@ A
HISTORY OF NOR\VAY
fllO." l1iE URUEST n\lfS T\) ISS;
ft •
HJ_\Ul.\R H. BOYE.SES
~--~,.~- ~~ ..... ~ .'T'Iih!e'" -JP1o~ ____...... l~- -~-...&" ... ~
G_ P_ PFTNAM'S SONS
KY'" Tn... Ii: l~ '''no~ • ~ IwawlII,_*,--.w. III!' aaao. _ ...... _ s...-
'lo' ! I I,t l&go V ~-73, [YI0 • CD ~StL~
.Printed in rl. S. TO CHRISTIAN i
IT has been my ambition for many years to write a history of Norway, chiefly because no such book, worthy of the name, exists in the English language. When the pu blishers of the present volume proposed to me to write the story of my native land, I there fore eagerly accepted their offer. The story, how ever, according to their plan, was to differ in some important respects from a regular history. It was to dwell particularly upon the dramatic phases of his torical events, and concern itself but slightly with the growth of institutions and sociological phsnomena. It therefore necessarily takes small account of pro portion. In the present volume more space is given to the national hero, Olaf Tryggvesson, whose brief reign was crowded with dramatic events, than to kings who reigned ten times as long. For the same reason the four centuries of the Union with Denmark are treated with comparative brevity. Many thing happened, no doubt, during those cen turies, but .. there were few deed6,'· Moreover, the separate history of Norway, in the time of her degra dation, has never proved an attractive theme to v vi THE STORY OF NORWAY.
Norse historians, for which reason the period has been generally neglected. The principal sources of which I have availed my self in the preparation of the present volume, are Snorre Sturlasson: Nurgu KongesagtUr (Christiania, 1859,2 vols.); P. A. Munch: Drl Norsk,. Folks Ilis lurie (Christiania, 1852, 6 vols.); R. Keyser: E/ler ladle Skrijler (Christianii, 1866, 2 vols.); Sam/ede A/kandlinger (1868); J. E. Sars: Udsigl (fI.rr den Nurske Hisluric (Christiania, 1877, 2 vol •. ); K. Maurer: Die Bckekrung drs NurwegiscllClt Slammo :rum Ckrislmlk,,,1U (Munchen, 1856, 2 vols.), and Dit Enlslekung des Is/iindiscken Slaaies (M unchen, 1852); G. Vigfusson: Slur/unga Saga (Oxford, 1878, 2 vols.); and Um Ihna/a! I Iskndinga sugum ; /urnd/d (con tained in Sa/n Iii sugu Islands, 185;); G. Storm: Snurrt Siur/asson's His/oricskrivniJlg (Kjobenhavn, 1878); C. F. Allen: Haandbog; FtZdrtlalUk/s Ilis/urit (Kjobenhavn, 1863); besides a large number of scat tered articles in German and Scandinavian historical magazines. A question which has presented many . difficulties is the spelling of proper names. To adopt in every instance the ancient Icelandic form would scarcely be practicable, because the names in their modernized forms are usually familiar and easy to pronounce, while, in their Icelandic disguises, they are to English readers nearly unpronouncable, and present a needlessly forbidding appearance. Where a name has no well-recognized English equivalent, I have therefore adopted the modem Norwegian form, which usually differs from the ancient, in having dropped a 6na1letter. Thus Sigurdr (which with an PREFACE. lSUUVIi"i PClClNj English genitive would be Sigurdr's) modern Norwegian Sigurd, Eirikr, Erik, etc. Those surnames, which are descriptive epithets, I have translated where they are easily translatable, thus writing Harold the Fairhaired, Haakon the Good, Olaf the Saint, etc. Absolute consistency would, however, give to some names a too cumbrous look, as, for instance, Einar th~ Twanger of Thamb (Thamb being the name of his bow), and I have in such instances kept the Norse name (Thambars kelver). It is a pleasant duty to acknowledge my indebted. ness for valuable criticism to my friends, E. Munroe Smith, J. V.D., Adjunct Professor of History in Columbia College, and Hon. Rasmus B. Andersen, V nited States Minister to Denmark, without whose kindly aid in procuring books, maps, etc., the diffi· culties in the preparation of the present volume would' have been much increased. I am also under obligation to Dr. W. H. Carpenter, of Columbia College, and to the Norwegian artist, Mr. H.N. Gausta, of La Crosse, Wis., who hali kindly sent me two spirited original compositions, illustrative of peasant.life in Norway. HJALMAR H. BOYESEN. COLUMBIA COLLEGE. NEW YOlK. April 15, 1886. CONTENTS.
I. PAG. WHO WaRE THE NORSEMEN 1 1-12 The Aryan migrations, 1-3-The physical characterisiics of Norway, 4. S-Early tribal organization and means of Jive-. lihood. 6-1(~Sense of indept;ndence and aptitude for self6 government, 10-12. II. THE RELIGION OF THE NORSEMEN Theories regarding the origin oi the Scandinavian gods, 13-' 16-The Eddaic account of the creation of the world and of man, t6-IS-The world-tree Ygdrasil, IS-The Auir, tbeir Cunctions and their dwellings. I<)-23-Loke the Evil-Doer and his terrible children, 23. 24. Ill. TH .. AGE OF THE VlItINGS.-ORIGIN OF THE VI KING CRUISES The Norsemen launch forth upon the areoa of history, 25- The origin of the viking cruises. 2S--27-Kingsbip among the Scandinavian tribes, 27~ 2S-The three periods of the viking age. 28-30-The contribution of the vikings to the political life of Europe. 30. 31-Sigfrid of NortmanniA, 31- Godfrey the Hunter, 31, 32--Charlemagne's prophecy in regard to the vikings, 32-34-Hasting's stratagem, 34-36- Ragoar, Asgeir, and ROrek, 36, 37-Thorgisl in IretaDd, 38, 3cr-Olaf the White, 40, 4[-The vikings in England, 4I-Simeon o( Durham's Recount of the vikings, 42-Thc character of the vikings at home and abroad, 43. 44. ix x CON1·ENTS.
IV. HALFDAN THE SWARTHY The d(.'Scent of the Yngling race, 45-The KaCrifices n{ Aun the Old, 4S-Ola( the Wood-c..-uttcr, Halfdan Whitclcg. and Godrrey the Hunter, 46--nirth of Halfdan the Swarthy, 46 Sigurd Hjort and the D"s~,1t Hake, 47. 48-lJaUdan the Swarthy weds Ragnhi1cl, 4S-Ragnl.iI(J'JI dream, 48-King Halfdan's dream, 49-nirth of lIarolrithe Fairhail'ed, 49- The Finn's trick. so--King BaUdan', death, 51 • • V. HAROLD THE FAIRHAIRED
