Argentina-Report-World

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Argentina-Report-World CultureGramsTM World Edition 2015 Argentina (Argentine Republic) Before the Spanish began to colonize Argentina in the 1500s, BACKGROUND the area was populated by indigenous groups, some of whom belonged to the Incan Empire. However, most groups were Land and Climate nomadic or autonomous. Colonization began slowly, but in Argentina is the-eighth largest country in the world; it is the 1700s the Spanish became well established and somewhat smaller than India and about four times as big as indigenous peoples became increasingly marginalized. The the U.S. state of Texas. Its name comes from the Latin word British tried to capture Buenos Aires in 1806 but were argentum, which means “silver.” Laced with rivers, Argentina defeated. The British attempt to conquer the land, coupled is a large plain rising from the Atlantic Ocean, in the east, to with friction with Spain, led to calls for independence. At the the towering Andes Mountains, in the west, along the Chilean time, the colony included Paraguay and Uruguay as well as border. The Chaco region in the northeast is dry, except Argentina. during the summer rainy season. Las Pampas, the central Independence plains, are famous for wheat and cattle production. Patagonia, A revolution erupted in 1810 and lasted six years before to the south, consists of lakes and rolling hills and is known independence was finally declared. Those favoring a centrist for its sheep. The nation has a varied landscape, containing government based in Buenos Aires then fought with those such wonders as the Iguazú Falls (1.5 times higher than who favored a federal form of government. The actual Niagara Falls), in the north, and the Perito Moreno Glacier of fighting did not last long, but there was no clear winner and Santa Cruz, to the south. tensions remained. Argentina finally became a unified nation Argentina's climate is generally temperate, though hot in in 1862. (Paraguay and Uruguay had long since become the subtropical north and cold in the subantarctic region of independent.) southern Patagonia. Cool ocean breezes help keep Buenos Civilian rule was enhanced in 1912, when the country held Aires relatively smog-free. The seasons are opposite those in its first democratic elections (though women would not gain the Northern Hemisphere: the warmest month is January and the right to vote until 1947). The government was generally the coolest is July. peaceful but weak. After a military coup in 1943, Juan Domingo Perón (a key figure in the coup) emerged as the History leader. He was elected president in 1946. He and his wife, Indigenous Peoples and Colonization 1 TM CultureGrams Argentina Evita, gained a kind of hero status during that time. Perón about US$20 billion worth of debt after a U.S. judge ruled ruled until he was overthrown in 1955. that in order to make its current payments, Argentina must Conflicts also make outstanding payments on debt it defaulted on in After a series of military and elected governments, Perón 2001. Fearing that paying 2001 debt holders in full would set returned to power in 1973 but died in 1974, leaving his third a dangerous precedent that could harm the economy, wife, Isabel, to rule. She was ousted in 1976 by the military, Argentina decided to default on its current debt instead, which then waged a seven-year-long “dirty war” against though it had the money for the needed payments. A bill armed and unarmed civilians in its efforts to reconstruct the passed by the Argentine congress in September 2014 enables Argentine nation. Between 10,000 and 30,000 civilians were the Argentine government to sidestep the U.S. ruling by killed or “disappeared” with the government's approval. making payments to its bondholders locally. In 1982, Argentina went to war with Great Britain over las •Dissolution of intelligence agency: In February 2015, Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands). The military's defeat in the Argentina's legislature passed a bill introduced by war led to 1983 elections that ended military rule and brought President Fernández de Kirchner that dissolved the country's Raúl Alfonsín to power. Carlos Saúl Menem (of the Partido intelligence agency, replacing it with one accountable to Justicialista, also known as the Peronist Party) was voted congress. The move follows the death of a prosecutor, president in 1989, becoming the first democratically elected Alberto Nisman, who was about to testify against the Argentine president to peacefully replace another president president and other government officials in a case involving who had been elected. Menem worked toward containing the 1994 bombing of a Jewish center. Nisman had accused the runaway inflation, privatizing state-held enterprises, and government of covering up Iran's alleged involvement in the stabilizing democratic institutions. bombing in an effort to maintain economic ties with the Political Transitions country. Officials have accused a former Argentine spymaster A new constitution that lifted