Developments

BALLISTIC, , AND MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS: TRADE AND SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS, SEPTEMBER 1993-JANUARY 1994

AFGHANISTAN WITH TAJIKISTAN 9/25/93 It is reported that Argentina's Condor- 1/9/94 2 missile installations might be used in AFGHANISTAN At 10:35 a.m., seven are fired on a project to construct "Latin America's the 13th post of the Moskovskiy Border first satellite." Guard. Ann Schnittker, Proliferation Watch, 9/93, p. 3 (3600). Galina Gridneva, Itar-Tass (), 1/12/94; in INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS FBIS-SOV-94-008, 1/12/94, p. 76 (3634). 11/29/93 9/30/93 1/11/94 The Argentine Foreign Ministry reveals that Argentina has become a member The rival Islamic factions of the Sunni Mus- The 12th post of the Russian Moskovskiy of the MTCR. The decision is partly a lim Ittehad-i-Islami Party of Rasul Sayyaf detachment guarding the Tajik border takes result of Argentine President Menem's and the Iranian-backed Shi'ite Hezb-i- missile fire from inside Afghanistan. cancellation of the Condor missile Wahdat fire about 200 rockets and mortar Galina Gridneva, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 1/12/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-008, 1/12/94, p. 76 (3634). project in early 1993. shells at each other in Kabul. Three people Buenos Aires Herald, 11/30/93, p. 1; in JPRS- are killed and seventeen are injured. TND-93-001, 1/6/94, p. 11 (3783). Washington Times, 10/1/93, p. A14 (3909). ARGENTINA ARGENTINA WITH EGYPT

11/93 The Argentine Defense Ministry con- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS firms that factories in Iraq and Egypt The numbers listed in parenthesis following the were "twin sisters" of the Falda del biblographic references refer to the identification num- 1992 Carmen plant where the Condor-2 mis- ber of the document in the International Missile Pro- Argentina continues development of the sile was developed. Egyptian techni- liferation Project Database, from which the news sum- SAC-B project, which includes a spacecraft cians gained expertise working in Ar- maries are abstracted. Because of the rapidly chang- ing nature of the subject matter, The Nonproliferation and one payload. Argentina may establish gentina on the Condor-2 project. Review is unable to guarantee that the information a regional center for scientific satellite and International Defense Review, 11/93, p. 842 reported herein is complete or accurate, and disclaims global change data, and has signed coop- (3677). liability to any party for any loss or damage caused erative research agreements with Germany by errors or omissions. and Spain. George D. Ojalehto and Henry R. Hertzfeld, Aero- space America, 9/93, pp. 10-11, 40-41 (3687).

154 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

ARGENTINA WITH GERMANY AUSTRALIA WITH UNITED STATES 11/93 AUSTRALIA Argentine Defense Minister Oscar 9/93 Camilion confirms that German tech- Australia proposes that the U.S. share nicians worked on the Condor-2 project. information on Asian missile launches International Defence Review, 11/93, p. 842 with those nations in the region that (3677). INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS adhere to international arms control agreements. The U.S. satellite that gath- 12/93 ers the information is controlled by the ARGENTINA WITH IRAQ The Australian Security Intelligence Or- U.S. and Australian military from a base ganization (ASIO) claims in its 1992/ at Nurrungar in central Australia. Be- 11/93 93 report to Australia's parliament that cause the satellite monitors the air space The Argentine Defense Ministry con- there is an increase in Asian countries from the eastern Mediterranean to the firms that U.N. weapons inspectors dis- spying in Australia in an effort to de- western Pacific, it could serve as a re- covered two Condor-2 missile engines velop weapons of mass destruction; no gional early-warning system. It is be- in Iraq and that Argentina delivered countries suspected of espionage in lieved that the Clinton Administration Condor "elements" to Iraq via Egypt Australia are specified. The ASIO re- is likely to support the proposal. prior to the 1991 Gulf War. The two port says that "during the last 12 months Michael Richardson, International Herald Tri- engines were built at Argentina's Falda an increased number of proliferation- bune, 9/1/93 (3740). del Carmen plant. The ministry also related activities came to ASIO's atten- confirms that factories in Iraq and Egypt tion," among them the establishment of were "twin sisters" of the Falda del a network of front companies and the 12/93 Carmen plant. Argentine Defense Min- use of universities to acquire scientific It is reported that if the U.S. Congress ister Oscar Camilion denies Argentine and weapons development knowledge. decides to allow the U.S. Navy to adopt involvement, and states that "there has Reuter, 12/16/93; in Executive News Service, 12/ the Australian Nulka hovering rocket- not been any transfer of Argentinean 16/93 (3895). borne missile decoy, it is possible that technology to Iraq, as the technology joint U.S.-Australian manufacture of the in question was fundamentally Ger- decoy may follow. The Australian Navy man." Camilion also denies that ex- AUSTRALIA WITH has already approved Nulka production, perts from Argentina worked with Iraq and plans to install the decoy on the as part of a contract between the two 9/15/93 first of its eight ANZAC-class frigates countries. There is no confirmation that Russian and Australian firms sign an and its FFG-7 fleet. Iraqi technicians participated in the agreement to jointly develop a $900 Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/11/93, p. 11 (3910). project as well. million Papua New Guinea (PNG) space International Defence Review, 11/93, p. 842 (3677). base that will launch Russian Proton rockets. Under the agreement, Space Transportation Systems, directed by former Queensland Premier Michael AZERBAIJAN ARGENTINA WITH UNITED STATES Hern, will have exclusive rights to de- velop the launching and technical com- 9/93 plexes and will manage, market and Argentina transfers "missing parts" from operate the space port. Russia's Gen- AZERBAIJAN WITH RUSSIA its Condor-2 missile program to the US eral Machine Building Bureau and via spain. The parts include two elec- Australia's Space Transportation Sys- 10/93 tronic guidance systems, three comput- tems Ltd will build the launch site for Azeri forces are retreating on all fronts ers, launching devices, and a tower. the Proton rocket on the PNG islands from Armenian forces in Azerbaijan and However, Argentina has yet to deliver a of Manus and Emirau. Nagorno-Karabakh despite Russia's re- sophisticated X-ray machine, solid-fuel Radio Australia (Melbourne), 9/16/93; in FBIS- cent supply of BM-21 rocket launch- grinder and a fuel mixer allegedly of EAS-93-178, 9/16/93, p. 57 (3743). Washing- ers. American origin. ton Post, 9/16/93, p. D12 (3641). Space News, 1/3/94, p. 13 (3871). Space Business News, 9/ Paul Beaver, Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/11/93, William R. Long, Los Angeles Times, 9/26/93, 28/93, pp. 4-5 (3822). p. 17 (3663). p. A15 (3600).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 155 Missile Developments

BELARUS BELGIUM BOSNIA- HERZEGOVINA

INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS BELGIUM WITH PRC 10/93 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS It is reported that Belarus authorities 1/94 arrested five Germans on suspicion of Belgium-based Eurosense, which spe- 12/93 espionage after they were caught vid- cializes in digital ortho photographic The city of Tuzla loses power after an eotaping a secret missile base in the maps, signs an agreement with unspecified type of missile hits the city's Grodno area of the country. The Ger- to establish a joint venture company coal-fired generating plant. U.N. mili- mans work for a German-Lithuanian called Eurosense Aerospace tary spokesman Commander van joint venture, which is building hous- Mapping that will use Eurosense tech- Biesebroeck states that the missile se- ing for army personnel returning from nology to make detailed maps of Chi- verely damaged pumps, cables and wa- Germany. nese territory. Eurosense owns 51 per- ADN (Berlin), 10/15/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-198, ter pipes. cent of the joint venture, while the Chi- New York Times, 12/5/93, p. 4 (3654). 10/15/93, p. 43 (3665). nese government owns the remainder. 11/93 Flight International, 1/26/94, p. 23 (3958). It is reported that the Belarusian De- BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WITH fense Ministry made an agreement with BELGIUM WITH RUSSIA the Belarusian firm "Minotor" to main- tain missile and artillery systems de- 10/93 1/26/94 ployed by the Air Defense Forces Com- Independent Croatian military analyst Belgian Defense Minister Leo Delcroix, mand. Maintenance has been difficult Fran Visnar says that the Bosnian-Serb accompanied by his Russian counterpart since the collapse of the USSR because leader Radovan Karadzic has sent extra Pavel Grachev, becomes the first NATO the maintenance plants were all in Rus- artillery and multiple rocket launchers official to visit the formerly secret Rus- sia. The cost of sending equipment to to Krajina. The Krajina Serbs have spe- sian missile base in Bologoye (located the maintenance plants in Russia is cial artillery and surface-to-surface between Moscow and St. Petersburg) greater than the cost of doing the work "missiles" [FROG] with a range of 70 and see the most advanced Russian stra- in-country. Under the new agreement, km capable of striking all important tegic missiles and other military hard- the maintenance and servicing of equip- Croatian cities. The Krajina Serbs pub- ware. The two-day visit follows a 12/ ment costs 12 times less, and 0.5 bil- lished a list of 20 Croatian cities to be 93 agreement between the two countries lion rubles have been saved in less than attacked with rockets should the a year. The Air Defense Forces have to boost military contacts. Mikhail Shevtsov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 1/26/94; Croatians mount a full offensive. Some had no complaints about the quality of in FBIS-SOV-94-018, 1/27/94, P. 10 (3850). analysts believe that publication of this the work completed in-country. list led to the abandonment of a Croatian Valeriy Kovalev, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 11/ BELGIUM WITH offensive in 9/93. 20/93, p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-93-227, 11/29/93, p. David Huic, Reuter, 10/5/93; in Executive News 67 (3667). Service, 10/7/93 (3797). 1/14/93 Belgium ships "various" rocket motors, built by Forges de Zeebruges, to Tai- BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WITH RUSSIA wan. Georges Timmerman, De Morgen (Brussels), 12/ 29/93, p. 2 (3744). 10/1/93 The director of the Russian External Economic Relations Ministry's Na- tional Market Research Institute, Mikhail Sarafanov acknowledges the sale of Russian missiles to Bosnian Serbs, but denies that the Russian gov-

156 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

ernment was involved in the sale. 's National Space Research Kyodo (Tokyo), 10/1/93; in JPRS-TND-93-031, Project (INPE) and the China Great 11/24/93 10/8/93, p. 42 (3657). Wall Company to launch two remote The Sao Paulo magazine ISTOE reports sensing satellites. An additional $50 that the Brazilian Army is to receive million accord is signed with China KZ Russian SAMs, which will be assigned BRAZIL High Technology to promote technical to various infantry headquarters; deliv- partnerships between the two countries. eries will begin in early 1994. Gazeta Mercantil (Sao Paolo), 10/8/93; in JPRS- JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 41-43 (3706). TND-93-037, 12/8/93 pp. 31-33 (3781). 12/1/93-12/3/93 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 1/94 Brazilian Prime Minister of Industry, 2/93 It is reported that, during a visit to Bra- Commerce, and Tourism Jose Eduardo zil, Chinese President Jiang Zemin de Andrade Vieira meets in Russia with Brazil launches its first data collection signed an agreement with Brazilian Russian Foreign Economic Relations satellite, the SCD-1. Brazil is focusing President Itamar Franco to establish a Minister Oleg Davydov and discusses on the development of a Satellite Launch joint satellite program and promote possible cooperation between Brazil and Vehicle, a launch center at Alcantara, greater cooperation in launcher and sat- Russia in space research. The Brazil- and four satellites, two each for remote ellite manufacturing technology, atmo- ians "once again" express interest in sensing and data collection. spheric sciences, and astrophysics. The joint development of inertial guidance George D. Ojalehto and Henry R. Hertzfeld, deal includes the development of two systems for SLVs with Moscow. The Aerospace America, 9/93, pp. 10-11, 40-41 satellites, the first of which is to be (3687). inform Vieira that they are still launched by 10/96. interested in using the Alcantara launch Wall Street Journal, 9/16/93, p. A20 (3782). 9/93 Space News, 1/3/94, p. 13 (3782). site for the Iridium project, which is to The Brazilian Department of Space En- BRAZIL WITH RUSSIA place about 60 communications satel- gineering and Control at the National lites into orbit within the next two years Institute of Space Research (INPE) is 2/93 using Russian Proton launch vehicles. On 12/3/93, Brazil and Russia conclude conducting a $500,000 project to pro- The president of Russia's Aviaprom, A. the visit by signing an agreement which duce kerosene-liquid oxygen rockets. Gereshchenko, and vice president of will boost trade between the two coun- The project is expected to reach comple- Russia's Mashinoeksport, I. Latin, se- tries from $200 million to $2 billion tion in 18 months. According to project cretly visit the Alcantara launch site in annually within a period of five years. director Hinckel, the rocket is to be used Maranhao, Brazil. Ten weeks later, The agreement covers cooperation in to develop a launch vehicle able to place Embraer and Neiva of Brazil sign an aerospace research and mutual technol- "several metric tons" into orbit. agreement with Aviaprom and the ogy transfer of military materiel. Bra- Latin America Intelligence Report, 9/28/93 Myaslshchev Design Bureau of Russia (3606). zil is committed to buy various Russian to launch communications satellites products, including rockets. from the Alcantara site. On average, 10/27/93 JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 41-43 (3706). launches from the Alcantara site cost The Brazilian Chamber of Deputies 20 percent less than launches from any approves a draft bill from the executive 12/4/93 other site in the world. Reportedly, branch that creates a civilian Brazilian Brazilian diplomats are quoted as say- there is also an accord between Brazil's Space Agency (AEB). ing that the Brazilian government is Monteiro Aranha group and Russia's Gazeta Mercantil (Sao Paolo), 10/8/93; in JPRS- "willing" to join the MTCR soon, a Krunichev Enterprise for the use of TND-93-037, 12/8/93 pp. 31-33 (3781). move that would eliminate the main Russian space launch vehicles. JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 41-43 (3706). obstacle to Brazil's involvement in the Iridium satellite project with Russia. BRAZIL WITH PRC JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 41-43 (3706). 9/93 Brazilian Army Minister General 11/9/93 Zoroastro leads a military delegation on Brazilian Science and Technology Min- a visit to Russia to study missile tech- ister Israel Vargas signs a number of nology and military equipment available protocols that complement an existing to Brazil. scientific-technical cooperation agree- JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 41-43 (3706). ment between China and Brazil. One $15 million protocol is signed between

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 157 Missile Developments

fort also includes Lince anti-aircraft leader Radovan Karadzic has sent extra missiles. artillery and multiple rocket launchers CHILE UPI, 9/1/93; in Executive News Service, 9/3/93 to Krajina. The Krajina Serbs have spe- (3611). cial artillery and surface-to-surface mis- siles [FROG] with a range of 70 km capable of striking all important Croatian cities. The Krajina Serbs pub- lished a list of 20 Croatian cities to be CHILE WITH ISRAEL CROATIA attacked with rockets should the Croatians mount a full offensive. Some 10/21/93 analysts believe that publication of this A test of the Barak point-defense mis- list led to the abandonment of a Croatian sile is conducted from a missile patrol offensive in 9/93. boat in which the missile passes within INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS David Huic, Reuter, 10/5/93; in Executive News "kill distance" of its target, a Gabriel Service, 10/7/93 (3797). sea-skimming missile. According to 9/10/93 one program source this "proved the Serb forces launch three Frog rockets missile's capability to intercept sea- into the town of Jastrebarsko. skimming missiles under severe condi- Steve Pagani, Reuter, 9/21/93; in Executive News tions." The Barak program was initi- Service, 9/13/93 (3727). CZECH REPUBLIC ated in 1979 for the Israeli and Chilean navies, and is being jointly developed 9/11/93 by Rafael and IAI subsidiary Elta, the Serbs hit the Zagreb suburb of Lucko former working on the missile itself and with a Frog artillery rocket. the latter on the radar system. Steve Pagani, Reuter, 9/12/93; in Executive News CZECH REPUBLIC WITH IRAN Flight International, 11/3/93, p. 18 (3560). IDF Service, 9/13/93 (3727). 11/93 Radio (Tel Aviv), 11/3/93; in FBIS-NES-93-211, 11/3/93, p. 48 (3560). Jane's Defence Weekly, During a visit to Iran, a Czech business 11/6/93, p. 7 (3560). delegation led by the General Director 9/12/93 of Skoda Pilzen, Lubomir Soudek, re- CHILE WITH RUSSIA Serb forces launch a rocket, reportedly portedly offers to sell Iran weapons, in- of a type that scatters bomblets on im- cluding a new generation of anti-aircraft pact, into Kutina, a Croatian town, and 10/93 missiles. also hit the town of Samobor with four Jan Oberman, RFE/RL News Briefs, 1/10/94, pp. In the wake of the cancellation of a deal rockets fired from a multiple rocket 19-20 (3651). involving the purchase of S-300 SAMs, launcher. The town of Jastrebarsko is Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachev struck by five rockets. is to visit Chile during his trip to Latin Steve Pagani, Reuter, 9/12/93; in Executive News America. The missile deal was dis- Service, 9/13/93 (3727). Nada Buric, Associ- cussed when Chilean President Aylwin ated Press; in Washington Times, 9/13/93, p. A13 EGYPT visited Moscow in the summer of 1993, (3727). but was reportedly canceled under U.S. pressure. 9/18/93 Sergey Zavorotnyy, Komsomolskaya Pravda (Mos- Ethnic Serbian forces fire a Frog-7 ar- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS cow), 9/23/93, p. 7; in FBIS-SOV-93-184, 9/24/ tillery rocket without a warhead at 93, p. 14 (3604). Lucko, a suburb of Zagreb. Danica Kirka, Defense News, 9/20/93, p. 8 9/93 (3522). Major General Mohammed El- CHILE WITH UNITED KINGDOM Ghamrawy Dawood, Chairman of CROATIA WITH BOSNIA- Egypt's Armament Authority, states that 9/93 HERZEGOVINA the Egyptian Army has not purchased Chile has shown interest in researching any 80 km range, 325 mm Sakr-80 mul- SSMs and SAMs, and has a deal with 10/93 tiple rocket systems from the Egypt- the U.K. to build the medium-range Independent Croatian military analyst based Arab Organization for Industri- missile, the Rayo (Thunderbolt). Fran Visnar says that the Bosnian-Serb alization (AOI). He acknowledges that Chile's armed forces modernization ef- Egypt's SA-2 air defense system has

158 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments been upgraded and one complete battalion FRANCE WITH RUSSIA FRANCE WITH TAIWAN refurbished. Robert Lowry, Jane's Defence Weekly, 9/4/93, p. 64 10/93 10/8/93 (3515). It is reported that, in an effort to get an French Prime Minister Edouard early start on the future competition for Balladur decides to allow the sale of up EGYPT WITH ARGENTINA a European anti-ballistic missile system, to $2.6 billion worth of naval equip- France's Matra is working with Russia's ment, including Exocet anti-ship mis- 11/93 Antey company to profit from the tech- siles, and Crotale and Mistral anti-air- The Argentine Defense Ministry confirms nology incorporated in the latter's SA- craft missiles, to Taiwan. that factories in Iraq and Egypt were "twin 12 (Russian designation S-300V) anti- Reuter, 10/20/93; in Executive News Service, 10/ sisters" of the Falda del Carmen plant where ballistic missile system. According to 21/93 (3846). Reuter, 10/21/93; in Executive the Condor-2 missile was developed. Egyp- News Service, 10/21/93 (3901). Jane's Defence Antey's chief engineer Boris V. Weekly, 1/22/94, pp. 24-25 (3732). tian technicians gained expertise working in Karpushin, the SA-12 has the same ca- Argentina on the Condor-2 project. pability as the upgraded U.S. Patriot International Defense Review, 11/93, p. 842 (3677). 10/21/93 PAC-2, which will not be operational China warns that France's arms deal until 1995. At the Russian Aerospace with Taiwan, which includes anti-ship '93 exhibition at the Emba test range in and anti-aircraft missiles, will hurt Chi- Kazakhstan, the SA-12 reportedly de- FRANCE nese-French relations. A Chinese For- stroyed eight incoming "Scud-type" eign Ministry Spokeswoman states that missiles in nine shots. "[i]f the French side sticks to the erro- Intelligence Newsletter, 10/30/93, p. 2 (3741). neous policy...Sino-French relations will be further damaged." INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Reuter, 10/21/93; in Executive News Service, 10/ FRANCE WITH SAUDI ARABIA 21/93 (3707). 10/7/93 French Minister of Defense Francois Leo- 11/93 1/12/94 tard says that in 1994 France will continue According to French Defense Minister In a joint statement with China, France development of an anti-tactical ballistic mis- Francois Leotard, the French expect to shifts its policy by restoring "traditional sile system, the Mica. The army will re- win $4 billion in contracts with Saudi relations of friendly cooperation" with ceive major deliveries including four Mul- Arabia by the end of the year. Two of China and vows to ban the sale of arms tiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) launch- the contracts involve the purchase of two to Taiwan. Although French Foreign ers. air-defense frigates worth $3.38 billion, Minister Alain Juppe states that the ban Giovanni de Briganti, Defense News, 9/27/93, p. 16 and one involves the modernization of on arms sales to Taiwan does not apply (3718). Giovanni de Briganti, Defense News, 10/11/ Crotale air-defense missiles for $591.5 to existing deals, it is not clear whether 93, pp. 1, 8 (3718). million. the fall 1993 sale of missiles would be Giovanni de Briganti, Defense News, 11/22/93, affected. FRANCE WITH p. 18 (3734). Nelson Graves, Reuter, 1/12/94; in Executive News Service, 1/12/94 (3735). 11/16/93 FRANCE WITH SPAIN The Indian Space Research Organization FRANCE WITH THAILAND (ISRO), and the French Space Agency, Cen- 12/93 tre National d'Etudes Spatialies (CNES), DCN International, a French shipbuild- 10/93 sign an agreement for cooperation in the field ing company, signs an accord agreeing France's Thomson-TRT Defense sells of exploration and utilization of outer space to help Empresa Nacional Bazan of six Rubis navigation pods to the Thai for peaceful use. The agreement is signed Spain build four mine hunters for the Air Force. The navigation pods will be at the ISRO headquarters in Bangalore, by Spanish Navy; the deal includes the used to perform low-level navigation ISRO chairman U.R. Rao and CNES Presi- transfer of glass-reinforced plastic and weapon guidance roles at night or dent Rene Pellat. (GRP) construction technology devel- in unfavorable weather conditions. The India News, 12/1/93, p. 1 (3713). Space News, 12/ oped by DCN. Rubis pod was developed jointly by 13/93, p. 17 (3722). Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/11/93, p. 5 (3520). Thomson-TRT Defense, Dassault Avia- tion and Intertechnique for use with Mirage F-1CR reconnaissance aircraft. Defense News, 10/4/93, p. 23 (3905).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 159 Missile Developments

trajectory as it reenters the atmosphere. capability. The frigates are equipped Space News, 11/15/93, p. 16 (3929). with missile and command and control GERMANY systems designed by the Bangalore- GERMANY WITH MULTI-COUNTRY based, Indian government-owned Bharat GROUP Electronics Ltd. Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 9/15/93, p. 46 (3911). INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 12/28/93 German and Saudi inspectors confiscate 9/20/93 over one hundred barrels of ammonium 9/30/93 The maiden test launch of the Polar perchlorate from a German-registered Germany announces that on 10/19/93 it Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) from ship docked in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia will bring to trial two owners and an Sriharikota ends in failure, which is at- that was bound for Beirut, Lebanon employee of failed engineering firm tributed to an alteration in the booster's from Hung Fu, China. Ultimately, the H+H Metalform Maschinenbau und pitch altitude during second stage sepa- ammonium perchlorate, which is used Vertriebs-GmbH for delivering parts for ration. As a result of the alteration the in missile fuel, was to go to Iraq. Scud missiles and machine tools to Iraq third stage was 75 km lower than ex- from 1988-1990, and for supplying tech- Reuter, 1/24/94; in Executive News Service, 1/ 24/94 (3648). Michael Evens, Times, 1/27/94 pected at cut-off and the fourth stage nology to Libya to manufacture rocket (3698). was unable to reach orbital velocity de- "burners." spite its ignition on schedule. Onboard Reuter, 9/30; in Executive News Service, 10/1/93 computers and the third-stage motor's (3525). flex nozzle failed to correct the devia- tion, and the vehicle plunged into the 1/13/94 HUNGARY Indian Ocean, 1,700 km from The German cabinet relaxes its tight ex- Sriharikota. As a result of the failure, port laws for dual-use goods by harmo- the next test launch will be delayed by nizing them with those of the rest of the at least two years. European Community. The Christian Patriot (New Delhi), 9/22/93 (3720). Andrew Democratic Union and German compa- Lawler and Vivek Raghuvanshi, Space News, 9/ nies have promoted such an easing of HUNGARY WITH RUSSIA 27/93, pp. 1, 28 (3889). Tim Furniss, Flight export restrictions, while the Social International, 10/13/93, p. 24 (3720). Raj 1/94 Chengappa, India Today, 10/15/93, pp. 40-44 Democrats have opposed the proposal. (3889). Flight International, 1/12/94, p. 19 Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/4/93, p. 9 (3849). It is reported that Russia will settle its (3889). Ariane Genillard, Financial Times, 1/14/94 $800 million trade debt with Hungary (3849). by sending Hungary S-300PMU (SA- 10/93 10 Grumble) air defense systems. The It is reported that Indian scientists at GERMANY WITH ARGENTINA number of missiles to be provided to the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center Hungary has not been determined. (VSSC) developed a fuel-rich propel- 11/93 Karoly Okolicsanyi, RFE/RL News Brief, 1/10/ lant made from natural rubber for use Argentine Defense Minister Oscar 94, p. 21 (3650). Flight International, 1/26/94, p. 16 (3650). with futuristic ramjet rockets. Camilion confirms that German techni- Hindu (Madras), 10/6/93, p. 19; in JPRS-TND- cians worked on the Condor-2 project. 93-038, 12/29/93, p. 21 (3925). International Defence Review, 11/93, p. 842 (3677). 10/4/93 INDIA Indian Defense Ministry sources say that GERMANY WITH Russia is offering advanced air defense systems and air-to-surface cruise mis- 11/93 siles for export to India and other Asian It is reported that, in 8/94, German and countries. Japanese researchers will conduct sev- Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 10/11/93, p. INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS eral tests at Japan's Kagoshima Space 11 (3846). Center using a small Japanese sounding rocket, the M3S-2, manufactured by the 9/93 10/20/93 Nissan Motor Co., and a German re- It is reported that a new class of frigate A CIA report states that India is capable trievable capsule. One experiment will called the Project-16 class is being de- of building an ICBM. This conclusion collect data on how to control a rocket's signed to improve Indian shipbuilding is based on the fact that India has shown

160 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

the ability to build two key components 11/16/93 All India Radio Network (Delhi), 11/27/93; in (guidance sets and warheads) that can JPRS-TND-93-038, 12/29/93, p. 25 (3915). All A Indian official announces that the India Radio Network (Delhi), 11/30/93; JPRS- convert a space launch vehicle (SLV) Agni missile will be test-fired between TND-93-001, 1/6/94, p. 13 (3976). United Press into a ballistic missile. The Augmented 1/4/94 and 1/14/94 from the coastline International, 11/30/93 (3861). Reuter, 11/30/ Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) can be of the southeastern state of Orissa, de- 93; in Executive News Service, 11/30/93 (3891). converted into an intermediate-range Khabrain (Islamabad), 12/4/93, p. 4; in JPRS- spite U.S. pressure to suspend the Agni TND-93-001, 1/6/94, p. 13 (3976). ballistic missile using a warhead based program. on the Agni design and the ASLV's UPI, 12/16/93 (3723). 1/94 guidance system. It is also technically possible to use the Polar Satellite 11/18/93 It is reported that the Indian Akash sur- face-to-air missile, currently undergo- Launch Vehicle (PSLV) to create an Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), an ing developmental testing with the De- ICBM. This would require designing Indian Central Government enterprise fense Research and Development Orga- a warhead for the PSLV that was ca- involved in the production of guided nization (DRDO), will be marketed at pable of handling ICBM reentry condi- missiles, establishes the Institute for international air shows. DRDO does tions. The propulsion and guidance Systems Technology and Management not foresee any problems with export- technology used by the PSLV can be at the BDL campus in Kanchanbagh. ing the Akash to Third World countries used to design a new IRBM or ICBM. BDL develops missiles in collaboration as it is considered a purely defensive A major drawback for the Indian SLV with the Services and Research and De- system, and also does not fall under the conversion to ballistic missiles is the velopment Organizations. Vijai Kapoor, MTCR, because it has less than a 300 lack of extensive fixed launch sites. Secretary of Defence Production and km (186 mi) range. The Akash is to There is currently only one fixed launch Supplies, who inaugurated the Institute, enter production in 1996-1997. Akash site in India--located at the Sri-Harikota states that the Institute will help upgrade project manager, R.R. Prahlada states launch facility--for both the ASLV and and expand knowledge of guided mis- that expected customers for the system the PSLV. sile systems, "which is a very crucial include Persian Gulf and Southeast Observer of Business and Politics (Bombay); in area in defence technology and defence Asian nations. The missile is expected Asian Recorder, 11/12/93, p. 23539 (3912). preparedness." According to BDL to compete with Russian and U.S. mis- Chairman and Managing Director, Air siles in the same category. Akash can 11/9/93 Commodore R. Gopalaswami, the In- be deployed against multiple aircraft and India successfully test-fires a new 217- stitute represents a "turning point in the short-range ballistic missiles, and in- mile range Prithvi missile (earlier ver- history of missile development in In- cludes its own mobile generating sys- sions of which have been deployed along dia, bringing symbiotically together the tem. According to Prahlada, the mis- the border with since 5/93) into technical and managerial personnel scat- sile is probably the most mobile of such the Bay of Bengal from a mobile tered all over the country and involve current systems, and "can be deployed launcher on the coast of the southeast- them in striving for greater achieve- in a variety of terrain and requires very ern state of Orissa. It is the second test ments in design, production and usage little time to be ready for battle." The of the extended-range Prithvi since 6/ of missile systems." 93, and the first test from a mobile Hindu (Madras), 11/20/93, p. 4; in JPRS-TND- system weighs 660 kg (1,452 lbs), and launcher. Two versions of Prithvi tac- 93-038, 12/29/93, p. 23 (3855). has a range of 25 km (15.5 mi). The tical ballistic missile, both of which are missile battery control center can simul- reportedly nuclear-capable, had been 11/30/93 taneously guide up to four batteries, developed previously: one with a 155 India conducts another successful each with three missiles. DRDO will mile range and one with a range of 93 launch of the indigenously developed be conducting final testing, user and miles. medium-range Prithvi ballistic missile. production trials simultaneously during UPI, 11/30/93 (3725). The missile is fired from the Chandipur remainder of the missile's development launch site at the uninhabited island of phase. DRDO officials state that the 11/12/93 Tentuli Chadda in the Bay of Bengal. development period will be cut from 20 India officially launches the Nashak, the This is the Prithvi's twelfth test. Ac- to 10 years; three years of testing re- third missile boat in a series of fast mis- cording to former defense minister main. Private and public industry, sci- sile boats domestically built by Sharad Pawar, the missile will be de- entific institutions and over 50 Indian Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL). The ployed in 1993-94. Military officials defense R&D labs were involved in the boats were built using technology from refuse to comment on a news report in development of the Akash missile, the former . the Hindustan Times in 5/93 about the which, according to Prahlada, has made The Times of India (Bombay), 12/13/93, p. 5; in deployment of the missile in northern it possible for the program to procure JPRS-TND-93-038, 12/29/93, p. 22 (3971). Punjab next to the Pakistani border.