HaroM the Fairhaired WOf)S erda, 52, s,)-Har()I Legislative rcCorms and restoration of allodium, 8C)-Signal fires,9o-First attempt to introduce ChrL'itianity.' 90-92- Speech of AsbjBrn of Medalhus, 92-The king eats horse flesh, 92-<)4-The sons of Erik Blood~Axe make war upon Norwa.y, 94. 9S-Bllttlcs of SotOlless and Agvaldsness. 95. g6-Ebri1 Woolsark, 96, 97-Battle of Fraed6, g6-- IX. EARL HAAKON "5-'33 Earl Hankon defends Dannevirkc, liS, I16-Harold Blue-. looth, 117-Haakon's devastation!; in Sweden and in Viken, liS-Earl Erik and Tiding-Skofte, IJg-The funeral feast of the Jomsvikings, 120, I2I-Uattle in Hjorungavaag, 12l-12s-The Jomsvikings on the log, 125, 126-Haavard the llcwer. 127-The power and popularity of Earl Haakon, 127. I2S--Gudrun Lundarsol, I2g-Revolt of the peasnnts, 130-The earl hides under a pigsty, 130, 131-" Why art thou 1i0 pale, Kark 1" 131-Kark murders the earl. 132- I1aakon's character, 132, 133. X. THE YOUTH OF OLAF TRYGGYESSON Aastrid's Righi to Russia, 134. 13S-01af is sold for a ram, 13s-11e is taken to Vladimir's (."Ond, ]35. 136-King X" CO.VTENTS. Burislavaml Geira, 136, 137-The wooen' market in Eng. land, J37-MarTiagc with Gyda, 137. 138-0131'", warfare in England, 13S, 13'}"'"-Thore Klakka triCtl to entrap Olaf, 13'). 14o--Retum to Norway and proclamation as king, 1~142. XI. OLAF TRYGGVESSOH Olal Christianizes Viken, 143. 144-Character of old Ger manic Christianity, 144-14('.-Thanghranrl the pugnaci.)us prieq, 141-The chief!!; of lIaalogaland, 148-Jronhcard and the pea<;ants 01 Tr(,ndelag. 149. 150--The \'uJe-titte lea.. t at MOre, 150-152-01&1 W/'.)()5 Si~rrid the Haughty, 152-154-1Ie marries Thyra. J54-Thore Hjort, Eyvind Kinriva. and Haarek of Thjotta, 1S4-JsS-Thanghrand in Iceland. ISS, 159"-"018('1 character. ,(,o-Thyra'!i lean (OT her lost pos~!Oion$. 161-" The Long-Serpent" ,f,l_ King Olaf sails to WendlanfJ •• (", 16J-Earl Sigval THE EARLS ERIK AND SWEVN.-THE DISCOVERV OF VINLAMD. 17.,-18, Division of ~orway },et.'een the victors lit S ... older. '7) Erling Skjalggon of Sole, 17~-J76-Earl f:rik'. ChaTaL.1eT. 176-And attitude WW'ar(t Chri<.tianity. 17f', 177-kmval of the ,;king spirit. 177-Earl Erik al.odit:3teJO in favor 01 hi~ brother and $On, 178, 179-Bjame IlerjalfMnn'. glimr-: c,.f America., 17?-Lei( ErikYOn'!I expeditjon tcJ Vinland, ,$iJ, 181-Tborfiun Karlsevne and Gudrid. 1&1. XIII. OLAF THE SAINT 18z-ZZ 4 Birth and cbiHhood o( Olaf the Sa,int, 182•• "3-VikrD( ~ises. IS)-Return to SO".",. 18~-lIe capturh E"r1 Haakon. 18S-Hioi reception by A.a..frid and Sib","fl Syr, 186, .57-Family councJ.l, IS7. 183--Sappor1 of the mire. kings. 18.8-The TroDden recogDile Olal _ king. J8q- SoupriJed by Earl Sweyu iD !'iduoo, ,_Ibn). 01 N_ie, CONTENTS. xiii !'}O. 19~Earl Sweyn's flight and deatl~. I9~-Quarrel with King Olaf the Swede, 193. 194-BjOm Stallare's mission., I94-I<)6-Speech of Thorgny the Lawman, 196, 197--Olaf marries Aastrid. I98-Conspiracy of the shire-kings and their punishments, 1(}9-The play of the sons of Sigurd 5yr, '99 •. 200-ROrek's hard fate, 20I-His attempt to murder Olaf, 202-The attitude of the tribal aristocracy toward Olaf, 202, 203-Paganism 1Jtnru Christianity, 204. 205- .. Where are my ancestors?" 20S-Olaf's character and ap pearance, 205--207-Da1e-Guldbrand, 207-21o-Slaying of Aasbjom Sigurdsson. 211-Knut the Mighty bribes the Norse chieftains, 212, 213-Anund Jacob refuses the bribe. 213. 214-Battle of Helge-aa. 214, 2Is-Death of Erling Skjalgsson. 216-0lal goes to Russia, 2I7-BjOm Stallare's confession, 218-0laf returns to Norway, 2I8-His vision. 220, 22t-Battle of Sticklestad, 2.2[, 222-Thormod Kol~ bruna.-Stald, 222-224-Buria.l of St. Olaf, 224. XIV. SWEYN ALFIFASSON Alfifa and the Norse chiefs, 22s-Unpopular and oppres. sive laws, 226-King Olaf canonized, 227-Tryggve Olafs. son's defeat, uS-Einar Thambarskelver rebuk~s Aillfa, 22S -Magnus Olafsson returns from Russia, 229"-Expulsion of Sweyn, 229. XV. MAGNUS THE GOOD 030 - 05" Circumstances of Magnus' hirth. 23~Magn\U and Harth& knut, 23[-Jealousies of the chieftains, 232-Magnus and Kalf Arnesson at Stiklestad, 233-Sigbvat Scald's Lay of Candor, 234-Sweyn Estridsson rebels, 236, 237-Battle of Lyrskog's Heath, 237-Thorstein Side~Hall's son, 238- EinlU' Thambarskelver's disagreement and reconciliation with Magnus, 238, 23C)'-Arrival of Harold Sigurdsson, 240 -His adventures a.broad, 24o-242-Mngnus' reception of Harold, 243-11arold's alliance with Sweyn Estridsson, 244 -Agreement to shaRI the government, 245-The peasant XIV CONTENTS. Toke's speech, 246. 24i-Expeditionl ()( Magnus agaiDft Sweyn Estridsson, 247. 247-lJeath of Magnus the Good. 249. 250. XVI. HAROLD HARD-RULER The tribal chieftains and the hereditability of the crOWD, 251, 252-HaroJd decides to conquer IJenmark, 252-1Je.. tenninalion to break the power of the arist(~racy. 25) Einar Thambarskelver'. hostility, 254. 255-lIaroJd manics Thora, 255-5t. Hallvard a·nd the foundjng of OWn, 256- Burning of Heidaby, 251-Sweyn's punuits and Hamid'. stratagems, 257-259-Battle of Nis..aa, 259-Peace 01 G6tha. Elv. :zOO-Feuds with Einar Thamhankelver, 260, 261-Harold tests the loyalty of the chicftainA, 261, 2Q2-. lIOgne LangbjljrnS5011, 262, 263-Morder of Einar and his SOD, 264-Harold'. treachery to Kall Arne5iOn and Haakon Ivarsson, 26S-267-Arrival of Earl T05tig in riorway, 268 -Battles of Fulford and Stamford Bridge, 268-27o--~tyr. bar and the yeoman, %,]0-212---Poa.ition (If the Norwegian ChUJ'ch. 272. XVII. OLAF THE QUIET AND MAGNCS HAROLDSSi.JN. 273-284 Olal a.nd Magnus divide the country. 273-"'''' _1th S.qn E~ridsson. 273. 27~-Deatb of )'agnWi. 27.f-ChancteT of Olaf the Quiet, 275. 276- Gradual ce<6a1ion of riking cru.i..5e:s, 276. 277--Gradual aoolitioD of serfd..-.nn. 27S Vikings a.nd mercha.nts. 218, 279-.\ppearance and aPf""'1nt. meats of dwellings.. 280, 28J-[ncreued s(Jlendor of the coan. 281. 28:>-EstaLlUhment of guilds. :08 •• :z8J-bkale Tostigsoon. 28J-Death of OW the Quiet. 2840 XVIIL MAGNUS BAIlEFooT AND H"'AJ(ON MAGHUSSON, 285-290 The Tr<>nders proclaim Haakoa king. 28S-Maguas' n pedition to Saotlsnd and Ireland. 285. :zS6-Death of Haak"-Al. 286-PuDishmeat of bu partiuns, ::.86, %-'ii-Wu- hke spirit of Magnus.. 26:7-\\'as .ith SweoJea, zSS-WII' with Inland, 2S<)-Death of Magu .. in UIM ... "p. CONTENTS. xv XIX. EVSTEIN SIGURD THE CRUSADER AND OLAF MAGNUSSON. Dtvision of the land, 29I-Sigurd's crusade, 292, 293- Eystein's meritorious activity at borne, 294-Hostilityof the brothers, 295-The case of Sigurd ~ Ranesson, 295. 2<)6- Borghild of Dal. 297-The o'man_measuring," 297-301- Death of Eystejn. 301-Ottar Birting, 301-303-Arrival of Harold Gille, 303-Cecilia, 303-Death of Sigurd, 304. 305 • • Xx. MAGNUS THE BLIND AND HAROLD GILLE Character of Magnus and of Harold, 306-Battle of Fyri leiv, 307-Magnus captured and maimed, 307. 3Q8--Sigurd Slembedegn, JoS-Harold Gille murdered, JOC)-Buming of Konghelle by the Wends, 310. XXI. THE SONS OF HAROLD GILLE. 