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1 Indigenous Litter-Ature 2 Drinking on the Pre-Mises: the K'ulta “Poem” 3 Language, Poetry, Money

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1 Indigenous Litter-Ature 2 Drinking on the Pre-Mises: the K'ulta “Poem” 3 Language, Poetry, Money Notes 1 Indigenous Litter-ature 1 . E r n e s t o W i l h e l m d e M o e s b a c h , Voz de Arauco: Explicación de los nombres indí- genas de Chile , 3rd ed. ( Santiago: Imprenta San Francisco, 1960). 2. Rodolfo Lenz, Diccionario etimológico de las voces chilenas derivadas de len- guas indígenas americanas (Santiago: Universidad de Chile, 1910). 3 . L u d o v i c o B e r t o n i o , [ 1 6 1 2 ] Vocabulario de la lengua aymara (La Paz: Radio San Gabriel, 1993). 4 . R . S á n c h e z a n d M . M a s s o n e , Cultura Aconcagua (Santiago: Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana y DIBAM, 1995). 5 . F e r n a n d o M o n t e s , La máscara de piedra (La Paz: Armonía, 1999). 2 Drinking on the Pre-mises: The K’ulta “Poem” 1. Thomas Abercrombie, “Pathways of Memory in a Colonized Cosmos: Poetics of the Drink and Historical Consciousness in K’ulta,” in Borrachera y memoria , ed. Thierry Saignes (La Paz: Hisbol/Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, 1983), 139–85. 2 . L u d o v i c o B e r t o n i o , [ 1 6 1 2 ] Vocabulario de la lengua aymara (La Paz: Radio San Gabriel, 1993). 3 . M a n u e l d e L u c c a , Diccionario práctico aymara- castellano, castellano-aymara (La Paz- Cochabamba: Los Amigos del Libro, 1987). 4. Abercrombie, “Pathways of Memory,” 147, 156. 3 Language, Poetry, Money 1 G a b r i e l a M i s t r a l , Gabriela anda por el mundo: Selección de prosas y prólogo de Roque Esteban Scarpa , ed. R. E. Scarpa and A. Bello (Santiago: Andres Bello, 1978). 2. Mistral, Gabriela anda por el mundo, 185.. 144 ● Notes 3. So strong was Gabriela Mistral’s identification with “the Indian” that—like the Bolivian writer Franz Tamayo, under different circumstances—she once emphatically declared to Peruvian journalist Ciro Alegría: “I am an Indian.” If her determined work toward the defense and promotion of indigenous peoples is more than evident (one quick anecdote from an eyewitness, the poet Humberto Díaz- Casanueva: after receiving the Nobel prize, Gabriela Mistral was received by United States president Harry Truman, whom she promptly reprimanded, “Why does a country as powerful as the United States not help my ‘little Indians’ in Latin America who die of hunger?”), then it is precisely her identification and advocacy that make the framing of “The Spanish Language and Indigenous Dialects in America” so crudely surprising. Her vindication of the “race” (term care of Mistral), combined with her reprobation of the (indigenous) languages, form this major contra- diction in the poet—a result of her unobjecting embrace of the previously mentioned distinction between (indigenous) “dialect” and (European) “lan- guage.” Such a delimitation has no numerical basis: in 1932, Quechua was the most widely spoken Indo- American language (as it is today, with close to 10 million speakers). The border between “language” and “dialect” is straight up, as Mistral puts it, desire—the desire of the alter to understand, or not, such or such a language—that is, a given language’s ability to build interest and draw foreign (libidinal) investors. “Nobody will learn our poor Quechua,” combined with “a language that is complete . cannot survive off its pure relations alone but must gain a clientele among foreigners.” Contra- diction—meridional tinku ? Her “intimate diary” evinces a similar ambiva- lence: “My reputation as an indigenist comes from the little that I’ve done to vindicate the Indian in general, in support of the admirable culture that the Mayas, Toltecs, and Quechuas had—and have. I couldn’t make use of the Araucanians, due to the weakness of their art and their base primitivism [ sic ].” 4 Crossbreed: Examining the Braid of Fiction 1 . A l o n s o C a r r i ó d e l a V a n d e r a , El lazarillo de ciegos caminantes (Buenos Aires: Emecé, 1997), 283. 2 . d e l a V a n d e r a , El lazarillo, 9. 3 . d e l a V a n d e r a , El lazarillo, 282. 