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 161 Missile Developments components which were difficult to by ISRO chairman U.R. Rao and CNES missiles--as a counterbalance to the cuts import. President, Rene Pellat. in its armed forces. Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 1/31/94, p. India News, 12/1/93, p. 1 (3713). Space News, Rahul Bedi, Jane's Defence Weekly, 11/6/93, p. 10 (3762). 12/13/93, p. 17 (3722). 56 (3862).

1/7/94 INDIA WITH RUSSIA INDIA WITH ISRAEL India postpones the third trial test of the Agni medium-range surface-to-sur- 7/15/93 9/93 face missile due to a "technical snag" Russia agrees to scale down its sale of A fourteen member Israeli telecommu- that occurs during the last phase of the liquid-fueled rocket engines and tech- nications and electronics delegation vis- countdown at the Interim Test Range at nology to India, worth an estimated its India. Nine of the delegates repre- Chandipur in Orissa. $400 million, which India claims is only sent key defense corporations such as All India Radio Network (Delhi), 1/7/94; in JPRS- for use on civil space launchers. Rus- TND-93-003, 1/31/94, p. 12 (3926). Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), Tadiran, sia may still sell some engines to India, Rafael, the Armament Development but not the technology. 1/26/94 Authority, Future Technology, Elbit Andrew Lawler, Defense News, 9/6/93, p. 6 India exhibits its Prithvi medium-range Computers, El-op Electro-Optics Indus- (3642). missile for the first time at the annual tries and Rada Electronics. The defense Republic Day Parade. The missile's jet hardware and software produced by 7/16/93 nozzles are covered in order to conceal these corporations includes missiles, The Indian Ambassador in Moscow is how accurate the missile is and how it guided weapon systems, anti-missile given a document by the Chief of the is guided, according to one defense ex- systems, military electronics, fire con- Directorate of International Scientific pert. trol systems, and other sophisticated and Technical Cooperation of the Rus- John-Thor Dahlburg, Los Angeles Times, 1/27/ defense materials. India's Aeronauti- sian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which 94, p. A8 (3973). cal Development Establishment (ADE), states that, due to unforseen circum- which is developing the Falcon remotely stances, Glavkosmos will not be able 1/30/94 piloted vehicle (RPV), is considering to fulfill its obligations on the transfer The Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief collaboration with IAI. Additionally, of cryogenic engines and technology Marshall S.K. Kaul, states that India IAI is discussing the supply of RPVs to under the 1/91 agreement. will develop anti-missile systems in re- India with the Indian Ministry of De- Strategic Digest, 11/93, pp. 1843-1844 (3979). sponse to reports that Pakistan is devel- fence. oping such weapons. Kaul states that Jane's Defence Weekly, 11/13/93, pp. 37-38 (3853). work has commenced on this type of 9/93 missile system by the Defence Research The agreement between Russia and In- and Development Organization dia for the supply of rocket engine tech- (DRDO). INDIA WITH PAKISTAN Indian Express (Delhi), 12/17/93, p. 6; in JPRS- nology is suspended. India has already TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 11-12 (3843). received 50 percent of the technical 11/11/93 drawings from Russia, and will be able In an interview with The Hindu, Paki- to slowly develop the technology itself. stani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto PPNN Newsbrief, Third Quarter, 1993, p. 6 INDIA WITH FRANCE notes that India's Prithvi and Agni mis- (3572). H. K. Dua, Hindustan Times, (Delhi), siles take "the Indian range [strike ca- 8/25/93, p. 13; in JPRS-TND-93-030, 9/27/93, 11/16/93 p. 14 (3852). Reuter, 12/15/93; in Executive pabilities] right up from the [Persian] News Service, 12/15/93 (3649). The Indian Space Research Organiza- Gulf to the Straits of Malacca." tion (ISRO), and the French Space Malini Parthasarathy, The Hindu, 11/20/93, p. Agency, Centre National d'Etudes 4 (3697). Spatialies (CNES), sign an agreement 10/4/93 for cooperation in the field of explora- INDIA WITH PRC Indian Defense Ministry sources say that tion and utilization of outer space for 11/93 Russia is offering for export to India peaceful use. The agreement is signed India's Chief of Air-Staff, Air Chief and other Asian countries advanced air at the ISRO headquarters in Bangalore, Marshal Swaroop Krishna Kaul states defense systems and air-to-surface cruise that China will bear watching because missiles. of its deployment of high-tech weap- Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 10/11/93, p. 11 (3846). onry, including nuclear and long-range

162 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

11/3/93 INDIA WITH UNITED STATES next-generation missiles. An unnamed Indian space expert states Lisa Burgess and Neil Munro, Defense News, 11/ that there is a chance that India will 7/93 29/93, pp. 8, 10 (3644). accept the cryogenic engines from Rus- The U.S. and its close industrial allies sia without the related production tech- ask the Indian government to refrain nology as most of the technology has from further deployment of the Prithvi already been delivered. Russia contin- missile and to suspend the Agni mis- ued to give India the cryogenic engine sile program. IRAN technology until 11/1/93 when its ob- UPI, 12/16/93 (3723). ligation to abide by the MTCR went into effect. More than four-fifths of the pro- duction technology may already have 8/1/93 It is reported that the U.S. firms Fiber been delivered by Glavkosmos to the INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Indian Space Research Organization. Materials Inc. and Materials Interna- tional will be tried in Boston on 9/28/ Vivek Raghuvanshi, Space News, 11/15/93, p.6 12/93 (3963). 93 for exporting, without a license, a production-sized hot isostatic press to According to the commander of U.S. 12/15/93 India which could be used to produce Naval Forces Central Command, Vice A Russian Glavkosmos official states carbon/carbon to coat missile and rocket Admiral Douglas Katz, Iran's naval that a Glavkosmos delegation was in tips. India's defence research depart- buildup may include purchase of Silk- India for two weeks in an attempt to ment laboratory contracted with the worm anti-ship missiles. According to salvage a deal to sell the Indian Space U.S. firms in 1988. U.S. military sources, Iran is attempt- Agency rocket engine technology. The Hindustan Times, 8/1/93; in Defence and Disar- ing to improve the guidance system of official says, "We [Russia and India] mament Review, 11/93, p. 1892 (3730). the Silkworm to improve the missile's corrected the agreement of the text to accuracy and resistance to electronic take into account the MTCR. . . . Some 8/27/93 countermeasures. changes were made and will be pre- Indian Foreign Secretary J.N. Dixit Philip Finnegan, Defense News, 12/6/93, pp. 1, 28 (3539). Philip Finnegan, Robert Holzer and sented to the government soon." states at a news conference in Washing- Neil Munro, Defense News, 1/17/94, pp. 1, 29 Reuter, 12/15/93; in Executive News Service, 12/ ton, D.C. that the Prithvi and Agni mis- (3539). 15/93 (3649). sile programs had been a major topic of discussion during his two days of talks 12/93 1/94 with U.S. officials. The International Institute for Strategic The Director General of Russia's Space R. Chakrapani, Hindu, 9/4/93, p. 9 (3974). Studies in London reports that Iran has Agency, Yuri Koptev, states that Russia at least three Silkworm missile sites, is continuing to cooperate with the In- 9/93 with three to six missiles at each site. dian space program and is ready to con- During talks between India and the U.S. Philip Finnegan, Robert Holzer and Neil Munro, clude seven contracts with India's Na- in Washington, India informs the U.S. Defense News, 1/17/94, pp. 1, 29 (3539). tional Space Agency, which will include that the Prithvi missile would not be the supply of cryogenic boosters for deployed "imminently." Launch sites IRAN WITH CZECH REPUBLIC India's Geostationary Satellite Launch for the Prithvi are being prepared along Vehicles and a $28 million contract for the border with Pakistan. the manufacture and supply of equip- Foreign Report, 9/30/93 (3765). 11/93 ment for servicing cryogenic booster During a visit to Iran, a Czech business systems. Even though Russia will not 10/26/93 delegation led by the General Director be supplying cryogenic booster tech- A Pentagon intelligence official states of Skoda Pilzen, Lubomir Soudek, re- nologies, Koptev states that the contract that inexpensive, commercially avail- portedly offers to sell Iran weapons, in- between Moscow and New Delhi re- able, GPS computer components could cluding a new generation of anti-aircraft mains at basically the amount agreed in be installed in Iranian cruise missiles missiles. the original 1991 contract: $220 mil- Jan Oberman, RFE/RL News Briefs, 1/10/94, pp. or be used to increase the accuracy of 19-20 (3651). lion, Chinese ballistic missiles. According Dmitriy Voskoboinikov, Igor Porshnev and Vitaliy to Pentagon intelligence officials, Chi- Trubetskoy, Interfax (Moscow), 1/18/94; in FBIS- SOV-94-012, 1/19/94, p. 13 (3613). nese, Iranian and Indian military re- searchers are working to put U.S. navi- gation technology (such as GPS) in their

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 163 Missile Developments

IRAN WITH IRAQ Iran is trying to obtain the capacity to 11/13/93 produce chemical and nuclear war- 9/93 An Iranian Defense Ministry source heads," which could be delivered by the Some Arab and Kurdish opposition denies allegations made in the Times of Nodong. London that Iran and Syria are co-pro- AFP (Paris), 12/20/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, 1/ forces in London state that Iraq has sold 18/94, p. 14 (3553). large amounts of arms and ammunition ducing sophisticated cruise missiles, and to Iran, including missiles and chemi- that Iran is financing the production of cal weapons, in exchange for foreign North Korean Scud missiles. The Times IRAN WITH PRC currency. Iraq also sent some of the report that Iran and Syria intend to pro- weapons through Iran to Sudan. duce a nuclear- or chemical-capable Voice of the Iraqi People, 9/9/93; in JPRS-TND- missile is based on information origi- 8/93 93-030, 9/27/93 (3940). nating from an international aerospace The Chinese ship Yin He, suspected of exhibition in Dubai. transporting chemicals to Iran, is inter- Reuter, 11/13/93 (3544). IRNA (), 11/ cepted "with the consent and coopera- IRAN WITH NORTH KOREA 13/93; in JPRS-TND-93-037, 12/8/93, p. 36 tion of the Chinese government," ac- (3544). cording to U.S. Deputy Secretary of 8/93 State for Nonproliferation Robert 12/93 Einhorn. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin Middle Eastern intelligence sources states that Russian aircraft probably Neil Munro and Barbara Opall, Defense News, claim that Iran is expected to take de- 1/24/94, pp. 6, 37 (3564). delivered North Korean Scud-C missiles livery of North Korean Nodong IRBMs to Iran. "within months." A full test of the mis- 1/94 AFP (Paris), 12/20/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, 1/ 18/94, P. 14 (3553). sile is expected to take place under A senior Pentagon official says that Iran North Korean supervision in the south- would like to acquire the 120 km range 10/28/93 ern Iranian desert by early 1994. C-801 sea-skimming missile, and is Flight International, 12/8/93, p. 14 (3517). North Korea denies claims in the West- negotiating the purchase of the EM52 ern press that it intends to test a ballis- rocket-propelled anti-ship mine Iran is 12/93 tic missile in Iran, stating, "It is incon- currently taking delivery of ten 29-m ceivable that the DPRK, making con- The North Korean Deputy Permanent missile boats from China. Representative to the U.N., Ho Jong, Philip Finnegan, Robert Holzer and Neil Munro, sistent efforts for world peace and se- Defense News, 1/17/94, pp. 1, 29 (3539). curity, intends to conduct a missile says that North Korea never had any launching test in a far-off foreign coun- intention of selling missiles to Iran, stat- try." The Islamic News Agency in Iran ing, "There is no sale. It is entirely IRAN WITH SYRIA also denies these claims. The reports false." Christian Science Monitor, 12/27/93, p. 4 (3529). of the missile testing first appear in Asharq al-Awsat, a Saudi newspaper 11/13/93 12/2/93 based in London, and indicate that a An Iranian Defense Ministry source missile, believed to be Nodong-2, would An "informed political source" in denies allegations made in the Times of probably be tested in the Lut desert in Tehran categorically denies Western London that Iran and Syria are co-pro- southeastern Iran in late 10/93 or 11/ press reports that a contract has been ducing sophisticated cruise missiles, and 93. signed for North Korea to deliver long- that Iran is financing the production of Kevin Rafferty, Guardian, 10/26/93 (3533). range Scud missiles to Iran and test the North Korean Scud missiles. The Times KCNA (Pyongyang), 10/28/93; in JPRS-TND-93- Nodong-1 missile in Iran. report that Iran and Syria intend to pro- 035, 11/10/93, p. 13 (3533). IRNA (Tehran), 12/2/93; in JPRS-TND-94-001, duce a nuclear- or chemical- capable 1/6/94, p. 38 (3596). missile is based on information origi- 11/12/93 nating from an international aerospace 12/20/93 South Korea's KBS-1 Radio cites the exhibition in Dubai. Russian newspaper Izvestiya as having A statement by Israeli Air Force Intel- Reuter, 11/13/93 (3544). IRNA (Tehran), 11/ reported that North Korea has provided ligence Chief Colonel "A" is published, 13/93; in JPRS-TND-93-037, 12/8/93, p. 36 Iran with the technology to manufac- which says, "Iran will have [North] (3544). ture Nodong-1 missiles in exchange for Korean Nodong missiles in a year which 12/93 Western technology and equipment. could be deployed in the west of the Reports from Teheran say that Syria and KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 11/12/93; in country and reach Israel." Colonel "A" Iran are working on a new joint cruise JPRS-TND-993-037, 12/8/93, p. 22 (3528). further states, "There is no doubt that missile development program which

164 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

utilizes Chinese and North Korean tech- Chinese ballistic missiles. According 1/94 nology. The program is reportedly cen- to Pentagon intelligence officials, Chi- U.S. officials believe that Iraq may have tered around Iran's Ministry of Heavy nese, Iranian and Indian military re- as many as 20 Al-Husayn missiles hid- Industries factories and is incorporat- searchers are working to put U.S. navi- den in bunkers. According to allied ing imported technology from Germany gation technology (such as GPS) in their intelligence and Iraqi officials, Iraq's and other European countries. next-generation missiles. armed forces have again become the Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/11/93, p. 18 (3505). Lisa Burgess and Neil Munro, Defense News, 11/ fourth largest in the world, despite 29/93, pp. 8, 10 (3644). nearly three years of U.N. sanctions. Jim Anderson, Washington Times, 1/19/94, p. IRAN WITH A19 (3511).

1992 IRAQ Iran purchases eight SS-N-22 Sunburn IRAQ WITH ARGENTINA supersonic anti-ship missiles for $600,000 each from Ukraine. 11/93 James Kraska, Defense News, 10/4/93, pp. 25- The Argentine Defense Ministry con- 26 (3562). firms that U.N. weapons inspectors dis- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS covered two Condor-2 missile engines 12/93 in Iraq and that Argentina delivered It is reported that the U.S. State De- 11/93 Condor "elements" to Iraq via Egypt partment urged Ukraine to show re- It is reported that Iraq has rebuilt 80 prior to the 1991 Gulf War. The two straint in weapons trade, and warned percent of its weapons plants, many of engines were built at Argentina's Falda Ukraine particularly about selling arms which were converted to produce weap- del Carmen plant. The ministry also to Iran. The U.S. government accuses ons not banned by the U.N. cease fire confirms that factories in Iraq and Egypt Ukraine of violating the MTCR, and of agreement, such as ballistic missiles were "twin sisters" of the Falda del selling missiles to Iran. Experts be- with ranges of less than 93 miles. Carmen plant. Argentine Defense Min- lieve that any deals between Ukraine and Wall Street Journal Europe, 11/15/93; in Inter- ister Oscar Camilion denies Argentine Iran would have involved a trade of national Security Digest, 12/93 (3512). involvement, and states that "there has weapons for oil. Ukraine says that no not been any transfer of Argentinean contracts of this kind have been con- technology to Iraq, as the technology cluded. 11/8/93 in question was fundamentally Ger- Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 12/14/93, Iraqi "specialized" army units carry out man." Camilion also denies that ex- p. 3 (3774). military exercises that include the fir- perts from Argentina worked with Iraq ing of surface-to-surface missiles for the 12/21/93 as part of a contract between the two first time since the end of the Gulf War Ukrainian arms negotiator Borys countries. There is no confirmation that in 2/91. According to Iraqi news re- Iraqi technicians participated in the Tarasyuk denies western media allega- ports, Iraqi Defense Minister Staff Gen- tions that Ukraine has sold several tac- project as well. eral Ali Hasan al-Majid witnessed the International Defence Review, 11/93, p. 842 tical missiles to Iran, stating that maneuvers, code-named "Fatal Blow," (3677). Ukraine would never trade in weapons which took place outside the city of with countries under U.N. sanctions Karbala, approximately 110 km south- IRAQ WITH IRAN such as Yugoslavia, Libya, Iraq and west of Baghdad. Iraqi television South Africa. showed approximately 14 missiles, six Reuter, 12/22/93; in Executive News Service, 12/ 9/93 23/93 (3825). to seven meters long, fired from mo- bile launchers during the exercises; the Some Arab and Kurdish opposition missiles were reportedly named al-Ra'd forces in London state that Iraq has sold IRAN WITH UNITED STATES [Thunder] and al-Tariq [Striker]. Iraqi large amounts of arms and ammunition newspapers added that the missiles to Iran, including missiles and chemi- 10/26/93 struck their targets with "high preci- cal weapons, in exchange for foreign A Pentagon intelligence official states sion" and accuracy. currency. Iraq also sent some of the that inexpensive, commercially avail- Babil (Baghdad), 11/10/93, p. 2; in JPRS-TND- weapons through Iran to Sudan. able, GPS computer components could 93-038, 12/29/93, pp. 29-30 (3669). Voice of the Iraqi People, 9/9/93; in JPRS-TND- be installed in Iranian cruise missiles 93-030, 9/27/93 (3940). or be used to increase the accuracy of

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 165 Missile Developments

IRAQ WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP 9/93 Reuter, 9/23/93; in Executive News Service, 9/ 24/93 (3715). Washington Times, 9/24/93, p. The Director of Iraq's military indus- A7 (3715). Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 9/24/93; in 12/28/93 trialization corporation, General Amer Executive News Service, 9/24/93 (3715). German and Saudi inspectors confiscate Mohammed Rashid, leads a high-rank- over one hundred barrels of ammonium ing team of Iraqi officials in discussions 9/26/93 perchlorate from a German-registered with the U.N. in New York. The dis- U.N. inspectors reactivate six cameras ship docked in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia cussions, which are expected to continue that were installed at the Al-Rafah and that was bound for Beirut, Lebanon until 9/9/93, are a first step toward an the Al-Yawm missile test facilities out- from Hung Fu, China. Ultimately, the agreement on removing the three-year- side Baghdad. The pictures are being ammonium perchlorate, which is used old embargo prohibiting the sale of Iraqi received at a U.N. office in Baghdad. in missile fuel, was to go to Iraq. oil. Abbas Salman, Reuter, 9/27/93; in Executive Reuter, 1/24/94; in Executive News Service, 1/ Paul Lewis, New York Times, 9/6/93, p. 2 (3549). News Service, 9/29/93 (3704). Washington 24/94 (3648). Michael Evens, Times, 1/27/94 Times, 9/27/93, p. A13 (3715). (3698). 9/93 UNSCOM Chairman Rolf Ekeus re- 9/27/93 IRAQ WITH SUDAN leases a report stating that there has been A U.N. inspection team of more than progress in arms talks but that Iraq is 50 inspectors, the largest team thus far, 9/93 still withholding information about its leaves for Iraq to conduct inspections Arab and Kurdish opposition forces in weapons programs and still needs to of Iraqi weapons facilities. The inspec- London state that Iraq has sold large accept the U.N. long-term monitoring tion team is led by Nikita Smidovich. amounts of arms and ammunition to plan. During the inspection, which lasts Iran, including missiles and chemical Reuter, 9/23/93; in Executive News Service, 9/ nearly a month, the team finds "no evi- weapons, in exchange for foreign cur- 24/93 (3715). dence of missiles and other military rency. Iraq also sent some of the weap- equipment banned by the ceasefire reso- ons through Iran to Sudan. 9/20/93 lution." However, the team gives proof Voice of the Iraqi People, 9/9/93; in JPRS-TND- The U.N. Security Council decides to to UNSCOM head Rolf Ekeus that Iraq 93-030, 9/27/93 (3940). continue its sanctions against Iraq. has been concealing information about UNSCOM Chairman Rolf Ekeus states its weapons production, capabilities, 12/93 that he will not return to Iraq unless and hidden facilities since the end of "Specially informed" Sudanese sources Iraq agrees to activate surveillance cam- the Gulf War. The U.N. maintains that in the eastern region stated that the large eras installed at two missile sites. He Iraq must reveal information pertaining number of Iraqis who have moved into also states that it would be six months to possible Scud missiles believed to be the area of the Red Sea mountain range after Iraq agrees to long term monitor- hidden. The team also states that in- are not oil prospectors but experts in ing of its ballistic missile, nuclear, sufficient progress has been made with missiles, defense systems, aircraft and chemical and biological programs be- the program for the long-term monitor- radars. Iraqis have been reported in fore UNSCOM will be able to deter- ing of Iraq's future weapons production. Madabay in Khawr Ashraf, Port Sudan, mine Iraqi compliance with U.N. reso- Leon Barkho, Reuter, 10/25/93 (3508). Andrew in the region of Dalawat on the Red Sea lutions. Finkel, Times, 10/9/93 (3923). AFP (Paris), 11/ near Hala'ib, and the city of Tawker in Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 9/20/93; in Executive 9/93; in FBIS-NES-93-216, 11/10/93, p. 24 region of Karnakanat. News Service, 9/21/93 (3518). (3669). Babil (Baghdad), 11/10/93, p. 2; in JPRS-TND-93-038, 12/29/93, pp. 29-30 (3669). Al-Wafd (Cairo), 12/26/93, p. 9; in JPRS-TND- Abbas Salman, Reuter, 9/27/93; in Executive 93-003, 1/31/94, p. 17 (3610). 9/23/93 News Service, 9/29/93 (3704). Iraq's Ambassador Nizar Hamdoon states that Iraq agrees to allow U.N. 9/30/93 surveillance cameras to be turned on at UNSCOM head Rolf Ekeus is sched- IRAQ WITH UNITED NATIONS two missile sites, making it possible to uled to arrive in Iraq for the latest round resume critical arms talks. Ambassa- of arms-related talks, and is to discuss 8/93 dor Hamdoon says that the decision was the overflight plan for monitoring Iraqi The U.N. installs cameras at the Al- "a sign of good will." U.N. surveil- compliance with U.N. disarmament Rafah and Al-Yawm missile test facili- lance cameras were installed in 8/93, resolutions. Ekeus states, "We're start- ties outside Baghdad. but were not activated because Iraq first ing a very comprehensive and intensive Abbas Salman, Reuter, 9/27/93; in Executive wanted the U.N. to review Iraqi progress program of overflights across the entire News Service, 9/29/93 (3704). in destroying its weapons of mass de- country, with new planes, new helicop- struction. ters and new sensors being brought in