the ban on reelections and of being involved in Nisman's death. The cause of death has reduced the presidential term to four years enabled Menem to not been definitively determined: the official version cited be reelected in 1995. He pursued an agenda of economic suicide but independent test results have suggested murder. reform, but the economy worsened. A quick succession of •Election: No clear winner emerged in October 2015 presidents followed as several left office over the economy. In elections. Ruling party candidate Daniel Scioli was projected May 2002, Eduardo Duhalde became the fifth president in to win but did not secure enough votes to beat his rival, two weeks. He was replaced in 2003 by Nestor Kirchner. The Buenos Aires mayor Mauricio Macri, outright. A second economy improved under Kirchner, but the country still faced round will be held in November. major challenges, including unemployment, social and political unrest, and the large deficit. In 2005, Argentina's Supreme Court repealed amnesty laws that had protected THE PEOPLE military officials suspected of crimes during the “dirty war.” In October 2007, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Nestor Population Kirchner's wife, was elected president. Boosted by strong The majority of people live in urban areas. The capital city of economic growth, she was reelected in 2011 by a wide Buenos Aires is one of the most populated cities in the world, margin. Though her government remains popular among poor with more than 15 million people in its metropolitan area. As Argentines who benefit from federal subsidies, President much as 97 percent of the population descends from Fernández de Kirchner has lost popularity with the urban European immigrants (Italian, Spanish, German, Welsh, middle and upper classes, which see her as corrupt and English, French, and Russian). Mestizos (people of mixed authoritarian. Spanish and indigenous heritage), indigenous people, and Renewed Falklands Tensions others make up the remaining percentage. As the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War approached, tensions grew between the United Kingdom (UK) and Language Argentina over las Islas Malvinas, which Argentina still While Spanish is the official language of Argentina, accents claims and which are potentially a rich source of oil. The UK vary by region. Perhaps the most distinctive is the porteño has rejected an Argentine proposal for talks on the islands' (Buenos Aires) accent, which has been influenced by Italian sovereignty, citing the Falkland Islanders' strong desire to and is present throughout central Argentina. The porteño maintain association with the UK. Argentina opposed a pronunciation of y and ll as “sh” is particularly distinctive. referendum held in March 2013, in which 99.8 percent of For example, llamar (to call) is pronounced more like residents of las Islas Malvinas voted for the islands to remain “shah-MAHR” than the typical “yah-MAHR.” a British Overseas Territory. Argentina has turned away Residents of Buenos Aires also use slang expressions British cruise ships seeking to dock at one of its ports and called lunfardo, an informal form of speech derived chiefly called on major Argentine companies to boycott British from Italian. People throughout Argentina commonly use vos goods. In April 2015, Buenos Aires began legal action against rather than tú as an informal second-person tense and form of British and U.S. companies involved in oil exploration near address. Italian, German, French, and English are spoken by the islands. members of the older generation and by some of their Recent Events and Trends descendants. Quechua, Guaraní, and Mapuche are languages •Debt default: On 30 July 2014, Argentina defaulted on spoken by indigenous peoples. 2 TM CultureGrams Argentina allow and in their leisure time. Religion During traditional holidays in rural areas, dress often Roughly 92 percent of the people belong to the Roman reflects regional culture. For example, the traditional clothing Catholic Church. The church exercises great influence over of the gauchos (cowboys) of the Pampas includes a social policy, customs, and celebrations. Most weddings and wide-brimmed hat, neckerchief, bombachas (wide-legged funerals follow traditional Catholic norms. In spite of this pants), and boots. influence, less than 20 percent of Catholics are actively involved with their church, and Argentine society is somewhat more secularized than other Latin American CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES countries. In 2013, Argentine Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Greetings pope to come from the Americas. A former Jesuit cardinal, he When greeting formally or for the first time, Argentines shake took on the name Francis. Pope Francis is a source of pride to hands and nod slightly to show respect. Both men and women many Argentines and has garnered worldwide admiration for will greet friends, whether male or female, with a kiss on the his concern for the poor and his humble ways, among other cheek and maybe a brief embrace.