3'·'-3" The SOUl of Harold Gille proclaimed kings, 3u-5igurd Slembedegn allies himself with Magnus the Blind, 3Il, 312 -loge Crookback's 6rst experience of war, Jl2-Battles of Krokaskogen. 312, and Holmengraa, 313-Sigurd Slembe degn's fortitude, 313-Arrival of Eystein Haroldsson, 314- Feuds between the brothel'5, 314-316-Character and ap. pearance 01 Sigurd Mouth, 3'4-3t6-Death 01 Sigurd. 3,6 -Death of Eystein, 317-Erling Skakko and Gregorius Daguon, 318-320-Fall of Inge at Oslo, 320-The eanli. naI's visit, 3ao, 321. XXII. HAAKON THE BROAD·SHOULDERED Christina bribes the priest, 322-Erling Skakkc's intrigues, 323-5ecks aid in Denmark. 323. 324-Battle of Sekken, 324· XXIII. MAGNUS EaLINGSSON Rebellion of the It Sigurd party," 326, 327-BaUle of Ree, 327-Erling's alliance with Archbishop EysteiD, 327-Mag- xvi CONTENTS. nus take·, the land in 6~( from St. Olat 327. 328-MagnlP crowned. 328--King VaIdemar·s expedition to Sur"'.y, 328, 329-The reheHion of the llood.Swain •. J2fr-Battle of Djursaa, 330-Erling accepts an earldom (rom VaJdemar. 330-Kills his stepson Harold, 332-Eyslein Meyla and the Birchlegs, 333, 3J.J-Childhood and youth or Sverrc Sig urdsson. 334-337-Sverre becomes the chief of the Birch legs, J.n-Vicissitudes and advenruJ'es of the Birchleg •. 337-34I-D;tttle of Kalvskindet, 341-34J-Death 01 Erling Skakke, 343-Social revoh,tion inaugurated by Sverrc, 343- 34s-Battle at Nordness, 346-Warfare between Birchlegs and Heklungs, J46-348-Baule of Noreljord and death 6f Magnus. :WI. 349. XXIV. SVERRE S'GUROSSOH 350-378 A dangerous precedent., 3so-En"k KingNOD. :JSI-The lawmen and prefects, 351, 352-The neW' d.emocnscy, 352, J53-Rebellion of the Kuv}uogJ, 353. 354; the VarLelgs, 354; and the Oyeskeggs. 354-357-Syerre', Cl'JIltroveny with the Cbu«h. 351. 358-Sicholu A~. 358- Sverre is put in the han, 359-0rigin of the BagIer party. 360. :)61-Xicholas sbmn the white feather, 361-Treason of Thontcin Kugad. 3M-The II>glen bniego .h. block.. house in Bergen. ~-Burning 01 Bergen. J6s-The tJ'aitors return, 3M-The Papal bun and S ... erre', defence, :J66-J6S-The Bagler's defeated at Strindsll. :!69-The great peuan. rebellion, 31O-313-Sverre·. magnanimi'Y. 314-Ariotocno XXV. HAAI • CONTENTS. xvii XXVI. GUTTORM SIGURDSSON AND iNGE BAARDSSON, 385-399 The Bagler troop reorganized under Erling Stonewall, 38S -Successful ordeal, 38b-Death of Guttonn Sigurdsson by poison, ,387-IDge llaardsson proclaimed king. 3SS-Society disorganized by the civil wars, 3S8, ,389- Unbidden guests at the bridal feast, ,89. 390-Ph lip Simonsson made king of the Baglers, 3go-Birth and childhood of Haakon lIaakonsson, 391, 392--Compromise of Hvitingsfi, 393- The intrigues of Haakon Galen." 394. 39S-He1ge Hvassc and the boy I laakon. 3Q6. 397-Discontent of the Birchlegs, 39B-Death of King loge, 399. XXVII. HAAKON HAAKONSSON THE OLD Haakan proclaimed king, 400-Rebellion of the Slittungs, 4-0I-Effects of the civil wac, 40[, 402-The intrigues of Earl Skule. 402-404-Inga of Varteig carries glowing irons, 404-406-Rehellion of the Ribbungs, 407. 408-Skule's double-dealing, 408-4 Io-Assembly of notables in Bergen, 41o-Bishop Nicholas' hypocrisy, 4II-Sigurd Ribbung re~ news the rebellion, 412-Haakon's campaign in Venneland, 412, 4J3-Duke Skule's leaky ships, 4I3-Deatb of Bishop Nicholas and Sigurd Ribbung, 414-Squire Knut as the dalef of the Ribbungs, 416-Skule's .. Crusade," 416, 417- Skule allies himself with Valdemar the Victorious, 417, 416 -Skule called to account, 4I8-4'Zo-Intrigues at the Roman Curia,4'ZO, 4'ZI-Tbe plot revealed, 421, 422-Skule pro claim!> himself king, 423-Battle o( Laaka, 424-Sku"le de {eated at 0510, 42s-Death of Skule, 426, 427-Coronation of Haakon, 427-421)-His power and fame at home and abroad, 429-431-Expedition to Scotland, and death,43l, 432. XXVIII. THE STVRLVNGS IN lCIILAND • SnOTre Sturlasson', Heirrul:ri"CIa. 433, 434-Snorre's paren. tage and youth. 434-Character o( Snorre, 434-Reykjaholt. 436-Brotber {cuds, 436-Snorre'& villiit to Notway, 437- xviii CONTENTS. Plots and counterplots, 437-.wo-SDOITC'. death, 440- Studa Thordsson, 440. 441. XXIX. MAGNUS LAW. MENDER Cession of Man and the Shetland lsl~ to Scotland, 442- Reasons for and against the ces&ion, 443---Condition of Ite landie society and submissioD of the island to Norway, 444 -Magnus as a law-giver. 44S-44j-The lri},a) ari§tocra,{:Y and the court nobiJjty, 447, 448-C0ncession. to the: Church. W, .J.4rrDegeneracy of the old royal bouse, 4S~Death of Magnus. 450. XXx. EIlIK PRIEST·HATER The barons increase their pmwet. 451.....c-laarreis with the clergy. 4S2-Tbe false .. Maid of ~(Jrwa)·." 4SJ-IJq"e,la. lions of 00 Little Sir All," 453. 454-War with Ik':nmark and the Hansa. 454. 455- CaptOR and death of Little: Sir All. 456-Deatb of King Erik. 45'- XXXI. H AAI XXXII. MAGNUS S)f£1C, HAAKolf MAGlfUSSOlf, A,.D OLA. THE YOUIfG • 461-466 Magn.. Smek beoomes king of S""'ay aDd Sweden. 066. Duchess Ingeborg'§ unpopularity. 461, .eb2-DiK.-mtenJ .ith Magnus. ~!\lliana wilh hid...... At1efdag. ot62. "'oJ Magna deposed ill S ..eden, 4fJl-HaaklJrG'..... with Al brecht of Mockleaborg. 464-The pow.. of the H ..... i. Norway. 464-Deatb of Magnus. 465-The Black r-lh• .¢S. ofb6- XXXIII. NORWAY DURING THE KALMAR UNION Margaret unites the three kingdoms, 467-¢9--The Kalmar Union, 46<). 47o-Reasons Cor its di.sastrous consequences, 47o-472-Death of Margaret, 472-Erik of Pomerania's misrule and extortions, 472, 473-Christophcr of Bavaria, 473. 474· XXXIV. THE UNION WITH DENMARK: • The condition of N otway and ~Denmark during the union compared, 475. 476--Ch.1rles KnutLson elected king of Swe den, 478-Christian I. 's war with Chutes Knutsson. 479. 480-Misrule in Norway, 480-The Scottish Isles pawned. 480, 481-King Hans, 481, 48z-Christian II. 's accession, 482-His attempt to humble the nobility, 483-The carnage of Stockholm, 483. 484-His vain appeal to tbe bourgeoisie, 484. 48S-Christian's flight, 48s-Frederick I., 485. 486- Struggle about the succession, 486. 48,-ChristiaD ilL. 4&7. 488-Norway becomes a province of Denmark, 488. XXXV. NORWAY AS A PROVINCE OF DENMARK. The Reformation introduced, 48q. 490-The power of the Hansa broken, 490-492-Frederick II., 492-494-Christian IV:s interest in Norway, 494-The Kalmar ""ar, 495- Participation in the Thirty Years' War, 495. 496-The Hannibal's feud, 4~Frederick 111.', d:sastrous war with Sweden. 498-Absolutism introduced, 499. soo-Christian V .• soo, SOl-Frederick IV.'s accession, SOl-The Great Northern War, S02-S04-Tordenskjold, 503. S04--Christian VI.. S06-s08-Frederick V., so8-Christian VII .