166 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

during the first days of October." Ekeus 11/10/93 ceptance of long-term monitoring as says that Iraq must reveal the suppliers UNSCOM releases a report stating that defined in U.N. Resolution 715 could to its missile and chemical weapons Iraq must agree to the long-term moni- constitute a "major breakthrough." programs, but Iraq has not yet done so. toring program before any further Paul Lewis, New York Times, 11/27/93, pp. 1, 5 Ekeus states, "The weapons themselves (3780). Trevor Rowe, Washington Post, 11/27/ progress can be made and that U.N. of- 93, p. A20 (3780). Anthony Goodman, Wash- came largely from the Eastern bloc, such ficials are expecting Iraq to agree to the ington Times, 11/27/93, pp. A1, A12 (3780). as the Soviet Union. But the produc- monitoring plan when Iraq's deputy New York Times, 1/31/94, p. A4 (3716). Disar- tion equipment is of a higher quality, prime minister, Tariq Aziz, arrives in mament Bulletin, Winter 93/94, pp. 12-13 (3694). and it seems likely some of it comes New York on 11/22/93 for arms-related from Western suppliers." talks. The new weapons discussions are 12/1/93 Annika Savill, Independent, 9/29/93 (3927). focussing on filling the gaps that still The United Nations issues a report stat- remain regarding Iraq's chemical, bio- ing that Iraq's recent acceptance of long- 10/8/93 logical, and missile and nuclear weap- term monitoring removed the primary On the last day of an eight-day trip by ons programs; however, U.N. officials barrier toward meeting U.N. weapon UNSCOM chairman Rolf Ekeus, the are relatively more satisfied with the demands. The UNSCOM stated that it Iraqi government releases to the U.N. information concerning ballistic missile would not be satisfied until it verified information about arms suppliers who and nuclear weapons programs. data on Iraq's chemical weapons and contributed to its stockpile of weapons. Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 11/10/93 (3546). implemented a monitoring program. This action brings Iraq closer to com- Washington Times, 12/2/93, p. A11 (3693). plying with U.N. requests to provide 11/18/93 Lucia Mouat, Christian Science Monitor, 12/3/ 93, p. 6 (3676). information concerning Iraq's weapons The U.N. Security Council decides to procurement process. Ekeus states, maintain its three-year-old sanctions 1/30/94 however, that "...it is not a matter of against Iraq, having determined that Iraq U.N. weapons inspector Nikita full compliance at this stage." Ekeus has not yet met the conditions neces- Smidovich states that the monitoring of says that more must still be done to get sary to justify lifting or altering the ban. Iraq's missile production will be "un- a clear picture of Iraq's missile, chemi- None of the 15 Security Council mem- precedented," and that it will use tele- cal, and biological programs, and com- bers objects to the decision, which was vision cameras, factory inspections, and ments that he is not sure that the list is reached after a regular 60-day UN re- monitoring sensors. Smidovich is the complete. view of the sanctions, but French Am- head of a U.N. monitoring team of 16 Leon Barkho, Reuter, 10/8/93; in Executive News bassador Jean-Bernard Merimee states weapons specialists just returning from Service, 10/8/93 (3548). Washington Times, 10/ that Iraq should be allowed to sell oil 9/93, p. A7 (3548). International Herald Tri- a week in Baghdad. bune, 10/9/93 (3661). once it has complied with the U.N. New York Times, 1/31/94, p. A4 (3716). cease-fire resolution that links weapons 10/15/93 demands and oil sanctions. U.S. Am- bassador Madeleine Albright accuses A U.N. document raises the possibility IRAQ WITH YUGOSLAVIA that Iraq could resume the sale of oil Iraq of "non-cooperation, subterfuge, and dubious promises," with regard to sooner than expected because it is mov- 12/93 ing closer to compliance with Security Iraq's compliance with U.N. resolu- The former Chief of the Yugoslavian Council resolutions. UNSCOM head tions. Regarding Iraq's recent disclo- General Staff, General Zivota Panic, Rolf Ekeus states that "substantial sures of weapons data, Albright says states that within the next five years, progress" has been made in getting Iraq "simply put Iraq continues to cheat, Yugoslavia will develop 600 km and to supply the commission with infor- only the tactics have changed." 1000 km missiles at the Military Tech- mation about its long-range missile, Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 11/18/93 (3717). nical College in Belgrade. The esti- chemical and biological weapons pro- mated cost of the project is $100 mil- grams. 11/26/93 James Tanner, Wall Street Journal, 10/18/93, p. Iraq agrees to accept U.N. long-term lion, and it will include parts from Iraq C12 (3658). monitoring, a process which is intended and North Korea. to prevent the production of weapons Milan Vego, Jane's Intelligence Review, 12/93, 10/25/93 of mass destruction. UNSCOM Chair- pp. 541-546 (3968). A senior U.N. official states that Iraq man Rolf Ekeus says it will take up to is close to complying with Security six months to test any long-term moni- Council Resolutions that call for the toring system before it can become fully destruction of its ballistic weapons. operational. Ekeus says that Iraq's ac- Leon Barkho, Reuter, 10/25/93 (3508).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 167 Missile Developments

due to a suspected proximity fuse mal- ISRAEL WITH CHILE function. The target, a second Arrow ISRAEL missile, carries a simulated chemical 10/21/93 warhead. Both missiles are fired from A test of the Barak point-defense mis- an Israeli naval vessel anchored 10 km sile is conducted from a missile patrol from the Palmachim testing range. This boat in which the missile passes within test follows a failed test in 6/93 when "kill distance" of its target, a Gabriel the target missile failed to come within INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS sea-skimming missile. According to range, and another test was scrubbed in one program source this "proved the 8/93 when the target missile veered off 7/93 missile's capability to intercept sea- course. Another chemical warhead in- skimming missiles under severe condi- Israel aborts a test of the Arrow ATBM terception test is expected in 2/94. when the target, another Arrow missile, tions." The Barak program was initi- Bradley Burston, Reuter, 10/17/93; in Executive ated in 1979 for the Israeli and Chilean veers off course and has to be destroyed. News Service, 10/19/93 (3561). Flight Interna- In 10/93, Israel will conduct a proof of tional, 10/27/93, p. 17 (3561). Jane's Defence navies, and is being jointly developed concept test of the Arrow's ability to Weekly, 10//30/93, p. 10 (3561). by Rafael and IAI subsidiary Elta, the lock on to an incoming ballistic missile former working on the missile itself and with a simulated chemical warhead. 11/93 the latter on the radar system. Flight International, 11/3/93, p. 18 (3560). IDF Flight International, 9/22/93, p. 6 (3787). U.S. government officials confirm the Radio (Tel Aviv), 11/3/93; in FBIS-NES-93-211, existence of underground launch facili- 11/3/93, p. 48 (3560). Jane's Defence Weekly, 9/8/93 ties for the nuclear-capable Jericho-1 11/6/93, p. 7 (3560). NBC News reports that there are cam- and Jericho-2 missiles 14 miles west of ouflaged missile bunkers in Galilee con- Jerusalem. The facilities consist of a bunker storage area, a road network, and taining Jericho-1 and -2 missiles. The ISRAEL WITH INDIA Jericho-1 and -2 missiles have ranges caves used as prelaunch preparation sites. French and Russian satellite pho- of 288 miles and 900 miles respectively. 9/93 The report also states that Israel is de- tographs indicate that the facility was expanded between 1989 and 1993 to A fourteen member Israeli telecom- veloping and testing missile systems munications and electronics delegation with even longer ranges. accommodate the newer Jericho-2 mis- sile. Israel's nuclear force, which could visits India. Nine of the delegates rep- Reuter, 9/8/93 (3597). David A. Fulghum and resent key defense corporations such as Jeffrey M. Lenorovitz, Aviation Week & Space include about 50 Jericho-1 missiles (288 Technology, 11/8/93, p. 29 (3597). mi range), is being supplemented with Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), Tadiran, approximately 50 Jericho-2 (900 mi Rafael, the Armament Development 10/93 range) missiles. The Jericho missiles Authority, Future Technology, Elbit According to the Jerusalem Post, Israel are believed to be built at the Be'er Computers, El-op Electro-Optics Indus- has embarked on a five-year secret Yaakov missile factory north of the mis- tries and Rada Electronics. The defense project, which began in fiscal year sile site. hardware and software produced by 1993, to develop and deploy an ATBM David A. Fulghum and Jeffrey M. Lenorovitz, these corporations includes missiles, system that would combine the U.S.- Aviation Week & Space Technology, 11/8/93, p. guided weapon systems, anti-missile Israeli Arrow missile with a purely Is- 29 (3597). systems, military electronics, fire con- raeli fire-control and early warning ra- trol systems, and other sophisticated dar and test bed. This move was 11/93 defense materials. India's Aeronauti- prompted by Israeli concern over Ira- According to the Egyptian newspaper cal Development Establishment (ADE), nian acquisition of the North Korean Al-Sha'b, Israel, after four months of which is developing the Falcon remotely Nodong missile and Syria's deployment preparation, conducts its second nuclear piloted vehicle (RPV), is considering of North Korean Scud-C missiles. test of 1993, at a cost of $30 million. collaboration with IAI. Additionally, Steve Rodan, Jerusalem Post, 10/6/93, pp. 1-2; The test focussed on experiments with IAI is discussing the supply of RPVs to in JPRS-TND-93-034, 10/27/93, pp. 29-30 new short-range nuclear missiles and India with the Indian Ministry of De- (3786). other "technological weapons." The test fence. also checked the efficiency of three se- Jane's Defence Weekly, 11/13/93, pp. 37-38 10/14/93 cret bases that control the launch of (3853). In the sixth test of the system, an Ar- nuclear missiles. row ATBM locks on to and passes Mahmud Bakri, Al-Sha'b (Cairo); in JPRS-TND- within 2 to 10 m (reports vary) its tar- 93-038, 12/29/93, p. 33 (3789). get, but the warhead fails to detonate

168 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

ISRAEL WITH NORTH KOREA ern concerns that China may re-export it to countries such as Pakistan and Iran. ITALY 6/25/93 Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, 10/12/93, pp. A1, A6 (3784). Washington Times, 10/12/ In Beijing, Israeli Foreign Ministry 93, p. A10 (3784). Michael R. Gordon, New deputy director Eitan Bentsur meets York Times, 10/13/93, p. A7 (3784). Patrick with North Korean officials in an at- Cockburn, Independent, 10/13/93 (3784). tempt to dissuade them from providing ITALY WITH PAKISTAN Iran with 150 Nodong-1 missiles in 10/13/93 exchange for oil and cash. The meet- Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, 10/93 ing reportedly ends with the North Ko- in his first visit to China, rejects as "to- An Italian team visits Islamabad and reans demanding cash payments from tal nonsense" a CIA report that Israel attempts to sell a missile system [desig- Israel to stop the sale. had sold to China several billion dol- nation not provided] to Pakistan. Reuter, 8/17/93; in US-Korea Review, 9/93, p. 3 lars in arms and military technology, Edward A. Gargan, New York Times Interna- (3583). Jon B. Wolfsthal, Arms Control Today, some of U.S. origin and some that may tional, 10/21/93 (3721). 9/93, p. 24 (3583). have assisted China in the improvement of offensive and defensive missiles. 8/16/93 Israel's assistance in Chinese military At the behest of the U.S., Israeli Prime modernization is an attempt to encour- Minister Yitzhak Rabin announces that age China not to sell ballistic missiles JAPAN Israel will break off discussions with in the Middle East to countries like North Korea which are designed to halt Syria and Iran. According to a Rand the sale of Pyongyang's missiles to the Corporation report, Israel assisted Middle East. China in the development of SAMs, Reuter, 8/17/93; in US-Korea Review, 9/93, p. 3 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS (3583). Jon B. Wolfsthal, Arms Control Today, AAMs, and an intermediate-range mis- 9/93, p. 24 (3583). sile. Patrick E. Tyler, New York Times Service, 10/14/ 9/29/93 93; in International Herald Tribune, 10/14/93 (3785). Tony Walker, Financial Times, 10/14/ Japan's administrative vice defense min- 93 (3785). Patrick E. Tyler, New York Times, ister, Shigeru Hatakeyama, says that the ISRAEL WITH PRC 10/14/93, p. A3 (3785). proposed joint development of the The- ater Missile Defense system with the 5/93 U.S. would not violate Japanese law. Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres ISRAEL WITH UNITED STATES Barbara Opall and Naoaki Usui, Defense News, is assured by China that China will not 10/4/93, p. 3 (3746). sell missiles in the Middle East. Israel 11/12/93 may have been using the U.S. deals with 10/4/93 South Africa and Argentina, in which In a meeting with U.S. President Bill Japan's Prime Minister Hosokawa calls nuclear and missile projects were bought Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak for a Cabinet debate to consider the U.S. or bartered away, as a nonproliferation Rabin raises the issue of transferring proposal to jointly develop the TMD model. supercomputers to Israel. The comput- system which would use satellite radar Reuter, 8/17/93; in US-Korea Review, 9/93, p. 3 ers could assist in the development of and other electronic systems to detect (3583). nuclear and ballistic missiles, or be used missile launches and destroy them be- to process information from satellite and fore they reached their targets. 10/93 missile operations. UPI, 10/4/93; in NNN News, 10/4/93 (3803). The CIA asserts that Israel has sold Barbara Opall, Defense News, 11/15/93, pp. 1, 29 (3788). China advanced military equipment 10/6/93 worth perhaps "several billion dollars" 12/93 Japanese Defense Agency Director Gen- over the past ten years. U.S. intelli- eral Keisuke Nakanishi tells the budget gence experts are increasingly con- It is reported that Israel wants to pur- chase nine Multiple Launch Rocket committee of the Lower House of par- cerned that China is attempting to use liament that Japan has "no capability" Israel as a conduit for acquiring West- Systems, six M577 command post car- riers and 216 tactical rocket pods from to counter North Korean missiles. ern military technology that it has been Masaru Sato, Reuter, 10/6/93 (3803). unable to procure directly. The CIA the U.S. The items are worth a total of reports that Israel continues to sell mili- $97 million. tary technology to China despite west- Jane's Defense Weekly, 12/93, p. 9 (3908).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 169 Missile Developments

10/21/93 1/94 sile warhead, so that the Nodong-1 mis- Japan's Social Democratic Party for- Japanese military analyst Haruo Fujii sile could deliver a nuclear bomb to mally opposes the inclusion of Patriot saysthat Japan's space rockets, such as Japan." Tsutomu Nishioka, editor of surface-to-air missiles, costing $329 the H-2, could be converted for mili- the Institutes monthly news magazine, million, in the 1994 defense budget, tary use. In Japan's annual "Defense notes that 60 billion Yen worth of re- noting that Japan is unable to afford of Japan" white paper, the defense min- mittances are sent to North Korea an- them and that the Cold War has ended. istry states that the Self-Defense Forces nually, a figure that dwarfs the North However, it remains unclear whether the cannot possess ICBMs. On 2/1/94, the Korean budget of 35 billion Won. party will vote against Prime Minister H-2 will undergo its first test flight. Nishioka adds that "although a ban on Hosokawa's budget. Eugene Moosa, Reuter, 1/31/94 (3931). cash gifts to North Korean relatives may Defense News, 10/25/93, p. 2 (3746). raise humanitarian problems, to prevent North Korea from developing a nuclear 1/94 JAPAN WITH GERMANY missile should take precedence, as a It is reported that before 3/94, Japan is nuclear attack would snuff out so many expected to order the first batch of 11/93 people." XASM-2 air-launched anti-ship missiles Kyodo (Tokyo), 12/15/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, It is reported that, in 8/94, German and 1/18/94, p. 5 (3559). to equip its interceptors and close-air- Japanese researchers will conduct sev- support fighters. Having reached the eral tests at Japan's Kagoshima Space first stage of its missile modernization 1/14/94 Center using a small Japanese sound- Japanese police raid NEC affiliate program, the Technical Research and ing rocket, the M3S-2, manufactured Development Institute (TRDI) of the Corp., and two other compa- by the Nissan Motor Co., and a Ger- nies, on suspicion of having sold spec- Japanese Defense Agency and man retrievable capsule. One experi- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has fin- trum analyzers, which could be used to ment will collect data on how to con- improve missile guidance systems, to ished development of the XASM-2, trol a rocket's trajectory when reenter- which is designated the Type 93 air- North Korea in 1989. One of the other ing the atmosphere. two companies raided, Yokohama Ma- launched anti-ship missile and will re- Space News, 11/15/93, p. 16 (3929). place the Type 80 (ASM-1) currently chinery Trading Co., is suspected of having exported three spectrum analyz- in service. The Type 93, which has JAPAN WITH NORTH KOREA been under development since 1988, ers in 1989 to North Korea via China. North Korea denies the allegations say- uses an infrared image homing system 10/93 built by Fujitsu, and has a 100 km range ing that the spectrum analyzers are used Japanese military officials question using a turbojet powerplant. TRDI in television communication. whether North Korea's Nodong-1 mis- development programs include the fol- David E. Sanger, New York Times, 1/14/94, p. 5 sile poses a potential threat. The offi- (3747). Terry McCarthy, Independent, 1/15/94 lowing: for the navy, the Type 90 SSM- cials point out that North Korea's de- (3532). Reuter, 1/15/94 (3747). Michiyo 1B, an ship-to-ship version of the turbo- Nakamoto, Financial Times, 1/15/94, p. 3 (3747). fense production plants operate at only jet powered Type 88 (SSM-1) land- Jathon Sapsford and David P. Hamilton, Wall 40 to 50 percent of capacity, which based anti-ship cruise missile; for the Street Journal, 1/17/94, p. A6 (3747). Radio might not provide the technical and Moscow, 1/19/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-014, 1/21/ Japanese P-3C force, the Type 91 air- industrial capability necessary to de- 94, p. 19 (3532). International Herald Tribune, launched anti-ship version built by 1/20/94 (3532). Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 1/ velop such a missile. 24/94, p. 26 (3747). Lockheed and Kawasaki, which was Aviation Week & Space Technology, 10/18/93, adapted from the Type 80; the next de- p. 101 (3865). velopment is the XSSM-2, an improved Type 88; and an advanced radar-hom- 1/18/94 ing air-to-air missile and medium-range 12/15/93 Japanese Foreign Ministry press secre- surface-to-surface missile is to replace The director of the Modern Korea In- tary, Teruhiko Terado, states that the the Hawk and Sparrow missile currently stitute, Katsumi Sato, states that likelihood that Japanese signal analyz- in service. Once these development Chongryun, the 150,000 member (pro- ers were "used for the [North Korean] programs are complete, all of Japan's North Korean) General Association of Nodong missile is very low." missiles will be indigenously produced Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 1/24/94, p. 26 Korean Residents in Japan, has exported (3747). except for its Patriot surface-to-air mis- "key high-tech components North Ko- siles. rea needs for its war machine," and adds Aviation Week & Space Technology, 1/10/94, p. 60 (3749). that Institute analysis shows that North Korea is "now trying to downsize a mis-

170 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

JAPAN WITH PRC 9/93 government opposed the Theater Mis- U.S. Pentagon acquisition chief, John sile Defense (TMD). The working-level 12/20/93 Deutch, and U.S. Army Major General committee will be limited to "basic stud- The Director of China's Department of and acting Ballistic Missile Defense ies" due to Japan's laws on collective Asian Affairs of the Foreign Ministry, Organization director, Malcolm defense arrangements. U.S. Wang Yingfang, and the Director Gen- O'Neill, discuss the TMD proposal Undersecretary of Defense John Deutch eral of Japan's Asian Affairs Bureau, with Japanese officials. says that the TMD proposal would be a Tadashi Ikeda, hold talks on mutual se- BMD Monitor, 10/8/93, pp. 265-266 (3803). "technology-for-technology arrange- curity concerns in which Yingfang re- ment" in which the U.S. would pass on veals that China "refused sales" of M- 9/8/93 military technology in exchange for 11 missile technology to Pakistan. Japanese Defense Minister Keisuke Japanese dual-use technology. Some Kyodo (Tokyo), 12/20/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, Nakanishi says that Japan is studying Japanese socialists reportedly say that 1/18/94, p. 42 (3955). the feasibility of jointly developing a the TMD goes against a parliamentary Theater Missile Defense (TMD) system resolution which bans the military use with the U.S., which could counter po- of space other laws that prohibit action JAPAN WITH SOUTH KOREA tential North Korean attacks. for collective defense. Reuter, 9/8/93 (3801). Washington Times, 9/9/ David E. Sanger, New York Times, 9/18/93, pp. 93, p. A2 (3801). Reuter, 9/20/93 (3801). Flight 1-2 (3746). Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/28/93; in JPRS- 9/17/93 International, 9/15/93, p. 19 (3801). TND-93-034, 1/27/93, pp. 3-4 (3746). Barbara Japanese Defense Agency Director Gen- Opall and Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 10/4/ eral Keisuke Nakanishi and South Ko- 93, p. 3 (3746). Susuma Awanohara, Far East- 9/16/93 ern Economic Review, 10/14/93, p. 22 (3746). rean Air Force Chief of Staff General The U.S. ambassador to Japan, Walter Inside the Pentagon, 10/14/93, p. 3 (3746). Cho Kun-hae agree on the need to pro- F. Mondale, proposes to the Japanese Defense News, 10/25/93, p. 2 (3746). mote cooperation between their coun- Deputy Foreign Minister, Kunihiko tries and with the U.S. against suspected Saito, that Japan and the U.S. set up a North Korean long-range missile and Theater Missile Defense system capable late 9/93 nuclear developments. of destroying North Korean missiles. Responding to questions regarding Japa- Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/17/93; in FBIS-EAS-93-179, 9/17/93, p. 6 (3584). The system would deploy surveillance nese-U.S. joint development of a The- satellites to detect a ballistic missile at- ater Missile Defense (TMD) program, tack and would be coupled with ground Tomiichi Murayama, chairman of the batteries capable of intercepting and Japanese Social Democratic Party JAPAN WITH UNITED STATES destroying missiles at high altitudes. (SDP), says that the SDP "will not sup- International Herald Tribune, 9/17/93 (3916). port a proposal to maintain peace by 8/1/93-8/3/93 strengthening Japan's military capabili- U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for 9/27/93 ties." Policy Frank Wisner and Japanese De- Japanese Defense Minister Keisuke United Press International, 9/28/93; in NNN fense Minister Keisuki Nakanishi dis- Nakanishi and U.S. Defense Secretary News, 9/28/93 (3904). cuss theater missile defenses as a means Les Aspin agree to set up a working- of protecting Japan from North Korea's level committee to study how both coun- 12/93 Nodong-1 and other IRBMs. tries can jointly develop a defense A Japanese military delegation, includ- Vago Muradian, Defense News, 9/20/93, pp. 1, against tactical ballistic missiles. In ing the Japanese Defense Agency's di- 29 (3967). prior months, both countries discussed rector of defense policy and Director of Japanese participation in the U.S. The- National Security Affairs at the Foreign 9/93 ater High Altitude Area Defense pro- Ministry, Yishinori Katori, visits the Japanese officials visit the Lockheed gram and Japan's incorporation of PAC- U.S. The delegation points out its con- corporation in order to be briefed on 3 improvements into its purchased Pa- cern about the possibility that the per- the Theater High Altitude Area Defense triot system. At the meeting, however, formance of the Patriot PAC-2 missile (THAAD). both countries failed to agree on a U.S. will be inadequate vis-a-vis the North BMD Monitor, 10/8/93, pp. 265-266 (3803). proposal to develop a $12 billion de- Korean Nodong-1 missile. fense system against North Korea's mis- Paul Beaver, Jane's Defence Weekly, 1/15/93, p. 4 (3551). siles, because the Japanese coalition

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 171 Missile Developments

KUWAIT WITH UNITED STATES KAZAKHSTAN KUWAIT 1/23/94 An offset memorandum with the U.S. company Raytheon is signed with Ku- wait at a value of $98.2 million. The INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS KUWAIT WITH KAZAKHSTAN agreement calls for Raytheon to rein- vest 30 percent of the contract value of 10/93 11/30/93 the existing deal to sell 210 Patriot mis- Kazakhstan's army is reportedly now Kuwaiti official Shaykh al-Sabah flies siles and five firing units to Kuwait. being restructured; new units include to the Emba test range in Kazakhstan Under the terms of the agreement, the 304th Field Artillery and 376th and witnesses tests of C-300B (S-300V) Raytheon will assist in the design and Multiple Rocket Artillery brigades lo- anti-aircraft missile systems; Kuwait is construction of an energy-related facil- cated in Samsy, as well as the 987th interested in purchasing the S-300 from ity to be carried out over a period of 3 Rocket, 645th Field Artillery, and Russia. 1/2 years. 962nd Multiple Rocket Artillery regi- Viktor Zamyatin and Ilya Bulavinov, Kommersant- Reuter, 1/22/94; in Executive News Service, 1/ Daily, (Moscow), 12/1/93, p. 3 (3629). 24/94 (3537). Reuter, 1/23/94; in Executive News ments located in Semipalatinsk. Service, 1/24/94 (3537). Robert Karniol, Jane's Defence Weekly, 10/9/93, p. 15 (3668). KUWAIT WITH RUSSIA

KAZAKHSTAN WITH KUWAIT 12/2/93 LEBANON A Russian-Kuwaiti defense cooperation 11/30/93 agreement is signed, and a Russian ra- Kuwaiti official Shaykh al-Sabah flies dio report subsequently states that Ku- to the Emba test range in Kazakhstan wait intends to buy five unspecified missile systems. and witnesses tests of C-300B (S-300V) LEBANON WITH MULTI-COUNTRY anti-aircraft missile systems; Kuwait is Christopher Foss, Jane's Defence Weekly, 1/15/ GROUP interested in purchasing the S-300 from 94, pp. 20-21 (3626). Russia. Viktor Zamyatin and Ilya Bulavinov, Kommersant- 12/28/93 Daily, (Moscow), 12/1/93, p. 3 (3629). KUWAIT WITH UNITED KINGDOM German and Saudi inspectors confiscate over one hundred barrels of ammonium 1/94 perchlorate from a German-registered KAZAKHSTAN WITH Kuwait is discussing the purchase of ap- ship docked in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia that was bound for Beirut, Lebanon MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP proximately two battalions, each con- taining 24-27 vehicles, of multiple- from Hung Fu, China. Ultimately, the ammonium perchlorate, which is used 11/17/92 launch rocket systems (MLRS) from the U.K. company Hunting Engineering in missile fuel, was to go to Iraq. A relatively successful second in-flight Reuter, 1/24/94; in Executive News Service, 1/ test of a super-ramjet engine is con- Ltd. (HEL). Initial deliveries of the 24/94 (3648). Michael Evens, Times, 1/27/94 ducted at a military base in Kazakhstan MLRS systems would probably begin (3698). with Russian, French and Kazakh sci- in 1994-1995. The package would in- entists present. Although stabilization clude Phase 1 MLRS rockets, Leyland of combustion in supersonic mode above DROPS (8X6) vehicles, Jasmin train- Mach 5 for a significant period of time ing equipment and artillery fire control occurs, there are problems with the systems from Marconi Radar and Con- operation including a lack of hydrogen trol Systems. flow, inability to check hydrogen flow Christopher Foss, Jane's Defence Weekly, 1/15/ 94, pp. 20-21 (3626). control system efficiency, and tank pres- surization. L'Armement, 7/93, pp. 84-88; in JPRS-TND-94- 001, 1/6/94, pp. 36-38 (3839).

