A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS eijing Review Vol. 30, No. 23 June 8, 1987 The Glamour of China's Drama

Review HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

VOL. 30, NO. 23 JUNE 8, 1987

CONTENTS

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Struggle Against Bourgeois Liberalization Deepens EVENTSARENDS S-9 Yang's Visit in North America Zhao Sets Task for Party Building Zhao's latest Exposition About Party-Buiiding Zhao's East Europe Tour a Watershed • The Communist Party of China should resist the influence of Beijing Sees Fewer Sandstorms both bourgeois liberalism and ossification, in order to ensure Rare Buddha Relics Unearthed in the implementation of the Party line set in 1978. The Party line Shaanxi has two main concepts: adherence to the four cardinal Weekly Chrontck (May 25-31) principles and to the general principles and policies of reform, INTERNATIONAL 10-13 opening to the outside world and invigorating the economy, Africa: Day of Unity and said Zhao Ziyang, acting Party general secretary (p. 6). , Development Gulf; Superpower Involvement Causes Tension Struggle Against Bourgeois Liberalization India: Punjab—Violence Continues • Tremendous changes have taken place in the political and GDR: Steady Development of ideological fields since the struggle was launched against Economy bourgeois liberalization. To ensure the smooth progress of Lebanon: Karami's reform, opening up and socialist modernization, the struggle is Assassination Condemned expected to deepen in a sound way. Deepening it means to Contract System: Shoudu Iron and conduct positive education so as to get the four cardinal I Steel Co. 14 principles firmly embedded in people's minds (p. 4). Charm of CMnese Operas Discussed 17 2nd Stai^ Rural Reform OV): Contract System in Shoudu Iron and Steel Co. Industry Becomes important in Countryside 20 • As a pioneer project in urban reform, the Shoudu Iron and Faets & Figures: Specialized Steel Co. began to introduce a new contract system in 1982 Households 23 which has contributed not only to the state, but has also to the , If^islfHial Regulations by the modernization of the company itself and to improved living People's Banii of China on RIVIB standards for its employees (p. 14). Loans Mortgaged by Enterprises With Foreign Investment With j Their Foreign Exchange 2S Township Enterprises Flourish FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 26*27 BUSiNESSARADE 28-29 • Small industry, building, transport, commerce and CULTURE/SCIENCE 30-32 catering—known as township enterprises in China — have CHINA CALENDAR 33 developed rapidly in the last few years and become important BOOKS 34 factors in revitalizing the rural economy. Our correspondent COVER: A steel rolling workshiip at the Han Baocheng reports on the situation and problems involved j Shoudu Iron and Steel Company (p. 20). i Xue Chao and Xu Xi

M>(i^»e<( every Monetoy by Generol Editorial Offiw Tel, 893860 Sufcscrlf^ionpricss (1 yeorj; USA US$32.00 E-iglish Department Tel= 890951-146 REVIEW Auttralio A.$23.00 Canada Can.$2).00 DisfMbuted by China Intornolional Book 24 Bolwonjhuaug Road, Beijing Troding Corporation (GUOJl SHUDIAN) H»w Zmtand Nr$30.IK> ?he PsQple'i Republic of China P.O. Box 399, Bellir UK m-oo NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Struggle Against Bourgeois Liberalization Deepens by An Zhiguo