• SoS-s12 -The "'"Dl~d neutrality. 509. 51o-Frederick VI. mounts the throne, SI2-War with Sweden, 512, sIl-Christian August 85 viceruy. SI2-SI4-The Treatyol Paris, SI3-P~ test ol the Not'5emcn. SI4-SeparatiOD from Denmark. 515 . • XXXVI. NORWAY RECOV,ERS HER INDEPENDENCE Christian Frederick IllS viceroy. 5 1~ 18-Constitutional COD- xx CONTENTS. nntion at Eidsvold. SI8-5~War with Sweden, 520, 5'1. -Annistice at Moss. 521-Charles XIII. accepts the consti- tution. 522-Charles XIV. )lJhn becomes king of Nor. way, S22-His controversies with the Storllti"K. 522-526- Henrik Wergeland. 526, 527-Counl Wedel-Jarllbtrg .. viceroy, 527-Oscar 1" 528-S3o-The character 01 the Norse peasantry. S28-S:)O-Charles XV .• S3O. 531-Oocar II., and the constitulional Jtruggle, 531-Sl4-1mpeilChment of the ministry Selmer. 534-" The Pure Flag," 53S-J·,Q.. ent condition of Norway and her place among the n&liana, 536-Literaturc and sciencc~ S)6-SJ8. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. rAGa. ~rONE AXES FROM THB LATER STONE AGE 5 STONE USED FOR SHAPING INSTRUMENTS 7 STONE HAMMER 7 STONE KNIFE • 8 ADZE OF ELK-HORN 9 STONE WEDGE 9 ROCK PICTURE OF A SHIP AT WKEBERG 10 ROCK PICTURE AT BORGEN II BRONZE SWORD 14 LOOk OR WAR HORN OF BRONZE 15 BRONZE SWORD 17 BUCKLES FROM TH& EARLY IRON AGE '9 THE VIKING SHIP RECENTLY UNEARTHED AT SANDEFJORD THB VIKING SHIP, VARIOUS VIEWS OF ST. ANSGARIUS THB APOSTLE OF THE NORTH IRON IMPLEMENT""'-USK UNKNOWN TWO·EDGED SWORD BUCKLE FROM THE IRON AGE. RUIN OF NORSE TOWER AT MOsel BUCK.LE WITH BYZANTINE ORNAMENTATION GILT BUCKLE FOUND AT SKEDSMO • CYLINDRICAL MOUNTING IN BRONZE IRON POINT OF SPEAR, IRON CHISEL FRYING·PAN OF BRONZE • xxii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. DREASTPIN OF BRONZE OVAL BRONZE RUCKLE EGIL WOOLSARK'S MONUMENT ORNAMENTAL BRONZE MOUNTING CHURCH AT EGJI.O • 103 SCISSORS AND ARROW-HEAD OF IRON '07 HAROLD BLUETOOTH "7 RUNESTONE FROM STRAND IN RYFYLK& 121 OBLONG BUCK.LE '33 OLAF TRVGGVESSOIf'S ARRIVAL IN NORWAY '4' OLD NOIlSE LOOM '45 RUNIC STONE FROM GRAN IN HADE-LAND '53 INSTRUMENT OF UNKNOWN USE ISS OLD LOOM FROM THE FAEROE ISLANJ)S CHURCH AT MOSTER ISLAND • SHUTTLES OF IRON AND WHALEBONE K.NIVES OF IRON FOUND ]Jf HEDEMARK AND HADE· LAND 208 ST. OLAF FROM DROHTHEIM CATHEDRAL 2'9 ST.. OLAF AND THE TROLDS 223 MAGNUS THE GOOD AND KALr ARHESSON' AT ST'KLESTAD 235 MARBLE LlOH FROII THE PIRRUS 24' POMMEL OF GILT BRONZE FROII THE. VlltlNG AGE 250 THE OLD IIAM' OF HOY 271 INTERIOR OF ORJt.HAUGEN 279 HITTERDAL CHURCH 299 VILLAGE DURING FISHING SEASON 31S THE RAFT SUleD IN' VESTFJORD 331 HORNELEN 339 TBORGBATTltN 363 HON£FOSS 37' HAAKOlf RAAltONSSON AND HEWE HVASSE 397 WEST FRONT OF DRONTHEnl CAT·HEDRAL 403 LIST 9.f' ILLUSTlIA TfONS. xxiii OLD NORSE CAPITALS 409 ON THE SOGNE FJORD 415 A STORM ON THE FJORD 419 NORWEGIAN STABBUJl OR STORE~HOUSE 431 HORGADAL IN THE NORTH OF [CELANO 435 ALMANNAGJAA WITH THE HILL OF LAWS 439 QUEEN MARGARET 471 "HRIST1AN I. • 479 BELT WRESTLING 491 THE NORTH CAPE 493 FREDERICK. 111., KING OF DENMARK AND NORWA Y 497 THE CAPERCAILZIE IN NORWAY 505 CARVED LINTEL, STABBUR, AND BEER-MUGS 507 PEASANTS DANCING 5 I [ PRINCE CHRISTIAN FREDERKK, VICEROY 0' NORWAY 5[7 CH'ARLES XIV. JOHN (BERNADOTTE) 521 SKEE-RUNNING 525 DRmE ANI) GROOM • 529 PORTRAIT OF OSCAR II. 533 DJORNST JERNE BJORNSON 537 INDEX. A Aesir, 13. 14 Africa, 32, 298 A.bo, 5[4 Agdeness. 294. 300 Aachen, 31, 32 Agder, 32,47, [47, 173. 324 Aue. the Yeoman. 5S Agmund Skohesson. 288 Aal, Jacob. SIS Agnes. Queen of Denmark, 456 Aale HallvardssoD, 373 Agnes, daug!lter of Ha.ak.on Alllu!, 111 Longlegs, 478 Aamunde Gyrdsson, 312 Agvaldsness. 95. 211 Aaros, 237 Aker, 416, 492 Aasa,32 Ak."hus, 459, 48[, 486, 503 Aasa, Haakon GrjotgardliiliOD's Akron, 293 daughter. 60 Albrecht of Mecklenburg, 463. Aasbj6m Sigurdsson. 211, 212 464, 467, 468, 469 AasbjOm 01 Med.lho, 9" Alexander N ewsky, 430 Aasen, Ivar, 538 Alexander IV •• Pope. 430 Aasgerd. wife of Egil Raldgrim's Alexander,!', Emperor of Rus- son, 78, 79 sia, 510. 514 Aasta, mother of Olaf the Saint, Alexander III., King of Scot~ J 82, 186, 187. 188, 199. 200, land. 430, 442, 453 240 Alf'xius L, Comnenus. 293 Autrid, queen of Olaf the Saint. Alexius Uf., Angelus. 360 [97 AU Askman. ]00 Aastrid, Olaf Tryggvesson's AI! Erlingsson, 453'-456 mother. 108. 109. 134. 135 Alf Guldbrandsson. 207 Aastrid. Olaf Tryggvesson'& As.. AU'heim, 21 ter, 148 Alfhild, mother of )hagnus the Aastrid. daughter of Thirik. 153 Good. 230 Aastrid, wife of Earl Sigvalde. Alfifa, 225-229 163. 17' AlfonliO tbe Wise, 430 Aasulf of Austraat. 426 AUvine, 137. 138 Abel. mathematician, 538 Allogia, see Olga Absalon, Bishop, '30. 359. 379 Almannagjaa, 439 Acialbert of Bremen, 273 AIs[ed, 248 Adeler, Kort, 500 AI/llinX'• • 59. 436 Acger. 23 Amboise.34 Aelgila, see Alfil. America. 31, 179 539 THE STORY OF NORWA Y. Am!Oterdam.474 ileTgen. 2Bo. 2<)4. Y>7. JIl'). 'Ih. Amund Sigurds.'OOn Bolt. 473 323, 324. 327, 32ij, ~5. 34(', Andres Skjaldarband. 3(1" 423 347. )48, 349, 354, lS(), 35(1, Andvake, 372 362• 36,. 3/1,. 371. 37('. )1<'<, Anglesey. 288 JqO, Y/3, YJ8. 410,413. 4'7. An.::lo-Saxon. 41, 138. q7 420, 422, 424. 428, 429, 4,7, J\oker. "eder. SIS 462, 4fl S, 473. 478. 480, 4,,8, Anna KolbjOmsdatter. 503 4~2. 4'}4. 500 A nsgarius, SL. 32 .Bert:::1jot, 119. 178, 21) •• :at.. " AnuntJ, 14.5 Berg-thor'", 1\ ouU. 1 ~ 8 Anunei Jacob, King of Sweden, ISernadf)tte, Jean liapti~te, 513. 11)8,213.214.217.218 515, 51f}-528, 5.31 Apostles, Church of the, 2t)4 BemlOfit,rff. Anrlreao., 5(Jq Arctic Circle. 494 Ikrtrand of Tripoillt, 2(J3 Arinhjorn TbnreM;On, 78. 82, 85 Bevje_Aa, 320 Annfeh, General. 504. 512 Hiatimuio, 20? ArnhjOm JonS§Oll. 413. 424 Hllm"'t, '7 Ammodlings. 255 Birchlegs, 333-407. 414,425.426. Aryans. J. 2, 3. 5 427 Asaheim, 13 Jhrge:r, Earl of (fl',tianti, 333. ASbrard, 13. 18, '9. zo, 23 3)6. 337 Asgeir. J6 Birger Magnu"AOn. King ul Swe- Asia, I, 13. 2.JO den, 456. 458, 459, 41.11 Ask. 18 Bjark~, 221 Askatin. 442 HJarkO. 211, 212. 451. 4lI2 Aslak t:rlmgsstm, J 79 fijamc ErlingoNlfI, 451. 452 A!olak I BomhoIm, 498 Charles XII .• King of Sweden, . Brage. 22, 45. 120 SOl, 502, 503 Hratsbe~. ISS. 317 Charles XIII.. 513. 520. 522 Breidabhk. 21 Charles XIV. John, see Berna.. Bremangerland, 339 dotte Dremen, 147. 272 Charles XV .• King of Norway Brenn Islands. 231 and Sweden, 530, 531 Brigida. Harold Gille's daughter. Christ.Church. 284, 428 333 Christian I., 478-481 Brising. 