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GIPE-002525-Contents.Pdf @ A HISTORY OF NOR\VAY fllO." l1iE URUEST n\lfS T\) ISS; ft • HJ_\Ul.\R H. BOYE.SES ~--~,.~- ~~ ..... ~ .'T'Iih!e'" -JP1o~ ____.. ..... l~- -~-...&" ... ~ G_ P_ PFTNAM'S SONS KY'" Tn... Ii: l~ '''no~ • ~ IwawlII,_*,--.w. III!' aaao. _ ................_ s...- 'lo' ! I I,t­ l&go V ~-73, [YI0 • CD ~StL~ .Printed in rl. S. TO CHRISTIAN i<ORS KNIGHT OF s"r. OLAP, WASA. AND THE NOI.TH STAR., CONSUL 0)1' NORWAY AND SWEDEN IN NEW YOllK., THIS HISTORY 011' H15 NATIVE LAND JS DEDICATED BY HIS FRIEND THB AUTHOa. PREFACE. • IT has been my ambition for many years to write a history of Norway, chiefly because no such book, worthy of the name, exists in the English language. When the pu blishers of the present volume proposed to me to write the story of my native land, I there­ fore eagerly accepted their offer. The story, how­ ever, according to their plan, was to differ in some important respects from a regular history. It was to dwell particularly upon the dramatic phases of his­ torical events, and concern itself but slightly with the growth of institutions and sociological phsnomena. It therefore necessarily takes small account of pro­ portion. In the present volume more space is given to the national hero, Olaf Tryggvesson, whose brief reign was crowded with dramatic events, than to kings who reigned ten times as long. For the same reason the four centuries of the Union with Denmark are treated with comparative brevity. Many thing happened, no doubt, during those cen­ turies, but .. there were few deed6,'· Moreover, the separate history of Norway, in the time of her degra­ dation, has never proved an attractive theme to v vi THE STORY OF NORWAY. Norse historians, for which reason the period has been generally neglected. The principal sources of which I have availed my­ self in the preparation of the present volume, are Snorre Sturlasson: Nurgu KongesagtUr (Christiania, 1859,2 vols.); P. A. Munch: Drl Norsk,. Folks Ilis­ lurie (Christiania, 1852, 6 vols.); R. Keyser: E/ler­ ladle Skrijler (Christianii, 1866, 2 vols.); Sam/ede A/kandlinger (1868); J. E. Sars: Udsigl (fI.rr den Nurske Hisluric (Christiania, 1877, 2 vol •. ); K. Maurer: Die Bckekrung drs NurwegiscllClt Slammo :rum Ckrislmlk,,,1U (Munchen, 1856, 2 vols.), and Dit Enlslekung des Is/iindiscken Slaaies (M unchen, 1852); G. Vigfusson: Slur/unga Saga (Oxford, 1878, 2 vols.); and Um Ihna/a! I Iskndinga sugum ; /urnd/d (con­ tained in Sa/n Iii sugu Islands, 185;); G. Storm: Snurrt Siur/asson's His/oricskrivniJlg (Kjobenhavn, 1878); C. F. Allen: Haandbog; FtZdrtlalUk/s Ilis/urit (Kjobenhavn, 1863); besides a large number of scat­ tered articles in German and Scandinavian historical magazines. A question which has presented many . difficulties is the spelling of proper names. To adopt in every instance the ancient Icelandic form would scarcely be practicable, because the names in their modernized forms are usually familiar and easy to pronounce, while, in their Icelandic disguises, they are to English readers nearly unpronouncable, and present a