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NOT ALL IN ONE RHYTHM: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MEDIA DISCOURSE AGAINST THE INDIGENOUS RE-EXISTENCE OF THE MARAKÁ’NÀ VILLAGE IN KÛÁNÃPARÁ by Alexandre Cursino A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Department of Leadership, Higher and Adult Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Alexandre Cursino 2016 NOT ALL IN ONE RHYTHM: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MEDIA DISCOURSE AGAINST THE INDIGENOUS RE-EXISTENCE OF THE MARAKÁ’NÀ VILLAGE IN KÛÁNÃPARÁ Master of Arts 2016 Alexandre Cursino Department of Leadership, Higher and Adult Education University of Toronto Abstract Indigenous people created the re-existence known as Maraká’nà village, by re-occupying the sacred territory of a building in Kûánãpará (Rio de Janeiro) located next to the popular Maracanã stadium. The village became a meeting place for re-existences that encompass issues of Indigenous sovereignty, sacred land right, spirituality practices, decolonizing education, and the creation of the first Intercultural Indigenous University in Pindorama. It challenged the economic and social impacts of the neoliberal sports mega-events, which raised tensions during the organization of sports mega-events. These tensions were amplified through media discourse, by perpetuating violent treatment of Indigenous peoples, and naturalizing the dominant elite. Employing a transdisciplinary methodology that combines Critical Discourse Analysis and Critical Political Economy, this study examines the media discourse that obstructs the Indigenous re-existence of Maraká’nà by favoring capitalist structures. Despite demonstrating unbalanced power relations, the findings show unbalanced power relations Maraká'nà and media discourses. ii Acknowledgements First, I say Chi-miigwetch to the Anishinaabe peoples whose territory of Turtle Island I have occupied for more than three year. I say Chi-miigwetch to Chi Aangiikeyang, where part of my heart and part of my partner's heart are from, since our sons were born here. I owe a huge part of this work to my supervisor, Jennifer Sumner, whose knowledge, patience, support, and compassion made its completion possible. For your teachings, your helpful comments and for your friendship, I will forever be grateful. Chi-miigwetch. Many thanks. Chi-miigwetch to my second reader, Jean-Paul Restoule, who I am greatly honoured to have him reading this work. His Indigenous knowledge and teachings have been part of what I have done so far to my lifelong Indigenous re-existence. Chi-miigwetch to my professors, teachers, colleagues and thesis group members, for the stimulation and challenge their own projects, thoughts and comments provided me with. Chi- miigwetch to professors Sara Carpenter and Kiran Mirchandani for their guidance. Katu-ahy to my parents, brother, sister, bondfire godparents, family, friends and loved ones, for their unconditional support, love and patience. Katu-ahy to Zeca Carvalho, Marcilio Ribeiro, and Wagner Freire, for supporting this study since the application process. Chi-miigwetch to Kate Krelove and Brandon Bertram for their presence and activism. Katu ahy to my spiritual teachers Alcio Braz and Márcia Meirelles. Katu-ahy to Hewton Tavares for his rhythm and co-mentoring. Katu-ahy to the Maraká'nà village, Mônica Lima, José Urutau Guajajara, and Fernando Tupinambá. Ayaya! iii A special Chi-miigwetch and Katu-ahy to my partner Ana Linda and our sons Arthur and David Kopenawa (Wasp Spirits, in Yanomami language). iv Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………......... ii Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………...... iii Chapter 1 - Introduction: Re-Existing as Re-Searcher …………………………….......…........... 1 1.1 An Indigenous Self-location: Where does my heart come from? …………………............... 4 1.1.1 Notions of Re-membering Kûánãpará’s Home ……………………………….......…….... 4 1.1.2 Shared Histories of Downplaying Scholarship, and Re-existences ...................................... 7 1.1.3 Relationships matter: Indigenous Meeting Places ................................................................ 9 1.2 Purpose of the Study and Re-Search Question ...................................................................... 14 1.3 Organization of the Thesis ..................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2 - Conceptual Framework and Methodology ................................................................ 16 2.1 Conceptual Framework: Critical Discourse Analysis and Critical Political Economy ......... 17 2.2 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) .................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Discourse ............................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.3 Discourse Analysis .............................................................................................................. 22 2.2.3.1 Description ....................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.3.2 Interpretation .................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.3.3 Explanation ...................................................................................................................... 24 2.2.4 Critical Political Economy (CPE) ....................................................................................... 25 2.2.5 Data Collection: A Decolonizing Approach ....................................................................... 27 Chapter 3 - Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Resistance .............................................................................................................................. 30 3.2 Indigenous Re-existence ........................................................................................................ 33 Chapter 4 - Lifelong Indigenous Re-Existences .......................................................................... 38 4.1 Re-Situating (Modern) Colonial Brazil ................................................................................. 40 4.1.1 Enslaving and Erasing in Both Sides of the Atlantic Ocean ............................................... 41 4.1.2 Re-Existence of Indigenous Perspectivism ......................................................................... 44 4.2 Maraká'nà: Past, Present, and Future .................................................................................... 47 4.2.1 Maraká'nà in Kûánãpará: The Meanings ........................................................................... 47 4.2.2 Maraká'nà: A Meeting Place for Re-Existences ................................................................ 49 4.2.3 Collective Re-Existences and Maraká'nà ........................................................................... 52 4.2.4 Not All in The Rhythm of Maraká'nà ................................................................................ 56 4.2.5 Maraká’nà, Social Networked Movements, and Sport Mega-Events ................................ 59 Chapter 5 - Critical Analysis of the Media Discourse Against the Maraká’nà village ............... 65 5.1 Critical Discourse Analysis .................................................................................................... 65 5.2 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 73 Chapter 6 – Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 75 6.1 Final Thoughts: Indigenous Re-Existence for Sustainability ................................................ 78 References .................................................................................................................................... 81 v Chapter 1 Introduction: Re-Existing as Re-Searcher Ever since I considered analysing the discourse of the media against the Indigenous re- existence of Maraká'nà, a I have engaged in a process of being conscious about the meaning of words in speeches and texts. As a result of this consciousness in critiquing discourses, I have understood the importance of participating in the re-creation of the language of my Indigenous ancestors, the Tupi-Guarani language. This re-learning of my Indigenous language has happened in a paced way. Despite the fact that this study has been written in English, I will write three important words in Tupi-Guarani, or their most approximate word form. This is, I believe, part of many local re-existing movement of Indigenous communities around the world. As a way of initiating this thesis, I present a piece of my process of participating in this movement I call Indigenous re-existence. In fact, re-existence is re-learning, and the first step has been the recovering of the language my ancestor spoke, Tupi-Guarani. However, I will not describe what I have experienced this effective and symbolic process of re-learning my ancestors' language, but how this process was triggered in light with Paulo Freire’s advocacy for autonomous critical thinking. By development