23 Christian II., 481-487 llristein, 354 Christian 111.. 487-492 Br6msebro, 496 Christian IV., 494-496 Brunkeberg, 480 Christian V., SOO, 501 Brynjulf. 129 Christian VI., 506 Bue the Big, 122-126 Christian VII., .508 Bugge, Prof. Sopbus. 153 Christian VIIL, see Christian Bull. Ole. 538 Frederick Bure, 16 Christian August, oC Augusten. Buris Henriksson, 330 borg. 512, 513 Dunslav, 136, q2, 154, 162 Christian Frederick, 515-522 Buste, JlO Christiania, 256, 494, ·503. 508. Bute, 43- 522 Byzantine, 360 Christiania Fjord, 46 Chl'istiansand, 494 C Christina, wife oC Erling Skakke. 318, 322. 332 Candor, La)' 0(, 234 Christina, Sverre'sdaughter. 380, Canterbury, 147 38,; 383. 384. 393 l:antire, 431 Christina, wife of Haakon Galen, Cape Cod, ISo, 181 ,382, 384, 387. 395. 398, 410, Capercailzie, the, 50S 4" Carolingians, 36 Christina. daughter of Haakon Carrara, 34 'he Old. 430 Catholic. 487. 489 Christopher I., King of Den. C~cilia, second queen of Sigurd mark, 430. 453 the Crusader, 3~ Christopher of llavaria, 473,474. Cedlla, daughter of Sigurd 478 Mouth, 332. 336, 382 Christopher. Count o( Olden- eelestin IV., Pope, 427 bo~. 487 t'harlemagne, 31, 32, 33. 230 Churl s Head, the, 190. 191 l:harles the Bald, 36 Clement, St., 193.227. Charles the Simple, 64, 6S Clyde. Firth of. 431 <.:harles KnutstOn Peasant, 473. Constantinople, 240. 264. 293. 478. 479. 480 :10'. 376 Charles Sunesson, 312 Conqueror, see William the Charles V., Emperor o( Ger. Copenhagen, 219. 455. 459. 462, ma.n)" 483 4 n. 498. 499. 506• 5"9. 510 Charles IX., King of Sweden, Count's Feud, the, 48;, 490 495 Cow,men, see Kuvlungs Charles K. CUO"VU5. 498 Crane, the. 157. 164. 165 .~ TilE STOKY OP NOKWAY. Crim.... War. the. 530 Eid!lvold, 70, :z(o. 414. 516,518, Crookmen. &ee Baglers 519. 520, SU. 532 Curia. the Roman, 422, 452 Einar Thambankelver, 162, 1/19. Cpth~rt. St.. 42 170. [78, 179. 18g•• 90. 19'. 192. 211, 221, 2:28. 229. 2)1. D 232. 233. 236. 231. 2,s, 239. 243. 244. 2 .. 6. 247, 249, 252, Dagfinn Peasant. 375. 404. 405 254. 200. 261-265 • JJaJame, 472 Dale-Guldbrand, 207. 208, 210 Einar the PrieM, 375 llalsland, 288 Eindritle Einarwm, 233. 239. 264 Dannebrog, the, 502 Eindride the Young, 327. 328 Dannevirke. 116 E Ige5C'ter. 426 Elivagar. 16 J)av,332 EUi ... if. queen of Harold Har"'. Helling, J 7 Diogenc:ss, J 13 Ruler. 2,42, 235. 260, 272, 27~ E)"inore, 455 Ditmarsken, 481" Emhill. 18 njursaa, 258, 330 Engelbrekt EngeJbreklw1f1, 472, Domesday' Book. 63 Donald Bane. 28S 473 England, I, 12, 28, 3', 40,4', DonmQUth. 42 Dorchester. 41 42, 43. 72, 79, 80.81, 8... 88~ Dorcstad. 36 90, 91, 128. 137. 'J3. '39. Dovre Mountain, 286. 2?4- JOG. 142•• 47. 177. 179, 18). 184, ISS. 207. #12. 213. 217. 228. 517 273. 2,6. 277. 278. Drontbeim. 54.91. fJ2. 118. 121, SJ6. _. 283. 287. 292. 347. 375. 443. J4Da J.48. Jif). 2'1). :no. 403. 8 446• 447. 453. 454 •. 4'"'5. S09. 4bs. 47 • 479. 4'}2. 4')8. 504. 510, 512, 513. 5'4, S30 508. 517. 522 EnkOping.464 Dronlheim Fjoni. 54. iI, 107. Eri~ Archh~ht>p. 3S8. 379. 387 140, 3M Erik Blood-A$C. (,8, 7o-li6, Dublin, 38. 40. 1390 238 aa. Dumharton. 40 94, ?5. 99. 10'2, 160. 1&2 Durham, see Simeon of , Erik Eicgod. 2~8 00 t:rik Eiml1n~n. 57. 58. Ir/l Dulch. 474. 4'5. 495. 4')8. 5 I Erik Emu ne. 312 DyneiUle•• 503. 504 'I' Eri), t.:rikMoOfl Litop, King of t; Sweden. 412 I Erik C';lipf,ing. 453. 45-1 Ea Erik of Pomerani&, 467-474 F Erik Priest~Hater, 451-456,459 Erik the Red, Archbishop, 179. Faeroe Isles, 40, 43. 158, lSI). 181 320, 333. 334. 336, 380 Erik the Saint. 380 Falk6ping. 468 Erik the Victorious. King of Fall River, 180 Sweden, 152, IC)6 False•• Judge. 518 Erik the Younger. King of South Falsterbro. 466 Jutland, 68 Fenris-Wolf, 21, 23 Erlend of H usaby. 391 Fensal, 22 Erlend Haakonsson. 129. 130 i'inland, 196. 512, 513 Erling Eriksson. J06 Finmark, 74. 173. 495. 506 Erling H:aako~. 1:21. (1·23. Finn Arnesson, 255. 265, 266, 128 267 .) Erling Skakke, Earl, ,18.* "!iq, Finn Eyvindsson, ~70. 32 ....343. 35". 3S5. 357. "". Finns, 3, SO,t6t; 67, 74. 278. 295 Erling Sk jalgson of Sole,· 148. Fitje, cJ8 . . 162, 164. 174. 176. 178, 119. FjOlne.45 . '90. 192, :110, 211, 212, 216, Flanders, 28 21 7.3 18 Flensborg, 472 Erling Stonewall, 38S, 386, 387. F1orsvaag. 356 . < 390 Folden, 46, 190, 256, 320, '425 Erling Vidku.nsson, 462 Folkvang, 23 Em.. Loch. 3B Folkvid the Lawman. 332, 336, E ...... Hcnog._ 38• EWJ Lawmua, 4'S FonteneUe. J6 Essex. 138 Formentcra, 893 Esthoni&. 13S. '196 F_31 7 Estrid, daughter of '6weyn 'Fork.. Fonete,22 beard. '36 F ....d6e.96 Ethelred II.• 138. 139. 183 Franee, ,'1.- 36, 43. 64. [37, 277. Ethelstan. 72, 73, 79. 80. 8S. I So 430. 5"9. 52 7. 530 Eugene Ill .• Pope. 320 Fredensborg, 504 Euphemia. of Arnstein, 457. 459 Frederick, Count Palatine, 487. Euror' 465. '483. 52 3. 526,527. 488 53 Frederick I., 485, 486 Eystein. Earl of Hedemark and' Frederick II., Emperor of Ger~ Vestfold. 76 many. 418, 430 EYSiein Erlendsson, 327. 347. Frederick II.. King of Den~ 354. 357. 358 mark and Norway, 492 F.ysteio HaroJdsson, 314-317 Frederick I" .• 4 Freya, 22, 23 G"'tha Elv., 231, 257, 25f). "}.(/If; I'reydis. 181 Glltland. 3,13 Fridkulla, 288 (j.(luland, 40), 473, 4'1' Frigg, 22 Goths, 3 fOri!>ian, 20S Gran, 153 Frosta-l!ri"C. 28, C}I, (fl. 149. Creat 1\orthem \\"ar, the, 5'1'2 359. 445 Greece •• 37. 1)8 FrosteD. 150, 189 (;reeks, 3, 44, 240, V"]3 Fulford, 268 Greenlantl, 158, I7tl, .80, llil, FUDen, 245. 455. 41)8 320, 430 Fuxeme.288 Gregoriu" 1la{,."I'ioOn, 316, )17-3lO F yrileiv. 'J07 (jregr}ry I X., I-''''pe, 421, 427 Grih, J/eter, 5{J~ G (jrieg. J., 53& (;riffenft:ld, 501 Gaha. Colonel, 520 Crim, !tee Bald Grim Gall, St., 32 (;rim Kdkan, 423 Galli. :ro; arbonensi!'i, 32 (jrimkel, }1i!'oh"p. 2f~7. 227 Gamle Eriksson. 94. 97 Grjotgard tlaak(fflW.1ll. "AJ Gardarike. see RuS!>ia {jude. J., 53"0j (jauldale, 129. 341 (;udleiL Ct:rd"ke, 278 Gaule,79 (;udny Br-Ivar", daughkr, 4}4 Gaul RiveT, see Gula Elv Gudr,u of Ulakke<>taA, 41" {,llJ4/". see Loth!; Ludnd, wife of Thorhnn KarI.. Gautland, Jl8, IS2 evne. J~1 Geira, 1)6, 1(-,2 GudrM J!jr..rnflo!lollll, ~ij, U.J2, lOS. Georgios MaJliak~. 240. 2.... 2 '07 (;erd, 21 GudrrA ErikMloOfl, JC>4. 107, 113. Gere.20 .60 German, 3. 25. 31, 44. 430. 464. (jurirr..od lIur,I,I.w:..n, 60 468. 471, 41;0, 4"3. 4"'''' 41,2, (iu Gunnar Grjonbak, 352/ Haakon the Broad_Shouldered, Gunvor, 153 3[6, 319. 320, 322-326 Gustavu.s Adolphus, 495, 496 HaskoD the Good, 72, 73. 80, Gustavus IV., 512 87-101, [05. roo, ISO, 160, Gustavus Trolle, 483 294. 