CultureGramsTM World Edition 2015 Argentina (Argentine Republic) Before the Spanish began to colonize Argentina in the 1500s, BACKGROUND the area was populated by indigenous groups, some of whom belonged to the Incan Empire. However, most groups were Land and Climate nomadic or autonomous. Colonization began slowly, but in Argentina is the-eighth largest country in the world; it is the 1700s the Spanish became well established and somewhat smaller than India and about four times as big as indigenous peoples became increasingly marginalized. The the U.S. state of Texas. Its name comes from the Latin word British tried to capture Buenos Aires in 1806 but were argentum, which means “silver.” Laced with rivers, Argentina defeated. The British attempt to conquer the land, coupled is a large plain rising from the Atlantic Ocean, in the east, to with friction with Spain, led to calls for independence. At the the towering Andes Mountains, in the west, along the Chilean time, the colony included Paraguay and Uruguay as well as border. The Chaco region in the northeast is dry, except Argentina. during the summer rainy season. Las Pampas, the central Independence plains, are famous for wheat and cattle production. Patagonia, A revolution erupted in 1810 and lasted six years before to the south, consists of lakes and rolling hills and is known independence was finally declared. Those favoring a centrist for its sheep. The nation has a varied landscape, containing government based in Buenos Aires then fought with those such wonders as the Iguazú Falls (1.5 times higher than who favored a federal form of government. The actual Niagara Falls), in the north, and the Perito Moreno Glacier of fighting did not last long, but there was no clear winner and Santa Cruz, to the south. tensions remained. Argentina finally became a unified nation Argentina's climate is generally temperate, though hot in in 1862. (Paraguay and Uruguay had long since become the subtropical north and cold in the subantarctic region of independent.) southern Patagonia. Cool ocean breezes help keep Buenos Civilian rule was enhanced in 1912, when the country held Aires relatively smog-free. The seasons are opposite those in its first democratic elections (though women would not gain the Northern Hemisphere: the warmest month is January and the right to vote until 1947). The government was generally the coolest is July. peaceful but weak. After a military coup in 1943, Juan Domingo Perón (a key figure in the coup) emerged as the History leader. He was elected president in 1946. He and his wife, Indigenous Peoples and Colonization 1 TM CultureGrams Argentina Evita, gained a kind of hero status during that time. Perón about US$20 billion worth of debt after a U.S. judge ruled ruled until he was overthrown in 1955. that in order to make its current payments, Argentina must Conflicts also make outstanding payments on debt it defaulted on in After a series of military and elected governments, Perón 2001. Fearing that paying 2001 debt holders in full would set returned to power in 1973 but died in 1974, leaving his third a dangerous precedent that could harm the economy, wife, Isabel, to rule. She was ousted in 1976 by the military, Argentina decided to default on its current debt instead, which then waged a seven-year-long “dirty war” against though it had the money for the needed payments. A bill armed and unarmed civilians in its efforts to reconstruct the passed by the Argentine congress in September 2014 enables Argentine nation. Between 10,000 and 30,000 civilians were the Argentine government to sidestep the U.S. ruling by killed or “disappeared” with the government's approval. making payments to its bondholders locally. In 1982, Argentina went to war with Great Britain over las •Dissolution of intelligence agency: In February 2015, Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands). The military's defeat in the Argentina's legislature passed a bill introduced by war led to 1983 elections that ended military rule and brought President Fernández de Kirchner that dissolved the country's Raúl Alfonsín to power. Carlos Saúl Menem (of the Partido intelligence agency, replacing it with one accountable to Justicialista, also known as the Peronist Party) was voted congress. The move follows the death of a prosecutor, president in 1989, becoming the first democratically elected Alberto Nisman, who was about to testify against the Argentine president to peacefully replace another president president and other government officials in a case involving who had been elected. Menem worked toward containing the 1994 bombing of a Jewish center. Nisman had accused the runaway inflation, privatizing state-held enterprises, and government of covering up Iran's alleged involvement in the stabilizing democratic institutions. bombing in an effort to maintain economic ties with the Political Transitions country. Officials have accused a former Argentine spymaster A new constitution that lifted the ban on reelections and of being involved in