World Bank Atlas 1. Identify countries with high income economies 80 high income countries 138 low- and middle- income countries eliminated 2. Systematic World Directory of database searches by eHRAF World Cultures Other relevant documents and Minorities and Indigenous country to identify database internet searches Indigenous Peoples populations in 2 major international databases, and hand 61 HIC with no contemporary searches Indigenous populations identified eliminated 3. Systematic search by country to identify additional Indigenous 19 HICs with contemporary population groups, Indigenous populations search terms, and alternate spelling Figure S1. Process of identifying Indigenous Peoples in high income countries. Following the the approach described by Cisneros Montemayor et al. [1] Table S1. Identification of Indigenous Peoples in high income countries. Indigenous Peoples3 High Income Included World Directory of eHRAF World The Lancet–Lowitja Other Countries1 in review 2 Minorities and Cultures Institute Global searches7 Indigenous Peoples4 database5 Collaboration6 Andorra - - - Antigua and - - - Barbuda Aruba - - - Arawak Aboriginal peoples, Aboriginal and Torres Australia ✓ South Sea Islanders, Yes Strait Islanders Torres Strait Islanders Austria - - - Bahamas, The - - - Bahrain - - - Barbados - - - Belgium - - - Bermuda - - - Belait, Bisaya, Brunei, Brunei Dusun, Kedayan, ✓ - - Darussalam Murut, Tutong, Iban, Penan First Nations, Inuit, First Nations, Inuit, Canada ✓ Yes Métis Métis Cayman Islands - - - Channel Islands - - - Mapuche, Alacalufe (Kawaskar), Mapuche, Atacameño, Aymara, Aymara, Mapuche, Rapa Nui, Colla, Quechua, Chile ✓ Rapanui, others Tehuelche, Rapanui, (Yamana, Qawasqar) Ona, Yahgan; Yámana/Yagán, Coya, Inka Kawesqár Yagan, Diaguita Croatia - - - Curacao - - - Cyprus - - - Czech Republic - - - Denmark - - - Estonia - - - Faroe Islands - - - Finland ✓ Sámi Saami - France - - - French Polynesia ✓ Polynesians Marquesas - Germany - - - Gibraltar - - - Greece - - - Greenland ✓ Inuit - Inuit Guam ✓ Chamorros - - Hong Kong SAR, No results - - China Hungary - - - Iceland - - - Ireland - - - Isle of Man - - - Israel ✓ Bedouin - - Italy - - - 2 Indigenous Peoples3 High Income Included World Directory of eHRAF World The Lancet–Lowitja Other Countries1 in review 2 Minorities and Cultures Institute Global searches7 Indigenous Peoples4 database5 Collaboration6 Okinawans, Japan ✓ Ainu Ryūkyūans Okayama, - Ainu Korea, Rep. - - - Kuwait Bidoon Bedouin - Latvia - - - Liechtenstein - - - Lithuania - - - Luxembourg - - - Macao SAR, - - - China Malta - - - Monaco - - - Netherlands Moluccans - - Melanesians, New Caledonia ✓ Kanaks - Polynesians Māori, Pacific New Zealand ✓ Maori Maorī Islanders Northern Mariana ✓ No results - - Chamorros Islands Norway ✓ Sámi Saami Sámi Oman - - - Palau ✓ Palauan Belauans - Kuna Yala, Emberá- Ngäbe (Guaymi), Wounaan; Ngabë Buglé, Kuna, Emberá Kuna, Buglé, Kuna, Ngabë Panama ✓ (Chocó), Wounaan, Talamancans Buglé, Teribe/Naso, Naso/Teribe, Bokota, Bokota, Emberá, Bri Bri Wounaan, Bri Bri Poland - - - Portugal - - - (Afro Puerto-ricans) Puerto Rico - - Taíno Qatar - - - San Marino - - - Saudi Arabia - Bedouin Seychelles - - - Singapore Malay - - Sint Maarten - - - (Dutch part) Slovak Republic - - - Slovenia - - - Spain - - - St. Kitts and Nevis - - - St. Martin (French - - - part) Sweden ✓ Sámi Saami - Switzerland - - - Atayal, Bunun, Kavalan, Tsou, Atayal, Taiwan, China ✓ Paiwan, Rukai, Taiwan - Puyuma, Amis, Yami Hokkien (or Tao), Saisiyat, 3 Indigenous Peoples3 High Income Included World Directory of eHRAF World The Lancet–Lowitja Other Countries1 in review 2 Minorities and Cultures Institute Global searches7 Indigenous Peoples4 database5 Collaboration6 Thao, Truku (Taroko), Sakizaya Trinidad and Taino Garifuna - Tobago Turks and Caicos Taino - - Islands United Arab - - - Emirates United Kingdom - - - Inuit and Alaska American Indians Natives, Native and Alaska Natives, United States ✓ Americans, Native Several Native Hawaiians, Hawai'ians (Kanaka other Pacific Islanders Maoli) Guaraní Mbyá, Uruguay No results - Charrúa Virgin Islands - No results - (British) Virgin Islands - No results - (U.S.) 1 A country with a high-income economy is defined by the World Bank as a country with a gross national income per capita of US$12,535 or more in 2019. Income is measured using gross national income (GNI) per capita, in U.S. dollars, converted from local currency using the World Bank Atlas method [2]. 2 In the context of the present study, populations of interest included ethnic/cultural groups who are the original or earliest known inhabitants of an area, and/or populations who maintain historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies. These characteristics were used to distinguish Indigenous Peoples from other minority groups. 