446 Gustavus Wasa, 484. 487 Haakon the Old, a Swedish Peas Guttorm, Archbishop. 400, 410, ant, 110, 134 41l Haaloga1and, 56, 60, 148, 154. Guttorm &iksson, 94. 95 ISS. Is8, 211, 366 Guttonn Haroldsson, 60 Haarek Gand. 48 Guttorm Ingesson. 395 Haarek Haroldsson, 60 Guttonn, son of Sigurd Hjort. Haarek of Thjotta. 148, 154-156, 47.48, 52, 53. 62 158, 233 Guttonn Sigurdsson, 385. 387 Hsavard the Hewer, 124. 127 Guttorm SigurdtiSOn. U)9. 200 Hadeland, So, 5[, 153, 199.203 Guttonn Sindre. 71 Hadrian IV., Pope, see Nicholas Gyda, wife of Harold the Fair Breakspeare haired, 52, 53, 59, 60 Hadulaik. I2I Gyda. wile of Olaf Tryggvesson. Hafrs-Fjord. 59. 60, 63 137. 142, 228 Ha.gustald, 121 Cyldenstjerne. Knut, 486 Hake. a Berserk, 47. 48 Haldor Bryn julfsson. 320 H Halfdan Haalegg (Longl.gs) 68. 69 /f,l4ko1ldrmaal, lot HaHdan Sigurdsson, 199. 200 Haskon Eriks.son, Earl. liS. t79. Halfdan the Swarthy, GudrMs 184-186,215-:u 8 son, 32, 46-52, 318, 432 Haakon GaJen, 377. 382-398, Halfdan the Swarthy, Harolds-. 402, 410, 412. 414 son, 60, 71, 72, 76 Haakon Grjotgardssoll, 56, 60 Halfdan the While, 60 Hll8.kon. Gunhild'li emissary, 109 HaHdan \"'hiteleg, 46 Haakon Haakonsson the Ohl.- Halland, 214. 266,267.273.30'1. 391-433. 437-444 418, 453. 454. 460, 462, 463. IIsakon Ivarsson, 259. 264-268 4 Hanseatic League, 453, 454. 455. I Helluland, 180 460• 464. 4H. 4l'<>. 485. 4"". Heming HaakonMlJD, II? 509 Henrik 01 Schwerin, 410 Hansteen, astronomer, 538 Henry I., King of England, ~ Hardeland, 41 IlereulC!!, l'il1an Qf, 34 Harold, EarJ of the Orkney_, 355 HeredhaJand.41 Harold, grandsoD of Sigurd the Herjetlale, IrI> Crusader, 333 Hcrlallg, King in Saumrlale, 54 Harold I!luetoolh. 86. 940 95. Herlut HyUefad, 4142 11~120. 1)8, 161,410 HI:It~ve1her. tee 1I,,,,.-JISw:lins Harold Gille, ]03-311, 313. 314. Himinbjarg,22 320.322. 333. 337. ).16. 382• H indOfJli. 2, 3 386 . Hin .. ~avl, 455 Harold Godwinnon. 268, 269. J/irdJllran, 445 H itterdale <.:hurch, 2fn Harold'7' Greyfell. W, 100, 102- HjaJte SkeggCHfm, If).f 114 H jl)rungavaag, 121. 122 Harold Groos'ke, 152, .S2I Hlade, 127.132, • ..s, 14(I,152,'S«) Harold Hard_Kuler, 1f)9. 200, HnOl,23 20[, 221, 240-274. ~278, 283. J-Ir,tJer, 22 l1i")fudlausn, 85 Harold-. 308lngeuon, .349 H6gne LangbjllmHon, zI/z, 26J Harold the Fairbaired, 31, 49- Holand, 5(12 5<>-74. 87. 88. 99. 'OS. '30. Hl)nef05A, 371 134, 139. 140. 152, 155. 174- Honer, 18 176. 177. 182. IS). 187. 188 JI()rda.-Kaare, 3'S 198. 201, 226, 231, 245. 251, Hordeland, 52.lJS, 140, 147,324 252, 256, 275. 2;6, ,18. 350, H","gadal. 435 378. 433. 460 Holl.erg. Ludvig. so6 Harthakout. 224). 2)1, 234.,2)6 Holland. 485. 488 Hasting, 34. 35. 3{, If(,)mengraa, 313 Hastings. 272 lIoktein, 485. 4'/J. 5m, 5.5.!iJO Haug.232 1f(,I,. Land, 171, 2'~, 2112, 21J1', If auk. ISS )06. 376 Haukhy. 284 _ Hood~S ..ajnll, 321) Hebridt:S" 40. 43. (,3. 288, 311, ffomboraund, 312 312. )94. 4i!o Hornelen. 339 Hedemark. 48, 51, 76, 203. 210 ffrimfaxe. 17 Heidahy. 257 Hugdilnch, :&42 Heimdal. Z2 Hugin.20 Heirnskringla. 13. 45. 433. 440 HumLer. 81 Hekla, 4b5 H ...erg-elmn, 16 Heldungs. J4S-)48 H ritmgtOe. m. 400 Hel, 23. 24 Hyrning. 1(;1, ItJ2 Hdg< H..-. 396. 1m j Helpaa. 215 I Helget1e1i1i. 237 I Ibsen. lIenrik. 535. 5J8 Helge6, 41). .pI i Iceland ...... 44. M. 6). ". 79- Helheim,24 &0, 's . • -th. 158. 15q. 2I".J'2, ]20, Hell.eMs. I I 4)1>, 43:J-44'. 443. 444 • ..,~ INDEX. S47 Icolmkill. 38 Iv.. of Fljod. 295 Ida, plain of, 20 I var Steig. 349 ldun, 22 llevolds. 21)6. 345 I India, 2 Inga of Varteig, 391, 404. 40S Jaab(rk, SOren, 528 loge Baardsson, 284, ,SS-400. Jacob. Count of iialland, 454 40' Jacderen,. 59 loge Crookback. 311-321, 323. James 111., King of Scotland, 349. 353. 358 480 loge. chief of the Baglers, 360. Jaroslav, 217, 218, 240, 242 361, 380,421 Ja:urtes. I loge, King of Sweden, 288 Jemteland. 194, 195. 294. 300, lngeborg, queen of Magnus 459. 41)6. 498 Law-Mender, 451, 452, 453. Jerusalem, 233, 291, 293 454 Jews. 32, 44. 530 Ingeborg, daughter of Erik JOsse Eriksson, 472 Priefit-Haler. 456, 459 Johannes, see Hans lngeoorg, daughter of HaakoD Jomsborg, 120, 237 l.ongh:gs, 458, 459. 461 jomsvikings, 120-128, 163 Ingegerd, daughter of Harold Jon Birgersson, Archbishop, 321 Hard-Ruler, 268, 272 Jon, chief of the Kuvlungs. 353 Ingegerd, daughter of Olaf the Jon Kutiza, 345 Swede, 195. 197. 217. :u8 Jon LoCtsson, 434 1 nget of Oestraat, 485 JOD the Red, Archbishop, 448, Ingcrid, Queen of Harold Gille, 45" 311. 314. 386 10nvolds, 365 Ingjald III-Ruler. 45 JuHana Maria, queen of Fred~ Ingrid, queen of Olaf the Quiet, erick V., 508 274 Jumieges, 36 Innocent III., Pope, 366, 379 Jutland, 41. 68, 95. lib, 23b, Innocent IV., Pope, 429 237. 257. 32.1, 330• 453. 485. lona, 38 495. 41)6. 498 Iranians, 2 Ireland, I, 38, 39. 40, 41, 43, K 138, 228, 277, 287. 289, 295. 303.30<) Ka.1f Amesson, It7 .. 222, 128, Irishman, 303. 304. 313 229. 231, 232, 233, 235, 255, Iron Ram, IlK) 265,2M lronbeard, 149. lSI, 15:1 KaUsund. 459 lrp, Valkyria, 123 • Kalmar. 301. 455; 467, 4lig.470, habella Hru~e. queen of Erik 479. 495 , ')rie!>t·Hater, 456 Kalvskindet, 343. 344, 345 Isabella, queen of Christian II., Karelen. 196 .... , 483 Kark, 130, I,·" 132 Italic.tribe$, 1,,3 Karlsevne, 181 Italy, 292 Karlshoved, 190 Ivar, Kmg in Limerick, 40 Kelts, I hat As5ersson. 307, 30S Kent, 138 Ivu llarre, 348 Ketil Calf, 190, 199 THE STORY OF NOkWAY. Keyser. Rudolf, 538 i.e, 257 Kid. SIS. Sl6, 520, 523 Lie, JonaA. 538 Kielland, Aleunder, 538 Lie. Sophu., 538 King's Mirror, 441 Lier, 520 Kirkevaag, 432 Limerick. 40 j( jOgebugt, 502 Lim Fjord, 258 K jiJIen, 4 Lind~neH, 17l. 179. 210. 531 Klerkon, 135. 136 Lindholm, 468 Klypp Thorsson, III Linrli!llarena, 42 Kllaer6:l. 495 Lodin. 135. 143 Knut Alfsson, 481 Lodur. 18 Knut Eriksson, King of Sweden, Lowen, Colonel, 56} 358, 385 LowemikjrlJrJ, 527 Knut Haakonsson (Squire K.), Lofolen, .315. 33' 3CJ6. 4 10, 416, 424. 425 ! Loire, 34 Knut the Mighty, 179•• 85.212- u,ke. 23 218, 225. 226. 229. 231, 232, LondrJD, 73. 538 236,243. 26',268 1..,ong·Serpent, The, 1(.12. 164- Knut Porse, 4fJl 1(>9 Knut VI.. King of Denmark, Lt>thair, 37 368 Loui" the German, 32, 37 KolbjOm Stallare. J71 Loui~ the l'ifJUIi. 32 Kolbjhm the Strong. 20q uJui. I X., 430 Konghtlle. 152, lcJ8. 274. aSS, Loui. XIV .• sr.., 310, 319 LDt.eck, 457, 486, 487, 4'1', 4')5 Kongsberg. 494. 503 Luna, 34 Kret.s, Colonel, 502 Lunge, Vincentz, 477. 485, 487, Kringen. 49S 488 Krogh, Christian. 526 Luther, 485. 