emarkable changes have taken Committee against bourgeois Communist Party, of carrying it Rplace in China's political and liberalization is necessary. The out mainly in the political and ideological field since early this erroneous trend, if allowed to ideological spheres, of directing year when the struggle was spread unchecked, would have the efforts at solving problems of launched against bourgeois libe• caused more people to lose their political principle and orientation, ralization which consists of bearings, undermined political of not turning it into a political negating socialism and Commun• stability and unity and made it movement and not linking the ist Party leadership and advocat• impossible to carry on economic struggle to economic reforms or ing capitalism. The changes are extending it to involve the characterized by the following: countryside,and of conducting • Disturbances created by only positive education in enterpr• some students in a number of cities ises, government offices and army last winter are gone and campus ^Jotable achievements units. These policies have set people's minds at rest and unrest has calmed down. made so far in combating • A few persons who publicly guaranteed the struggle's healthy preached bourgeois liberalization bourgeois liberalization do development. and refused to mend their ways not mean that the struggle But the notable achievements despite repeated admonitions will soon be over. On the made so far in combating have been duly punished; contrary, it is expected to bourgeois liberalization do not • The Party Central Commit• mean that the struggle will soon be tee has firmly corrected the continue and deepen in a over. On the contrary, it is attitude of some individual healthy way. expected to continue and deepen leaders, who, out of weakness, in a healthy way. made concessions to the erroneous China is still in a preliminary trend; construction, reforms and open• stage of sociaUsm. For historical • The prevalence of the ing to the outside world; this runs reasons, its productivity is far erroneous trend has been checked; counter to the interests of all the lower than that of the developed • People have come to realize Chinese people. Waging this capitalist countries. Although its harm and haVe acquired a struggle helps to avoid turmoil people have had the first taste of better understanding of the and interference and promotes benefits from sociaUsm, the importance of upholding the four social stability, thereby guarantee• superiority of the new social cardinal principles — the sociaHst ing the smooth progress of reform, system has not yet been — nor can road, the Communist Party opening up and socialist it be — brought to full play in a leadership, the people's democra• modernization. short period of time. Not before tic dictatorship and Marxism- Facts have also proved that in the middle of the 21st century Leninism and Mao Zedong China, although only a few are when China, through efforts, Thought. Although the depth of 'advocating capitalism, their reaches the level of a medium- understanding differs from each capacity for harm must not be developed country, can the other, people have, generally underestimated. The overwhelm• Chinese say with assurance that speaking, become more clear• ing majority of people, however, socialism is superior to capitalism. headed and have taken a firmer support socialism and the Party. This determines the protracted stand on the issue; Facts have also showed that the nature of the struggle against • The situation of social policies adopted by the Party bourgeois liberalization. Prior to stability and unity has been Central Committee guiding the this, it would be impossible to maintained and developed struggle against bourgeois libe• require the trend of bourgeois nationwide. ralization are correct. These liberalization not to express itself; Facts show that the struggle include the policies of keeping the rather, it will still have a market. launched by the Party Central struggle strictly inside the However, through ideological

4 BEIJING RBVIEW, NO. 23 —^ EVENTSARENDS

Yang's Visit in Nortli America

Chinese Government delega• ficulties and obstacles" in Sino- A tion headed up by Yang US relations need to be overcome. Shangkun, vice-chairman of If we rest content with this and China's central military com• mark time, Sino-US relations will mission, and with State Councillor lose their vitality," he said. "It is Fang Yi as its deputy leader began our desire that the two sides a 25-day visit to the United States strictly abide by the common and Canada on May 15. guiding principles affirmed in the Yang told US Secretary of State three Sino-US joint communi• George Shultz at a reception in ques, adopt vigorous measures Washington on May 18 that and keep expanding the positive durable and stable friendly factors in our relations while relations and co-operation serve reducing and eliminating negative education and with the deepening both nations' fundamental inter• elements so Sino-US relations will of the reform and the superiority ests and benefit peace and stability develop further on a sound, of socialism becoming increas• in Asia and the world. durable and solid basis." ingly apparent, the influence of However, Yang noted that "the Turning to the issue of world this erroneous trend should and progress already made in our peace, Yang said China opposes can be gradually reduced. And it is bilateral relations is far from the "arms race in all its forms" and entirely possible to avoid the commensurate with the great welcomes US-Soviet dialogue. He emergence of a situation where the potential for the development of hoped that US-Soviet negoti• erroneous trend spreads un• friendly co-operation between the ations would produce tangible checked, as it did last winter. two countries" and said "dif- results conducive to world peace. Deepening the struggle against

bourgeois liberalization does not Ronald Reagan meets Yang. LIU SHAOSHAN mean to create a tense political atmosphere, nor to ask everybody to make a self-examination, still less to launch a political movement. The main task is to conduct positive education. Through patient, convincing, vivid, and multiform ideological exposition, the four cardinal principles will take deeper root among the public, and people will know how to uphold them and oppose erroneous trends. While conducting positive educ• ation at large. Communist Party members holding systematic wrong views will be helped to understand and correct their mistakes through comradely criti• cism and self-criticism at appro• priate Party meetings. Such criticism and self-criticism are obviously necessary in the sense that some Party members violate the Party constitution either in their words or in their deeds. Having recognized and corrected their mistakes, however, they are again worthy comrades. •