Recommended publications
  • Manual-De-Semillas.Pdf
    - Año Internacional 2010 de la Biodiversidad AUTORES Margarita Arguello Agr. Fabián Baumgratz Ing. Agr. Victoria Benedetto Ing. Agr. Javier Couretot Custodio Lucho Lemos Ing. Agr. Violeta Pagani Rosalía Pogonza Felisa Valenzuela COLABORADORES María Paula Hoyos Ing. Agr. Carolina Sagadorsky Graciela Veliz ASESORAMIENTO Ing. Agr. Msc. Antonio Lattuca Ing. Agr. Msc. Juan José Soriano Niebla Ing. Agr. Cátia Rommel Ing. Agr. Rodolfo Timoni Ing. Agr. Paola Studer Este manual ha sido realizado con asistencia financiera del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Italia (MAE) a través del Proyecto Apoyo al Programa de Agricultura Urbana 8715/ICEI/ARG. Los puntos de vista que en él se exponen reflejan exclusivamente la opinión de ICEI/GVC, por lo tanto no reflejan en ningún caso el punto de vista oficial del MAE. EDITADO EN LA CIUDAD DE ROSARIO, PROVINCIA DE SANTA FE, ARGENTINA EN ABRIL DE 2010, EN EL MARCO DEL PROYECTO “CONSOLIDACIÓN DEL PROGRAMA DE AGRICULTURA URBANA DE LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE ROSARIO: UNA ESTRATEGIA SOCIO-PRODUCTIVA DE LUCHA CONTRA LA POBREZA E INCLUSIÓN SOCIO-ECONÓMICA”. MAE 8715/ICEI/ARG DISEÑO GRAFICO WWW.CUENCADAMICO.COM.AR ILUSTRACIONES ALBERTO JAIME 3 La actividad agrícola es una actividad multifuncional, la palabra misma (agri - cultura) pone en evidencia esta característica, como una actividad polivalente, que no puede ser reducida al lenguaje de rentabilidad de las cosechas. La agricultura además de producir bienes comerciales, proporciona medios de subsistencia, favorece costumbres alimentarias, sostiene artesanos y productores, define las relaciones comunitarias, acompaña los rituales y ceremonias de los humanos, modifica los ciclos del agua y la naturaleza de los suelos, condiciona el patrimonio vegetal y animal y modela el paisaje.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Indigenous Litter-Ature 2 Drinking on the Pre-Mises: the K'ulta “Poem” 3 Language, Poetry, Money
    Notes 1 Indigenous Litter-ature 1 . E r n e s t o W i l h e l m d e M o e s b a c h , Voz de Arauco: Explicación de los nombres indí- genas de Chile , 3rd ed. ( Santiago: Imprenta San Francisco, 1960). 2. Rodolfo Lenz, Diccionario etimológico de las voces chilenas derivadas de len- guas indígenas americanas (Santiago: Universidad de Chile, 1910). 3 . L u d o v i c o B e r t o n i o , [ 1 6 1 2 ] Vocabulario de la lengua aymara (La Paz: Radio San Gabriel, 1993). 4 . R . S á n c h e z a n d M . M a s s o n e , Cultura Aconcagua (Santiago: Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana y DIBAM, 1995). 5 . F e r n a n d o M o n t e s , La máscara de piedra (La Paz: Armonía, 1999). 2 Drinking on the Pre-mises: The K’ulta “Poem” 1. Thomas Abercrombie, “Pathways of Memory in a Colonized Cosmos: Poetics of the Drink and Historical Consciousness in K’ulta,” in Borrachera y memoria , ed. Thierry Saignes (La Paz: Hisbol/Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, 1983), 139–85. 2 . L u d o v i c o B e r t o n i o , [ 1 6 1 2 ] Vocabulario de la lengua aymara (La Paz: Radio San Gabriel, 1993). 3 . M a n u e l d e L u c c a , Diccionario práctico aymara- castellano, castellano-aymara (La Paz- Cochabamba: Los Amigos del Libro, 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Piquetes, Cacerolazos Y El Motivo De La Madre Perturbada Alteridades, Vol
    Alteridades ISSN: 0188-7017 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa México Pérez, Adrián Expresiones populares y cinematográficas del descontento con la nación argentina: piquetes, cacerolazos y el motivo de la madre perturbada Alteridades, vol. 14, núm. 28, julio-diciembre, 2004, pp. 75-89 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=74702807 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ALTERIDADES, 2004 14 (28): Págs. 75-89 Expresiones populares y cinematográficas del descontento con la nación argentina: piquetes, cacerolazos y el motivo de la madre perturbada* ADRIÁN PÉREZ MELGOZA** Resumen Abstract: Este trabajo estudia el universo simbólico de las protestas This paper studies the symbolic universe of current street callejeras argentinas en combinación con un análisis de cinco protests in Argentina in combination with five films from the películas de la postdictadura que contienen el motivo de la ma- post-dictatorship that contain the deranged mother motif. dre perturbada. Ambos fenómenos indican la existencia de Both phenomena indicate the existence of a profound cultural una profunda contradicción cultural en el país: mientras las contradiction in the country: while women and symbols of mujeres y los símbolos de la maternidad juegan un papel maternity are playing key roles in the articulation of effective central en la articulación de cambios políticos efectivos, muchas political change, many films include the character of the películas utilizan el personaje de la madre perturbada como deranged mother as a metaphor for the nation and displace metáfora de la nación desplazando sobre ella las responsabili- over her the responsibilities for the country’s crises.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Culture Through Food, a Study of Traditional Argentine Foods