4&6 Krokaskogen. 313 Lutheran, 4809. 4t)O. 506, 5'fJ Krummedike. Harhig. 477 Luuer and BarenlJC'Tge, 4'JS Krummedike, Henril. 401, ¥2 I Lotzow, (;eneral, 5'13 Krupp. ,,6 Lykke, ]Ii it.. 485 K rullooe, Colonel, S02 LYDkog> Heath, 237 Kurland. J¢ Kuvluugs. 353. 354- )I Kveld·liU, 5 Magnus Erlingsson, King of N or MjOsen. 199, 321, 380, 408. 413. way. 323-349. 351, 355. 356, 421 385. 388, 401, 427. 428 Moliere, 506 Magnus Haroldsson, 273. 274 MOnnikhofen, Colonel, 495 Magnus Law-Mender, 442-451. MOre. 56, 59, 64. 69, 130, 150 453, 457, 494 Moors, 292, 300 Magnus the Blind, 297. 305-313 Mora, 197 Magnus the Good, 218, 221)-250, Moss, 521 251, 254. 255, 265 Moster, 72, 140, 158, ]67 Maid of Norway, The, 453. MosterO, 167 457 Motzfeldt, Captain, 518 Malcolm. 285 Muirkertach, 286, 289 Malmlrid, 302, 304 Munch, P. A., I'rof.• 378, 538 Man, island of, 288, 2::'9, 320, Munin,20 394,442 Munk, Erik, 492 Maniakes, see Georgios Munk, Ludvig, 492 Marcus of Skog. 326, 327 Munkeliv, 294.480 Margaret, see Maid of -Norway Muspelheim, 16, 17 ~largaret, queen of Magnus' :Barefoot, 288 N Margaret, queen of Sverre, 358, 362, 381, 382, 383 Nanna, BaIder's wife, 21 Margaret, queen of Haakon the Napoleon I., 510, 513, SIS, 519 Old, 4°7, 413 520, S26 Margaret. queen of Erik Priest. N aumdale, 54 Hater. 452 Nessje. I(}O Margaret. Reigning Queen of New England, 181 Norway, Sweden, and Den Nicholas Arnesson, Bishop. 3SS- mark, 462, 463. 466, 467-4;2 362, 36S, 366, 374, 380, 386. Margaret, do.ughter of Christian 388, 390, 393, 407, 411, 413, 1.,480 4'4 MariB, relative of the Empress Nicholas Breakspeare, Cardinal, Zoe, 242 • 320, 321 Maria, daughter of Harold lIard. Nicholas. Church of St•• :leu kuler. 268, 272 Nicholas Simon~on, 322, 324 Marin. w.ughter of Harold Gille, Nid River, 140 322 N idarholm, 308 Markerc, Earl, 268 Nidaros, 148. 156, lSq. 192,207, Markland. 180 213. 215, 227, 232, 253, .200, Ma.o;sQ.l.:husctls, 180, 181 262, 274. 284, 286. 2IH, 311, Machias, Bishop, 334. 335 320, 324, 334. 338, 34', 345. Malrand. 521 347. 354. 361, 362, 366, 3(,8. Mecklenburg, 410, 463, 467, 469 31)q, 381, 384, 387, 389. 390. Mcdalhus, 130 392, 400, 404, 413, 416, 422. Mediterranean, 318 424, 426 Michael, Church of St .• 294 Nidhl)gger, 16, 18 Military Academy, 508 Niftheim, 16, 18 Mimer, 18 Nils lIenriksson, 485 Minne,311 Nimwegen, 36 Mjtilner, 20 Nis-aa. 251)-266 550 THE STORY OF NORWAY. Njaal. 158 Olal the Quiet. 068. '7:>-285. Njord, 21, 22, 23 293. 294 Noatun, 21 Olaf the Saint, 49. 179. 182-224. Nordfjord, 339 227-232. 248, 252, 255. :z61, N ordhOrdland, 309 267. 27$. 278, 282, 2t}3. 294. Nordland. 363 JI8, 317. 357. ~. 400. 423. Nordm6re. <1>. '93.287. J66 42S N ordness. :u6 Olaf the Swede, 152, J6J. 166, Nordraak, Richard, 538 173. 192. 193. 194. 195. ufJ N oreljord. :WI. 349 Olaf Tryggveooon. I.,S. ']0-1740 Normandy. 64 177. 178, 179. 182, 183. liS4. Normans. 12 187. 188, lBe). 19S. 1(.,&, XJS. Noms, 18 '306, 2IB, 22B, 318, 446 Northampton, 225 Olaf the Unlucky, 329.33' North Cape. 411. 493. 53' Olaf the White, 4D North Sea. ,S40 '5S. 336 Olaf the Woodcutter. 46.57 Northumberland, 41, So, 81. 137. Olaf the Young, 4ftl, .vA 068.069 Oldenhorg. 475. 476. 478. 487. Nortmannia. 31 494 Norway's Lion, 527 Ole the RtlJ5ian. 136 Norway's Welfare. Society for, Olga, 136. 137. 142 5'4 Opland.. 8S. '74. IS8. 19". ''l'J. Nyborg. 4 p Ranrike, 57,173.284" Ratibor, 310 Paderbom, 31 Raud the Strong. 156. 157.162 Paris, 36, 513, 520, 538 Raumarike, 46. 51. 173. 199, :no Paul, Bishop of Hamar, 420,421 Raumsdale. 193 Paul, Earl of the Orkneys, 288 Reas. 135 Persia, ~ • Ree, 327. 334. 338. 433 ]leter III •• Emperor of Russia, Reformation, the, 486 508 Reidar Grjotgardsson. 313 Peter Kolbjornsson, 503 Reidar Messenger, 360, 36[, 375. Peter of Husastad, 411 376, 380 Peter SkulessoD. 423 Reidulf, a Birchleg. 389 Peter, St •• 4:017 Rein, 416 Peter Steyper, 377. 381.382,388 Reinald, Bishop, 308 Philip, Don, 430 Revolution, the French, 509. 524 Philip SimonssoD, 386, 3<)0. 393. Revolution, the July, 527 400.401 Reykjaholt. 436. 440 Piraeus, 241 Rhine, The, 37 Poland, 498, 502 Ribbungs, 407, 408, 412-416 Pomerania, 163.473. 513 Richard the Fearless, Duke of PontecOTVO, 51) t!0rmandy, 65 Prestebakke. 512 Rlchard the Good. Du,ke of Nor- Protestantism, 48,. 495 mandy, 65 Prussia, 136, 163 Rimul. 13[, 140 Pultawa, SOl Ring. King, 188 Ringeness, 190, 199 R Ringerike. 47. 51, 183, 186, 199. 244, 503 ' Rafnista race, 56 Robert Bruce, 456 kaft Sund, 331 Robert Guiscard., 292 Ragour. a viking, 36 Robert the Magni1icent, Duke of }(agnar Lodbrok, 34. J()8, 114~ Normandy, 65 231, 236 Robin Hood, 341 Ragnlred. Eriksson. 113 Roe, Bishop, 335. 380 kagnhild, queen of Harold the Rorek, King, 188, 199. 201, 2«1, Fairhaired,68 206 Ragnhild. queen of Halfdan the ROrek, Viking. ,36 Swarthy, 47. 48 Rogaland, IN. 32.1- Rngnhild. daughter of Magnus Roger, Duke, 292 the Good, 265. 266, 26, Rol£ the Walker, see Rollo RBb~va1d, Earl of MOre. 56, 59. Rollaug, King in Naumdale. 54 64,6q Rollo, Duke of Normandy. 56. Ragnvald, son of Erik Blood. 64,65 Axe, 80 Rome, I, 3" 34, 36, 171, 214.- Ragnvald Rettilbeine. 68, 71 308, 359, 421, 422, 438 Itagnvald, Earl of VeslergOtland, Roskilde. 4C)8 195 R",tock,46q Ran. 23 Rother. King. 242 kana(yJke. 317 Rouen,36 kandUjord, 51, 108 Rouueau, 50S 552 THE STORY OF NORWA Y. R.gen. 163 Sigrid the Haughty, 152, 1S4. 16. Ru.o;.sia., It 134-137. 142, 1')2,217. 163. 16c). leiZ 218, 229. 232. 2)9. 240. 277. Sigrid, daughter of Earl S"ern, SOl, 502, SoS. 509. 510, 512, 179 513. 514. 515. 530 Sigrid, .isleT of Thote II und, Rydjokel. 329 Ryfylke, 121 Sigrid,'1' wife of har of Fljod. '95 s Sigrid, wife of Hahh/r BrynjuU .. I;UO, 'J20 s...... ond J.....,.. 4)6. _ Sigtrygg. K lng in W ..orford. 4D Saemund the Learned, 434 Sib~rd. Bishop. 147. 157, 208. Sa1l6 Sound. 346. )61 211.220 Sandness, 61 Sigurd of Hulngaland. 155 Saracens, 240. 318 Sigurd Borgarklell. 360. 364 Sarpen, 194. Sigurd tb. C...... kr. 2B9. 291- Sarpsboog. 194. 197."3.39 .492 JOS. 309. 310, 3130 318. 3230 Sars. )·rof., 538 ' 329, 332, 427 Sar-s. J. E. Prof.. 538 Sigurd. Earl of Hlade. 87. "P. 93. Sauduog Sound, ISS 95. QR, J02, 105. I($:, Saurbygd. 337 Sigurd Erik.wm, J 34. .35 Saxon.. 31.4•• 146 ••)6 Sigurd Haak'm.-m. 121 Scandinavia, 470 Sigurd IIjf1ft. 41. 4& Schiller. Friedrich, 418 Sigurd Jm-m. 355-'357. y.o. Sciences. Academy of. S08 ya. 364. )6s Scotland, 40. 43. 80, 113. 114. Sigurd Jon...,•• 4730 478 137. 21,s. 285 ••87. 314. 431. Sigurd L ..ard. 370. 