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Erkebiskopene Som Fredsskapere
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Erkebiskopene som fredsskapere i det norske samfunnet fra 1202 til 1263 Tore Sævrås Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie Universitetet i Oslo Høsten 2010 1 Forord Nå som jeg endelig er ferdig med min masteroppgave vil jeg rette en stor takk til min veileder Jon Vidar Sigurdsson, blant annet for gode råd, spørsmål og innspill som har gjort at jeg har greid å levere denne oppgaven innenfor nomerert tid. Særlig er jeg takknemelig for den tiden du satte av de siste ukene til gjennomlesning av kapittelutkastene til denne oppgaven, og at jeg når tid som helst kunne ringe deg dersom det var et eller annet jeg slet med i oppgaven min. Jeg har selv lært mye med å skrive denne oppgaven, og selv om det til tider har vært et slit, må jeg også innrømme at det har vært veldig morsomt å jobbe med denne oppgaven det siste semesteret da jeg begynte å se hvordan oppgaven kom til å se ut. Jeg vil også rette en takk til familie og venner for den forståelse og tålmodighet de har vist meg i de siste månedene, når jeg har arbeidet med å få ferdig denne oppgaven i tide. 2 Innholdsfortegnelse Innledning s. 4 Historiografi s. 5 Kilder s.10 1: Erkebiskopenes fredsskaperrolle i de store politiske konfliktene s.14 Initiativtakeren - erkebiskopen s.15 Initiativtakeren - de stridende partene s.17 Erkebiskopene som meglere s.23 Erkebiskopenes formidlerrolle s.27 Erkebiskopen som dommer s.33 Avslutning -
Timeline1800 18001600
TIMELINE1800 18001600 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris-Euphrates planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest Europe. 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower Egypt. The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable foot soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling dynasties. Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in Bohemia. Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in Greece and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In Mesopotamia, helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE Sumer city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze. -
Bibliography
Bibliography Editions and Translations of Primary Sources Ågrip or Noregs kongesoger. Translated by Gustav Indrebø. Oslo: Det norske samlaget, 1973. Acta et processus canonizationis b. Birgitte. Edited by Isak Collijn. Samlingar utgivna av Svenska fornskriftsällskapet, Ser. 2, Latinska skrifter. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell boktryckeri, 1924–1931. Acta sanctorum. 68 vols. Edited by Johannes Bollandus and Godefridus Henschenius. Antwerp & Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 1643–1940. Adalbold II of Utrecht. Vita Henrici II imperatoris. Edited by Georg Waitz. MGH. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1841. 679–95. Adam of Bremen. Mag. Adami gesta Hammenbergensis Ecclesias Pontificum. Edited by Johann Martin Lappenberg. MGH SS, 7. Hanover, 1846. 267–389. ———. Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum. Edited by Bernard Schmeidler. MGH. Hannover & Leipzig: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1917. ———. The History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. Translated by Francis Joseph Tschan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1959. Ágrip af Nóregskonunga sǫgum. Fagrskinna – Nóregs konunga tal. Edited by Bjarni Einarsson. Íslenzk Fornrit, 29. Reykjavík: Hið islenzká fornritafelag,́ 1985. Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum.InText Series. Edited by Matthew James Driscoll. 2nd ed. A Twelfth-Century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway, 10. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 2008. Akershusregisteret af 1622. Edited by G. Tank. Den norske historiske Kildeskriftkommission. Kristiania: Grøndahl & Søns boktryggeri, 1916. Alain de Lille. De planctu naturae. PL, 210. col. 579A. ———. De planctu naturae. Translated by G.R. Evans. Alan of Lille: The Frontiers of Theology in the Later Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Albert of Aachen. Historia Ierosolimitana. Edited and translated by Susan B. Edgington. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007. Albert of Stade. -
Norwegian the Last King Thrills Into Theatres This June American Story on Page 18 Volume 127, #18 • May 20, 2016 Est