172 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

11/12/93 A spokesman for the Japanese Defense LIBYA NORTH KOREA Ministry's intelligence department states, "We cannot accurately say when and where the missiles [Nodong-1] would be deployed, but it is true that they [North Korea] are very close to completing development of this mis- LIBYA WITH RUSSIA INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS sile." The spokesman also states that North Korea has not developed an ad- 10/1/93 5/93 vanced solid-fuel missile. He is unable The director of the Russian External Re- North Korea tests the Nodong missile to confirm whether North Korea has lations Ministry's National Market Re- as well as an unidentified type of Scud begun development of the longer range search Institute, Mikhail Sarafanov, de- missile. Nodong-2 missile. Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 9/15/93, p. A6 nies that Russia has tried to sell missile Reuter, 11/12/93 (3556). fuel to Libya. (3552). Kyodo (Tokyo), 10/1/93; in JPRS-TND-93-031, 10/8/93, p. 42 (3657). 8/93 12/2/93 North Korea confirms the development A high-ranking South Korean intelli- of the Nodong-1 missile. gence official confirms that North Ko- Reuter, 11/12/93 (3556). rea conducted its first successful test launch of the Nodong-1 missile at the 8/93 end of 5/93. The missile was fired from MALAYSIA A former North Korean Army Engineer a mobile launcher from a site in Taepo- Corps officer, who had defected to South dong, Hwadae-gun, North Hamgyong Korea, reports that North Korea has Province, striking a target 500 km dis- built four underground missile launch- tant. The mobile-launch capability ing pads with the missiles aimed at U.S. demonstrates an improvement over the missile's previous fixed-launch capabil- MALAYSIA WITH SWEDEN bases in South Korea and Japan. Asiaweek, 9/29/93, p. 33 (3554). ity. Choson Ilbo, 12/3/93; in FBIS-EAS-12/3/93 11/93 (3555). Malaysia and Sweden are reportedly fi- 9/14/93 nalizing a defense-related Memorandum The former Commander of U.S. Forces 12/24/93 Korea, retired U.S. Army General Rob- of Understanding that provides a frame- A senior Japanese Defense Agency ert W. RisCassi, commenting on the test work for cooperation and may include spokesman is quoted as saying that launch of the Nodong missile in late 5/ the transfer of Swedish technology to "when North Korea succeeded in test 93, states, "There was no telemetry with Malaysia. Malaysia has purchased four firing the Nodong-1 in late March [May the shots, which was strange, and there Spica M class fast attack craft/missiles 29-30] it was launched from a fixed plat- was no close-down of the sea and air from Sweden, and Saab Missiles plans form, so we thought that changing the space in that direction, which is odd to open a regional office in Kuala location was very difficult, but later the when you are making a missile that you Lumpur in 1994. United States and Japan learned that a have not tested before and are firing at Robert Karniol, Jane's Defence Weekly, 11/20/ mobile launch was possible by analyz- any extended ranges." RisCassi believes 93, p. 5 (3969). ing intelligence." The spokesman adds the test was a demonstration for pro- that the mobility of the Nodong-1, and spective Middle Eastern buyers. the fact that North Korea has relocated Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 9/15/93, p. A6 (3552). most of its military facilities under- ground, makes detection and destruc- 11/4/93 tion of the missiles extremely difficult. U.S. officials confirm reports that North The official also states that the Nodong- Korea has moved multiple-launch rocket 1 is too large to be launched from a systems and heavy artillery south in ship. According to international mili- 1993. tary sources, "North Korea will put the R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 11/6/93 Nodong-1 missile into operational de- (3567). Michael Evans, Times, 11/8/93, p. 13 ployment next year [1994]." (3567).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 173 Missile Developments

Yonhap (Seoul), 12/24/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, exhibition in Dubai. tempt to dissuade them from conclud- 1/18/94, p. 5 (3550). Reuter, 11/13/93 (3544). IRNA (Tehran), 11/ ing a reported deal to provide Iran with 13/93; in JPRS-TND-93-037, 12/8/93, p. 36 150 Nodong-1 missiles in exchange for NORTH KOREA WITH IRAN (3544). 12/93 oil and cash. The meeting reportedly ends with the North Koreans demand- Middle Eastern intelligence sources 8/93 ing cash payments from Israel to stop claim that Iran is expected to take de- Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin the sale. states that Russian aircraft probably livery of North Korean Nodong IRBMs Reuter, 8/17/93; in US-Korea Review, 9/93, p. 3 delivered North Korean Scud-C missiles "within months." A full test of the mis- (3583). Jon B. Wolfsthal, Arms Control Today, to Iran. sile is expected to take place under 9/93, p. 24 (3583). AFP (Paris), 12/20/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, 1/ North Korean supervision in the south- 18/94, P. 14 (3553). ern Iranian desert by early 1994. 8/16/93 Flight International, 12/8/93, p. 14 (3517). At the behest of the U.S., Israeli Prime 10/28/93 Minister Yitzhak Rabin announces that North Korea denies claims in the West- 12/93 Israel will break off discussions with ern press that it intends to test a ballis- The North Korean Deputy Permanent North Korea which are designed to halt tic missile in Iran, stating, "It is incon- Representative to the U.N., Ho Jong, the sale of Pyongyang's missiles to the ceivable that the DPRK, making con- says that North Korea never had any Middle East. sistent efforts for world peace and se- intention of selling missiles to Iran, stat- Reuter, 8/17/93; in US-Korea Review, 9/93, p. 3 curity, intends to conduct a missile ing, "There is no sale. It is entirely (3583). Jon B. Wolfsthal, Arms Control Today, launching test in a far-off foreign coun- false." 9/93, p. 24 (3583). try." The Islamic News Agency in Iran Christian Science Monitor, 12/27/93, p. 4 (3529). also denies these claims. The reports of the missile testing first appear in 12/2/93 NORTH KOREA WITH JAPAN Asharq al-Awsat, a Saudi newspaper An "informed political source" in based in London, and indicate that a Tehran categorically denies Western 10/93 missile, believed to be Nodong-2, would press reports that a contract has been Japanese military officials question probably be tested in the Lut desert in signed for North Korea to deliver long- whether North Korea's Nodong-1 mis- southeastern Iran in late 10/93 or 11/ range Scud missiles to Iran and test the sile poses a potential threat. The offi- 93. Nodong-1 missile in Iran. cials point out that North Korea's de- Kevin Rafferty, Guardian, 10/26/93 (3533). IRNA (Tehran), 12/2/93; in JPRS-TND-94-001, fense production plants operate at only KCNA (Pyongyang), 10/28/93; in JPRS-TND-93- 1/6/94, p. 38 (3596). 40 to 50 percent of capacity, which 035, 11/10/93, p. 13 (3533). might not provide the technical and in- 12/20/93 dustrial capability necessary to develop 11/12/93 A statement by Israeli Air Force Intel- such a missile. South Korea's KBS-1 Radio cites the ligence Chief Colonel "A" is published, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 10/18/93, Russian newspaper Izvestiya as having which says, "Iran will have [North] p. 101 (3865). reported that North Korea has provided Korean Nodong missiles in a year which Iran with the technology to manufac- could be deployed in the west of the 12/15/93 ture Nodong-1 missiles in exchange for country and reach Israel." Colonel "A" The director of the Modern Korea In- Western technology and equipment. further states, "There is no doubt that stitute, Katsumi Sato, states that KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 11/12/93; in Iran is trying to obtain the capacity to Chongryun, the 150,000 member (pro- JPRS-TND-993-037, 12/8/93, p. 22 (3528). produce chemical and nuclear war- North Korean) General Association of heads," which could be delivered by the Korean Residents in Japan, has exported 11/13/93 Nodong. "key high-tech components North Ko- An Iranian Defense Ministry source AFP (Paris), 12/20/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, 1/ rea needs for its war machine," and adds denies allegations made in the Times of 18/94, p. 14 (3553). that Institute analysis shows that North London that Iran and Syria are co-pro- Korea is "now trying to downsize a mis- ducing sophisticated cruise missiles, and NORTH KOREA WITH ISRAEL sile warhead, so that the Nodong-1 mis- that Iran is financing the production of sile could deliver a nuclear bomb to North Korean Scud missiles. The Times 6/25/93 Japan." Tsutomu Nishioka, editor of report that Iran and Syria intend to pro- In Beijing, Israeli Foreign Ministry the Institutes monthly news magazine, duce a nuclear- or chemical-capable deputy director Eitan Bentsur meets notes that 60 billion Yen worth of re- missile is based on information origi- with North Korean officials in an at- mittances are sent to North Korea an- nating from an international aerospace

174 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

nually, a figure that dwarfs the North large-scale DPRK special services op- the report, titled "The Russian Federa- Korean budget of 35 billion Won. eration to send Russian missile and tion Military Policy in the Asia-Pacific Nishioka adds that "although a ban on space industry experts to the DPRK. Region under the New Military Politi- cash gifts to North Korean relatives may North Korea denies the recruitment ac- cal Conditions," is "utter nonsense from raise humanitarian problems, to prevent cusation and says that Nam is not a beginning to end." Kolesnikov says that North Korea from developing a nuclear General. North Korea has no nuclear warheads, missile should take precedence, as a Radio Rossii Network (Moscow), 11/15/93; in Nodong-1 or Nodong-2 missiles, and nuclear attack would snuff out so many FBIS-SOV-93-219, 11/16/93, P. 5 (3586). Ra- that it is not likely to develop them any dio Moscow, 11/16/93; in Kyodo News Service, people." 11/16/93 (3534). Jane's Defence Weekly, 11/ time soon. Kyodo (Tokyo), 12/15/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, 27/93, p. 19 (3534). Walentina Korikayev, Radio Moscow, 1/29/94; 1/18/94, p. 5 (3559). in FBIS-SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, p. 15 (3670). Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 1/29/94, p. 11/16/93 1/14/94 3; in FBIS-SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, pp. 16-17 Russian Security Ministry official (3670). Pavel Felgengauer, Segodnya (Moscow), Japanese police raid NEC affiliate Alexei Kandaurov states that the ex- 1/29/94, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, pp. Anritsu Corp., and two other compa- 15-16 (3670). Stephen Foye, RFE/RL News pelled North Korean diplomat was Ma- Briefs, 1/31/94, p. 2 (3670). nies, on suspicion of having sold spec- jor General Nam Gae-wok and that this trum analyzers, which could be used to is the first time that Russia has expelled improve missile guidance systems, to a foreign diplomat for attempting to NORTH KOREA WITH YUGOSLAVIA North Korea in 1989. One of the other recruit Russian scientists. two companies raided, Yokohama Ma- Washington Times, 11/17/93, p. A15 (3586). chinery Trading Co., is suspected of 12/93 having exported three spectrum analyz- 1/18/94 The former Chief of the Yugoslavian ers in 1989 to North Korea via China. Western defense analysts in Moscow say General Staff, General Zivota Panic, North Korea denies the allegations say- that Russia is selling ten ballistic mis- states that Yugoslavia will develop 600 ing that the spectrum analyzers are used sile-capable Golf II class submarines to km and 1000 km missiles at the Mili- in television communication. North Korea. The analysts maintain that tary Technical College in Belgrade David E. Sanger, New York Times, 1/14/94, p. 5 within the next five years, at an esti- (3747). Terry McCarthy, Independent, 1/15/94 North Korea could install modified (3532). Reuter, 1/15/94 (3747). Michiyo Nodong-1 missiles on the subs. Al- mated cost of $100 million, with parts Nakamoto, Financial Times, 1/15/94, p. 3 (3747). though the Russian Navy insists that the from Iraq and North Korea. Jathon Sapsford and David P. Hamilton, Wall submarines will be dismantled under Milan Vego, Jane's Intelligence Review, 12/93, Street Journal, 1/17/94, p. A6 (3747). Radio pp. 541-546 (3968). Moscow, 1/19/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-014, 1/21/ Russian military observation, the West- 94, p. 19 (3532). International Herald Tribune, ern analysts believe that the North Ko- 1/20/94 (3532). Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 1/ reans may cannibalize the subs for parts NORTH KOREA WITH SYRIA 24/94, p. 26 (3747). and that knowledge of these subs will help them to improve their own subma- rine technology. 8/93 1/18/94 Yonhap (Seoul), 1/18/94; in JPRS-TND-94-003, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin Japanese Foreign Ministry press secre- pp. 45-46 (3558). states that Russian aircraft have deliv- tary, Teruhiko Terado, states that the ered North Korean Scud-C missiles to likelihood that Japanese signal analyz- Syria and possibly to Iran. ers were "used for the [North Korean] 1/28/94 AFP (Paris), 12/20/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, 1/ Nodong missile is very low." The Russian Defense Ministry denies 18/94, P. 14 (3553). Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 1/24/94, p. 26 allegations made in the Japanese weekly (3747). Shukan Bunshun concerning an alleged 8/5/93 secret study from the Center for Mili- Two Russian civilian Condor transport tary Strategic Analysis of the Russian aircraft, leased by Syria, which left NORTH KOREA WITH RUSSIA General Staff claiming that 160 Rus- North Korea's Sunan airfield the day sian "scholars" had assisted North Ko- before, land in Damascus with a load 11/15/93 rea in its nuclear program and the manu- of seven MAZ 543 chassis. According Russian First Deputy Minister Sergey facture of warheads, and Nodong-1 to U.S. intelligence sources, the MAZ Stepashin states that Russia has expelled medium-range missiles. Russian Armed 543s are probably taken from Damascus a North Korean diplomat, Maj. Gen. Forces chief of general staff Colonel to a missile plant in Nasariya for con- Nam Gae-wok, who was organizing a General Mikhail Kolesnikov states that version into mobile missile launchers.

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 175 Missile Developments

Qol Yisra'el (Jerusalem), 9/20/93; in JPRS-TND- in the 1980s when it faced Soviet Scud 93-032, 10/12/93, p. 34 (3531). Michael R. attacks from Afghanistan. Gordon, New York Times, 12/12/93, pp. 1, 20 PAKISTAN Jang (Lahore), 8/27/93, p. 5; in JPRS-TND-93- (3531). David E. Sanger, New York Times, 1/ 030, 9/27/93, p. 15 (3847). 20/93, p. A5 (3531).

8/8/93 12/29/93 Russian transport planes deliver com- While visiting Beijing, Pakistani Prime ponents for the Scud-C ballistic missile INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Minister Benazir Bhutto, states that Pa- from North Korea to Damascus, Syria. kistan purchased M-11 missiles from Part of the shipment may have also been 1/94 China because of the threat from Afghani Scuds and the Indian missile delivered from North Korea to Iran. According to a recent book, Critical buildup; India is extending missile John Hannah, Wall Street Journal, 9/15/93 Mass, by William Burrows and Robert (3919). ranges to 2,500 km. Windrem, Pakistan has developed a plan Jeffrey Parker, Reuter, 12/29/93 (3680). to use Hercules C-130 cargo aircraft as 9/93 nuclear bombers. The bomb would be The U.S. is "discussing actively" the dropped like any other cargo out of the PAKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES delivery of spare parts for intermedi- back of the plane. The bomb's descent ate-range Scud missiles from North would be slowed by a parachute, allow- Korea to Syria on Russian transport air- ing the C-130 to get far enough away to 8/26/93 craft. The shipment violates a memo- avoid the shock wave. A Pakistan High Commission press re- randum of mutual understanding on the Foreign Report, 1/13/94 (3763). lease states that the US has urged Paki- export of rocket technology signed by stan to enter a dialogue with India on . the issue of missile proliferation in Vladimir Nadein, Izvestiya (Moscow), 9/18/93, PAKISTAN WITH INDIA South Asia. The release notes that, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-93-183, p. 12 (3565). "Pakistan has conveyed to the US that 11/11/93 it is prepared to respond positively to this proposal to prevent a missile race In an interview with The Hindu, Paki- NORTH KOREA WITH in our region." stani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto UNITED STATES The Hindu, 9/4/93, p. 9 (3523). notes that India's Prithvi and Agni mis- siles take "the Indian range [strike ca- 7/93 12/93 pabilities] right up from the [Persian] U.S. State Department Spokesman Mike CIA Director James Woolsey testifies Gulf to the Straits of Malacca." before Congress that the Nodong-1, Malini Parthasarathy, The Hindu, 11/20/93, p. McCurry says that the sanctions the U.S. which could be fitted with nuclear, 4 (3697). imposed on China in 8/93 for violating chemical or biological warheads, has the MTCR and U.S. laws on nonprolif- been tested. He indicates that of great- eration by selling Pakistan missile parts and technology will remain in force un- est concern is North Korea's continued PAKISTAN WITH ITALY efforts to sell the missile abroad, par- til China reaches an agreement with the U.S. that promotes nonproliferation ticularly to dangerous and potentially 10/93 hostile countries such as Iran. Woolsey goals. An Italian team visits Islamabad and notes that "with this missile, North Wireless File, 11/12/93 (3637). attempts to sell a missile system [desig- Korea could reach Japan; Iran could nation not provided] to Pakistan. reach Israel; and Libya could reach U.S. Edward A. Gargan, New York Times Interna- bases and allied capitals in the Medi- tional, 10/21/93 (3721). 12/29/93 terranean region." While on a visit to China, Pakistani Christian Science Monitor, 12/27/93, p. 4 (3529). Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto says that the U.S. sanctions placed on Pakistan PAKISTAN WITH PRC and China are based on "erroneous in- formation" and should be lifted. Bhutto 9/93 says that neither country has violated A Pakistani government official denies MTCR regulations. that Pakistan has procured M-11 mis- Jeffrey Parker, Reuter, 12/29/93; in NNN News, siles from China. Pakistan does admit 12/29/93 (3680). Washington Times, 1/1/94, p. to having procured "ordinary" missiles A7 (3724).

176 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

10/8/93 velopment status of the DF-25 is un- China successfully launches its fifteenth known, although its range is believed PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC recoverable scientific research satellite, to be 1,700 km and it is thought to be OF CHINA weighing 2,100 kg (4,600 lb), on a capable of carrying a 2,000 kg warhead. Long March-2C rocket from a space Jane's Defence Weekly, 1/29/94 (3870). Inter- center in southern Sichuan province into national Herald Tribune, 1/28/94 (3870). a fixed 200 km (120 mi) orbit. The recovery rate for the first fourteen 1/5/94 launches was 100 percent. China wants At the military port of Wusong Kou near INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS to offer its Long March rocket as a Shanghai, China launches its eleventh cheaper alternative to U.S. and Euro- nuclear-powered ballistic missile sub- 9/24/93 pean rockets, but its launch program has marine, an updated version of the Xia Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen been experiencing political obstacles (Summer) class. The Xia class subma- states that China might formally join and technological setbacks. rine, first launched in 1981, carries 12- the MTCR, saying, "We are thinking Reuter, 10/8/93; in Executive News Service, 10/ 16 ballistic missiles, and can travel at a about this." 8/93 (3639). speed of approximately 25 knots. UPI, 9/23/93 (3640). International Herald Tri- Washington Times, 2/4/94, p. A16 (3656). bune, 9/24/93 (3640). 10/13/93 The International Institute for Strategic 2/94 10/93 Studies (IISS) publishes figures indicat- The Chinese Great Wall Industry Corp., The executive director of the Chinese ing that China has more than 100 land- is to orbit a dummy payload on a Long Poly Group Corp., Xie Datong, denies based nuclear ballistic missiles, 50% March-3A rocket from the Xichang the company's involvement in the sale more than previously estimated. launch center. If the test is successful, of CSS-2 intermediate range ballistic China's nuclear missile force includes the rocket will be used to launch a sat- missiles to Saudi Arabia in 1987 or the 14 ICBMs, at least 90 intermediate- ellite in 4/94. The Chinese Great Wall sale of M-11 missiles to Pakistan. Xie range missiles, and one nuclear-armed Industry Corp., is offering a series of states that his company, the Chinese submarine. Previous estimates placed Long March rockets for commercial military's chief arms trading company, China's arsenal of ICBMs and interme- launch use, including the LM-3A, the cannot export strategic weapons with- diate-range missiles at 68. LM-3B, the LM-3C, the LM-4B, and out the approval of the PLA General David White, Financial Times, 10/13/93, p. 7 the LM-1D. Staff Department and that the company (3772). Paul Dibb, International Herald Tribune, Andrew Lawler, Space News, 1/24/94, p. 28 does not have missiles to sell. 11/26/93, p. 3 (3684). (3831). Tai Ming Cheung, Far East Economic Review, 10/14/93, p. 68 (3957). 11/93 It is reported that China's military PRC WITH BELGIUM 10/93 buildup is focusing on the development It is reported that the Vice President of of ICBMs able to hit Russian and U.S. 1/94 China's Academy of Rocket Building, cities and military targets, and that up Belgium-based Eurosense, which spe- Li Jianzhong, states that China is "ready to 50 to 60 percent of China's arsenal for joint projects" with Russia in the cializes in digital orthophotographic is currently aimed at U.S. targets. maps, signs an agreement with China space sector. China is looking for ways Martin Sieff, Washington Times, 11/12/93, p. A16 to utilize its launcher technology for (3772). to establish a joint venture company commercial purposes. called Eurosense Beijing Aerospace Boris Konovalov, Izvestiya (Moscow), 9/11/93, 1/94 Mapping that will use Eurosense tech- p. 15; in FBIS-SOV-93-176, 9/14/93, p. 16 It is reported that China is replacing nology to make detailed maps of Chi- (3686). nuclear warheads with conventional nese territory. Eurosense owns 51 per- ones on some of its medium-range bal- cent of the joint venture, while the Chi- 10/5/93 listic missiles, including Dong-Feng 21s nese government owns the remainder. Flight International, 1/26/94, p. 23 (3958). China conducts an underground nuclear (DF-21), which are primarily based in test designed to improve its nuclear the Qinghai and Yunnan provinces "so missile warheads. One of the possible that they can be more effectively em- objectives of the test is the downsizing ployed in local wars." China may have of warheads. developed the DF-15 and DF-25 me- Ling Yu, Kuang Chiao Ching (Hong Kong), 11/ 16/93, pp. 16-19; in JPRS-TND-93-037, 12/8/ dium-range ballistic missiles. The de- 93, pp. 8-10 (3922).

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PRC WITH BRAZIL PRC WITH IRAN 93, p. A10 (3784). Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, 10/13/93, p. A7 (3784). Patrick Cockburn, Independent, 10/13/93 (3784). 11/9/93 8/93 Brazilian Science and Technology Min- The Chinese ship Yin He, suspected of 10/13/93 ister Israel Vargas signs a number of transporting chemicals to Iran, is inter- Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, protocols that complement an existing cepted "with the consent and coopera- in his first visit to China, rejects as "to- scientific-technical cooperation agree- tion of the Chinese government," ac- tal nonsense" a CIA report that Israel ment between China and Brazil. One cording to U.S. Deputy Secretary of had sold to China several billion dol- $15 million protocol is signed between State for Nonproliferation Robert lars in arms and military technology, Brazil's National Space Research Einhorn. some of U.S. origin and some that may Project (INPE) and the China Great Neil Munro and Barbara Opall, Defense News, 1/24/94, pp. 6, 37 (3564). have assisted China in the improvement Wall Company to launch two remote of offensive and defensive missiles. sensing satellites. An additional $50 1/94 Israel's assistance in Chinese military million accord is signed with China KZ modernization is an attempt to encour- A senior Pentagon official says that Iran High Technology to promote technical age China not to sell ballistic missiles would like to acquire the 120 km range partnerships between the two countries. in the Middle East to countries like C-801 sea-skimming missile, and is Gazeta Mercantil (Sao Paolo), 10/8/93; in JPRS- Syria and Iran. According to a Rand TND-93-037, 12/8/93 pp. 31-33 (3781). negotiating the purchase of the EM52 Corporation report, Israel assisted rocket-propelled anti-ship mine Iran is China in the development of SAMs, 1/94 currently taking delivery of ten 29 m AAMs, and an intermediate-range mis- It is reported that, during a visit to Bra- missile boats from China. sile. zil, Chinese President Jiang Zemin Philip Finnegan, Robert Holzer and Neil Munro, Defense News, 1/17/94, pp. 1, 29 (3539). Patrick E. Tyler, New York Times Service, 10/14/ signed an agreement with Brazilian 93; in International Herald Tribune, 10/14/93 President Itamar Franco to establish a (3785). Tony Walker, Financial Times, 10/14/ joint satellite program and promote PRC WITH ISRAEL 93 (3785). Patrick E. Tyler, New York Times, greater cooperation in launcher and sat- 10/14/93, p. A3 (3785). ellite manufacturing technology, atmo- 5/93 spheric sciences, and astrophysics. The Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres PRC WITH JAPAN deal includes the development of two is assured by China that China will not satellites, the first of which is to be sell missiles in the Middle East. Israel 12/20/93 launched by 10/96. may have been using the U.S. deals with The Director of China's Department of Wall Street Journal, 9/16/93, p. A20 (3782). South Africa and Argentina, in which Space News, 1/3/94, p. 13 (3782). Asian Affairs of the Foreign Ministry, nuclear and missile projects were bought Wang Yingfang, and the Director Gen- or bartered away, as a nonproliferation eral of Japan's Asian Affairs Bureau, model. Tadashi Ikeda, hold talks on mutual se- PRC WITH INDIA Reuter, 8/17/93; in US-Korea Review, 9/93, p. 3 (3583). curity concerns in which Yingfang re- veals that China "refused sales" of M- 11/93 11 missile technology to Pakistan. India's Chief of Air-Staff, Air Chief 10/93 Kyodo (Tokyo), 12/20/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, Marshal Swaroop Krishna Kaul states The CIA asserts that Israel has sold 1/18/94, p. 42 (3955). that China will bear watching because China advanced military equipment of its deployment of high-tech weap- worth perhaps "several billion dollars" onry, including nuclear and long-range over the past ten years. U.S. intelli- PRC WITH MULTI-COUNTRY missiles, as a counterbalance to the cuts gence experts are increasingly con- GROUP in its armed forces. cerned that China is attempting to use Rahul Bedi, Jane's Defence Weekly, 11/6/93, p. Israel as a conduit for acquiring West- 56 (3862). 12/28/93 ern military technology that it has been German and Saudi inspectors confiscate unable to procure directly. The CIA over one hundred barrels of ammonium reports that Israel continues to sell mili- perchlorate from a German-registered tary technology to China despite west- ship docked in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ern concerns that China may re-export that was bound for Beirut, Lebanon it to countries such as Pakistan and Iran. from Hung Fu, China. Ultimately, the Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, 10/12/93, pp. A1, A6 (3784). Washington Times, 10/12/ ammonium perchlorate, which is used

178 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

China with the technology to manufac- in missile fuel, was to go to Iraq. ture the S300PMU-1, Pinov says that Reuter, 1/24/94; in Executive News Service, 1/ 11/93 24/94 (3648). Michael Evens, Times, 1/27/94 China could use the phased-array radar An independent analyst of Russian pro- (3698). technology to improve its large scale grams, Charles Vick, states that in 1991 early warning system. Russia and Ukraine sold three RD-70 Tseng Hui-yen, Lien Ho Pao (Hong Kong), 10/ engines to China. Vick says that one 20/93, p. 10; in JPRS-TND-93-035, 11/10/93, PRC WITH PAKISTAN pp. 67-68 (3729). engine was torn apart, one used for test- ing, and the third kept intact. Vick be- 9/93 lieves that China is attempting to de- A Pakistani government official denies 10/93 velop a manned space capability like Russia and the U.S. The Soviets re- that Pakistan has procured M-11 mis- An analyst at the American Enterprise portedly assumed that China would at- siles from China. Pakistan does admit Institute, James R. Lilley, states that the tempt to develop a similar engine using to having procured "ordinary" missiles Chinese media has reported that up to these as models, but "did not know or in the 1980s when it faced Soviet Scud 3,000 Russian experts are working in attacks from Afghanistan. care" what the purchase was for. China for salaries as high as $2,000 per Space News, 11/8/93, p. 13 (3635). Jang (Lahore), 8/27/93, p. 5; in JPRS-TND-93- month plus housing, a car and living 030, 9/27/93, p. 15 (3847). expenses. China has "semi-openly" re- 11/93 cruited these experts, Lilley says. The 12/29/93 A secret document from the General experts have visited Russian defense Department of the CPC Central Com- While visiting Beijing, Pakistani Prime plants and have also done weapons de- mittee Military Council, published by Minister Benazir Bhutto, states that Pa- signs and mathematical modeling work, the Hong Kong magazine Cheng Ming, kistan purchased M-11 missiles from which they receive via electronic mail. indicates that more than 1,000 Russian China because of the threat from China is obtaining Russian missile tech- defense workers are currently working Afghani Scuds and the Indian missile nology, including Russian SS-24 Scal- in China. The document does not re- buildup; India is extending missile pel and SS-25 Sickle technology, both veal how many traveled to China inde- ranges to 2,500 km. of which are produced by the Nadiradize Jeffrey Parker, Reuter, 12/29/93 (3680). pendently, or if any were sent by Mos- Design Bureau. The SS-25 has a range cow. of 10,000 km and pinpoint accuracy PRC WITH RUSSIA Vladimir Skosyrev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 11/9/93, compared to China's 11,000 km range pp. 1, 3; in FBIS-SOV-93-216, 11/10/93, p. 2 CSS-4. (3951). 9/93 John J. Fialka, Wall Street Journal, 10/14/93, 11/93 Large numbers of Chinese arms shop- p. A12 (3868). Alan George, Flight International, During Russian Defense Minister Pavel 12/22/93, p. 5 (3868). pers attend the Russian arms exhibition Grachev's visit to Beijing, Chinese De- at Nizhny Novgorod, which is indica- fense Minister Chi Hoatian tells him 10/93 tive of recent Chinese efforts to increase that China would like to purchase more purchases of Russian weaponry, includ- Responding to rumors in the U.S. of air-defense systems; China may want to ing air-defense missile systems and "about one thousand" Russian missile purchase 12 S-300 batteries in 1994. guidance technology for use in the specialists working in China, Valeriy In 1993, China purchased four batter- manufacture of Chinese missiles. The Levshunov, a high-ranking expert from ies of S-300 (SA-10 Grumble) air-de- Chinese intend to purchase weapons the Russian Department for the Defense fense missile systems. technologies in Russia that they are Complex and Conversion, states, "We Jane's Defence Weekly, 1/22/94, p. 3 (3959). barred from purchasing in the West due do not have and have never had such to export/import restrictions. information." The deputy head of the 11/11/93 AFP (Paris), 9/9/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-174, 9/10/ main department of the aircraft build- China and Russia sign a five-year mili- 93, p. 15 (3683). ing industry, Yuri Nikitin, is "of the tary cooperation agreement providing same opinion" as Levshunov. Nikitin for exchanges in experts and other per- 10/93 states, "All matters related to missile sonnel. U.S. intelligence sources be- Russian military critic Pinkov states that building are handled by the Committee lieve that China is hiring Russian mis- Russia has sent five sets of S300PMU- for Military-Technical Cooperation, and sile scientists, and that Russia is pro- 1 SAMs to the PRC, and that several control is reliable here." viding China with triggering devices for dozen Russian technical experts are in Pavel Spirin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/15/93; in JPRS-TND-93-034, 10/27/93, p. 35 (3962). nuclear weapons, solid rocket fuel, and China training Chinese soldiers in their technology to solve problems related to use. While Russia did not provide launching missiles from submerged sub-