3 A universal definition of “Indigenous” people has not been adopted by any UN-system body. Instead, the system has developed a contemporary understanding of this term based on several factors such as self- identification, historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies, distinct social, economic or political systems, languages, cultures and beliefs [3]. In some countries, there may be preference for other terms including tribes, first peoples/nations, etc. 4 World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples [4] 5 The eHRAF World Cultures database contains ethnographic collections organized by regions, subregions, and cultures [5] 6 The Lancet–Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration on Indigenous and tribal peoples' health [6] 7 Other internet searches to identify national census and demographic information by country. 4 Table S2. PRISMA-ScR Checklist. REPORTED SECTION ITEM PRISMA-ScR CHECKLIST ITEM ON PAGE # TITLE Title 1 Identify the report as a scoping review. 1 ABSTRACT Provide a structured summary that includes (as applicable): background, objectives, eligibility criteria, Structured 2 sources of evidence, charting methods, results, and 1 summary conclusions that relate to the review questions and objectives. INTRODUCTION Describe the rationale for the review in the context of what is already known. Explain why the review Rationale 3 3-4 questions/objectives lend themselves to a scoping review approach. Provide an explicit statement of the questions and objectives being addressed with reference to their key Objectives 4 elements (e.g., population or participants, concepts, and 3-4 context) or other relevant key elements used to conceptualize the review questions and/or objectives. METHODS Indicate whether a review protocol exists; state if and Protocol and where it can be accessed (e.g., a Web address); and if 5 N/A registration available, provide registration information, including the registration number. Specify characteristics of the sources of evidence used as Eligibility 6 eligibility criteria (e.g., years considered, language, and 5; Table S5 criteria publication status), and provide a rationale. Describe all information sources in the search (e.g., Information databases with dates of coverage and contact with authors 7 5 sources to identify additional sources), as well as the date the most recent search was executed. Present the full electronic search strategy for at least 1 Search 8 database, including any limits used, such that it could be Table S4 repeated. 5 REPORTED SECTION ITEM PRISMA-ScR CHECKLIST ITEM ON PAGE # Selection of State the process for selecting sources of evidence (i.e., sources of 9 5 screening and eligibility) included in the scoping review. evidence Describe the methods of charting data from the included sources of evidence (e.g., calibrated forms or forms that Data charting have been tested by the team before their use, and 10 Table S6 process whether data charting was done independently or in duplicate) and any processes for obtaining and confirming data from investigators. List and define all variables for which data were sought Data items 11 Table S6 and any assumptions and simplifications made. Critical If done, provide a rationale for conducting a critical appraisal of appraisal of included sources of evidence; describe the individual 12 N/A methods used and how this information was used in any sources of data synthesis (if appropriate). evidence Synthesis of Describe the methods of handling and summarizing the 13 5 results data that were charted. RESULTS Selection of Give numbers of sources of evidence screened, assessed sources of 14 for eligibility, and included in the review, with reasons for 5-6 evidence exclusions at each stage, ideally using a flow diagram. Characteristics For each source of evidence, present characteristics for of sources of 15 Table S7 which data were charted and provide the citations. evidence Critical appraisal within If done, present data on critical appraisal of included 16 N/A sources of sources of evidence (see item 12). evidence Results of For each included source of evidence, present the relevant individual 17 data that were charted that relate to the review questions 6-26 sources of and objectives. evidence Synthesis of Summarize and/or present the charting results as they 18 6-26 results relate to the review questions and objectives. DISCUSSION 6 REPORTED SECTION ITEM PRISMA-ScR CHECKLIST ITEM ON PAGE # Summarize the main results (including an overview of Summary of concepts, themes, and types of evidence available), link to 19 26 evidence the review questions and objectives, and consider the relevance to key groups. Limitations 20 Discuss the limitations