the Inside this issue: NORWEGIAN The Last King thrills into theatres this June american story on page 18 Volume 127, #18 • May 20, 2016 Est. May 17, 1889 • Formerly Norwegian American Weekly, Western Viking & Nordisk Tidende $3 USD Norway’s eyes in the sky story on page 10 « Om alt annet i livet slår feil, så vet du i alle fall med ganske WHAT’S INSIDE? No chips in Norwegian Schools? stor sikkerhet at knoppene på Nyheter / News 2-3 epletrærne kommer i mai. » Business 4-5 Washington DC students learn about Norsk lunches – Marianne Storberg Opinion 6-7 Sports 8-9 CHRISTINE FOSTER MELONI Research & Science 10 Washington, D.C. Norwegian Heritage 11 The fifth graders at Leckie Elementary School in three hours and then served with mashed rutabagas. Taste of Norway 12-13 Washington, D.C., were eagerly awaiting the arrival of The children found the idea rather interesting if not Norway near you 14-15 Urd Milbury, the Cultural and Information Officer from particularly appetizing. Travel the Norwegian Embassy. She had already visited the Urd’s next slide showed a piece of lutefisk. She 16-17 school three times, and the children knew they were go- explained that fishing was Norway’s second most im- Arts & Entertainment 18-19 ing to learn something special about her home country. portant industry after oil, which was #1. She did not Norsk Språk 20-21 Today’s general topic was Food in Norway, but emphasize how polarizing lutefisk was, either loved or Fiction 22 Urd had brought Embassy chef Per Olav Hurv with her hated. -
Scandinavian Kingship Transformed Succession, Acquisition and Consolidation in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
Scandinavian Kingship Transformed Succession, Acquisition and Consolidation in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries Thomas Glærum Malo Tollefsen Submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cardiff University – School of History, Archaeology, and Religion March 2020 0 Abstract This is a comparative study of Scandinavian kingship in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, based on the themes of succession, acquisition, and consolidation of power. These themes con- stitute the study’s overarching questions: How did a king become a king? How did he keep his kingdom? And finally, how did he pass it on? In order to provide answers to these question this study will consider first the Scandina- vian rules of succession, what they were, to whom they gave succession rights, as well as the order of succession. Second, the study will look at different ways in which kings acquired the kingship, such as through trial by combat and designation succession. Third, the study will look at what happens when succession rules were completely disregarded and children were being made kings, by looking at the processes involved in achieving this as well as asking who the real kingmakers of twelfth century Denmark were. Finally, the study will determine how kings consolidated their power. This study shows, that despite some Scandinavian peculiarities, kingship in Scandinavia was not fundamentally different from European kingship in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It also shows that the practice of kingship was dependent on political circumstances making it impossible to draw general conclusions spanning centuries and vast geographical regions. We can look at principles that gave us a general framework, but individual cases were determined by circumstance. -
The Economy of Norwegian Towns C. 1250–1350
Institutt for historie og religionsvitenskap ved fakultetet for humaniora, samfunnsvitenskap og lærerutdanning. The economy of Norwegian towns c. 1250–1350 A comparative study of the economic functions of towns in Norway, Denmark and England — Olav Elias Gundersen Masteroppgave i historie – mai 2015 Acknowledgements I wish to thank my supervisor, Professor Richard Holt, for all the help he has given me. Without the insightful and intellectually provocative comments he has continually provided throughout my work on this thesis, I do not know how it would have turned out. Thank you. My fellow students in Breiviklia also deserve thanks for providing a great social environment, as well as comments on my earlier drafts of this thesis. I especially want to thank Tor-Ivar for his last minute proofreading of the entire thesis. I also want to thank my parents for their constant support, and my girlfriend, Helene, for always being there for me when I needed encouragement or to take my mind off the thesis. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1: Research questions .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2: Geographical and chronological delimitation ................................................................. 3 1.3: Sources ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.4: Previous -
The Succession and Coronation of Magnus Erlingsson