needlessly forbidding appearance. Where a name has no well-recognized English equivalent, I have therefore adopted the modem Norwegian form, which usually differs from the ancient, in having dropped a 6na1letter. Thus Sigurdr (which with an PREFACE. lSUUVIi"i PClClNj English genitive would be Sigurdr's) modern Norwegian Sigurd, Eirikr, Erik, etc. Those surnames, which are descriptive epithets, I have translated where they are easily translatable, thus writing Harold the Fairhaired, Haakon the Good, Olaf the Saint, etc. Absolute consistency would, however, give to some names a too cumbrous look, as, for instance, Einar th~ Twanger of Thamb (Thamb being the name of his bow), and I have in such instances kept the Norse name (Thambars­ kelver). It is a pleasant duty to acknowledge my indebted. ness for valuable criticism to my friends, E. Munroe Smith, J. V.D., Adjunct Professor of History in Columbia College, and Hon. Rasmus B. Andersen, V nited States Minister to Denmark, without whose kindly aid in procuring books, maps, etc., the diffi· culties in the preparation of the present volume would' have been much increased. I am also under obligation to Dr. W. H. Carpenter, of Columbia College, and to the Norwegian artist, Mr. H.N. Gausta, of La Crosse, Wis., who hali kindly sent me two spirited original compositions, illustrative of peasant.life in Norway. HJALMAR H. BOYESEN. COLUMBIA COLLEGE. NEW YOlK. April 15, 1886. CONTENTS. I. PAG. WHO WaRE THE NORSEMEN 1 1-12 The Aryan migrations, 1-3-The physical characterisiics of Norway, 4. S-Early tribal organization and means of Jive-. lihood. 6-1(~Sense of indept;ndence and aptitude for self6 government, 10-12. II. THE RELIGION OF THE NORSEMEN Theories regarding the origin oi the Scandinavian gods, 13-' 16-The Eddaic account of the creation of the world and of man, t6-IS-The world-tree Ygdrasil, IS-The Auir, tbeir Cunctions and their dwellings. I<)-23-Loke the Evil-Doer and his terrible children, 23. 24. Ill. TH .. AGE OF THE VlItINGS.-ORIGIN OF THE VI­ KING CRUISES The Norsemen launch forth upon the areoa of history, 25- The origin of the viking cruises. 2S--27-Kingsbip among the Scandinavian tribes, 27~ 2S-The three periods of the viking age. 28-30-The contribution of the vikings to the political life of Europe. 30. 31-Sigfrid of NortmanniA, 31- Godfrey the Hunter, 31, 32--Charlemagne's prophecy in regard to the vikings, 32-34-Hasting's stratagem, 34-36- Ragoar, Asgeir, and ROrek, 36, 37-Thorgisl in IretaDd, 38, 3cr-Olaf the White, 40, 4[-The vikings in England, 4I-Simeon o( Durham's Recount of the vikings, 42-Thc character of the vikings at home and abroad, 43. 44. ix x CON1·ENTS. IV. HALFDAN THE SWARTHY The d(.'Scent of the Yngling race, 45-The KaCrifices n{ Aun the Old, 4S-Ola( the Wood-c..-uttcr, Halfdan Whitclcg. and Godrrey the Hunter, 46--nirth of Halfdan the Swarthy, 46 Sigurd Hjort and the D"s~,1t Hake, 47. 48-lJaUdan the Swarthy weds Ragnhi1cl, 4S-Ragnl.iI(J'JI dream, 48-King Halfdan's dream, 49-nirth of lIarolrithe Fairhail'ed, 49- The Finn's trick. so--King BaUdan', death, 51 • • V. HAROLD THE FAIRHAIRED HaroM the Fairhaired WOf)S erda, 52, s,)-Har()I<i'5 vow, 53-Herlaog and kollaug, S4-Harc,Jd's policy toward the conquered kings, 54. 