38<>. )85 442.443.45•• 456.480 Sigurd MarcusfOlCre, p6 5«land. 244. 2.48. 5.0 Sigurd Mouth. 311-321, 326. 371. Sehesled, Hannibal. 411. 4'-,6 33'. 334. 335. 3)6. 35 1• :Ji'2. Seine. T .... )6 )87. 3-'>8 St:kken. 324 Sigurd. alleged 108 01 Magn_ Selmer. Chr. August. Prime Min. Erlin~. 355 ~ter, 532, 534 Sigur" I Silgjord, 155 Stanger, 332 Simeon of Durham, 42 Stavanger, 59, 321, 35S, 359 Simon KaaressoD, 354 Steen Sture the Elder, 480, 481, Simon Skaalp, 317, 322 480 Sinclair, Colonel, 495. SIS Steen Sture the Younger, 481, Sirie, Archbishop of Canterbury, 483. 485 '47 Steinke~, IS9 Skaane, 214, 242, 259. 463, 466, Steinkil, King of Sweden, 267 46S. 4<)8, 502, 513, 530 Stenbock, Magnus, 502 Skade, 21 Stig, Marshal, 454 Skage Skoftesson, 119 Stiklestad, 212, 221, 227. 232, Skagen, 324 235, 240, 255 Skara Stift. 464 Stockholm, 464. 469, 480, 484. Skegge Aasbj6rnsson, see Iron- 485. 53' heard Storm. Prof. Gustav, 538 Skinfaxe, 17 Siorthing, 521-534 Skiringssal, 46. 5 I Strand. 121, 183 Skraellings. lSI StrindsO. 36cJ Skuld, 18 Stl"\lcnsee, 50S, 509 Skule Daanlsson, Duke. 284. 395- Stub. Rev. Kjeld. 41)6 427.432.437.438.440 Stuf Katsson, 254 Skule Tostigssoo, 283 Sturla Sighvatsson, 421, 438, Slavli, J. 2:7 440 Sleipner. 20 Sturla Thordsson. father of Sleswick. 31. 237. 257.472, 4f)5, Snone Sturlasson, 434- 53° Sturla Thordsson. nephew of Slittunb1S, 401, 402, 404, 407 Snorre Sturlasson, 45. 440, 442 Smaalnnd. 301 Stu.lb'S, The, 433-441, 443 SmaaJenene, II StyrhjOrn, 214 Snarfare, 62 Styrkaar Stallare, 270, 271 Snefrid, wife of Harold the Fair_ Supreme Court, 522 haired, 67. 68, 71, 183 Surtur. 16 Snorre Sturlasson, 13,45,49. 52, Sussex, 138 66, 72. 74. 160, 186. 2!l4. 276. Suttung, 20 421 • 433-441, 444 Svang,408 Snonclaug. 436 Svanhild, daughter of Earl Ey. SOndmOre. 122, 193. a17. 32.1, stein, 76 411 ,495 Svantc N ils.son Sture, 4Sa SQgn. "9. 034 Svcrdrup, Prof, 516. 5IS Svgnefjord, 179, :'110, 348, 349, S\Ocrdrup, John. Prime~Minister. 4'5 534 Sognesund, 228 Sverke. King of Sweden, 368 Sognil'gs, 348 • Sverre Sigurdsson, 195, 333-379- Solveig. 438 380. 385. 386. 388. 391. 393. Sonartorek. 85 396, 404, 407, 423. 432, 446. Soloness, .q5 450 Sound, The, 11&, 242, 453 Svolder, 157. 163. 173, 178. 193 Stamford Bridge, 268, 269. 272, Sweyn, a pretender, 287 283. 287 Sweyn Altifasson. 215-229, 233. St.ang, F., Prime.-Mini5ter. 534 28~1 292 • • • .. • 554 HIE STORY OF NORWA Y. Sweyn Estridsson. 'J6. 237. '44. Thorgils Thon.lfHOo, 135 245. 247. 248, 250, 252, 257. Thorgils. 224. 127 258, 259. 265. 266, 267. ~8. Thorgi.l. 38. 39. "" '73, '7~. '76 Thorgny the La.wman, 195. ItP Sweyn Forkbeard, 116, 118,119. Thorkel1 lJyrdill, 16-1, J(,5 138, 139. '54. 161-166, 1M, Thorkell l.eira. 124. 125, 126 173. '77. 214 Thorle1f. Bishf)p, 480 Sweyn Haakons&Dn, Earl, J 1Q. Thormod Kolbruna-ScaJd, 221, 121, 122, 173-181, 186, 187. ,89. lqo-'93 Thmolf,••• Bald Grim'lton, 77. 78, Sweyn. ROrek's servant, 201 79 Thorolf. Kveld-L'If. I0I'l, 57-6c.t T 'fhontJeTg. 3M Thorstein •• peasant. '09 Tacitus, 25 Thontein K ugad. :JM. "jfL, Taylor, Bayard. 491 Thorstein. IlJ1\ of Si'Ie.-Uali. 2)8. T egel.!tmora. 223 239 T elemark. 338, 340 Thorvald ErikMOn, J8. Thamb, 162 Tbrood the Priest. 391 Thames, The, 42 Thrudvang. 20 Thangbrand the priest, 146. 147. Thy ..... queen of OW Tryggv... 158, J 59 5011. 154. 161, 168. 171, 214 Thirty Yean' War, 495 Tiber. 34 Thjostulf AaIe_JR, 311, 312 Tidemand. Adolf. 5)8 Thor, 20, 21, 22, 128, 144. '51, Tiding_Skofte, 119 204. 208, 209. 224 Tilly. General. 4'); Thora.... ife of Earl Haakon, IIg Tilsit, treaty 0(.510,512 Thora, wife of H atold H ard- Toke. a peasant, 246 Ruler, 255 T ordensk ioltJ, 50). 5o.a Thora. GUltonn's daughter, yJI) T ontenson, (dmnal, .viI Thora M~ter_l'ole. 71- TOl>tig God.ln"~.,n. t;arl, 2f1l). Thora of kimul. 130 27CJ. 283 Thora Saxe's daughter, 31)8 Tou~. 34 Thoralf Lousy-IX:ard, JoS, 109. Tuvemd.Sl2 [35 Trangen.Sl2 Thorbj6m Homklove, S9 T ra\"t~ndal. SOJ Thord StdTlasson. 4Jf, Tri'mdelag. 54. 70. SQ, 87. sa, Thor•• ArchbWwp. 3930 395 1(12, 101•• 130. 1,.0. '48, 177, Thore Hene. 77. 78 I,S. 1St). 193. 2210. 2)4, 25S. ThORO Hjort. [..s. 154. 15,6 285. 287. 324. 327. )40. )52, ThOR: Hund, 211. 212, 2n, 233 358• J66. )68. 3',8. ~, Thore Klakka., 131), 140 TTooden. 94. (IS. 106, 107. 148. ThfJre Soel. 211 141). 18q. '93. 1fl7. H7. 22~, Thou of Steig. 2..J5. 262. 274. '3'. 2f>s. '8S. :oat>. 311 • 3". 2&6. 281' 3.s. J.Ii'. )68. 4'3. 4',8 Thor6no Karlseme. ISr T roHhaenan. z.e8 Thorgm. brother-in-law of Olaf TTomJlh.429 Try~~m. 1(,1. 162 Trygg"'e OWMOl'), wm 01 (JW n.n-gt:rd. \" aJkyria. 123 Ilaroldooon. ']<>. Bll. 940 9\. ThorgbaettaD. 363 102, lOS. 107 ••oS. '44 INDEX. 555 Tryggve Olafsson, son of Olaf Vanir, 14. 21 Tryggvesson, 228 Varangians, 240, 241 Tunsberg. 201, ,00, 324. 32,. Varbelgs. 354. 355. 423. 4.. 33-1. 35-1. 375. 376, 380, 388, Ve, 13. 16 390. 4'3. 449 VebjOrn, 256 Tunsberghus, 481 Venice, 241 Turf ·Einar. 6c) Venetian, 500 Turges, 38 Venus, 22 Turks, 2, 500 Verdande, J8 Tyro 2[ Vermeland, 57. 58, 267. 332, 337, Tyrker. [80 412,464 Versailles, SOl U Vesteraalen, 331 VestergOtiand, 195. 267. 312,464. Ueland, Ole Gabriel, 52S 466. 46, Vgerup, Erik, 485 Vestfjord, 331 un TborgiltiSOD, Earl, 214. 215. Vestfold.46, 51. 57. 76, 11)0.412 236 Vestgoths. 268 Ulf Uspnksllon. 255 Viborg. 485 Viler, 22 ViborgM/";'ng'. 231, 237. 252 Ulster, 28c) Vidar, 22 Uuu, 334. 335 Vidrar,84 University of Norway, 514 Vige, 156 Upland, 223. Vikar, Chief of the Varbelgs, Upsala. 45. '95 354. 423 Urd,18 .. Viken, 57, 64, 76, 88, 94, J02:, U rOk ja SnOfTes50n, 440 lOs, 107. 110, nS, 119, 143, Ulgard, I' 144, 147. 160, 213. 245, 256, 266, 273, 285, 307, 319. 323, v 324. 327, :i3o. 332, 337. 3 .. 5, 351, 356, ]61, 370, 388, 391 , Vaagen, 294. 299 393. 400, 407," 408, 410, 411, Vaerdalen, 220, 221, 222, 232 42 •• 425. 445. 496 Vago AakessOD, 122-127 Vile, 13. 16 Vald.len.217 Vingulmark, 57. J73 Valdemar Atterdag, 462, '463 Vinland. ISo, lSI Vahlemar Hirgcl'5SOD, King of Vinold. Archhi Welhaven. }. S .• 536 Wi"mar,46q Wendland, [9" 142, 161, 162, Wollin, 120 163. 168. '3/. 330 Wends, 236, 237. 310, 312 Y Wener. Lake, 288 Yl:drasi1. 18 Wergeland, Henrik, 526, 531, Vmer, 16, .7 536 Yngl;ngo. 31. 40. 45. 57 M Wergeland, Rev. Nicolai, 518 Vngve.45 \Ves..ooex, 41 York, 8f. 268 "'idukiDd. JI YQtun, 16, 11. :n, 2J William the Conqueror, 12, 56, Yotunheim. I,. J8, 21 65. 272, 277. 28) 'William Longsword. 65 z William of Sabina, Cardinal, 428 Zoe, Empreu, 242 !<