    Unit Title: Creating Culture through Food: A Study of Traditional Argentine Foods Author: Kyra Brogden George Watts Magnet Montessori, Durham, NC Subject Area: Writing and Language, Social Studies Topic: Food and culture Grade Level: 1st, 2nd, 3rd (Lower Elementary) Time Frame: 4 days of 45-minute lessons on Argentine food, nutrition and culture Cooking: 3 days of cooking and 1 day to put together the cookbook *The cooking lessons will require more time and resources. Also the cookbook may require going through a rough draft and final copy that can occur after the lessons themselves are completed. That can be done at the teachers’ discretion. Brief Summary: This unit will focus on helping students understand the role of nutrition and food in defining a culture by studying Argentine nutrition and food. The first four lessons will focus on comparing nutritional guidelines, evaluating food, and a discussion about meal times in both the United States and Argentina. The students will then embark on a series of three lessons that each focus on a traditional Argentine food. The students will cook the food, create a nutritional analysis, learn about the history of that food, and then write food reviews. The students will ultimately make a cookbook with the recipes, pictures, nutritional analysis, and their own food review. Established Goals are taken from the Common Core Standards for Grade 2: Research to Build and Present Knowledge 7. Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g. read a number of books on a single topic to produce a report; record science observations) 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Argentina-And-South-Africa.Pdf
    1 2 Argentina and South Africa facing the challenges of the XXI Century Brazil as the mirror image 3 4 Argentina and South Africa facing the challenges of the XXI Century Brazil as the mirror image Gladys Lechini 5 Lechini, Gladys Argentina and South Africa facing the challenges of the XXI Century: Brazil as the mirror image. 1a ed. Rosario: UNR Editora. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2011. 300 p. ; 23x16 cm. ISBN 978-950-673-920-1 1. Política Económica. I. Título CDD 320.6 Diseño de tapa y diseño interior UNR Editora ISBN 978-950-673-920-1 © Gladys Lechini. 2011 IMPRESO EN LA ARGENTINA - PRINTED IN ARGENTINA UNR EDITORA - EDITORIAL DE LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ROSARIO SECRETARÍA DE EXTENSIÓN UNIVERSITARIA 6 To my son and daughter, Ramiro and Jimena, for their patience and love To Edgardo, my companion along this journey, for his love, support and understanding To my parents, for creating a comfortable environment to be myself. 7 8 Contents Acknowledgements | 11 Prologue | 13 Dedicatory | 15 Introduction | 17 Chapter I An Approach to Argentine-African Relations (1960-2000) | 30 Chapter II From Policy Impulses to Policy Outlines (1960-1989) | 52 Chapter III The Politics of No-Policy (1989-1999) | 75 Chapter IV The Mirror Image: Brazil’s African Policy (1960-2000) | 105 Chapter V Argentina and South Africa: Dual Policy and Ambiguous Relations (1960-1983) | 140 Chapter VI Defining the South African Policy: the Alfonsín Administration (1983-1989) | 154 Chapter VII Menem and South Africa: between Presidential Protagonism
    [Show full text]
  • CAPSTONE 20-1 SWA Field Study Trip Book Part II
    CAPSTONE 20-1 SWA Field Study Trip Book Part II Subject Page Afghanistan ................................................................ CIA Summary ......................................................... 2 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 3 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 24 Culture Gram .......................................................... 30 Kazakhstan ................................................................ CIA Summary ......................................................... 39 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 40 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 58 Culture Gram .......................................................... 62 Uzbekistan ................................................................. CIA Summary ......................................................... 67 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 68 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 86 Culture Gram .......................................................... 89 Tajikistan .................................................................... CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 99 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 117 Culture Gram .......................................................... 121 AFGHANISTAN GOVERNMENT ECONOMY Chief of State Economic Overview President of the Islamic Republic of recovering
    [Show full text]
  • Argentina's Economic Crisis
    Updated January 28, 2020 Argentina’s Economic Crisis Argentina is grappling with a serious economic crisis. Its Meanwhile, capital inflows into the country to finance the currency, the peso, has lost two-thirds of its value since deficit contributed to an overvaluation of the peso, by 10- 2018; inflation is hovering around 30%; and since 2015 the 25%. This overvaluation also exacerbated Argentina’s economy has contracted by about 4% and its external debt current account deficit (a broad measure of the trade has increased by 60%. In June 2018, the Argentine balance), which increased from 2.7% of GDP in 2016 to government turned to the International Monetary Fund 4.8% of GDP in 2017. (IMF) for support and currently has a $57 billion IMF program, the largest program (in dollar terms) in IMF Crisis and Initial Policy Response history. Despite these resources, the government in late Argentina’s increasing reliance on external financing to August and early September 2019 postponed payments on fund its budget and current account deficits left it some of its debts and imposed currency controls. vulnerable to changes in the cost or availability of financing. Starting in late 2017, several factors created In the October 2019 general election, the center-right problems for Argentina’s economy: the U.S. Federal incumbent President Mauricio Macri lost to the center-left Reserve (Fed) began raising interest rates, reducing investor Peronist ticket of Alberto Fernández for president and interest in Argentine bonds; the Argentine central bank former President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for vice reset its inflation targets, raising questions about its president.