4 . d e l a V a n d e r a , El lazarillo, 11. 5. “Alonso Carrió de Lavandera.” Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. Jan. 11, 2011. 6 . T e l e v i s e d s o a p o p e r a . 7 . d e l a V a n d e r a , El lazarillo, 38. 8 . d e l a V a n d e r a , El lazarillo, 59. 9 . d e l a V a n d e r a , El lazarillo, 266–81. 10. de la Vandera, El lazarillo, 24. Notes ● 145 5 Aged War 1. Don Juan de Mendoza Monteagudo, Las guerras de Chile (Santiago: Ercilla, 1888). 2 . d e M e n d o z a M o n t e a g u d o , La guerra de Chile , ed. Mario Ferreccio Podestá and Raïssa Kordic (Santiago: Biblioteca Antigua Chilena, 1996). 3 . d e M e n d o z a M o n t e a g u d o , La guerra de Chile , oct. 1–4. 4 . d e M e n d o z a M o n t e a g u d o , La guerra de Chile , oct. 618. See also oct. 788, “[a] aqueste Ilión pequeño te viniste” [ you came to this little Ilion ]. 5 . d e M e n d o z a M o n t e a g u d o , La guerra de Chile , oct. 592. 6 . d e M e n d o z a M o n t e a g u d o , La guerra de Chile , oct. 908. 7 . F e r r e c c i o P o d e s t á , i n La guerra de Chile, 29. 8 . d e M e n d o z a M o n t e a g u d o , La guerra de Chile , oct. 444. 9 . d e M e n d o z a M o n t e a g u d o , La guerra de Chile , oct. 631. 6 Overborders 1 . A n t o n i o P i g a f e t t a , La mia longa et pericolosa navigatione: La prima circumnav- igazione del globo (1519- 1522) , ed. Luigi Giovannini (Milan: Paoline, 1989). Transcription of the codex in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, introduction, and notes by Luigi Giovannini. 2. James Joyce, Ulysses (London: Penguin Books, 1992), 721–22. 3 . J o y c e , Ulysses, 721. 4 . P i g a f e t t a , La mia longa, 53. Pigafetta (“To experience myself”): “Havendo yo havuto gran notisia per molti libri letti et per diverse personne, che praticavano con sua signoria, de le grande et stupende cose del mare Occeanno, deliberay, con bonna gratia de la magestà cezaria et del prefacto signor mio, far experien- tia di me et andare vedere quelle cose , che potessero dare alguna satisfatione a me medesmo et potessero parturirmi qualche nome apresso la posterità. ” [ Having obtained information from many books I had read, as well as from various people, who discussed the great and marvelous things of the Ocean Sea with his Lordship, I decided, with the good grace of His Cesarean Majesty, and of his abovementioned Lordship, to experience myself and to see those things that might satisfy me some- what, and might lend me some renown in posterity.] 5. One would be tempted to identify the Patagonian giant’s terror with that of Borges, in whose writings one can find multiple confessions of terror before the mirror (“Covered Mirrors,” “Mirrors,” “Oedipus and the Enigma,” “To the Mirror,” “The Mirror and the Mask,” “The Mirror,” etc.). But the other eye might wink at us (“other” is precisely the word that Pigafetta consigns, in his short list of Tehuelche vocables, to translate the Patagonian word “eye”). In El hombre ante el espejo del libro (Barcelona: Gedisa, 1998), a biography of Borges, J. Woodhall insistently associates this Borgesian blind terror with the fear of a loss of self, loss of self- possession, especially when it comes to sex: “Borges detested it [the vertiginous experience of self- multiplication in a mirror] and, as 146 ● Notes such, he later would come to detest the idea of seeing himself expatriated from his self, as the result of drugs, drink or sex” (54). “I offer you explanations of yourself, theories about yourself, authentic and surprising news of yourself.” Jorge Luis Borges, “Two English Poems” (El otro, el mismo, 1964). 6 . S t e f a n o L a n u z a , Storia della lingua italiana (Roma: Newton Compton, 1994), 39. 7. Lanuza, Storia della lingua italiana, 41. 8 . B a l d e s a r C a s t i g l i o n e , [ 1 5 2 7 ] Cortegiano [ The Courtier ] , cited in Lanuza, Storia della lingua italiana, 42. 9. Pietro Bembo, [1525] Prose della volgar lingua, cited in Lanuza, Storia della lingua italiana, 40. 1 0 . P i g a f e t t a , La mia longa, 78. 11. Rafael Lapesa, Historia de la lengua espanola (Gredos: Madrid, 1981). 1 2 . R . M e n é n d e z P i d a l , e d .
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