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives UNIVERSITY OF OSLO INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CONSERVATION AND HISTORY Dissertation for the degree of Master of Arts: Norwegian Kingship Transformed: the Succession and Coronation of Magnus Erlingsson (Depiction of Magnus Erlingsson, by Gerhard Munthe, 1899) Thomas Malo Tollefsen Spring 2015 1 2 Abstract This dissertation is an exploration of the succession and coronation of Magnus Erlingsson based upon three themes: Norwegian kingship in theory, Norwegian kingship in practise, and Norwegian kingship in context, and a search for points of similarity and contrast with European trends. In the first theme the focus of the analysis will be the coronation of Magnus Erlingsson, exploring this in two parts: the rules of kingmaking and the narration of Snorre in the Saga of Magnus Erlingsson, and motivations behind the coronation. In the second theme the focus will again be on the coronation of Magnus Erlingsson. First, this dissertation attempts to put together a workable timeline from when Magnus is acclaimed king in 1161 to his coronation in either 1163 or 1164. Then the analysis shifts to the coronation itself, before it falls on the coronation oath and the Letter of Privileges to see what they can tell us about Magnus’s kingship, and the Law of Succession and what it meant for the future. In the third theme this dissertation attempts to contextualise Magnus’s kingship and this chapter will focus on two things: acquisition, and by extension how to legitimise your rule once it has been acquired, and succession to kingship. -
GIPE-002525-Contents.Pdf
@ A HISTORY OF NOR\VAY fllO." l1iE URUEST n\lfS T\) ISS; ft • HJ_\Ul.\R H. BOYE.SES ~--~,.~- ~~ ..... ~ .'T'Iih!e'" -JP1o~ ____.. ..... l~- -~-...&" ... ~ G_ P_ PFTNAM'S SONS KY'" Tn... Ii: l~ '''no~ • ~ IwawlII,_*,--.w. III!' aaao. _ ................_ s...- 'lo' ! I I,t l&go V ~-73, [YI0 • CD ~StL~ .Printed in rl. S. TO CHRISTIAN i<ORS KNIGHT OF s"r. OLAP, WASA. AND THE NOI.TH STAR., CONSUL 0)1' NORWAY AND SWEDEN IN NEW YOllK., THIS HISTORY 011' H15 NATIVE LAND JS DEDICATED BY HIS FRIEND THB AUTHOa. PREFACE. • IT has been my ambition for many years to write a history of Norway, chiefly because no such book, worthy of the name, exists in the English language. When the pu blishers of the present volume proposed to me to write the story of my native land, I there fore eagerly accepted their offer. The story, how ever, according to their plan, was to differ in some important respects from a regular history. It was to dwell particularly upon the dramatic phases of his torical events, and concern itself but slightly with the growth of institutions and sociological phsnomena. It therefore necessarily takes small account of pro portion. In the present volume more space is given to the national hero, Olaf Tryggvesson, whose brief reign was crowded with dramatic events, than to kings who reigned ten times as long. For the same reason the four centuries of the Union with Denmark are treated with comparative brevity. Many thing happened, no doubt, during those cen turies, but . -
The Churches of the Holy Land in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 198
Tracing the Jerusalem Code 1 Tracing the Jerusalem Code Volume 1: The Holy City Christian Cultures in Medieval Scandinavia (ca. 1100–1536) Edited by Kristin B. Aavitsland and Line M. Bonde The research presented in this publication was funded by the Research Council of Norway (RCN), project no. 240448/F10. ISBN 978-3-11-063485-3 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063943-8 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063627-7 DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639438 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020950181 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Kristin B. Aavitsland and Line M. Bonde, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. The book is published open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover illustration: Wooden church model, probably the headpiece of a ciborium. Oslo University Museum of Cultural history. Photo: CC BY-SA 4.0 Grete Gundhus. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI Books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com In memory of Erling Sverdrup Sandmo (1963–2020) Contents List of Maps and Illustrations XI List of Abbreviations XVII Editorial comments for all three volumes XIX Kristin B. Aavitsland, Eivor Andersen Oftestad, and Ragnhild Johnsrud -
History of Norway