    [Show full text]
  • EL PATO: DE JUEGO SOCIAL a DEPORTE DE ELITE Mer
    Recorde: Revista de História do Esporte Artigo volume 1, número 1, junho de 2008 Stela Ferrarese EL PATO: DE JUEGO SOCIAL A DEPORTE DE ELITE Mer. Stela Maris Ferrarese Capettini Universidad Nacional del Comahue Neuquen, Argentina [email protected] Recebido em 28 de janeiro de 2008 Aprovado em 13de março de 2008 Resumen El pato es un juego ancestral argentino practicado con caballos y un pato. El mismo fue incorporado por los gauchos y rechazado por la oligarquía. Actualmente luego de ser convertido en deporte por Rosas, prohibido y recuperado por Perón como deporte nacional esa misma oligarquía se lo apropió y practica como deporte de competición. En otros lugares del país, alejados de la “industria del deporte” se sigue enseñando y practicando entre la “otra parte de la sociedad nacional”. Palabras claves: juego ancestral; deporte; antropologia lúdica. Resumo O pato: de jogo social a um esporte de elite O Pato é um jogo ancestral argentino praticado com cavalos e um pato. O mesmo foi incorporado pelos gaúchos e rejeitado pela oligarquia. Atualmente, após ser convertido em esporte por Rosas, proibido e recuperado por Perón como esporte nacional, essa mesma oligarquia se apropriou dele e o pratica como esporte de competição. Em outros lugares do país, desprovidos da “indústria do esporte”, continua sendo treinado e praticado entre a “outra parte da sociedade nacional”. Palavras-chave: jogo ancestral; esporte; antropologia lúdica. Abstract El pato: from a social game to an elite sport The pato is an ancestral Argentinean game practiced with horses and a duck. The same one which was incorporated by the gauchos and rejected by the oligarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Popular, Elite and Mass Culture? the Spanish Zarzuela in Buenos Aires, 1890-1900
    Popular, Elite and Mass Culture? The Spanish Zarzuela in Buenos Aires, 1890-1900 Kristen McCleary University of California, Los Angeles ecent works by historians of Latin American popular culture have focused on attempts by the elite classes to control, educate, or sophisticate the popular classes by defining their leisure time activities. Many of these studies take an "event-driven" approach to studying culture and tend to focus on public celebrations and rituals, such as festivals and parades, sporting events, and even funerals. A second trend has been for scholars to mine the rich cache of urban regulations during both the colonial and national eras in an attempt to mea- sure elite attitudes towards popular class activities. For example, Juan Pedro Viqueira Alban in Propriety and Permissiveness in Bourbon Mexico eloquently shows how the rules enacted from above tell more about the attitudes and beliefs of the elites than they do about those they would attempt to regulate. A third approach has been to examine the construction of national identity. Here scholarship explores the evolution of cultural practices, like the tango and samba, that developed in the popular sectors of society and eventually became co-opted and "sanitized" by the elites, who then claimed these activities as symbols of national identity.' The defining characteristic of recent popular culture studies is that they focus on popular culture as arising in opposition to elite culture and do not consider areas where elite and popular culture overlap. This approach is clearly relevant to his- torical studies that focus on those Latin American countries where a small group of elites rule over large predominantly rural and indigenous populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyse De La Traduction D'un Texte Multimodal : La Bande Dessinée
    Université de Montréal Analyse de la traduction d’un texte multimodal : la bande dessinée Le cas de Mujeres alteradas par Malka Irina Acosta Padilla Département de linguistique et de traduction Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de en Maîtrise ès arts (M.A.) en traduction option recherche Août 2015 © Malka Irina Acosta Padilla, 2015 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé : Analyse de la traduction d’un texte multimodal : la bande dessinée Le cas de Mujeres alteradas Présenté par : Malka Irina Acosta Padilla a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Hélène Buzelin, présidente-rapporteuse Álvaro Echeverri, directeur de recherche Marie-Alice Belle, membre du jury Résumé La présente recherche porte sur la traduction de la bande