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 179 Missile Developments marines. A Pentagon officer in charge PRC WITH UNITED STATES interpret the sanctions imposed in 8/93 of non-proliferation in the Bush Admin- against Chinese missile companies. istration, Henry Sokolski, states that 8/24/93 Hughes has contracts with the China China has been buying missile infor- The U.S. initiates Category 2 trade sanc- Great Wall Industrial Corp. to launch mation from former Soviet republics, tions against China for the alleged sale two satellites worth $180 million using particularly Russia, and that China is of M-11 missile components to Paki- the commercial version of China's now trying to develop mobile SS-25 stan. Both China and Pakistan have de- ICBM. The U.S. CIA and Defense De- ICBMs. nied that the transaction occurred, al- partment believe that relaxation of the Martin Sieff, Washington Times, 11/12/93, p. A16 sanctions would encourage China to (3772). though Pakistan did admit to purchas- ing "a few" short-range ballistic mis- proliferate because the Chinese compa- siles from China in the late 1980s. nies that would benefit most from in- Three U.S. satellites scheduled to be creased business build both commercial PRC WITH UKRAINE launched aboard Chinese launch ve- rockets and military missiles. John J. Fialka, Wall Street Journal, 10/22/93, hicles will be affected: a Hughes-manu- p. A16 (3829). 9/93 factured Optus B3 and APStar 1 to be Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs, launched in 1994, and the Martin Qian Qichen, offers Ukraine security Marietta Astrospace Asiasat 2 to be 10/12/93 guarantees in the event of a nuclear at- launched in 1995. tack if Ukraine gives up its nuclear mis- Flight International, 9/1/93, p. 6 (3685). A senior U.S. official states that China siles. is showing no interest in negotiating an Ustina Markus, RFE/RL Research Report, 11/ end to the sanctions imposed on it by 12/93, pp. 19-23 (3938). 8/27/93 the U.S. after China sold M-11 missiles to Pakistan. The official states, "Sanc- Following the U.S. decision to impose tions are not an end in themselves. They a two-year ban on exports to China, 11/93 are designed to encourage non-prolif- Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Liu eration but (obtaining a waiver) requires Yuri A. Smetanin, deputy general de- Huaqiu calls the decision a "naked serious negotiations by the Chinese and signer of KB Yushnoye of hegemonic act." Dnepropretovsk, Ukraine, which de- Jeffrey Smith and Daniel Williams, Washington so far they've given no indication that signed the Cyclone and Zenit launch Post, 11/11/93, pp. A39, A44 (3830). they are willing to do this." vehicles, states that "the Chinese have Reuter, 10/12/93 (3607). made many approaches to our company, 9/24/93 but not for purchasing rockets. They The U.S. Space Systems/Loral an- 10/20/93 wanted answers to questions about how nounces an agreement with the China The U.S. announces that it would be we test for strength, aerodynamics, vi- Great Wall Industry Corp. to launch unable to extend Most Favored Nation bration and so on. But we prefer to sell commercial satellites on Long March trading status to China in 6/94 unless it them hardware." rockets in 1996 and 1997 from the improves its record on a number of is- Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 11/29/93, pp. Xichang Satellite Launch Center. This sues, including arms proliferation. 1, 20 (3580). Susan Cornwell, Reuter, 10/20/93; in Executive deal will not be affected by U.S. sanc- News Service, 10/21/93 (3682). tions because the deal was signed be- 11/93 fore sanctions went into force. 10/26/93 It is reported that despite closer politi- Space News, 10/10/93, p. 13 (3614). cal, economic, and technological ties be- A Pentagon intelligence official states tween Ukraine and China, there appar- 10/93 that inexpensive, commercially avail- able, GPS computer components could ently has been no transfer of sophisti- It is reported that the Clinton adminis- be installed in Iranian cruise missiles cated military technology or hardware tration is trying to improve relations or be used to increase the accuracy of from Ukraine to China. with China because of Washington's Ustina Markus, RFE/RL Research Report, 11/ Chinese ballistic missiles. According concerns about bilateral trade, weapons 12/93, pp. 19-23 (3938). to Pentagon intelligence officials, Chi- proliferation, and the possibility that it nese, Iranian and Indian military re- will need China's help to impose sanc- searchers are working to put U.S. navi- tions on North Korea through the U.N. gation technology (such as GPS) in their Security Council. The General Motors next-generation missiles. Corp.'s Hughes Aircraft Co. is request- Lisa Burgess and Neil Munro, Defense News, 11/ ing that the Clinton administration re- 29/93, pp. 8, 10 (3644).

180 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

11/93 by selling M-11 missile components to $150 million, and an Asiasat II satel- U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense Pakistan. A spokesman for Cray Re- lite, worth $55 million, both built by Charles W. Freeman Jr. holds talks with search, Frank Parisi, states that a so- Martin Marietta. In exchange, China Chinese Vice Chairman of the Central phisticated set of safeguards has been will agree to begin talks on issues re- Military Commission Gen. Liu established so that there is no way that garding the proliferation of weapons. Huaqing concerning proliferation issues China can use the supercomputer for The U.S. government has been under and China's sale of missiles to Pakistan. "pernicious applications." U.S. officials pressure from U.S. businesses to lift the Lena Sun, Washington Post, 11/3/93, p. A12 state that the approval to sell the sanctions that were imposed on China (3873). supercomputer to China did not con- during the summer of 1993 because of flict with the U.S. sanctions imposed China's sale of M-11 missile technol- 11/10/93 on China in 8/93, which affect only ogy to Pakistan. Clinton administration officials an- missile-related goods. In return for lift- Bob Davis and Robert S. Greenberger, Wall Street nounce that the trade sanctions imposed ing the sanctions, the Clinton Admin- Journal, 1/6/94, p. A2 (3834). on China for exporting M-11 missile istration wants China to "make more components to Pakistan could be lifted public and binding assurances" which if China promises not to export such would include an agreement that the M- 1/6/94 items in the future. The Clinton Ad- 11 missile is covered by the MTCR. The Clinton Administration allows the ministration makes the announcement Although China says that the MTCR U.S. Commerce Department to approve after Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Liu does not cover the M-11 because it has the launching of three satellites by China Hauqiu told U.S. Undersecretary of only a 280 km range and carries an 800 after China agreed to talks regarding the State Peter Tarnoff on 11/4/93 that kg payload, the U.S. says the payload proliferation of missile technology. The China is seriously considering the deal. can be reduced giving the missile a satellites will be launched on Long However, officials say that the U.S. may greater, MTCR-restricted range. March rockets in 1995. The deal also not push the deal through immediately, Gene Gibbons, Reuter, 11/19/93 (3671). Jim includes "integration analysis" technol- partly because of suspicions that China Mann, Los Angeles Times, 11/29/93, pp. A1, A9 ogy which will allow China to upgrade (3841). Export Control News, 11/30/93 (3671). provided Pakistan with completed M- Jon B. Wolfsthal, Arms Control Today, 12/93, p. both its satellite launch and MIRV war- 11s and not just components. 18 (3773). head capabilities. Undersecretary of State Lynn E. Davis Jim Wolf, Reuter, 1/7/94 (3917). Andrew Lawler, states before Congress that "Our deci- Space News, 1/10/94, p. 3 (3770). Martin Sieff, 11/20/93 Washington Times, 1/19/94, p. A18 (3821). sion to impose sanctions against China Chinese President Jiang Zemin holds Export Control News, 1/31/94 (3770). and Pakistan for the transfer of M-11- talks with U.S. President Bill Clinton related technology demonstrates that in Seattle as part of the Asia-Pacific 1/26/94-1/27/94 we're prepared to pursue our nonpro- Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum. U.S. arms control negotiator Lynn Davis liferation goals vigorously even when Jiang indicates that China is prepared meets with the Chinese Vice Foreign such efforts may risk frictions in criti- to conduct talks with the U.S. concern- Minister Liu Huaqiu about missile pro- cal bilateral relations." ing China's compliance with the liferation. The U.S. proposes a bind- Jeffrey Smith and Daniel Williams, Washington Post, 11/11/93, pp. A39, A44, (3830). MTCR, but that this is contingent on ing accord under which China would the removal of the U.S.'s limited trade stop selling missiles limited by the 11/12/93 sanctions against China. MTCR in return for a lifting of the U.S. Kyodo (Tokyo), 11/21/93; in JPRS-TND-93-038, sanctions placed on China in 8/93. State A U.S. official states that two satellites 12/29/93, pp. 1-2 (3954). will be exported for launch once the ban Department Spokesman Mike McCurry against China is lifted, although five states that no progress has been made. 1/94 Jim Wolf, Reuter, 1/27/94 (3917). Carol other satellites using sensitive technol- It is reported that because of an agree- Giacomo, Reuter, 1/27/94; Executive News Ser- ogy will be withheld until China agrees ment with the U.S., China can only vice, 1/31/94 (3672). to abide by the MTCR. launch nine commercial communica- Washington Times, 11/14/93, p. A2 (3830). tions satellites through the end of 1994. Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 1/24/93, pp. 11/18/93 1, 28 (3645). U.S. officials announce the sale of a $10 million Cray Research Inc. 1/94 supercomputer to China in an effort to It is reported that the Clinton adminis- improve relations with China, despite tration is set to lift the ban on the sale evidence that China violated the MTCR to China of the Echostar satellite, worth

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 181 Missile Developments

8/31/93 9/8/93-9/13/93 The Moscow Aerospace Show, which At the "Arms, Military Hardware, Con- PHILIPPINES is expected to attract over 300 CIS firms version" fair held in Nizhniy Novgorod, and almost 200 foreign companies, be- 250 Russian enterprises display arma- gins. The latest Russian anti-aircraft ments, including the S-300 PMU-1 systems are on display, including a sys- "Tor" air defense system which can de- tem able to engage the most modern fend against ballistic and cruise missiles. aircraft and cruise missiles. During the The Tochka-U tactical missile system, PHILIPPINES WITH RUSSIA show, the Mashinostoenia design bu- the TOR-M1 air defense system, the reau, developer of the SS-N-3 Shaddock "Uragan" and "Smerch" multiple rocket 10/93 and the SS-N-9 Siren missiles, displays launchers, and the Buk and Tunguska Philippine defense officials who asked the Yakhont (Jewel) and Alpha cruise anti-aircraft and missile complexes are to remain anonymous state that their missiles. The Yakhont is a tube- also on display. nation is studying the prospect of bar- launched anti-ship missile fired from Olga Veldina, Pravda (Moscow), 9/1/93, p. 2; tering tobacco and alcohol for Russian surface vessels or submarines using a in FBIS-SOV-93-171, p. 58 (3575). Valeriy Orlov, missile gunboats. The Philippines Pravda (Moscow), 9/9/93, p. 4; in FBIS-SOV- solid booster, and subsequently a ram- would pay 15 to 20 percent of the pur- 93-175, 9/13/93, pp. 43-44 (3769). Radio Rossii jet engine for its cruise phase. It has a Network (Moscow), 9/9/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-175, chase price in cash with the remainder reported range of 300 km, is capable of 9/13/93, p. 44 (3769). Daniel Sneider, Defense being paid in barter goods. If the pro- mid-course guidance corrections (pos- News, 9/13/93, p. 6 (3582). Vladimir Ionov, posed trade arrangement is approved, Moscow News, 9/24/93, p. 13 (3769). sibly from a helicopter) and uses an the Philippines would purchase up to active radar in its terminal phase. The $30 million in Russian military equip- in-service status of the Yakhont is un- ment. clear. There is also a coastal defense 9/9/93 Reuter, 10/18/93; in Executive News Service, 10/ Russian news reports state that SS-20 19/93 (3736). variant of Yakhont called the Bastion. The Alpha cruise missile, which can be mobile, intermediate-range, solid-fuel launched from several platforms includ- RSD-10 nuclear missiles were displayed ing aircraft, is currently in its prelimi- at Grozny, the capital of Chechnya. nary design stage. It has low clipped According to the Russian Defense Min- RUSSIA delta wings forward of the ramjet in- istry, all SS-20 missiles were dismantled take and four fins at the rear of the mis- under strict international control. Major-General Vladimir Dudnik, Moscow News, sile. Other Russian missile technology, 9/17/93, p. 5 (3621). such as the Cosmos missile, also gen- erates considerable interest. 9/30/93 Radio Rossii Network (Moscow), 8/31/93; in INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS FBIS-SOV-93-168, 9/1/93, pp. 26-27 (3500). A. Russia's aerospace forces successfully Filippov, Russian Television Network (Moscow), launch a heavy Proton rocket-booster 3/93 8/31/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-168, 9/1/93, p. 26 carrying a Raduga communications sat- The CIA reports that by the end of the (3500). Douglas Barrie, Flight International, 9/15/93, pp. 22-23 (3587). Russia Express Ex- ellite from the Baykonur space-launch- decade, Russia is expected to produce ecutive Briefing, 9/27/93 (3594). ing facilities. This was the first launch three new types of ballistic missiles of a Proton rocket since the 5/27/93 which will be mobile, fixed, and sub- 9/93 Proton accident. marine based. Kamchatka's missile forces and sailors Semyon Ivanov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/9/93; Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 9/14/93, pp. A1, FBIS-SOV-93-196, 10/13/93, p. 77 (3875). A24 (3945). conduct a live fire air defense training exercise that simulates real combat con- 10/93 ditions, during which all the missiles 8/93 U.S. Senator Ted Stevens provides evi- launched hit their targets. This type of Russian Prime Minister Viktor dence to the Senate from both U.S. and exercise is "a very recent development Chernomyrdin states that Russia will Russian sources that the Russian mili- in the Far East", and took four and a start selling its space technology abroad, tary is building new road-mobile and half months to prepare. but will make sure that the technology Vasiliy Plotskiy and Yuriy Shaltyshov, Ostankino fixed-site ICBMs armed with multiple could not be used to launch nuclear Television First Channel Network (Moscow), 9/ reentry vehicles (MIRVs). missiles. 14/93; in JPRS-TND-93-030, 9/27/93, p. 19 Frank Gaffney Jr., Washington Times, 10/26/93, Reuter, 12/15/93; in Executive News Service, 12/ (3513). p. A14 (3585). 15/93 (3649).

182 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

10/93 fell in 1992 to 560,000, and is projected torial orbit. In some cases, COCOM Russia's SA-12A/B (S-300V) Gladia- to decrease to approximately 200,000 restrictions can be circumvented because tor/Giant air-defense missile system, by 2000. The Russian Space Agency the missiles can be attached to ships or which is being offered for export by the (RSA) has discontinued two space hard- planes right at the customer's base. The Antey organization, is tested against the ware programs: the Buran shuttle and laboratory head at the Makeyev Design SS-1 Scud tactical SSM and other bal- the Energia launch vehicle. The 1993 Office, Rem Kanin, states that the com- listic missiles. The SA-12B Giant mis- RSA budget was approximately 80 bil- mercial operation of the "Aerocosmos" sile has a larger first stage than the SA- lion rubles ($68 million). Russia cur- program will begin in 1996-1997. 12A Gladiator, and has a range of 100 rently has no development program for Andrei Lomanov, Moscow News, 11/5/93, p. 9 km against aircraft and a maximum en- a reusable launcher. Some sources re- (3619). gagement range of 40 km against bal- port that the Baikonur Cosmodrome, listic missiles. The SA-12A Gladiator which launches the Soyuz and Proton 11/93 missile is used at shorter ranges, against vehicles, is decaying due to a lack of Russian Prime Minister Viktor maneuvering targets. The SA-12A and funding and this may jeopardize Chernomyrdin signs the decree, "On B have similar second stages but differ- Russia's launch capability. Making Changes and Additions to the ing fin configurations. An air-defense Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 11/15/93, p. 6 Status on the Procedure for Controlling system with the SA-12 could include (3527). Exports from the Russian Federation of the Fakel SA-10 Grumble (S-300PMU) Equipment, Materials, and Technolo- and the SA-11 Gadfly. gies Used in the Creation of Missile Flight International, 10/20/93, p. 24 (3618). 11/93 Weapons." The decree provides export The Russian Ministry of Defense and controls covering finished missile sys- the Russian Space Agency forward a tems, a category that includes ballistic 10/93 draft resolution from the Council of missiles, spacecraft, carrier rockets, re- A senior fellow at the Brookings Insti- Ministers to the government which in- search rockets, unmanned aircraft such tution, Bruce G. Blair, reports that Rus- cludes a 120 billion ruble allocation as cruise missiles, radio-controlled tar- sia has a computerized system, the "dead request for the Russian space program. get aircraft, radio-controlled reconnais- hand," capable of launching Russia's Some experts say that failure to provide sance aircraft, and the technologies, nuclear arsenal with little or no human the necessary 120 billion rubles could equipment, and materials used in their supervision if communications are lost ruin the program "once and for all," construction, preparation, and launch. and force the government to allocate Rossiyskiye Vesti (Moscow), 11/26/93, p. 2; in with Russia's military commanders. FBIS-SOV-93-228, 11/30/93, pp. 19-20 (3710). The Russian doomsday machine would $200-300 billion in the future in order to restore it. launch special communications missiles 11/5/93 that send attack orders to missiles, Alexander Zhilin, Moscow News, 11/19/93, p. 5 (3588). Russia launches the satellite Cosmos- bombers, and submarines. On 11/13/ 2267 from the Plesetsk launch site on a 84, U.S. intelligence tracked two So- 11/93 Soyuz rocket booster into a 70.4 de- viet long-range missiles fired forty min- The V.P. Makeyev Designing Office gree inclination orbit with an initial utes apart that Blair says was a Soviet located in Miass, Russia, which devel- period of rotation of 89.0 minutes, an test of their doomsday system. During ops all modern Russian SLBMs, pro- apogee of 279 km and a perigee of 198 the 1984 exercise, the USSR fired an poses the modification of SS-N-23 and km. SS-20 communications missile from the SS-N-20 to "deliver to the outer space Itar-Tass (Moscow), 11/5/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- Kapustin Yar test site that ordered an or the upper layers of the atmosphere 214, 11/8/93, P. 46 (3633). SS-18 missile to launch from peaceful research or technological sat- Kazakhstan and impact at a test site on ellites." The "Priboi" project will 11/19/93 the Kamchatka peninsula. launch rockets from the sea surface. The Russia's First Vice-Premier Oleg William J. Broad, New York Times, 10/8/93, p. Soskovets states that strategic missiles A6 (3768). Bruce G. Blair, New York Times, 10/ "Aerocosmos" project proposes using 8/93, p. A23 (3768). An-124 "Ruslan" and An-225 "Mriya" are a guarantee of Russian authority in aircraft as launch platforms; in this case the international community and that 11/93 the booster is ignited after release from Russia's strategic nuclear forces are at The Euroconsult of Paris publishes a the aircraft at an altitude of 12 km. Air- a turning point. Soskovets reveals that four-volume report, principally craft range envelopes allow for launches the structure and mission of Russia's authored by Stephane Chenard, con- up to 4,000 km from airfields. The SS- nuclear forces are under scrutiny, and cerning the state of the Russian space N-23 Shtil-3A rocket can place a 730- emphasizes that Russia's new military industry. Figures for Russian space em- 950 kg payload into a 200-700 km equa- doctrine considers nuclear weapons pri- ployment peaked in 1990 at 790,000,

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 183 Missile Developments marily as a deterrent against aggression. a constituent part of the Russian Fed- Hern, will have exclusive rights to de- Interfax (Moscow), 11/19/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- eration Air Defense Troops under the velop the launching and technical com- 223, 11/22/93, p. 45 (3947). command of General Viktor Prudnikov. plexes and will manage, market and This force includes the Missile, Space, operate the space port. Russia's Gen- 11/22/93-11/24/93 and Air Attack Early Warning Troops, eral Machine Building Bureau and The Russian Academy of Sciences, the a system of direct missile and space de- Australia's Space Transportation Sys- international "Integration" fund, and the fense, and a space control system that tems Ltd will build the launch site for "Vympel" interstate joint stock corpo- monitors space and warns troops about the Proton rocket on the PNG islands ration sponsor the first International incoming missile attacks. of Manus and Emirau. Conference on Problems of a Global Radio Moscow, 12/7/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-234, Radio Australia (Melbourne), 9/16/93; in FBIS- System of Defense Against Ballistic 12/8/93, p. 42 (3794). EAS-93-178, 9/16/93, p. 57 (3743). Washing- Missiles in Moscow, where about 150 ton Post, 9/16/93, p. D12 (3641). Space News, 1/3/94, p. 13 (3871). Space Business News, 9/ scientists, designers, and military spe- 12/7/93-12/12/93 28/93, pp. 4-5 (3822). cialists from eight countries, including At the Langkawi International Maritime the U.S., Belgium, China, and France Aerospace Exhibition in Malaysia, Rus- RUSSIA WITH AZERBAIJAN participate. The conference discusses sian officials state that work on the pro- aspects of global defense, missile attack duction of the S-300 PMU1 air defense 10/93 early-warning data systems, ABM sys- system has been accelerated so that the tems, and the technology of defense sys- system will be deployed in late 1994. Azeri forces are retreating on all fronts tems. The Moscow-based Almaz Scientific In- from Armenian forces in Azerbaijan and Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 11/26/93, dustrial Corporation produces 25 S-300 Nagorno-Karabakh despite Russia's re- p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-93-228, 11/30/93, p. 2 (3638). PMU1 systems per year for domestic cent supply of BM-21 rocket launch- use and foreign sale; Almaz general ers. 12/93 Paul Beaver, Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/11/93, scientific manager Boris Bounkin states p. 17 (3663). Russia tests a variant of the SS-N-22 that the company has orders from coun- Sunburn supersonic anti-ship missile tries he would not identify, although no from a wing-in-ground-effect (WIGE) final deals have been signed yet. Some RUSSIA WITH BELGIUM prototype hydrofoil. While the SS-N- sources say that Russia has no data to 22 is already in service, an air launched support their claims about the S-300 version of the missile called the Kh-41 PMU1's performance capabilities, 1/26/94 has been seen attached to the centerline which are said to be two to three years Belgian Defense Minister Leo Delcroix, pylon of the Sukhoi Su-27K naval more advanced than the U.S. Patriot. accompanied by his Russian counterpart Flanker. Barbara Opall, Defense News, 12/20/93, p. 8 Pavel Grachev, becomes the first NATO Flight International, 12/15/93, p. 14 (3590). (3622). official to visit the formerly secret Rus- sian missile base in Bologoye (located 12/93 12/28/93 between Moscow and St. Petersburg) It is reported that Russia has deployed The Russian Strategic Missile Force's and see the most advanced Russian stra- an improved version of the SS-21 press group denies reports that the ma- tegic missiles and other military hard- Tochka, called the OTR-21 Tochka-U, jority of its personnel voted for the ul- ware. The two-day visit follows a 12/ that uses an inertial navigation system tra-nationalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky in 93 agreement between the two countries containing launch and target coordi- the 12/12/93 parliamentary elections. to boost military contacts. nates, which can be programmed to Mikhail Shevtsov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 12/28/93; Mikhail Shevtsov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 1/26/94; carry out evasive maneuvers on final ap- in FBIS-SOV-93-248, p. 18 (3573). in FBIS-SOV-94-018, 1/27/94, P. 10 (3850). proach to the target. The Tochka-U will offer a cassette-type dispenser with 50 RUSSIA WITH AUSTRALIA fragmentation submunitions and a single RUSSIA WITH BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA high explosive blast fragmentation war- 9/15/93 head. Russian and Australian firms sign an 10/1/93 Paul Beaver, Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/11/93, agreement to jointly develop a $900 The director of the Russian External p. 12 (3674). million Papua New Guinea (PNG) space Economic Relations Ministry's Na- base that will launch Russian Proton tional Market Research Institute, 12/7/93 rockets. Under the agreement, Space Mikhail Sarafanov acknowledges the It is reported that the new Russian Mis- Transportation Systems, directed by sile and Space Troops have been made former Queensland Premier Michael

184 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

sale of Russian missiles to Bosnian ians "once again" express interest in France's Matra is working with Russia's Serbs, but denies that the Russian gov- joint development of inertial guidance Antey company to profit from the tech- ernment was involved in the sale. systems for SLVs with Moscow. The nology incorporated in the latter's SA- Kyodo (Tokyo), 10/1/93; in JPRS-TND-93-031, Russians inform Vieira that they are still 12 (Russian designation S-300V) anti- 10/8/93, p. 42 (3657). interested in using the Alcantara launch ballistic missile system. According to site for the Iridium project, which is to Antey's chief engineer Boris V. place about 60 communications satel- Karpushin, the SA-12 has the same ca- RUSSIA WITH BRAZIL lites into orbit within the next two years pability as the upgraded U.S. Patriot using Russian Proton launch vehicles. PAC-2, which will not be operational 2/93 On 12/3/93, Brazil and Russia conclude until 1995. At the Russian Aerospace The president of Russia's Aviaprom, A. the visit by signing an agreement which '93 exhibition at the Emba test range in Gereshchenko, and vice president of will boost trade between the two coun- Kazakhstan, the SA-12 reportedly de- Russia's Mashinoeksport, I. Latin, se- tries from $200 million to $2 billion stroyed eight incoming "Scud-type" cretly visit the Alcantara launch site in annually within a period of five years. missiles in nine shots. Maranhao, Brazil. Ten weeks later, The agreement covers cooperation in Intelligence Newsletter, 10/30/93, p. 2 (3741). Embraer and Neiva of Brazil sign an aerospace research and mutual technol- agreement with Aviaprom and the ogy transfer of military materiel. Bra- RUSSIA WITH HUNGARY Myaslshchev Design Bureau of Russia zil is committed to buy various Russian to launch communications satellites products, including rockets. 1/94 from the Alcantara site. On average, JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 41-43 (3706). It is reported that Russia will settle its launches from the Alcantara site cost $800 million trade debt with Hungary 20 percent less than launches from any 12/4/93 by sending Hungary S-300PMU (SA- other site in the world. Reportedly, Brazilian diplomats are quoted as say- 10 Grumble) air defense systems. The there is also an accord between Brazil's ing that the Brazilian government is number of missiles to be provided to Monteiro Aranha group and Russia's "willing" to join the MTCR soon, a Hungary has not been determined. Krunichev Enterprise for the use of move that would eliminate the main Karoly Okolicsanyi, RFE/RL News Briefs, 1/10/ Russian space launch vehicles. obstacle to Brazil's involvement in the 94, p. 21 (3650). Flight International, 1/26/94, JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 41-43 (3706). Iridium satellite project with Russia. p. 16 (3650). JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 41-43 (3706). 9/93 Brazilian Army Minister General RUSSIA WITH INDIA Zoroastro leads a military delegation on RUSSIA WITH CHILE a visit to Russia to study missile tech- 7/15/93 nology and military equipment available 10/93 Russia agrees to scale down its sale of to Brazil. In the wake of the cancellation of a deal liquid-fueled rocket engines and tech- JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 41-43 (3706). involving the purchase of S-300 SAMs, nology to India, worth an estimated Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachev $400 million, which India claims is only 11/24/93 is to visit Chile during his trip to Latin for use on civil space launchers. Rus- The Sao Paulo magazine ISTOE reports America. The missile deal was dis- sia may still sell some engines to India, that the Brazilian Army is to receive cussed when Chilean President Aylwin but not the technology. Russian SAMs, which will be assigned visited Moscow in the summer of 1993, Andrew Lawler, Defense News, 9/6/93, p. 6 (3642). to various infantry headquarters; deliv- but was reportedly canceled under U.S. eries will begin in early 1994. pressure. JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/31/94, pp. 41-43 (3706). Sergey Zavorotnyy, Komsomolskaya Pravda (Mos- 7/16/93 cow), 9/23/93, p. 7; in FBIS-SOV-93-184, 9/24/ The Indian Ambassador in Moscow is 12/1/93-12/3/93 93, p. 14 (3604). given a document by the Chief of the Brazilian Prime Minister of Industry, Directorate of International Scientific Commerce, and Tourism Jose Eduardo and Technical Cooperation of the Rus- de Andrade Vieira meets in Russia with RUSSIA WITH FRANCE sian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which Russian Foreign Economic Relations states that, due to unforseen circum- Minister Oleg Davydov and discusses 10/93 stances, Glavkosmos will not be able possible cooperation between Brazil and It is reported that, in an effort to get an to fulfill its obligations on the transfer Russia in space research. The Brazil- early start on the future competition for of cryogenic engines and technology a European anti-ballistic missile system, under the 1/91 agreement. Strategic Digest, 11/93, pp. 1843-1844 (3979).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 185 Missile Developments