Nisman's death. The cause of death has reduced the presidential term to four years enabled Menem to not been definitively determined: the official version cited be reelected in 1995. He pursued an agenda of economic suicide but independent test results have suggested murder. reform, but the economy worsened. A quick succession of •Election: No clear winner emerged in October 2015 presidents followed as several left office over the economy. In elections. Ruling party candidate Daniel Scioli was projected May 2002, Eduardo Duhalde became the fifth president in to win but did not secure enough votes to beat his rival, two weeks. He was replaced in 2003 by Nestor Kirchner. The Buenos Aires mayor Mauricio Macri, outright. A second economy improved under Kirchner, but the country still faced round will be held in November. major challenges, including unemployment, social and political unrest, and the large deficit. In 2005, Argentina's Supreme Court repealed amnesty laws that had protected THE PEOPLE military officials suspected of crimes during the “dirty war.” In October 2007, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Nestor Population Kirchner's wife, was elected president. Boosted by strong The majority of people live in urban areas. The capital city of economic growth, she was reelected in 2011 by a wide Buenos Aires is one of the most populated cities in the world, margin. Though her government remains popular among poor with more than 15 million people in its metropolitan area. As Argentines who benefit from federal subsidies, President much as 97 percent of the population descends from Fernández de Kirchner has lost popularity with the urban European immigrants (Italian, Spanish, German, Welsh, middle and upper classes, which see her as corrupt and English, French, and Russian). Mestizos (people of mixed authoritarian. Spanish and indigenous heritage), indigenous people, and Renewed Falklands Tensions others make up the remaining percentage. As the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War approached, tensions grew between the United Kingdom (UK) and Language Argentina over las Islas Malvinas, which Argentina still While Spanish is the official language of Argentina, accents claims and which are potentially a rich source of oil. The UK vary by region. Perhaps the most distinctive is the porteño has rejected an Argentine proposal for talks on the islands' (Buenos Aires) accent, which has been influenced by Italian sovereignty, citing the Falkland Islanders' strong desire to and is present throughout central Argentina. The porteño maintain association with the UK. Argentina opposed a pronunciation of y and ll as “sh” is particularly distinctive. referendum held in March 2013, in which 99.8 percent of For example, llamar (to call) is pronounced more like residents of las Islas Malvinas voted for the islands to remain “shah-MAHR” than the typical “yah-MAHR.” a British Overseas Territory. Argentina has turned away Residents of Buenos Aires also use slang expressions British cruise ships seeking to dock at one of its ports and called lunfardo, an informal form of speech derived chiefly called on major Argentine companies to boycott British from Italian. People throughout Argentina commonly use vos goods. In April 2015, Buenos Aires began legal action against rather than tú as an informal second-person tense and form of British and U.S. companies involved in oil exploration near address. Italian, German, French, and English are spoken by the islands. members of the older generation and by some of their Recent Events and Trends descendants. Quechua, Guaraní, and Mapuche are languages •Debt default: On 30 July 2014, Argentina defaulted on spoken by indigenous peoples. 2 TM CultureGrams Argentina allow and in their leisure time. Religion During traditional holidays in rural areas, dress often Roughly 92 percent of the people belong to the Roman reflects regional culture. For example, the traditional clothing Catholic Church. The church exercises great influence over of the gauchos (cowboys) of the Pampas includes a social policy, customs, and celebrations. Most weddings and wide-brimmed hat, neckerchief, bombachas (wide-legged funerals follow traditional Catholic norms. In spite of this pants), and boots. influence, less than 20 percent of Catholics are actively involved with their church, and Argentine society is somewhat more secularized than other Latin American CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES countries. In 2013, Argentine Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Greetings pope to come from the Americas. A former Jesuit cardinal, he When greeting formally or for the first time, Argentines shake took on the name Francis. Pope Francis is a source of pride to hands and nod slightly to show respect. Both men and women many Argentines and has garnered worldwide admiration for will greet friends, whether male or female, with a kiss on the his concern for the poor and his humble ways, among other cheek and maybe a brief embrace.