NÓREGR HISTORY OF NORWAY © NORSKK - All Rights Reserved NÓREGR: HISTORY OF NORWAY NORSKK.COM Nóregr: History of Norway This a chronological summary of the history of Norway, from the first human settlements, to the present day. For the sake of simplicity, dates are approximate. This historical account is also inherently selective, only reviewing historical events deemed significant. 10 500 BCE: End of Ice Age. The Ice Age is coming to an end. Temperatures are rising and various animals, including reindeer and moose, are starting to travel northward, followed by hunter- gatherers from the east and south, and their tribes. 10 000 BCE: The Komsa People The Komsa, from Russia, first settle in northern Norway, in Troms and Finnmark. They are hunter-gatherers and they use tools and weapons made of quartz. The Komsa then move towards the coast when they become expert ship builders and seafarers. 8 000 BCE: The Fosna People The Fosna, from Doggerland in the North Sea (which becomes increasingly smaller following end of ice age and rising sea levels, and is submerged by 6000 BCE following the storega slide, a massive underwater landslide and resulting tsunami), settle on the west coast of Norway, between Trondheim and Kristiansund. They are hunter-gatherers and they use flint for their tools and weapons made of quartz. 6 000 BCE: The Nøstvet People © NORSKK - All Rights Reserved NÓREGR: HISTORY OF NORWAY NORSKK.COM The Nøstvet, originally nomadic and from the south, settle on the south coast of Norway, between Oslo and Trondheim. They are hunter-gatherers as well, and they use tools and weapons made of both quartz and flint. -
The Saint and the Wry-Neck: Norse Crusaders and the Second Crusade
Pål Berg Svenungsen Chapter 6 The Saint and the Wry-Neck: Norse Crusaders and the Second Crusade During the twelfth century, a Norse tradition developed for participating in the dif- ferent campaigns instigated by the papacy, later known as the crusades.1 This tradi- tion centred on the participation in the crusade campaigns to the Middle East, but not exclusively, as it included crusading activities in or near the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean. By the mid-1150s, the tradition was consolidated by the joint crusade of Earl Rognvald Kolsson of Orkney and the Norwegian magnate and later kingmaker, Erling Ormsson, which followed in the footsteps of the earlier cru- sade of King Sigurd the Crusader in the early 1100s. The participation in the cru- sades not only brought Norse crusaders in direct contact with the most holy places in Christendom, but also the transmission of a wide range – political, religious and cultural – of ideas. One of them was to bring back a piece of the holiness of Jerusalem, by various means, in order to create a Jerusalem in the North. In 1152, a fleet of fifteen large ships from Norway, Orkney and Iceland sailed out from Orkney towards the Holy Land.2 The fleet, commanded by the earl and later saint of Orkney, Rognvald Kali Kolsson (r.1136–1158), and the Norwegian “landed man” [lenðir 1 For a general overview of the development of the crusades, see Jonathan Riley-Smith, What Were the Crusades?, fourth ed. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); Norman Housley, Fighting for the Cross: Crusading to the Holy Land (New Haven–London: Yale University Press, 2008); Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006). -
Slaget Vid Stridfjorden 1196 Ur Sverre Saga – Fri Översättning Kristna Bengtsson
Slaget vid Stridfjorden 1196 Ur Sverre saga – fri översättning Kristna Bengtsson ”Kung Sverre var öst i Viken. Baglerna seglade tills de kom till Saltösund (i yngre avskrifter till Skjelbusund). Kung Sverre hörde om dem då de hade kommit till Sämsfjorden och han samlade strax en här mot dem. Kungen själv och Nikolas från Vestnes (i Romsdal) stod för spejningen. Kungen fick reda på hur mycket folk bag- lerna hade och det såg ut att vara en stor skara. Kungen sa till Nikolas och Sigurd Lavard att de skulle lägga sina skepp in till en gård som heter Sonaberg (skulle kunna vara Sämberg), han sa att de skulle oroa baglerna om de kunde få till det. Kungen rodde till Havsten och där fann han baglernas vaktstyrka och jagade dem. Sedan rodde han in till sina män, och de och baglerna sköt på varandra en stund men det gjorde lite skada. Den skutan som kungen styrde låg närmast land. Baglerna var på land där som det kallas Mugevall (ingen vet var detta är men en tanke kan vara Måkesund/Måkevall); de hade dragit upp sina skepp hos sig, de hade 5 långskepp och 100 småskepp. Kung Sverre hade 30 skepp och de flesta var små. Då kungen såg att de inte kunde komma någon vart mot en så stor styrka som denna, bad han männen fara varligt fram och inte dra upp skeppen på land under sig. Kungen lade sig utanför skjuthåll på den andra sidan av sundet ute vid ön och låg där ett tag. Han lät resa en stenslunga på ett berg rätt ovanför baglernas skepp, och på kvällen när stenslungan var färdig, slungade birkebeinarna sten ett tag och slog sön- der några av baglernas skepp.