9/93 ment for servicing cryogenic booster The agreement between Russia and In- systems. Koptev states that the original dia for the supply of rocket engine tech- contract between the USSR and India RUSSIA WITH NORTH KOREA nology is suspended. India has already remains at basically the agreed amount received 50 percent of the technical of $220 million, even though Russia 11/15/93 will not be supplying cryogenic booster drawings from Russia, and can slowly Russian First Deputy Minister Sergey technologies. develop the technology itself. Stepashin states that Russia has expelled PPNN Newsbrief, Third Quarter, 1993, p. 6 Dmitriy Voskoboinikov, Igor Porshnev and Vitaliy (3572). H. K. Dua, Hindustan Times, (Delhi), Trubetskoy, Interfax (Moscow), 1/18/94; in FBIS- a North Korean diplomat, Maj. Gen. 8/25/93, p. 13; in JPRS-TND-93-030, 9/27/93, SOV-94-012, 1/19/94, p. 13 (3613). Nam Gae Wok, who was organizing a p. 14 (3852). Reuter, 12/15/93; in Executive large-scale DPRK special services op- News Service, 12/15/93 (3649). eration to send Russian missile and 11/3/93 RUSSIA WITH KUWAIT space industry experts to the DPRK. North Korea denies the recruitment ac- An Indian space expert states that there cusation and says that Nam is not a is a chance that India will accept the 12/2/93 A Russian-Kuwaiti defense cooperation General. cryogenic engines from Russia without Radio Rossii Network (Moscow), 11/15/93; in the related production technology as agreement is signed, and a Russian ra- FBIS-SOV-93-219, 11/16/93, P. 5 (3586). Ra- most of the technology has already been dio report subsequently states that Ku- dio Moscow, 11/16/93; in Kyodo News Service, delivered. Russia continued to give wait intends to buy five unspecified 11/16/93 (3534). Jane's Defence Weekly, 11/ India the cryogenic engine technology missile systems. 27/93, p. 19 (3534). until 11/1/93 when its obligation to Christopher Foss, Jane's Defence Weekly, 1/15/ abide by the MTCR went into effect. 94, pp. 20-21 (3626). 11/16/93 More than four-fifths of the production Russian Security Ministry official technology may already have been de- Alexei Kandaurov states that the ex- livered by Glavkosmos to the Indian RUSSIA WITH LIBYA pelled North Korean diplomat was Ma- Space Research Organization. jor General Nam Gae-wok and that this Vivek Raghuvanshi, Space News, 11/15/93, p.6 10/1/93 is the first time that Russia has expelled (3963). The director of the Russian External Re- a foreign diplomat for attempting to lations Ministry's National Market Re- recruit Russian scientists. 12/15/93 search Institute, Mikhail Sarafanov, de- Washington Times, 11/17/93, p. A15 (3586). A Russian Glavkosmos official states nies that Russia has tried to sell missile that a Glavkosmos delegation was in fuel to Libya. 1/18/94 India for two weeks in an attempt to Kyodo (Tokyo), 10/1/93; in JPRS-TND-93-031, Western defense analysts in Moscow say salvage a deal to sell the Indian Space 10/8/93, p. 42 (3657). that Russia is selling ten ballistic mis- Agency rocket engine technology. The sile-capable Golf II class submarines to official says, "We [Russia and India] North Korea. The analysts maintain that corrected the agreement of the text to RUSSIA WITH North Korea could install modified take into account the MTCR. . . . Some MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP Nodong-1 missiles on the subs. Al- changes were made and will be pre- though the Russian Navy insists that the sented to the government soon." 1/17/94 submarines will be dismantled under Reuter, 12/15/93; in Executive News Service, 12/ Russian military observation, the West- Greenpeace reports that on 9/7/91, in 15/93 (3649). ern analysts believe that the North Ko- an operation code named Loose Can- reans may cannibalize the subs for parts 1/94 non, a Russian lieutenant in charge of and that knowledge of these subs will the guards patrolling the perimeter of a The Director General of Russia's Space help them to improve their own subma- missile base in East Germany south of Agency, Yuri Koptev, states that Russia rine technology. is continuing to cooperate with the In- Berlin, made a deal to sell a Scud mis- Yonhap (Seoul), 1/18/94; in JPRS-TND-94-003, dian space program and is ready to con- sile armed with a nuclear warhead to pp. 45-46 (3558). clude seven contracts with India's Na- Greenpeace for $285,000 and political tional Space Agency, which will include asylum in the West. In late 7/91, the 1/28/94 the supply of cryogenic boosters for deal fell through due to the sudden dis- The Russian Defense Ministry denies India's Geostationary Satellite Launch appearance of the lieutenant and a allegations made in the Japanese weekly Vehicles and a $28 million contract for change of security. Shukan Bunshun concerning an alleged the manufacture and supply of equip- Reuter, Washington Times, 1/18/94, p. A13 (3692). secret study from the Center for Mili-

186 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

tary Strategic Analysis of the Russian guidance technology for use in the Complex and Conversion, states, "We General Staff claiming that 160 Rus- manufacture of Chinese missiles. The do not have and have never had such sian "scholars" had assisted North Ko- Chinese intend to purchase weapons information." The deputy head of the rea in its nuclear program and the manu- technologies in Russia that they are main department of the aircraft build- facture of warheads, and Nodong-1 barred from purchasing in the West due ing industry, Yuri Nikitin, is "of the medium-range missiles. Russian Armed to export/import restrictions. same opinion" as Levshunov. Nikitin Forces chief of general staff Colonel AFP (Paris), 9/9/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-174, 9/10/ states, "All matters related to missile General Mikhail Kolesnikov states that 93, p. 15 (3683). building are handled by the Committee the report, titled "The Russian Federa- for Military-Technical Cooperation, and tion Military Policy in the Asia-Pacific 10/93 control is reliable here." Region under the New Military Politi- Russian military critic Pinkov states that Pavel Spirin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/15/93; in cal Conditions," is "utter nonsense from Russia has sent five sets of S300PMU- JPRS-TND-93-034, 10/27/93, p. 35 (3962). beginning to end." Kolesnikov says that 1 SAMs to the PRC, and that several North Korea has no nuclear warheads, dozen Russian technical experts are in 11/93 Nodong-1 or Nodong-2 missiles, and China training Chinese soldiers in their An independent analyst of Russian pro- that it is not likely to develop them any use. While Russia did not provide grams, Charles Vick, states that in 1991 time soon. China with the technology to manufac- Russia and Ukraine sold three RD-70 Walentina Korikayev, Radio Moscow, 1/29/94; ture the S300PMU-1, Pinov says that engines to China. Vick says that one in FBIS-SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, p. 15 (3670). China could use the phased-array radar engine was torn apart, one used for test- Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 1/29/94, p. technology to improve its large scale ing, and the third kept intact. Vick be- 3; in FBIS-SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, pp. 16-17 (3670). Pavel Felgengauer, Segodnya (Moscow), early warning system. lieves that China is attempting to de- 1/29/94, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, pp. Tseng Hui-yen, Lien Ho Pao (Hong Kong), 10/ velop a manned space capability like 15-16 (3670). Stephen Foye, RFE/RL News 20/93, p. 10; in JPRS-TND-93-035, 11/10/93, Russia and the U.S. The Soviets re- pp. 67-68 (3729). Briefs, 1/31/94, p. 2 (3670). portedly assumed that China would at- tempt to develop a similar engine using 10/93 these as models, but "did not know or RUSSIA WITH PHILIPPINES An analyst at the American Enterprise care" what the purchase was for. Institute, James R. Lilley, states that the Space News, 11/8/93, p. 13 (3635). 10/93 Chinese media has reported that up to 3,000 Russian experts are working in Philippine defense officials who asked 11/93 China for salaries as high as $2,000 plus to remain anonymous state that their A secret document from the General housing, a car and living expenses. nation is studying the prospect of bar- Department of the CPC Central Com- China has "semi-openly" recruited these tering tobacco and alcohol for Russian mittee Military Council, published by experts, Lilley says. The experts have missile gunboats. The Philippines the Hong Kong magazine Cheng Ming, visited Russian defense plants and have would pay 15 to 20 percent of the pur- indicates that more than 1,000 Russian also done weapons designs and math- chase price in cash with the remainder defense workers are currently working ematical modeling, which they receive being paid in barter goods. If the pro- in China. The document does not re- via electronic mail. China is obtaining posed trade arrangement is approved, veal how many traveled to China inde- Russian missile technology, including the Philippines would purchase up to pendently, or if any were sent by Mos- Russian SS-24 Scalpel and SS-25 Sickle $30 million in Russian military equip- cow. technology, both of which are produced ment. Vladimir Skosyrev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 11/9/93, Reuter, 10/18/93; in Executive News Service, 10/ by the Nadiradize Design Bureau. The pp. 1, 3; in FBIS-SOV-93-216, 11/10/93, p. 2 19/93 (3736). SS-25 has a range of 10,000 km and (3951). pinpoint accuracy compared to China's 11,000 km range CSS-4. 11/93 John J. Fialka, Wall Street Journal, 10/14/93, During Russian Defense Minister Pavel RUSSIA WITH PRC p. A12 (3868). Alan George, Flight International, Grachev's visit to Beijing, Chinese De- 12/22/93, p. 5 (3868). fense Minister Chi Hoatian tells him 9/93 that China would like to purchase more 10/93 Large numbers of Chinese arms shop- air-defense systems; China may want to pers attend the Russian arms exhibition Responding to rumors in the U.S. of purchase 12 S-300 batteries in 1994. at Nizhny Novgorod, which is indica- "about one thousand" Russian missile tive of recent Chinese efforts to increase specialists working in China, Valeriy purchases of Russian weaponry, includ- Levshunov, a high-ranking expert from ing air-defense missile systems and the Russian Department for the Defense

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 187 Missile Developments

In 1993, China purchased four batter- guidance control systems necessary for RUSSIA WITH UNITED KINGDOM ies of S-300 (SA-10 Grumble) air-de- launching its 176 missiles indepen- fense missile systems. dently of Russia. Russia still has launch 10/93 Jane's Defence Weekly, 1/22/94, p. 3 (3959). control over Ukraine's nuclear missiles, The U.K. is reportedly interested in but the Center for Administrative Con- buying the SSN-22 Sunburn supersonic 11/11/93 trol of Strategic Nuclear forces, estab- anti-ship missile from Russia at a cost China and Russia sign a five-year mili- lished by the Ukrainian Defense Min- of $600,000 each (some reports indi- tary cooperation agreement providing istry, has ten branches that enforce cate $400,000), half the price of the for exchanges in experts and other per- Ukraine's control over the personnel NATO missile. The U.K. sonnel. U.S. intelligence sources be- manning the Ukrainian nuclear arsenal. might purchase the missile for offen- lieve that China is hiring Russian mis- Gregory Gransden, UPI, 9/14/93 (3709). sive purposes. sile scientists, and that Russia is pro- For Your Eyes Only, 10/11/93 (3630). viding China with triggering devices for 10/5/93 nuclear weapons, solid rocket fuel, and A railroad car containing two nuclear technology to solve problems related to warheads en route to a repair facility in RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES launching missiles from submerged sub- Russia is stopped at the Russia-Ukraine marines. A Pentagon officer in charge border. Ukraine has said that it will 9/93 of non-proliferation in the Bush Admin- delay the shipment until it receives guar- istration, Henry Sokolski, states that antees of compensation for the nuclear At Moscow's airshow, the U.S. com- China has been buying missile infor- materials in the warheads. pany Pratt and Whitney continue talks mation from former Soviet republics, Ustina Markus, RFE/RL, 10/18/93, p. 7 (3514). toward an agreement on the licensed particularly Russia, and that China is production of the Russian liquid-fuelled now trying to develop mobile SS-25 10/20/93 RD-170 engine and mutual use of the ICBMs. The railroad car containing two nuclear engine's components and technologies. Russia Express Executive Briefing, 9/27/93 Martin Sieff, Washington Times, 11/12/93, p. A16 warheads bound for a Russian repair fa- (3594). (3772). cility remains on the Russia Ukraine border. Russia is reportedly worried 9/93 RUSSIA WITH SOUTH KOREA about possible radiation leaks from the The U.S. Space Systems/Loral signs a warheads. deal to launch at least one U.S. satellite 8/93 Ustina Markus, RFE/RL, 10/18/93, p. 7 (3514). on a Russian Proton rocket. Russian Vice-Premier RF Alexander Space News, 10/10/93, p. 13 (3614). Shokin offers to pay-off the Russian debt to South Korea with missiles and fighter RUSSIA WITH UNITED ARAB planes. Russia already agreed to repay EMIRATES 9/93 part of the debt with supplies of alumi- It is reported that the U.S. Air Force is num. Russia still needs to repay South 10/93 interested in paying Russia or Ukraine Korea about $500 million of its $1.56 The UAE is planning to spend up to for 10 years for the production of the billion debt for the import of South $700 million on an air defense missile Solnechny Ozhog anti-ship missile Korean goods. system within the next two to three Segodniya, 8/27/93 (3616). which has a speed of 1,900 miles an years, and are showing interest in the hour. However, the U.S. wants to pur- Russian S-300V air defense system. chase samples of the missile first. There is some concern that Russia may Vladimir Ionov, Moscow News, 9/24/93, p. 13 RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE not be reliable in supplying spare parts (3769). or providing after-sales service on its 9/14/93 products. 9/2/93 The head of the Russian Defense Mikhail Pogorelyy, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), Russian Prime Minister Viktor Ministry's nuclear ammunition depart- 10/23/93, p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-93-206, 10/27/93, Chernomyrdin and U.S. Vice-President ment, Major General Yevgeny Maslin, p. 20 (3623). Al Gore sign two intergovernmental states that Ukrainian officials are in- documents, the first dealing with creasing their control over the forces that Russia's intention to adhere to the pro- guard and service Ukraine's nuclear visions and conditions of the MTCR, weapons, although Ukraine is still two and the second providing for Russia's to three years from establishing the entry into the international market for

188 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

commercial space launches. called Surf. The Surf rockets will be Crotale air-defense missiles for $591.5 Frank Murray, Washington Times, 9/1/93, p. A8 capable of launching--with only mod- million. (3885). Kenneth R. Bazinet, United Press Inter- est adjustments necessary to replace the Giovanni de Briganti, Defense News, 11/22/93, national, 9/2/93; in Executive News Service, 9/ p. 18 (3734). 3/93 (3965). Pavel Vanichkin, Itar-Tass (Mos- nuclear warheads with satellites--5,000 cow), 9/2/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-169, 9/2/93, pp. lb satellites into a low Earth orbit at a 4-5 (3885). Jim Wolf, Reuter, 9/2/93; in Execu- cost of less than $11 million by 1995. tive News Service, 9/3/93 (3885). Andrew Ben Iannotta, Space News, 11/29/93, p. 8 (3675). SAUDI ARABIA WITH Lawler, Defense News, 9/6/93, p. 6 (3642). MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP 12/6/93 10/93 President Clinton confirms that for sev- 12/28/93 The U.S. is reportedly interested in buy- eral months the U.S. and Russia have German and Saudi inspectors confiscate ing the SSN-22 Sunburn supersonic been conducting talks on targeting their anti-ship missile from Russia at a cost over one hundred barrels of ammonium ICBMs away from each other, although perchlorate from a German-registered of $600,000 each (some reports indi- no final agreement has yet been reached. cate $400,000), half the price of the ship docked in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Options on where to target the nuclear that was bound for Beirut, Lebanon NATO Harpoon missile. The U.S. missiles have also not been agreed on, could buy up to 1,000 Sunburn mis- from Hung Fu, China. Ultimately, the but the two choices are aiming the mis- ammonium perchlorate, which is used siles to use as targets. siles at the ocean or not aiming them at For Your Eyes Only, 10/11/93 (3630). in missile fuel, was to go to Iraq. all. The missiles can reportedly be re- Reuter, 1/24/94; in Executive News Service, 1/ targeted in fifteen minutes or less. 24/94 (3648). Michael Evens, Times, 1/27/94 11/93 Washington Times, 12/7/93, p. A8 (3603). Wash- (3698). It is reported that an official from the ington Times, 12/10/93, p. A25 (3603). U.S. company Lockheed Sanders, us- ing a credit card, buys a Russian mis- 1/14/94 SAUDI ARABIA WITH UNITED STATES sile that his company wants for an up- U.S. President Clinton and Russian coming test. President Yeltsin sign an agreement stat- 11/93 Aviation Week & Space Technology, 11/15/93, ing that the two countries would retar- p. 19 (3581). Saudi Arabia expresses interest in de- get their nuclear missiles away from termining whether or not Peace Shield, each other and other countries. Presi- 11/93 a joint project with the U.S., can be dent Clinton states, "If we had to target The U.S. Thiokol Corporation signs an modified to detect tactical ballistic mis- a missile, God forbid, at North Korea siles. The Peace Shield program is de- agreement with the Russian Askond or any place else, we could do it very joint stock company to dismantle Rus- signed to provide a command and con- quickly." trol air defense system for Saudi Arabia. sian ballistic missiles and convert the Paul Bedard, Washington Times, 1/15/94, pp. fuel into commercial products. Askond A1, A9 (3646). According to U.S. Lt. General Thomas and Thiokol have asked the U.S. De- Rhame, Saudi Arabia is placing a high fense Department for $45 million to dis- priority on completing the Peace Shield mantle eight SS-19 liquid-fuel missiles system, and has begun purchasing 20 and three SS-13 third stage rocket mo- SAUDI ARABIA Patriot missile batteries. Saudi Arabia tors. The work will begin within six to and the U.S. have recently started talks nine months at Niikhimmash, the Rus- to restructure payments for the Patriot sian space and rocket propulsion cen- missiles and a Hughes air-defense sys- ter, and could be followed by a larger tem. effort if U.S. defense officials accept the Barbara Starr, Jane's Defence Weekly, 11/13/ SAUDI ARABIA WITH FRANCE 93, p. 16 (3545). Barbara Starr, Jane's De- program as part of the U.S. effort to fence Weekly, 12/11/93, p. 32 (3545). Graham assist the former Soviet Union in dis- Warwick, Flight International, 1/19/94, p. 16 mantling its nuclear weapons. 11/93 (3545). Space News, 11/15/93, p. 17 (3631). According to French Defense Minister Francois Leotard, the French expect to 11/93 win $4 billion in contracts with Saudi It is reported that the U.S.-Russian joint Arabia by the end of the year. Two of venture Sea Launch Services plans to the contracts involve the purchase of two convert Russian SS-N-23 and SS-N-20 air-defense frigates worth $3.38 billion, SLBMs into disposable launch vehicles and one involves the modernization of

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 189 Missile Developments

uses a high-energy, low-smoke rocket motor, which yields a maximum speed SOUTH AFRICA of Mach 3.5, and can maneuver at 40 SOUTH KOREA g. Linear electromechanical servos driving four independent tail fins and a digital autopilot provide the missile's flight control. The SAHV-3 line-of- site missile is designed to defend against INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS aircraft from lower altitudes up to 20,000 ft out to a range of 12 km. The 11/93 SAHV-3 can also engage armed heli- 6/4/93 The South African 120 kg, Kentron- copters and missiles flying at low alti- The KSR, which is South Korea's first produced Lark, an anti-radar drone, tudes. The SAHV-3 uses a 20 kg indigenously developed rocket, is which has a typical mission range of prefragmented warhead with a proxim- launched for the first time, and attains 400 km with 2.5 hours of loiter time at ity fuze, and the missile can be radar or an altitude of 39 km (21 nm). 170 kph, is being offered for export. electro-optically tracked. The SAHV- Flight International, 9/1/93, p. 20 (3538). The Lark has a maximum altitude of IR variant uses the infrared seeker from 4,500 meters with cruise speed of 210 the U-Darter AAM, which is currently 9/1/93 kph. Launched from a truck- or ship- under development. The seeker can South Korea launches the second KSR mounted canister, the Lark is powered lock onto the target after launch, and (Korea Sounding Rocket) from a mili- by a 38 horse power rotary piston en- employs a two-color discrimination sys- tary base on the southwest coast from a gine, and has a delta wing, from which tem to prevent spoofing by decoy flares. mobile launcher at 10:34 am, reaching normal flight control via "elevons and To allow for initial course correction an altitude of 180,000 ft during the 3.5 rudders" and terminal guidance via side and to improve the seeker's chances of minute flight. The KSR, weighing 1.25 force control surfaces is provided. The detecting the target if it has maneuvered tons, is 22 ft long and 16.5 inches in Lark has an Avitronics 2-10 GHz seeker after launch, the SAHV-IR can also be diameter. The KSR was developed by head, which can be extended to the .7- guided during the boost phase via an the Korea Aerospace Research Institute 18 GHz range, and delivers a 20 kg RF data link with a missile tracker on (KARI) in cooperation with two state- barrel-shaped fragmentation warhead the launcher. The SAHV-IR missile is sponsored research institutes, three uni- with a programmable proximity fuze. 3.25 m long, and weighs 132 kg. versities and five companies. KARI will Aviation Week & Space Technology, 11/22/93, Jeffrey M. Lenorovitz, Aviation Week & Space begin development of a two-stage sci- p. 96 (3599). Technology, 11/29/93, p. 54 (3612). entific rocket in 10/93, based on data gleaned from the first two launches. 11/93 12/8/93 This more powerful system will be test- The South African company, Kentron, At the Langkawi International Maritime launched in 1996 as a precursor to a is offering the SAHV-3 and SAHV-IR Aerospace Exhibition in Malaysia, satellite launch vehicle. high velocity missiles as air defense Kentron marketing executive Arthur Flight International, 9/1/93, p. 20 (3538). Space upgrades in the same class as France's Oates says that he has met with almost News, 9/13/93, p. 13 (3538). Crotale missile. Kentron, a division of twelve nations since 10/93 to discuss Denel, is willing to consider coopera- the South African company's Skua high- 10/12/93 tive production arrangements. The mis- speed target drone and Buzzard low- South Korean Democratic Party parlia- siles are funded by the South African speed target drone. The Hennopsmeer- ment member Yim Pok-chin states that, military and have been test fired suc- based Kentron Co. is a division of Denel in accordance with a bilateral accord cessfully against targets. According to Systems Group, and is marketing its with the U.S., South Korea agrees to Kentron managers at the 1993 Dubai target drones to Asia-Pacific and Per- limit the range of missiles being devel- air show, the SAHV program began in sian Gulf countries. oped by the Hyonmu Project to 180 km. the mid 1980s as an effort to improve Keith Hodson, Defense News, 12/20/93, p. 18 Yim complains that "this agreement is Crotale missiles employed by the South (3601). unfairly disadvantageous to the ROK African military. The SAHV uses a compared to the 300 km limitation ap- command receiver/transponder de- plicable to other countries." signed to Crotale standards, and it is An Song-kyu, Chungang Ilbo (Seoul), 10/12/93, compatible electronically and mechani- p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-93-195, 10/12/93, PP. 36-37 (3542). cally with the Crotale fire unit. The 123 kg, 3.08 m long single-stage SAHV

190 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

12/93 suspected nuclear weapons program and It is reported that, according to South the possibility of South Korean partici- Korean lawmakers, the South Korean pation in the U.S.-Japanese Theater SUDAN Defense Ministry canceled production Missile Defense system. of a mobile missile launcher under de- Shim Sung-won, Reuter, 10/26/93; in NNN News, velopment since 1985. The cancella- 10/26/93 (3598). tion of the program is part of an anti- corruption campaign launched by Presi- 11/23/93 SUDAN WITH IRAQ dent Kim aimed at the 20-year military The Pentagon announces that the U.S. procurement program known as Yulgok. intends to sell 190 AMRAAM and 127 Steve Glain, Wall Street Journal, 12/29/93, p. Maverick missiles to South Korea for 9/93 10 (3543). $169 million. The missiles are pro- Arab and Kurdish opposition forces in duced by Raytheon and Hughes Air- London state that Iraq has sold large craft, respectively. The Pentagon fur- amounts of arms and ammunition to SOUTH KOREA WITH JAPAN ther states, "This sale would contribute Iran, including missiles and chemical to the foreign policy and national secu- weapons, in exchange for foreign cur- 9/17/93 rity of the United States by helping to rency. Iraq also sent some of the weap- ons through Iran to Sudan. Japanese Defense Agency Director Gen- improve the security of a friendly coun- try which has been and continues to be Voice of the Iraqi People, 9/9/93; in JPRS-TND- eral Keisuke Nakanishi and South Ko- 93-030, 9/27/93 (3940). rean Air Force Chief of Staff General an important force for political stabil- ity and economic progress in the Pa- Cho Kun-hae agree on the need to pro- 12/93 mote cooperation between their coun- cific region." Reuter, 11/23/93; in Executive News Service, 11/ "Specially informed" Sudanese sources tries and with the U.S. against suspected 24/93 (3541). in the eastern region stated that the large North Korean long-range missile and number of Iraqis who have moved into nuclear developments. the area of the Red Sea mountain range Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/17/93; in FBIS-EAS-93-179, 9/17/93, p. 6 (3584). are not oil prospectors but experts in missiles, defense systems, aircraft and SPAIN radars. Iraqis have been reported in Madabay in Khawr Ashraf, Port Sudan, SOUTH KOREA WITH RUSSIA in the region of Dalawat on the Red Sea near Hala'ib, and the city of Tawker in 8/93 region of Karnakanat. Russian Vice-Premier RF Alexander SPAIN WITH FRANCE Al-Wafd (Cairo), 12/26/93, p. 9; in JPRS-TND- Shokin offers to pay-off the Russian debt 93-003, 1/31/94, p. 17 (3610). to South Korea with missiles and fighter 12/93 planes. Russia already agreed to repay part of the debt with supplies of alumi- DCN International, a French shipbuild- num. Russia still needs to repay South ing company, signs an accord agreeing Korea about $500 million of its $1.56 to help Empresa Nacional Bazan of billion debt for the import of South Spain build four mine hunters for the SWEDEN Korean goods. Spanish Navy; the deal includes the Segodniya, 8/27/93 (3616). transfer of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) construction technology devel- oped by DCN. Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/11/93, p. 5 (3520). SOUTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES SWEDEN WITH MALAYSIA

10/26/93 11/93 The South Korean defense ministry an- Malaysia and Sweden are reportedly fi- nounces that South Korean Defense nalizing a defense-related Memorandum Minister Kwon Young-hae and U.S. of Understanding that provides a frame- Secretary of Defense Les Aspin will work for cooperation and may include meet from 11/3/93 to 11/4/93 in Seoul the transfer of Swedish technology to to discuss ways to halt North Korea's Malaysia. Malaysia has purchased four

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 191 Missile Developments

Spica M class fast attack craft/missiles 8/5/93 from Sweden, and Saab Missiles plans Two Russian civilian Condor transport to open a regional office in Kuala aircraft, leased by Syria, which left TAIWAN Lumpur in 1994. North Korea's Sunan airfield the day Robert Karniol, Jane's Defence Weekly, 11/20/ before, land in Damascus with a load 93, p. 5 (3969). of seven MAZ 543 chassis. According to U.S. intelligence sources, the MAZ 543s are probably taken from Damascus INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS SYRIA to a missile plant in Nasariya for con- version into mobile missile launchers. Qol Yisra'el (Jerusalem), 9/20/93; in JPRS-TND- 8/93 93-032, 10/12/93, p. 34 (3531). Michael R. The Taipei Aerospace and Technology Gordon, New York Times, 12/12/93, pp. 1, 20 Exhibition (TATE) demonstrates (3531). David E. Sanger, New York Times, 1/ Taiwan's aerospace advances to poten- 20/93, p. A5 (3531). SYRIA WITH IRAN tial vendors; there are definite signs of foreign industrial interest. According 8/8/93 11/13/93 to Western industry sources, Taiwan has Russian transport planes deliver com- an impressive manufacturing capability, An Iranian Defense Ministry source ponents for the Scud-C ballistic missile denies allegations made in the Times of particularly the manufacture, treatment from North Korea to Damascus, Syria. and working of advanced metals and London that Iran and Syria are co-pro- Part of the shipment may have also been ducing sophisticated cruise missiles, and materials. However, the Taiwanese mis- delivered from North Korea to Iran. sile industry, based in the Chung Shan that Iran is financing the production of John Hannah, Wall Street Journal, 9/15/93 North Korean Scud missiles. The Times (3919). Institute of Science and Technology, a report that Iran and Syria intend to pro- division of the Aero Industry Develop- duce a nuclear- or chemical- capable 9/93 ment Center (AIDC), still relies on for- missile is based on information origi- The U.S. is "discussing actively" the eign input for the more sophisticated nating from an international aerospace delivery of spare parts for intermedi- sections of weapons such as the dual exhibition in Dubai. ate-range Scud missiles from North seeker Hsiung Feng II anti-ship missile Reuter, 11/13/93 (3544). IRNA (Tehran), 11/ Korea to Syria on Russian transport air- and the Sky Sword I and II medium- 13/93; in JPRS-TND-93-037, 12/8/93, p. 36 range AAM. The Chung Shan Insti- (3544). craft. The shipment violates a memo- randum of mutual understanding on the tute itself is based in Taoyuan, west of export of rocket technology signed by Taipei. 12/93 Barbara Opall, Defense News, 8/23/93, p. 6 Viktor Chernomyrdin. Reports from Teheran say that Syria and (3738). Jane's Defence Weekly, 10/25/93, p. 24 Vladimir Nadein, Izvestiya (Moscow), 9/18/93, (3738). Iran are working on a new joint cruise p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-93-183, p. 12 (3565). missile development program which utilizes Chinese and North Korean tech- 9/30/93 nology. The program is reportedly cen- Taiwan deploys its first indigenous sur- SYRIA WITH UKRAINE tered around Iran's Ministry of Heavy face-to-air missile, the Tien Kung I Sky Industries factories and is incorporat- Bow, which replaces the U.S. Hercules 11/93 ing imported technology from Germany missile. The first battery of and other European countries. The Syrian newspaper Al-Ba'th reports missiles has been installed at the Sky Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/11/93, p. 18 (3505). that five Ukrainian officers are training Dragon military base in Taipei County, Syrians in the use of a "Ukrainian and five more batteries will be deployed nuclear munition." at other locations, including Taiwan's Colonel Oleg Falichev, Krasnaya Zvezda (Mos- offshore islands. SYRIA WITH NORTH KOREA cow), 11/26/93, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND-93-038, Executive News Service, 9/13/93 (3806). Reuter, 12/29/93, pp. 48-50 (3826). 10/19/93; in Executive News Service, 10/19/93 8/93 (3806). Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin states that Russian aircraft have deliv- 11/10/93 ered North Korean Scud-C missiles to Taiwan has deployed the air-launched Syria and possibly to Iran. Hsiung Feng II anti-ship missile, which AFP (Paris), 12/20/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, 1/ is derived from the Israeli Gabriel II. 18/94, P. 14 (3553). Flight International, 11/10/93, p. 17 (3806).

