………………………………….………........118 5. 6. A gyakorlatnak közvetlenül átadható eredmények…………………….……………..118 6. Summary……………………………….……………………………………………………119 6. 1. Frost tolerance and morphological examinations outside……………………….…...120 6. 1. 1. Evaluation of the winter hardy Opuntia collection planted on the extensive green roof..………………………………………………………………….120 6. 1. 2. Changes in the spines’ and joints’ size due to weather conditions…...……….121 6. 2. Survey of the winter hardy cacti collections of Hungary…..………………………...121 6. 3. Biochemical examinations…………………………..………………………………..121 6. 3. 1. Change in the peroxidase enzyme activity………..…………………………...121 6. 3. 2. Measuring the total phenolic content…………….……………………………123 6. 4. Propagation examinations………………………………………………………...….123 6. 4. 1. Rooting of the Opuntia tortispina joints............................................................123 6. 4. 2. Traditional and sterile seed propagation of winter hardy cacti………………..123 6. 4. 3. Substrates used for sowing of winter hardy cacti……………………………...124 6. 5. New scientific results………………………………………………………………...124 6. 6. Results that can directly be applied in practice………………………………………124 7. Irodalomjegyzék……………………………………………………………...……………..126 MELLÉKLETEK I. MELLÉKLET A fagyt űrő kaktuszok szinonimatáblázatai II. MELLÉKLET Az Opuntia gy űjtemény megfigyeléseinek összefoglaló táblázatai III. MELLÉKLET A vizsgált télálló Opuntia taxonok szártag és tövisméreteinek statisztikai elemzése IV. MELLÉKLET A hazai télálló kaktuszgy űjtemények felmérése V. MELLÉKLET Ábrajegyzék VI. MELLÉKLET Táblázatjegyzék VII. MELLÉKLET Köszönetnyilvánítás iii 1. BEVEZETÉS Doktori értekezésem témájául a télálló kaktuszokat választottam. A disszertáció megírásának gondolatát jóval megel őzte a kaktuszok iránti érdekl ődésem kezdete. Közel 20 évvel ezel őtt álltam a „kaktuszosok” táborába, így a gy űjteményem kialakítása, gyarapítása sokkal el őbb elkezd ődött, mint tudományos érdekl ődésem a pozsgás növények iránt. Kezdetben én is, mint a legtöbb gy űjt ő, számos nemzetségből választottam fajokat, de egy bizonyos id ő elteltével olyan csoportját választottam a kaktuszoknak, melyeknek igényeit a lehet ő legjobban ki tudtam elégíteni. Így kezdtek szaporodni a gy űjteményemben a télálló fajok. Volt id ő, amikor a kaktuszokat, a kaktuszgy űjtést divathóbortnak tekintették, manapság azonban a hóbort mellett inkább a természet megismerésének ösztönös vagy tudatos eszköze (MÉSZÁROS , 2006). Nem elhanyagolható kereskedelmi forgalma sem, hiszen az USA-ban az évenkénti teljes kaktusz „produkció” 50 millió, az európai piacra épül ő holland kertészetekb ől, több mint 18 millió növény került ki az 1980-as évek végén (FULLER és FITZGERALD , 1987). A Bloemisterij kiadvány (2006) szerint Hollandiában, 2005-ben csak az Opuntia nemzetségb ől 145 000 növényt értékesítettek, mely a darabszámot tekintve 4,5 %-os visszaesés volt a 2004-es évhez viszonyítva, viszont a növényárak emelkedésével 11,5 %-al magasabb bevételt jelentett. A kaktuszok között azok a fajok, amelyek teleltetés nélkül, a szabadban tarthatók egyre jelent ősebb szerepet töltenek be a hazai díszkertészeti kínálat b ővülésében. Az utóbbi években megnövekedett a zöldtet ők kialakításának igénye, egyre több irodaépület, szálloda és más közintézmény lapos tetején létesítenek tet őkertet, melynek az esztétikai, dekorációs hasznosítása mellett, számos egyéb, egészségügyi és környezeti hatása is ismert. A flóratet ő ─ a növényzet jellegét ől függetlenül, akár extenzív akár intenzív tet őnövényr ől legyen szó ─ a jöv ő fedésmódja, a kés őbbiekben egyre természetesebb
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