dessinée. Ce sujet, auparavant négligé par les traductologes, commence à susciter l’intérêt des chercheurs à partir les années 80. Toutefois, la plupart des travaux se sont concentrés sur l’aspect linguistique des BD. Ce mémoire, par contre, aborde la bande dessinée comme un texte multimodal. Il s’inscrit ainsi à la croisée des domaines de la traduction et de la multimodalité telle que proposée dans les travaux de Gunther Kress et Theo Van Leeuwen (2001). L’objectif de cette recherche est d’implanter un outil d’analyse pour la bande dessinée qui permettrait de rendre compte des différents modes intervenant dans le texte. Cet outil, conçu pour la présente recherche, a été développé à partir des travaux de Hatim et Mason (1990, 1997) sur les trois dimensions de la situation de communication : transaction communicative, action pragmatique et interaction sémiotique.
    [Show full text]
  • Ballve, Teo. Mate on the Market.Pdf
    NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS update Mate on the Market: Fair Trade and the Gaucho’s ‘Liquid Vegetable’ Part two in a series By Teo Ballvé HEN EUGENIO KASALABA AWOKE ON went to the morgue to identify their leader’s mu- March 24, 1976, in Argentina’s north- tilated body. Kasalaba now holds the post once Weastern-most province of Misiones, occupied by Peczak. His biggest fear is no longer he and his father began the day with their usual the military; it’s the market. routine of heating water and turning on the ra- In the last 15 years, mate has quietly bloomed dio. But instead of the expected news program or into a multimillion-dollar global industry, with a an old tango, they heard an unmistakable sign of growing consumer base in Asia, Europe, North the coming terror: “Avenida de las Camelias,” the America, and the Middle East. International sell- Argentine military’s favorite marching-band song, ers are trying to position mate—packed with all across the radio dial, the same song. Stunned, vitamins and minerals, including more antioxi- Kasalaba muttered, “Papá, el golpe, el golpe” dants than green tea—as a healthy alternative to (Dad, the coup, the coup). Without coffee, with a milder caffeine buzz. taking his eyes off the radio, his father In the last 15 Meanwhile, a handful of initiatives are replied, “Come, let’s have a mate.” years, mate has banking on the organic and fair trade Even in the worst of times—or espe- markets as a way for small-scale mate cially in the worst of times—drinking quietly bloomed producers to make a sustainable living an infusion of yerba mate (pronounced into a multi- without damaging the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reasons for the Mass Protests in Chile 2019/2020
    Institute for International Political Economy Berlin Chile Despertó – The Reasons for the Mass Protests in Chile 2019/2020 Author: Lea Sasse Working Paper, No. 166/2021 Editors: Sigrid Betzelt, Eckhard Hein (lead editor), Martina Metzger, Martina Sproll, Christina Teipen, Markus Wissen, Jennifer Pédussel Wu, Reingard Zimmer Chile Despertó – The Reasons for the Mass Protests in Chile 2019/2020 Lea Sasse Berlin School of Economics and Law Abstract: Starting on 18 October 2019, Chile experienced the largest mass protests in its history. The movement was immensely broad in its demands and diverse in tactics and participants. The citizens' discontent went beyond solely one issue, addressing a more equal welfare system and social justice, among other things. But it was not only about street protests; the social movement also caused an avalanche in social media exchanges and initiated a dialogue among Chileans in the form of neighbourhood associations. This paper argues that long-standing inequalities, the inability of politics to address them, a growing distancing of the population from politics, and the process of the citizens' politicisation were the reasons for the mass protests. Keywords: Social movements, Chile, inequality, mass protests, civil society, Latin America, social media, political opportunities, social justice JEL Codes: O54, I38, Z13, N36 Contact: Lea Sasse, Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements: I would like to thank José Magone and Hansjörg Herr for their support and helpful comments throughout the writing process of this work. Furthermore, I would like to thank my interview partners who gave me insights into the events and shared their personal experiences. Errors made in this working paper are of course mine.
    [Show full text]