192 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

TAIWAN WITH BELGIUM TAIWAN WITH UNITED STATES tion and Intertechnique for use with Mirage F-1CR reconnaissance aircraft. 1/14/93 9/93 Defense News, 10/4/93, p. 23 (3905). Belgium ships "various" rocket motors, The U.S. sells between 38 and 41 Har- built by Forges de Zeebruges, to Tai- poon anti-ship missiles worth an esti- wan. mated $68 million to Taiwan; the mis- Georges Timmerman, De Morgen (Brussels), 12/ siles will be installed on three U.S. 29/93, p. 2 (3744). Knox-class frigates leased to Taiwan for TAJIKISTAN five years. Flight International, 9/15/93, p. 23 (3805). TAIWAN WITH FRANCE Reuter, 9/28/93; in Executive News Service, 9/ 28/93 (3805). TAJIKISTAN WITH AFGHANISTAN 10/8/93 12/93 French Prime Minister Edouard 1/9/94 Balladur decides to allow the sale of up It is reported that Taiwan wants to pur- chase a single Mk41 Vertical Launch At 10:35 a.m., seven missiles are fired to $2.6 billion worth of naval equip- on the 13th post of the Moskovskiy ment, including Exocet anti-ship mis- System worth $103 million from the U.S. Border Guard. siles, and Crotale and Mistral anti-air- Galina Gridneva, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 1/12/94; Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/93, p. 9 (3908). craft missiles, to Taiwan. in FBIS-SOV-94-008, 1/12/94, p. 76 (3634). Reuter, 10/20/93; in Executive News Service, 10/ 21/93 (3846). Reuter, 10/21/93; in Executive News Service, 10/21/93 (3901). Jane's Defence Weekly, 1/22/94, pp. 24-25 (3732). 1/11/94 THAILAND The 12th post of the Russian Moskovskiy detachment guarding the 10/21/93 Tajik border takes missile fire from in- China warns that France's arms deal side Afghanistan. Galina Gridneva, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 1/12/94; with Taiwan, which includes anti-ship in FBIS-SOV-94-008, 1/12/94, p. 76 (3634). and anti-aircraft missiles, will hurt Chi- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS nese-French relations. A Chinese For- eign Ministry Spokeswoman states that 12/7/93 "[i]f the French side sticks to the erro- Thai national police raid a secret jungle neous policy...Sino-French relations camp in Wangseam village in eastern will be further damaged." Chantaburi province and finds over Reuter, 10/21/93; in Executive News Service, 10/ 21/93 (3707). 1,500 tons of weapons believed to be- long to the Khmer Rouge. The huge 1/12/94 cache includes 15 130 mm artillery In a joint statement with China, France pieces, anti-aircraft artillery guns and INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS shifts its policy by restoring "traditional rocket launchers. Washington Times, 12/10/93, p. A23 (3928). relations of friendly cooperation" with 10/93 China and vows to ban the sale of arms It is reported that although Turkey has to Taiwan. Although French Foreign decided "in principle" to join the Minister Alain Juppe states that the ban THAILAND WITH FRANCE MTCR, it has yet to present legislation on arms sales to Taiwan does not apply in parliament regarding both this deci- to existing deals, it is not clear whether 10/93 sion and the establishment of a disar- the fall 1993 sale of missiles would be France's Thomson-TRT Defense sells mament agency. Turkish officials ex- affected. six Rubis navigation pods to the Thai pressed a need for a legal mechanism to Nelson Graves, Reuter, 1/12/94; in Executive Air Force. The navigation pods will be raid facilities under suspicion of dual- News Service, 1/12/94 (3735). used to perform low-level navigation use material violations; a disarmament and weapon guidance roles at night or agency of this sort would come under in unfavorable weather conditions. The Turkey's Foreign Ministry. Although Rubis pod was developed jointly by Turkey has no reported missile pro- Thomson-TRT Defense, Dassault Avia- grams applicable to the MTCR, it is

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 193 Missile Developments concerned with the proliferation of such Valery Korol says that although the tem- ert Seely, Washington Post, 10/20/93, pp. A31, technology in its region, particularly to perature has risen at Pervomaisk, in A38 (3791). Syria, Iraq and Israel, all of whom have southern Ukraine where SS-19 missiles ballistic missiles. are being dismantled, radiation levels 11/18/93 Jane's Defence Weekly, 10/23/93, p. 7 (3609). have not increased. Itar-Tass had re- Although the Ukrainian parliament rati- ported that a "serious accident" had oc- fies Start-1 by 254 votes to nine, it states TURKEY WITH UNITED STATES curred at Pervomaisk resulting in a dan- that the treaty only applies to 42 per- gerous rise in background radiation due cent of its nuclear missiles and that dis- 11/93 to a high concentration of weapons at armament would only begin once The U.S. Defense Department report- the site. Ukrainian ministerial sources Ukraine is given security guarantees and edly plans to sell $170 million worth acknowledge the high concentration of "substantial" compensation. In all, thir- of military equipment to Turkey through weapons and state that this has occurred teen conditions are given which must the Foreign Military Sales program. because two of the four dismantling be fulfilled before Ukraine will fulfill The sale includes 32 Harpoon missiles, units were "taken out of commission" the treaty. The parliament also with- 64 Mk-46 torpedoes and 40 anti-sub- by Russian troops who had been sta- held approval of the portion of the marine rockets to equip four Turkish tioned earlier at the site. Lisbon Protocol that obliges Ukraine Knox-class frigates leased from the U.S. Reuter, 9/14/93 (3620). to give up all of its nuclear weapons Navy. In a second deal, Turkey has re- and accede to the NPT as a non-nuclear quested the purchase of U.S. combat and 9/15/93 weapon state. Ukrainian Defense Minister Kostyantyn John Lepingwell, RFE/RL News Briefs, 11/15/ electronic systems worth $150 million, 93, p. 8 (3890). Rostislav Khotin, Reuter, 11/ including two Harpoon Ship Command Morozov is to be given the results of a 19/93 (3755). Larisa Sayenko, Reuter, 11/23/ Launch Control Sets to equip two feasibility study for the establishment 93 (3666). Robert Seely, Washington Post, 12/ Meko-class frigates. of Ukrainian missile and space forces. 21/93, p. A18 (3751). Barbara Starr and Robert Karinol, Jane's De- Unian (Kiev), 9/3/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-171, 9/ fence Weekly, 11/27/93, pp. 19-20 (3813). 7/93, p. 82 (3778). 11/20/93 The deputy chief of the Ukrainian De- 9/23/93 partment of Arms Control, Volodymyr Ukrainian President Byelashov, publishes an article describ- says that early parliamentary elections ing the steps Ukraine would need to take UKRAINE could help surmount obstacles to remov- in order to become a nuclear state and ing the remaining nuclear weapons from how Ukraine's strategic forces could be Ukraine. Kravchuk states that 60 war- restructured to meet the strategic ob- heads on ten of Ukraine's SS-19 mis- jectives of the Ukrainian defense policy. siles have been removed and that ten Byelashov proposes that the Missile INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS more missiles will be dismantled later Deterrence Forces could be equipped in 9/93. with conventional weapons allowed by David White, Financial Times, 9/24/93 (3757). 9/93 international agreements, including cruise missiles, ballistic missiles, and The head of Ukraine's Main Director- 10/19/93 ate for Nuclear Munitions, Colonel nonnuclear ICBMs. These missiles Ukrainian President Leonid M. General Evgenii Maslin, states that could carry "volume-explosive," ki- Kravchuk states that after the ratifica- Ukraine has "full control" over nuclear netic, or "vacuum action mode" war- tion of the START Treaty, Ukraine will weapons on its territory, but cannot heads. However, Ukraine would be less immediately proceed with the destruc- launch them yet. Maslin says that stra- likely to use the ICBMs because it tion of the 130 SS-19 ICBMs on its ter- tegic bomber crews and warhead main- would generally not be "expedient" and ritory, but may keep the 46 SS-24 tenance crews have taken the Ukrainian because Ukraine has no facilities to test ICBMs. Kravchuk accuses the West of oath of allegiance and that "within the them. failing to provide sufficient financial as- next year or two" Ukraine could develop Volodymyr Byelashov, Vechirniy Kyyiv (Kiev), 11/ sistance to dismantle the 176 strategic 20/93, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND-93-001, 1/6/94, systems to allow a launch capability. pp. 26-28 (3933). Boston Globe, 9/15/93; in RFE/RL News Briefs, missiles in Ukraine. Kravchuk adds that 9/13/93, pp. 7-8 (3877). the threat posed to the U.S. by these systems could be neutralized "cre- 11/30/93 9/14/93 atively" by deactivating their coding Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk reiterates his country's tough stance over Ukrainian Defense Ministry spokesman systems. New York Times, 10/20/93, p. A4 (3700). Rob- the fate of the nuclear missiles on its

194 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

territory, and refers to the weapons as agreement is reached giving Ukraine oath, it will lose the ability to opera- "material wealth," saying that Ukraine economic compensation and security as- tionally administer the 43rd Army. would "demand material compensation" surances. Ukraine is already disman- Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 1/25/94, pp. before giving them up. tling twenty of its SS-19 ICBMs by re- 1-2; in FBIS-SOV-94-017, 1/26/94, pp. 31-32 (3711). Krasnaya Zvezda, 1/29/94, p. 1 (3874). Washington Post, 12/1/93, p. A21 moving the warheads from the missiles. Aleksandr Dolinin, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, 12/21/93, 1/29/93, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, pp. 12/93 pp. A1, A4 (3751). 20-21 (3937). The Ukrainian Minister of Defense, Army General Vitaliy Radetskyy, visits 1/6/94 UKRAINE WITH IRAN units and facilities of the strategic mis- Ukrainian military specialists state dur- sile troops in Ukraine in order to ana- ing a tour of the Pervomaysk missile 1992 lyze the reliability of the system of con- base that safety precautions are being Iran purchases eight SS-N-22 Sunburn trol over the missile facilities. A deci- observed during the dismantlement of supersonic anti-ship missiles for sion of the Minister of Defense increases the country's nuclear missiles, but that $600,000 each from Ukraine. protection at the sites. to finish the job, Ukraine will need help James Kraska, Defense News, 10/4/93, pp. 25- Ukraine World Service (Kiev), 12/14/93; in FBIS- from abroad. According to the Ukrai- 26 (3562). SOV-93-239, 12/15/93, P. 82 (3898). nian specialists, reports stating that the 176 SS-19 and SS-24 missiles were not 12/93 12/9/93 being safely handled are untrue. The It is reported that the U.S. State De- The Ukrainian Defense Ministry offi- deputy commander of the Pervomaysk partment urged Ukraine to show re- cially denies an Intelnews report that missile base, Colonel Viktor Shvets, straint in weapons trade, and warned "a group of scientists is working on states, "All missiles are kept in perfectly Ukraine particularly about selling arms breaking the codes of Ukraine's mis- safe conditions; nuclear and ecological to Iran. The U.S. government accuses siles," which will enable Ukraine to is observed to the highest degree." Ukraine of violating the MTCR, and of "retarget the missiles." Shvets also states that the dismantlement selling missiles to Iran. Experts be- Uniar (Kiev), 12/9/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, 1/ of Ukraine's 1,700 strategic and cruise- lieve that any deals between Ukraine and 18/94, pp. 21-22 (3934). Ukrayinske Radio First missile warheads is being done by Program Network (Kiev), 12/17/93; in JPRS- Iran would have involved a trade of TND-94-002, 1/18/94, p. 22 (3934). Ukraine but that Ukraine cannot com- weapons for oil. Ukraine says that no plete the disarmament on its own. contracts of this kind have been con- Washington Post, 1/7/94, p. A14 (3708). cluded. 12/14/93 Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 12/14/93, 1/21/94 p. 3 (3774). Ukrainian Parliamentary Defense Com- Lieutenant General Vladimir Mikhtyuk, mittee member Igor Dirkatck states that, the commander of the Strategic Missile 12/21/93 in light of the Russian Parliamentary Forces 43rd Missile Army stationed in Ukrainian arms negotiator Borys election results supporting Vladimir Vinnitsa, Ukraine, and Major General Tarasyuk denies western media allega- Zhirinovskiy, Ukraine "must seek to Nikolay Filatov, commander of the 46th tions that Ukraine has sold several tac- obtain the codes enabling it to control Missile Division located in Pervomaysk tical missiles to Iran, stating that the nuclear missiles stationed on its ter- in the Nikolayev Oblast, unexpectedly Ukraine would never trade in weapons ritory to meet the threat to its security take the Ukrainian military oath. The with countries under U.N. sanctions represented by Zhirinovskiy." Paola Messana, AFP (Paris), 12/14/93; in JPRS- commander of the 19th Missile Divi- such as Yugoslavia, Libya, Iraq and TND-94-002, 1/18/94, pp. 22-23 (3823). sion located in Khmelnitskiy, Ukraine, South Africa. Major General Rustam Karimov, refuses Reuter, 12/22/93; in Executive News Service, 12/ 23/93 (3825). 12/21/93 to take the Ukrainian military oath. In In a gesture of good faith, Ukrainian Karimov's division, 413 out of the officials announce the removal of war- 1,017 officers have not taken the oath; UKRAINE WITH PRC heads from seventeen of the forty-six 354 of them want to return to Russia SS-24 ICBMs on their territory. Deputy for the rest of their military service. If Prime Minister Valery Shmarov states the soldiers of the 43rd Missile Army 9/93 that twenty SS-24s will be deactivated also take the Ukrainian oath, this will Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs, by the end of 1993. However, he also place all Ukrainian nuclear forces un- Qian Qichen, offers Ukraine security states that Ukraine will not dismantle der the full control of Ukraine. The guarantees in the event of a nuclear at- all of the SS-24s until a satisfactory Russian Strategic Missile Forces High tack if Ukraine gives up its nuclear mis- Command believes that, because of the siles.

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 195 Missile Developments

Ustina Markus, RFE/RL Research Report, 11/ border. Ukraine has said that it will 12/93, pp. 19-23 (3938). delay the shipment until it receives guar- 11/93 antees of compensation for the nuclear UNITED KINGDOM materials in the warheads. Yuri A. Smetanin, deputy general de- Ustina Markus, RFE/RL, 10/18/93, p. 7 (3514). signer of KB Yushnoye of Dnepropretovsk, Ukraine, which de- 10/20/93 signed the Cyclone and Zenit launch The railroad car containing two nuclear vehicles, states that "the Chinese have INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS warheads bound for a Russian repair fa- made many approaches to our company, cility remains on the Russia Ukraine but not for purchasing rockets. They border. Russia is reportedly worried 7/1/93 wanted answers to questions about how about possible radiation leaks from the The British implementation of MTCR we test for strength, aerodynamics, vi- warheads. amendments includes the addition of bration and so on. But we prefer to sell Ustina Markus, RFE/RL, 10/18/93, p. 7 (3514). newly restricted systems to the 1992 them hardware." Export Goods Control Order (EGCO), Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 11/29/93, pp. which covers all restrictions applicable 1, 20 (3580). UKRAINE WITH SYRIA to weapon exports. Arms Control Reporter, 9/93 (3900). 11/93 It is reported that despite closer politi- 11/93 cal, economic, and technological ties be- The Syrian newspaper Al-Ba'th reports UNITED KINGDOM WITH CHILE tween Ukraine and China, there appar- that five Ukrainian officers are training ently has been no transfer of sophisti- Syrians in the use of a "Ukrainian cated military technology or hardware nuclear munition." 9/93 from Ukraine to China. Colonel Oleg Falichev, Krasnaya Zvezda (Mos- Chile has shown interest in researching Ustina Markus, RFE/RL Research Report, 11/ cow), 11/26/93, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND-93-038, SSMs and SAMs, and has a deal with 12/93, pp. 19-23 (3938). 12/29/93, pp. 48-50 (3826). the U.K. to build the medium-range missile, the Rayo (Thunderbolt). UKRAINE WITH RUSSIA Chile's armed forces modernization ef- fort also includes Lince anti-aircraft 9/14/93 UNITED ARAB missiles. The head of the Russian Defense UPI, 9/1/93; in Executive News Service, 9/3/93 (3611) Ministry's nuclear ammunition depart- EMIRATES ment, Major General Yevgeny Maslin, states that Ukrainian officials are in- creasing their control over the forces that UNITED KINGDOM WITH KUWAIT guard and service Ukraine's nuclear UNITED ARAB EMIRATES weapons, although Ukraine is still two WITH RUSSIA 1/94 to three years from establishing the Kuwait is discussing the purchase of ap- guidance control systems necessary for 10/93 proximately two battalions, each con- launching its 176 missiles indepen- The UAE is planning to spend up to taining 24-27 vehicles, of multiple- dently of Russia. Russia still has launch $700 million on an air defense missile launch rocket systems (MLRS) from the control over Ukraine's nuclear missiles, system within the next two to three U.K. company Hunting Engineering but the Center for Administrative Con- years, and are showing interest in the Ltd. (HEL). Initial deliveries of the trol of Strategic Nuclear forces, estab- Russian S-300V air defense system. MLRS systems would probably begin lished by the Ukrainian Defense Min- There is some concern that Russia may in 1994-1995. The package would in- istry, has ten branches that enforce not be reliable in supplying spare parts clude Phase 1 MLRS rockets, Leyland Ukraine's control over the personnel or providing after-sales service on its DROPS (8X6) vehicles, Jasmin train- manning the Ukrainian nuclear arsenal. products. ing equipment and artillery fire control Gregory Gransden, UPI, 9/14/93 (3709). Mikhail Pogorelyy, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), systems from Marconi Radar and Con- 10/23/93, p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-93-206, 10/27/93, trol Systems. 10/5/93 p. 20 (3623). Christopher Foss, Jane's Defence Weekly, 1/15/ 94, pp. 20-21 (3626). A railroad car containing two nuclear warheads enroute to a repair facility in Russia is stopped at the Russia-Ukraine

196 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

UNITED KINGDOM WITH RUSSIA forgo the option to develop and produce policy will reflect MTCR guidelines. weapons of mass destruction. Restric- Andrew Lawler, Space News, 10/20/93, pp. 4, tions on computers would be liberal- 21 (3942). Jon B. Wolfsthal, Arms Control To- 10/93 day, 11/93, p. 22 (3752). The U.K. is reportedly interested in ized by raising the decontrol level from 12.5 Mtops to 500 Mtops. According buying the SSN-22 Sunburn supersonic 9/29/93 anti-ship missile from Russia at a cost to U.S. Commerce Secretary Ron Brown, the U.S. will immediately raise President Clinton announces that the of $600,000 each (some reports indi- U.S. will relax restrictions on about 70 cate $400,000) half the price of the the decontrol level of computers to 194 Mtops for export, except to countries percent of its computer exports and will NATO Harpoon missile. The U.K. now consider transfers of dual-use items might purchase the missile for offen- such as Iran, Syria, Sudan, Cuba, the DPRK, Vietnam, Iraq, Libya, and Yu- to member states of the MTCR on a sive purposes. case-by-case basis. Previously, the U.S. For Your Eyes Only, 10/11/93 (3630). goslavia ( and Montenegro). Andy Pasztor and John J. Fialka, Wall Street maintained a general "presumption to Journal, 9/20/93, p. A2 (3939). Export Control deny" the export of sensitive items con- News, 9/30/93, pp. 2-6 (3939). trolled by the MTCR, even to other UNITED KINGDOM WITH UNITED MTCR countries. Critics believe that STATES 9/10/93 trade in missile-related technology The U.S. Senate passes a non-binding could increase because of the new 11/10/93 resolution urging the prevention of U.S. policy. The U.S. Pentagon's number two offi- exports of missile and space launcher Jon B. Wolfsthal, Arms Control Today, 11/93, p. cial in the Ballistic Missile Defense technology. 22 (3752). Organization, James Carlson, meets Andrew Lawler, Space News, 10/20/93, pp. 4, with U.K. minister of defense Malcolm 21 (3942). 10/28/93 Rifkind to discuss the Theater High U.S. Congressman Toby Ruth intro- Altitude Air Defense (THAAD) duces a bill, which states that the use system's projected capabilities. 9/21/93 of export restrictions as a "diplomatic Defense News, 11/22/93, p. 2 (3815). Following a meeting between Vice- lever" should be discontinued and calls President Al Gore and Senators Jeff for a new, smaller list of restricted tech- 11/17/93 Bingaman and John McCain, the nologies that are directly attributable to Carlson presents THAAD's details to Clinton administration adds additional the development and production of dan- British procurement officials in meet- safeguards to an export policy prevent- gerous weapons. ing space launch technology from be- Intelligence Newsletter, 11/11/93, pp. 1, 6 ings in London. (3840). Defense News, 11/22/93, p. 2 (3815). ing used for military purposes. Andrew Lawler, Defense News, 10/4/93, pp. 3, 34 (3835). 11/93 The head of Army force development, 9/27/93 Maj. Gen. Jay Garner, states that short- UNITED STATES President Clinton signs Presidential range ballistic missiles represent 85 Decision Directive 13 (PDD-13), which percent of the threat facing U.S. ground describes the Clinton Administration's forces and that cruise missile produc- nonproliferation policy. He relates some tion will increase at least 225 percent of the contents of the directive in a in the next ten years, validating the re- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS speech made before the U.N. later that quirement for the Corps Surface-to-Air day. President Clinton also issues a new Missile. Defense Daily, 11/8/93, p. 202 (3625). 9/93 U.S. export policy in presidential re- view directive 8, which, if enacted, The U.S. presents a proposal to relax 11/93 export controls on highly sensitive tech- would liberalize the export of space The U.S. Bureau of Export Adminis- nology, including computers, fiber-op- launch vehicles, missiles, and other tration (BXA) issues a clarification of tic technology, and other dual-use items, technologies, as long as the importing the so-called "know" controls for im- all of which could be used for ballistic country is an MTCR member, agrees porters of technology that could be used missile and nuclear weapons develop- to utilize U.S. missiles and technology for missile-related activities. Subse- ment. The U.S. policy would allow de- for peaceful purposes and adheres to in- quently, BXA approves (by returning the veloping countries the ability to pur- ternational nuclear and chemical pro- licenses without action) 300 export li- chase space-launch technology if they liferation guidelines. This new U.S.

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 197 Missile Developments cense applications, including exports of Les Aspin, Speech, 12/7/93, pp. 1-6 (3943). UNITED STATES WITH AUSTRALIA non-missile related items to the Indian Aviation Week & Space Technology, 12/13/93, p. 23 (3827). Space Research Organization (ISRO). 9/93 BXA's clarification states that exports 12/12/93 Australia proposes that the U.S. share will be denied when items can be "di- Reports state that the U.S. had tried to information on Asian missile rectly used in the missile activities of launches with nations in the region entities sanctioned by the State Depart- cover up Russian involvement in the transfer of missile launcher parts from that adhere to international arms con- ment." The clarification resolves a dis- trol agreements. The U.S. satellite pute between BXA and the State De- North Korea to Syria. Martin Walker, Guardian, 12/13/93 (3883). that gathers the information is con- partment. Sanctions imposed by the trolled by the U.S. and Australian State Department formerly required early 1/94 military from a base at Nurrungar in BXA to deny export of all "controlled" Senior Pentagon officials attempt to ex- central Australia. Because the satel- items to sanctioned entities, but now lite monitors the air space from the some trade of non-missile-related items plain U.S. nonproliferation and counterproliferation definitions to ma- eastern Mediterranean to the west- will be allowed. ern Pacific, it could serve as a re- Export Control News, 11/30/93, pp. 13-15 jor European allies prior to a two-day (3941). NATO summit meeting in Brussels that gional early-warning system. It is will begin on 1/10/94. U.S. policy is believed that the Clinton Adminis- 11/9/93 laid out in the eight "Ds." The four Ds tration is likely to support the pro- of nonproliferation are dissuasion, de- posal. The chairman of Hughes Aircraft, Michael Richardson, International Herald Tri- Michael Armstrong, criticizes the U.S. nial, disarmament, and diplomatic pres- bune, 9/1/93 (3740). State Department for its sanctions re- sure; and the four Ds of stricting the sale of U.S. satellites to counterproliferation are defusing, deter- 12/93 China. Armstrong says that the U.S. rence, destruction, and defense. Intelligence Newsletter, 1/13/94, p. 7 (3793). It is reported that if the U.S. Con- sanctions have given the satellite mar- gress decides to allow the U.S. Navy ket to Europe, and have adversely af- 1/13/94 to adopt the Australian Nulka hover- fected American workers. ing rocket-borne missile decoy, it is Andrew Lawler, Space News, 11/15/93, pp. 3, Science Applications International 29 (3953). Corp. senior scientist Stanley Weeks possible that joint U.S.-Australian points out that, while improved Silk- manufacture of the decoy may fol- 12/7/93 worms would pose a threat to ships in low. The Australian Navy has already approved Nulka production, and U.S. Secretary of Defense Les Aspin un- the Persian Gulf, this threat should not plans to install the decoy on the first veiled the U.S. initiative called the "De- be exaggerated. Weeks states, "The of its eight ANZAC-class frigates and fense Counterproliferation Initiative" Achilles' heel of that system is its size its FFG-7 fleet. (DCI). Aspin's list of major threats to and slowness, so you can see it and have more time to react." Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/11/93, p. 11 the U.S. includes cruise missiles, stealth (3910). Philip Finnegan, Robert Holzer and Neil Munro, aircraft, mobile ballistic missiles, and Defense News, 1/17/94, pp. 1, 29 (3539). small clustered munitions carrying UNITED STATES WITH INDIA nuclear waste or biological payloads. DCI includes the development of new UNITED STATES WITH ARGENTINA 7/93 non-nuclear penetration munitions, a re- The U.S. and its close industrial al- orientation of the Strategic Defense Ini- lies ask the Indian government to re- tiative into a regional/theater Ballistic 9/93 frain from further deployment of the Missile Defense Organization, clarifi- Argentina transfers "missing parts" from Prithvi missile and to suspend the cation of the ABM treaty, and improve- its Condor-2 missile program to the US via spain. The parts include two elec- Agni missile program. ment in mobile missile search and de- UPI, 12/16/93 (3723). stroy techniques, intelligence systems, tronic guidance systems, three comput- ers, launching devices, and a tower. and military doctrines for fighting ad- 8/1/93 versaries armed with nuclear, biologi- However, Argentina has yet to deliver a It is reported that the U.S. firms Fi- cal, and chemical weapons and ballis- sophisticated X-ray machine, solid-fuel ber Materials Inc. and Materials In- tic missiles. DCI will utilize the mili- grinder and a fuel mixer allegedly of ternational will be tried in Boston on tary in the effort, which is a departure American origin. 9/28/93 for exporting, without a li- from nonproliferation's traditional re- William R. Long, Los Angeles Times, 9/26/93, cense, a production-sized hot isos- liance on diplomacy. p. A15 (3600).