55-The feudal .Iate, 55-Taxati(m and the peao;.ants' loss of allodial righlllo. 55. s6-Hukon Grjolbrardsson and kagnvald. Earl of )fore, sb-Kveld-UJf and his 5Ons, 56, 57-Erik EimundJiSOn'» inv4lIion of Nor­ way, 57-His meeting with King Harold, 58-The hatlle of Hafrs-Fjord, s?-EarJ kagnvald cull King HaroJd's hair. 5q-Harold marries Gyda, 59. 6o-J-Iarold's treachery to Thorolf Kveld-Ulfs son, (,o....(yz-Kveld~L'lf. vengeance and migration to Iceland, 62, 63-Duke Rono in NQl'Way and :France, 64. os-Emigration of dUc01Jtenied magnates. 65. 66-Snefrid, 67-Queen kagnhiJd, 68--Erik Blood~ Au's feuds ,,·ith his brothers, 6tr71-Guttorm Sindre, 71, ,:I-Birth of Haak,,q the Gt.lOfJ, 72-lIaakon iJ lent to Etheh.t.ao, 72, 73-Dealh of Harold, 73. VI. ERIK BLOOD-AXE Erik's meeting with Gunhild, 74-76-Erik kilt. his brothers, Sigfrid and Olaf. 76-Tborolf, Bald Grim', son, 77-Egil, Bald Grim·, "'8, kills Ilaard, 7S-Egil kills I!<Tg.A ••nd, 7<). So-EgiI·, pole of msbonor, So-Egil .-.-oms his '-d by. song. SI-8S-Erik is exiled, 86. VII. HAAItO" THE GooD CONTENTS. xi Legislative rcCorms and restoration of allodium, 8C)-Signal fires,9o-First attempt to introduce ChrL'itianity.' 90-92- Speech of AsbjBrn of Medalhus, 92-The king eats horse­ flesh, 92-<)4-The sons of Erik Blood~Axe make war upon Norwa.y, 94. 9S-Bllttlcs of SotOlless and Agvaldsness. 95. g6-Ebri1 Woolsark, 96, 97-Battle of Fraed6, g6--<JS­ Failure of attempt to Christianize the country. 98-Battle of Fitje (Eyvind ScaldMSpoiler). 98-101-Death of Haakon the Good, 101. VIM. HAROLD GREYFELL AND HIS BROTHERS [02-114 Unpopularity of the sons of Erik, I02-I04-Their charac­ ters, I04-liarold Greyfell and Eyvind Scald-Spoiler, J05- Treachery of lIarold toward Earl Sigurd, 105. 106-Inde_ pendcnce 01 Earl lbakon, 106, [o7-Murder of Tryggve 0Ia(5500, 107. loS-Birth of Olaf Tryggvesson, loS-Ad­ ventures of Aastrid and Thoralf Lousy-Heara. I08-no­ Sigurd Sleva insults Auuf. III-Earl Haakon's intrigues in Denmark, III, 1I2-Gold-Harohl slays Harold Greyfell. 112-Expulsion of the sons of Erik. 113, II". IX. EARL HAAKON "5-'33 Earl Hankon defends Dannevirkc, liS, I16-Harold Blue-. looth, 117-Haakon's devastation!; in Sweden and in Viken, liS-Earl Erik and Tiding-Skofte, IJg-The funeral feast of the Jomsvikings, 120, I2I-Uattle in Hjorungavaag, 12l-12s-The Jomsvikings on the log, 125, 126-Haavard the llcwer. 127-The power and popularity of Earl Haakon, 127. I2S--Gudrun Lundarsol, I2g-Revolt of the peasnnts, 130-The earl hides under a pigsty, 130, 131-" Why art thou 1i0 pale, Kark 1" 131-Kark murders the earl. 132- I1aakon's character, 132, 133. X. THE YOUTH OF OLAF TRYGGYESSON Aastrid's Righi to Russia, 134. 13S-01af is sold for a ram, 13s-11e is taken to Vladimir's (."Ond, ]35. 136-King X" CO.VTENTS. Burislavaml Geira, 136, 137-The wooen' market in Eng. land, J37-MarTiagc with Gyda, 137. 138-0131'", warfare in England, 13S, 13'}"'"-Thore Klakka triCtl to entrap Olaf, 13').
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