198 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

tatic press to India which could be used UNITED STATES WITH JAPAN 9/27/93 to produce carbon/carbon to coat mis- Japanese Defense Minister Keisuke sile and rocket tips. India's defence 8/1/93-8/3/93 Nakanishi and U.S. Defense Secretary research department laboratory con- U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Les Aspin agree to set up a working- tracted with the U.S. firms in 1988. Policy Frank Wisner and Japanese De- level committee to study how both coun- Hindustan Times, 8/1/93; in Defence and Disar- tries can jointly develop a defense mament Review, 11/93, p. 1892 (3730). fense Minister Keisuki Nakanishi dis- cuss theater missile defenses as a means against tactical ballistic missiles. In prior months, both countries discussed 8/27/93 of protecting Japan from North Korea's Nodong-1 and other IRBMs. Japanese participation in the U.S. The- Indian Foreign Secretary J.N. Dixit Vago Muradian, Defense News, 9/20/93, pp. 1, ater High Altitude Area Defense pro- states at a news conference in Washing- 29 (3967). gram and Japan's incorporation of PAC- ton, D.C. that the Prithvi and Agni mis- 3 improvements into its purchased Pa- sile programs had been a major topic of 9/93 triot system. At the meeting, however, discussion during his two days of talks Japanese officials visit the Lockheed both countries failed to agree on a U.S. with U.S. officials. corporation in order to be briefed on proposal to develop a $12 billion de- R. Chakrapani, Hindu, 9/4/93, p. 9 (3974). the Theater High Altitude Area Defense fense system against North Korea's mis- (THAAD). siles, because the Japanese coalition 9/93 BMD Monitor, 10/8/93, pp. 265-266 (3803). government opposed the Theater Mis- During the nuclear talks between India sile Defense (TMD). The working-level and the U.S. in Washington, India in- 9/93 committee will be limited to "basic stud- forms the U.S. that the Prithvi missile U.S. Pentagon acquisition chief, John ies" due to Japan's laws on collective would not be deployed "imminently." Deutch, and U.S. Army Major General defense arrangements. U.S. Launch sites for the Prithvi are being and acting Ballistic Missile Defense Undersecretary of Defense John Deutch prepared along the border with Paki- Organization director, Malcolm says that the TMD proposal would be a stan. O'Neill, discuss the TMD proposal "technology-for-technology arrange- Foreign Report, 9/30/93 (3765). with Japanese officials. ment" in which the U.S. would pass on BMD Monitor, 10/8/93, pp. 265-266 (3803). military technology in exchange for Japanese dual-use technology. Some UNITED STATES WITH ISRAEL 9/8/93 Japanese socialists reportedly say that Japanese Defense Minister Keisuke the TMD goes against a parliamentary 11/12/93 Nakanishi says that Japan is studying resolution which bans the military use In a meeting with U.S. President Bill the feasibility of jointly developing a of space other laws that prohibit action Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Theater Missile Defense (TMD) system for collective defense. Rabin raises the issue of transferring with the U.S., which could counter po- David E. Sanger, New York Times, 9/18/93, pp. supercomputers to Israel. The comput- tential North Korean attacks. 1-2 (3746). Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/28/93; in JPRS- TND-93-034, 1/27/93, pp. 3-4 (3746). Barbara Reuter, 9/8/93 (3801). Washington Times, 9/9/ ers could assist in the development of Opall and Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 10/4/ 93, p. A2 (3801). Reuter, 9/20/93 (3801). Flight nuclear and ballistic missiles, or be used 93, p. 3 (3746). Susuma Awanohara, Far East- International, 9/15/93, p. 19 (3801). to process information from satellite and ern Economic Review, 10/14/93, p. 22 (3746). missile operations. Inside the Pentagon, 10/14/93, p. 3 (3746). Defense News, 10/25/93, p. 2 (3746). Barbara Opall, Defense News, 11/15/93, pp. 1, 9/16/93 29 (3788). The U.S. ambassador to Japan, Walter F. Mondale, proposes to the Japanese late 9/93 12/93 Deputy Foreign Minister, Kunihiko Responding to questions regarding Japa- It is reported that Israel wants to pur- Saito, that Japan and the U.S. set up a nese-U.S. joint development of a The- chase nine Multiple Launch Rocket Theater Missile Defense system capable ater Missile Defense (TMD) program, Systems, six M577 command post car- of destroying North Korean missiles. Tomiichi Murayama, chairman of the riers and 216 tactical rocket pods from The system would deploy surveillance Japanese Social Democratic Party the U.S. The items are worth a total of satellites to detect a ballistic missile at- (SDP), says that the SDP "will not sup- $97 million. tack and would be coupled with ground port a proposal to maintain peace by Jane's Defense Weekly, 12/93, p. 9 (3908). batteries capable of intercepting and strengthening Japan's military capabili- destroying missiles at high altitudes. ties." International Herald Tribune, 9/17/93 (3916). United Press International, 9/28/93; in NNN News, 9/28/93 (3904).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 199 Missile Developments

12/93 UNITED STATES WITH NORTH says that neither country has violated A Japanese military delegation, includ- KOREA MTCR regulations. ing the Japanese Defense Agency's di- Jeffrey Parker, Reuter, 12/29/93; in NNN News, 12/29/93 (3680). Washington Times, 1/1/94, p. rector of defense policy and Director of 7/93 A7 (3724). National Security Affairs at the Foreign CIA Director James Woolsey testifies Ministry, Yishinori Katori, visits the before Congress that the Nodong-1, U.S. The delegation points out its con- which could be fitted with nuclear, UNITED STATES WITH PRC cern about the possibility that the per- chemical or biological warheads, has formance of the Patriot PAC-2 missile been tested. He indicates that of great- 8/24/93 will be inadequate vis-a-vis the North est concern is North Korea's continued The U.S. initiates Category 2 trade sanc- Korean Nodong-1 missile. efforts to sell the missile abroad, par- tions against China for the alleged sale Paul Beaver, Jane's Defence Weekly, 1/15/93, p. ticularly to dangerous and potentially 4 (3551). of M-11 missile components to Paki- hostile countries such as Iran. Woolsey stan. Both China and Pakistan have de- notes that "with this missile, North UNITED STATES WITH KUWAIT nied that the transaction occurred, al- Korea could reach Japan; Iran could though Pakistan did admit to purchas- reach Israel; and Libya could reach U.S. ing "a few" short-range ballistic mis- 1/23/94 bases and allied capitals in the Medi- siles from China in the late 1980s. An offset memorandum with the U.S. terranean region." company Raytheon is signed with Ku- Christian Science Monitor, 12/27/93, p. 4 (3529). Three U.S. satellites scheduled to be wait at a value of $98.2 million. The launched aboard Chinese launch ve- agreement calls for Raytheon to rein- hicles will be affected: a Hughes-manu- vest 30 percent of the contract value of factured Optus B3 and APStar 1 to be UNITED STATES WITH PAKISTAN the existing deal to sell 210 Patriot mis- launched in 1994, and the Martin siles and five firing units to Kuwait. Marietta Astrospace Asiasat 2 to be 8/26/93 Under the terms of the agreement, launched in 1995. Raytheon will assist in the design and A Pakistan High Commission press re- Flight International, 9/1/93, p. 6 (3685). construction of an energy-related facil- lease states that the US has urged Paki- ity to be carried out over a period of 3 stan to enter a dialogue with India on 8/27/93 1/2 years. the issue of missile proliferation in Following the U.S. decision to impose Reuter, 1/22/94; in Executive News Service, 1/ South Asia. The release notes that, a two-year ban on exports to China, 24/94 (3537). Reuter, 1/23/94; in Executive News "Pakistan has conveyed to the US that Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Liu Service, 1/24/94 (3537). it is prepared to respond positively to Huaqiu calls the decision a "naked this proposal to prevent a missile race hegemonic act." in our region." Jeffrey Smith and Daniel Williams, Washington UNITED STATES WITH MULTI- The Hindu, 9/4/93, p. 9 (3523). Post, 11/11/93, pp. A39, A44 (3830). COUNTRY GROUP 12/93 9/24/93 10/26/93 U.S. State Department Spokesman Mike The U.S. Space Systems/Loral an- A Pentagon intelligence official states McCurry says that the sanctions the U.S. nounces an agreement with the China that inexpensive, commercially avail- imposed on China in 8/93 for violating Great Wall Industry Corp. to launch able, GPS computer components could the MTCR and U.S. laws on nonprolif- commercial satellites on Long March be installed in Iranian cruise missiles eration by selling Pakistan missile parts rockets in 1996 and 1997 from the or be used to increase the accuracy of and technology will remain in force un- Xichang Satellite Launch Center. This Chinese ballistic missiles. According til China reaches an agreement with the deal will not be affected by U.S. sanc- to Pentagon intelligence officials, Chi- U.S. that promotes nonproliferation tions because the deal was signed be- nese, Iranian and Indian military re- goals. fore sanctions went into force. Wireless File, 11/12/93 (3637). Space News, 10/10/93, p. 13 (3614). searchers are working to put U.S. navi- gation technology (such as GPS) in their 12/29/93 10/93 next-generation missiles. Lisa Burgess and Neil Munro, Defense News, 11/ While on a visit to China, Pakistani It is reported that the Clinton adminis- 29/93, pp. 8, 10 (3644). Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto says that tration is trying to improve relations the U.S. sanctions placed on Pakistan with China because of Washington's and China are based on "erroneous in- concerns about bilateral trade, weapons formation" and should be lifted. Bhutto proliferation, and the possibility that it

200 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

will need China's help to impose sanc- searchers are working to put U.S. navi- 11/18/93 tions on North Korea through the U.N. gation technology (such as GPS) in their U.S. officials announce the sale of a $10 Security Council. The General Motors next-generation missiles. million Cray Research Inc. Corp.'s Hughes Aircraft Co. is request- Lisa Burgess and Neil Munro, Defense News, 11/ supercomputer to China in an effort to ing that the Clinton administration re- 29/93, pp. 8, 10 (3644). improve relations with China, despite interpret the sanctions imposed in 8/93 evidence that China violated the MTCR against Chinese missile companies. 11/93 by selling M-11 missile components to Hughes has contracts with the China U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense Pakistan. A spokesman for Cray Re- Great Wall Industrial Corp. to launch Charles W. Freeman Jr. holds talks with search, Frank Parisi, states that a so- two satellites worth $180 million using Chinese Vice Chairman of the Central phisticated set of safeguards has been the commercial version of China's Military Commission Gen. Liu established so that there is no way that ICBM. The U.S. CIA and Defense De- Huaqing concerning proliferation issues China can use the supercomputer for partment believe that relaxation of the and China's sale of missiles to Pakistan. "pernicious applications." U.S. officials sanctions would encourage China to Lena Sun, Washington Post, 11/3/93, p. A12 (3873). state that the approval to sell the proliferate because the Chinese compa- supercomputer to China did not con- nies that would benefit most from in- 11/10/93 flict with the U.S. sanctions imposed creased business build both commercial on China in 8/93, which affect only Clinton administration officials an- rockets and military missiles. missile-related goods. In return for lift- nounce that the trade sanctions imposed John J. Fialka, Wall Street Journal, 10/22/93, ing the sanctions, the Clinton Admin- on China for exporting M-11 missile p. A16 (3829). istration wants China to "make more components to Pakistan could be lifted public and binding assurances" which if China promises not to export such 10/12/93 would include an agreement that the M- items in the future. The Clinton Ad- A senior U.S. official states that China 11 missile is covered by the MTCR. ministration makes the announcement is showing no interest in negotiating an Although China says that the MTCR after Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Liu end to the sanctions imposed on it by does not cover the M-11 because it has Hauqiu told U.S. Undersecretary of the U.S. after China sold M-11 missiles only a 280 km range and carries an 800 State Peter Tarnoff on 11/4/93 that to Pakistan. The official states, "Sanc- kg payload, the U.S. says the payload China is seriously considering the deal. tions are not an end in themselves. They can be reduced giving the missile a However, officials say that the U.S. may are designed to encourage non-prolif- greater, MTCR-restricted range. eration but (obtaining a waiver) requires not push the deal through immediately, Gene Gibbons, Reuter, 11/19/93 (3671). Jim serious negotiations by the Chinese and partly because of suspicions that China Mann, Los Angeles Times, 11/29/93, pp. A1, A9 so far they've given no indication that provided Pakistan with completed M- (3841). Export Control News, 11/30/93 (3671). 11s and not just components. Jon B. Wolfsthal, Arms Control Today, 12/93, p. they are willing to do this." 18 (3773). Reuter, 10/12/93 (3607). Undersecretary of State Lynn E. Davis states before Congress that "Our deci- 11/20/93 10/20/93 sion to impose sanctions against China Chinese President Jiang Zemin holds The U.S. announces that it would be and Pakistan for the transfer of M-11- talks with U.S. President Bill Clinton unable to extend Most Favored Nation related technology demonstrates that in Seattle as part of the Asia-Pacific trading status to China in 6/94 unless it we're prepared to pursue our nonpro- Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum. improves its record on a number of is- liferation goals vigorously even when Jiang indicates that China is prepared sues, including arms proliferation. such efforts may risk frictions in criti- Susan Cornwell, Reuter, 10/20/93; in Executive cal bilateral relations." to conduct talks with the U.S. concern- News Service, 10/21/93 (3682). Jeffrey Smith and Daniel Williams, Washington ing China's compliance with the Post, 11/11/93, pp. A39, A44, (3830). MTCR, but that this is contingent on the removal of the U.S.'s limited trade 10/26/93 11/12/93 sanctions against China. A U.S. official states that two satellites Kyodo (Tokyo), 11/21/93; in JPRS-TND-93-038, A Pentagon intelligence official states 12/29/93, pp. 1-2 (3954). that inexpensive, commercially avail- will be exported for launch once the ban against China is lifted, although five able, GPS computer components could 1/94 be installed in Iranian cruise missiles other satellites using sensitive technol- ogy will be withheld until China agrees It is reported that because of an agree- or be used to increase the accuracy of ment with the U.S., China can only Chinese ballistic missiles. According to abide by the MTCR. Washington Times, 11/14/93, p. A2 (3830). launch nine commercial communica- to Pentagon intelligence officials, Chi- tions satellites through the end of 1994. nese, Iranian and Indian military re- Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 1/24/93, pp. 1, 28 (3645).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 201 Missile Developments

1/94 UNITED STATES WITH RUSSIA could buy up to 1,000 Sunburn mis- It is reported that the Clinton adminis- siles to use as targets. tration is set to lift the ban on the sale 9/93 For Your Eyes Only, 10/11/93 (3630). to China of the Echostar satellite, worth At Moscow's airshow, the U.S. com- $150 million, and an Asiasat II satel- pany Pratt and Whitney continue talks 11/93 lite, worth $55 million, both built by toward an agreement on the licensed It is reported that an official from the Martin Marietta. In exchange, China production of the Russian liquid-fuelled U.S. company Lockheed Sanders, us- will agree to begin talks on issues re- RD-170 engine and mutual use of the ing a credit card, buys a Russian mis- garding the proliferation of weapons. engine's components and technologies. sile that his company wants for an up- The U.S. government has been under Russia Express Executive Briefing, 9/27/93 coming test. pressure from U.S. businesses to lift the (3594). Aviation Week & Space Technology, 11/15/93, sanctions that were imposed on China p. 19 (3581). during the summer of 1993 because of 9/93 China's sale of M-11 missile technol- The U.S. Space Systems/Loral signs a 11/93 ogy to Pakistan. deal to launch at least one U.S. satellite The U.S. Thiokol Corporation signs an Bob Davis and Robert S. Greenberger, Wall Street on a Russian Proton rocket. agreement with the Russian Askond Journal, 1/6/94, p. A2 (3834). Space News, 10/10/93, p. 13 (3614). joint stock company to dismantle Rus- sian ballistic missiles and convert the 1/6/94 9/93 fuel into commercial products. Askond The Clinton Administration allows the It is reported that the U.S. Air Force is and Thiokol have asked the U.S. De- U.S. Commerce Department to approve interested in paying Russia or Ukraine fense Department for $45 million to dis- the launching of three satellites by China for 10 years for the production of the mantle eight SS-19 liquid-fuel missiles after China agreed to talks regarding the Solnechny Ozhog anti-ship missile and three SS-13 third stage rocket mo- proliferation of missile technology. The which has a speed of 1,900 miles an tors. The work will begin within six to satellites will be launched on Long hour. However, the U.S. wants to pur- nine months at Niikhimmash, the Rus- March rockets in 1995. The deal also chase samples of the missile first. sian space and rocket propulsion cen- includes "integration analysis" technol- Vladimir Ionov, Moscow News, 9/24/93, p. 13 ter, and could be followed by a larger ogy which will allow China to upgrade (3769). effort if U.S. defense officials accept the both its satellite launch and MIRV war- program as part of the U.S. effort to head capabilities. 9/2/93 assist the former Soviet Union in dis- Jim Wolf, Reuter, 1/7/94 (3917). Andrew Lawler, Russian Prime Minister Viktor mantling its nuclear weapons. Space News, 1/10/94, p. 3 (3770). Martin Sieff, Chernomyrdin and U.S. Vice-President Space News, 11/15/93, p. 17 (3631). Washington Times, 1/19/94, p. A18 (3821). Export Control News, 1/31/94 (3770). Al Gore sign two intergovernmental documents, the first dealing with 11/93 1/26/94-1/27/94 Russia's intention to adhere to the pro- It is reported that the U.S.-Russian joint venture Sea Launch Services plans to U.S. arms control negotiator Lynn Davis visions and conditions of the MTCR, convert Russian SS-N-23 and SS-N-20 meets with the Chinese Vice Foreign and the second providing for Russia's SLBMs into disposable launch vehicles Minister Liu Huaqiu about missile pro- entry into the international market for called Surf. The Surf rockets will be liferation. The U.S. proposes a bind- commercial space launches. Frank Murray, Washington Times, 9/1/93, p. A8 capable of launching--with only mod- ing accord under which China would (3885). Kenneth R. Bazinet, United Press Inter- est adjustments necessary to replace the stop selling missiles limited by the national, 9/2/93; in Executive News Service, 9/ nuclear warheads with satellites--5,000 MTCR in return for a lifting of the U.S. 3/93 (3965). Pavel Vanichkin, Itar-Tass (Mos- lb satellites into a low Earth orbit at a sanctions placed on China in 8/93. State cow), 9/2/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-169, 9/2/93, pp. 4-5 (3885). Jim Wolf, Reuter, 9/2/93; in Execu- cost of less than $11 million by 1995. Department Spokesman Mike McCurry tive News Service, 9/3/93 (3885). Andrew Ben Iannotta, Space News, 11/29/93, p. 8 (3675). states that no progress has been made. Lawler, Defense News, 9/6/93, p. 6 (3642). Jim Wolf, Reuter, 1/27/94 (3917). Carol Giacomo, Reuter, 1/27/94; Executive News Ser- 12/6/93 vice, 1/31/94 (3672). 10/93 President Clinton confirms that for sev- The U.S. is reportedly interested in buy- eral months the U.S. and Russia have ing the SSN-22 Sunburn supersonic been conducting talks on targeting their anti-ship missile from Russia at a cost ICBMs away from each other, although of $600,000 each (some reports indi- no final agreement has yet been reached. cate $400,000) half the price of the Options on where to target the nuclear NATO Harpoon missile. The U.S. missiles have also not been agreed on,

202 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Missile Developments

but the two choices are aiming the mis- meet from 11/3/93 to 11/4/93 in Seoul of military equipment to Turkey through siles at the ocean or not aiming them at to discuss ways to halt North Korea's the Foreign Military Sales program. all. The missiles can reportedly be re- suspected nuclear weapons program and The sale includes 32 Harpoon missiles, targeted in fifteen minutes or less. the possibility of South Korean partici- 64 Mk-46 torpedoes and 40 anti-sub- Washington Times, 12/7/93, p. A8 (3603). Wash- pation in the U.S.-Japanese Theater marine rockets to equip four Turkish ington Times, 12/10/93, p. A25 (3603). Missile Defense system. Knox-class frigates leased from the U.S. Shim Sung-won, Reuter, 10/26/93; in NNN News, Navy. In a second deal, Turkey has re- 1/14/94 10/26/93 (3598). quested the purchase of U.S. combat and U.S. President Clinton and Russian electronic systems worth $150 million, President Yeltsin sign an agreement stat- 11/23/93 including two Harpoon Ship Command ing that the two countries would retar- The Pentagon announces that the U.S. Launch Control Sets to equip two get their nuclear missiles away from intends to sell 190 AMRAAM and 127 Meko-class frigates. each other and other countries. Presi- Maverick missiles to South Korea for Barbara Starr and Robert Karinol, Jane's De- dent Clinton states, "If we had to target $169 million. The missiles are pro- fence Weekly, 11/27/93, pp. 19-20 (3813). a missile, God forbid, at North Korea duced by Raytheon and Hughes Air- or any place else, we could do it very craft, respectively. The Pentagon fur- quickly." ther states, "This sale would contribute UNITED STATES WITH Paul Bedard, Washington Times, 1/15/94, pp. to the foreign policy and national secu- UNITED KINGDOM A1, A9 (3646). rity of the United States by helping to improve the security of a friendly coun- try which has been and continues to be 11/10/93 UNITED STATES WITH SAUDI ARABIA an important force for political stabil- The U.S. Pentagon's number two offi- ity and economic progress in the Pa- cial in the Ballistic Missile Defense 11/93 cific region." Organization, James Carlson, meets Saudi Arabia expresses interest in de- Reuter, 11/23/93; in Executive News Service, 11/ 24/93 (3541). with U.K. minister of defense Malcolm termining whether or not Peace Shield, Rifkind to discuss the Theater High a joint project with the U.S., can be Altitude Air Defense (THAAD) modified to detect tactical ballistic mis- system's projected capabilities. UNITED STATES WITH TAIWAN siles. The Peace Shield program is de- Defense News, 11/22/93, p. 2 (3815). signed to provide a command and con- trol air defense system for Saudi Arabia. 9/93 11/17/93 According to U.S. Lt. General Thomas The U.S. sells between 38 and 41 Har- Carlson presents THAAD's details to Rhame, Saudi Arabia is placing a high poon anti-ship missiles worth an esti- British procurement officials in meet- priority on completing the Peace Shield mated $68 million to Taiwan; the mis- ings in London. system, and has begun purchasing 20 siles will be installed on three U.S. Defense News, 11/22/93, p. 2 (3815). Patriot missile batteries. Saudi Arabia Knox-class frigates leased to Taiwan for and the U.S. have recently started talks five years. to restructure payments for the Patriot Flight International, 9/15/93, p. 23 (3805). missiles and a Hughes air-defense sys- Reuter, 9/28/93; in Executive News Service, 9/ 28/93 (3805). tem. YEMEN Barbara Starr, Jane's Defence Weekly, 11/13/ 93, p. 16 (3545). Barbara Starr, Jane's De- 12/93 fence Weekly, 12/11/93, p. 32 (3545). Graham It is reported that Taiwan wants to pur- Warwick, Flight International, 1/19/94, p. 16 chase a single Mk41 Vertical Launch (3545). System worth $103 million from the U.S. INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Jane's Defence Weekly, 12/93, p. 9 (3908). UNITED STATES WITH SOUTH KOREA 11/93 Yemeni artillery and missile launching 10/26/93 UNITED STATES WITH TURKEY units in Aden, from bases in The South Korean defense ministry an- Saladeddine and Aund, are mobilized nounces that South Korean Defense 11/93 as tensions heighten between northern Minister Kwon Young-hae and U.S. The U.S. Defense Department report- and southern Yemeni forces. Secretary of Defense Les Aspin will edly plans to sell $170 million worth Intelligence Newsletter, 11/25/93, p. 7 (3593).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 203 Missile Developments

Backa Palanka-Ilok line include a Frog-7 (R-65 Luna-M) regiment and three artillery/ YUGOSLAVIA missile regiments. Milan Vego, Jane's Intelligence Review, 10/93, pp. 438-445 (3696). Milan Vego, Jane's Intelligence Re- view, 11/93, pp. 502-505 (3753).

INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 12/93 It is reported that large amounts of ammu- 9/93 nition and weapons are entering Bosnia through Serbia. Weapons and parts that are According to a recent issue of Messen- used for manufacturing 1,000-km range ger, a magazine published by the missiles are being transferred. Serbia is Yugoslav General Staff, the Yugoslav utilizing imported technology at nuclear government wants to rebuild its defense institutes and is attempting to test the pro- industry. This effort will include the cess of "cold fusion" which "would enable production of an improved version of [Serbia] to equip the missiles with nuclear the Scud missile, and an increase in warheads." weapons sales abroad. Vladimir Jovanovic, Monitor (Podgorica), 12/3/93, John Pomfret, Washington Post, 9/18/93; in Ex- pp. 12-13; in JPRS-TND-94-002, 1/18/94, p.10 ecutive News Service, 9/20/93 (3652). (3921). 10/93 It is reported that Serbian forces have 12/93 M-71 (128 mm), M-63 'Plamen' (128 The Yugoslav Army reportedly has Frog-7, mm), M-85/M-88 improved Plamen, SS-N-3 'Shaddock,' 'Scud,' and M-77 Oganj (128 mm), and M-87 (262 'Scaleboard' missiles in its inventory. mm) 'Orkan' MRLs. The 9,000-em- Milan Vego, Jane's Intelligence Review, 12/93, pp. 541-546 (3968). ployee Krusik plant in Valijevo produces artillery ammunition, SAM launchers, drones, anti-tank guided weapons, 60 YUGOSLAVIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY and 400 km-range ballistic missiles and GROUP possibly chemical agents. The forces that reinforce Serbian troops in eastern 12/93 Slavonia that were deployed in 4/93 The former Chief of the Yugoslavia Gen- along the Batina-Apatin-Erdut-Vukovar- eral Staff, General Zivota Panic, states that Backa Palanka-Ilok line include a Frog- Yugoslavia will develop 600 km and 1,000 7 (R-65 Luna-M) regiment and three km missiles at the Military Technical Col- artillery/missile regiments. lege in Belgrade within the next five years, Milan Vego, Jane's Intelligence Review, 10/93, pp. 438-445 (3696). Milan Vego, Jane's Intelli- at an estimated cost of $100 million, with gence Review, 11/93, pp. 502-505 (3753). parts from Iraq and North Korea. Milan Vego, Jane's Intelligence Review, 12/93, pp. 12/93 541-546 (3968). It is reported that large amounts of am- munition and weapons are entering Bosnia through Serbia. Weapons and parts that are used for manufacturing 1,000 km range missiles are being trans- ferred. Serbia is utilizing imported tech- nology at nuclear institutes, and is at- tempting to test the process of "cold fusion" which "would enable [Serbia] to equip the missiles with nuclear war- heads."

204 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994