JUNE 8, 1987 5 EVENTSARENDS

On international economic Yang said Sino-US relations Zhao Sets Task issues, he said China hopes the have been generally good since international community will pay Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang and For Party Building more attention to bridging the Reagan exchanged visits in 1984. ever-widening gap between the Yang also briefed Reagan on op Party leader Zhao Ziyang developed and developing coun• China's internal situation, which Tsaid recently that the Party tries, and that China and the he described as politically stable. should resist the influence of both United States, "each proceeding He said the economy is showing bourgeois liberalization and ossif• from its specific conditions," will steady progress. ication in order to ensure the play a positive role in maintaining In Los Angeles, Yang told the implementation of the Party line world peace and promoting the Chinese-Americans who gave him set at the Third Plenary Session of development of the world a banquet that China is continuing the 11th Central Committee in economy. its current political and economic December 1978. Shultz reviewed recent achieve• reforms and its open policy. He The implementation of the ments in Sino-US relations and assured the audience of 800 that Party line is the basic task of said, "We wish you well in your China will never allow a return to building the Party in the future, efforts to modernize. The United the kind of chaos that occurred said Zhao, acting Party general States welcomes the opportunity during the "cultural revolution." secretary. He characterized the f to participate in this process. We (1966-76). Party line as "building socialism do so in our self-interest and for At a luncheon hosted by the US- with Chinese characteristics and mutual benefit." China Society and the National realizing socialist modernization." He added, "our relationship is Committee on US-China Rel• The Party line, said Zhao, has founded upon the three joint ations, Yang said, "China must two main concepts: adherence to communiques which have guided modernize. However, because the four cardinal principles our ties. Our adherence to them China has its own unique national (socialist road, the people's has been firm and consistent. Our conditions, it won't do for China democratic dictatorship, the policy is based on the principle to copy others' models or become Party's leadership, and Marxism- that there is but one China." completely westernized. We must Leninism and Mao Zedong However, Shultz also stated blaze our own trails." Thought), as well as to the general that "the issue of Taiwan should He also said that opposition to principles and policies of reform, be resolved peacefully between the bourgeois liberalization "is mainly opening to the outside world and parties themselves," and said this aimed at creating and maintaining invigorating the economy. was a "second fundamental political unity and stability so Zhao stressed that these two principle of the United States. long-term economic construction basic concepts of the Party line are Yang also spoke on Sino-US can be carried out in an orderly not exclusive of each other but economic relations to the US manner." interrelated. "We should not National Council for US-China approach the four cardinal trade, a Washington-based "By opposing bourgeois libe• principles from the point of view organization. He emphasized that ralization," Yang explained, "We of ossification," said Zhao. "If the China's open poHcy is a "Basic don't mean reversing or abandon• four cardinal principles are viewed state policy which will remain ing reform and the open policy. in a set. conventional way, one unchanged for a long time." He On the contrary, we will pursue could wrongly conclude that the welcomed US businesses to invest reform and openness further." reforms, open policy and enliven• in China, and said he hoped the He noted that China "will not ing the economy are undesirable." United States would avoid trade only continue to carry out the Likewise, he said, the four protectionism and further relax economic reform, but will also cardinal principles could be controls on transfers of tech• begin to introduce the political negated if one viewed the reforms, nology to China. reform aimed at further develop• open policy and invigorating the US President Ronald Reagan ing socialist democracy." economy, from the standpoint of said during a meeting with Yang The US-China Society, a bourgeois liberalism. Zhao on May 20 that the US private organization founded pointed out that denial of either government will continue to work recently by former US Secretary of would doom both the cause of for stable development of Sino-US State Henry Kissinger, has three building socialism with Chinese relations. He told Yang and the former US presidents and many characteristics and the hope of delegation that the United States former top government officials realizing China's socialist will uphold the "one China" among its members. modernization. policy and oppose the policies of Yang and his party flew to Zhao gave these statements at a "two Chinas" or "one China, one Vancouver on May 27 for a 12-day meeting convened in Beijing May Taiwan." official visit to Canada, i i • 26 by the Central Party Consolid-

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 Zhao's East Europe Tour a Watershed

hao Ziyang, China's acting that, relations cooled. said. Zhao's visit to the five East ZCommunist Party general On the potential for the European countries will increase secretary and premier of the State development of friendly co• mutual understanding, confidence Council, embarked on a visit to operation between China and the and co-operation, and safeguard five East European countries on five nations, Qian noted that in the world peace. Qian stressed, "We June 4. The premier's visit to past few years relations have are ready to more widely exchange Poland, Democratic Germany, developed remarkably and normal with them experience on construc• Czechoslovakia, Hungary and relations have resumed between tion and reform." Bulgaria will be a milestone in the communist parties of China Since the announcement of the China's relations with the five and the five European countries. visit was made on May 20, the nafions and will be of major He said China wishes to Polish press has made much of political significance. Vice Foreign continue to promote, steadily and Zhao's June 4-21 visit. Zycie Minister Qian Qichen told the actively, friendly co-operation Warszawy (Warsaw Life), a Polish Chinese fortnightly magazine with these countries based on the newspaper, said on May 31 that World Affairs before the visit. five principles of peaceful co• the Chinese premier's visit would Qian, who is to accompany existence and on mutual respect mark a maturity in relations Zhao, said the East European and confidence, equality and between the East European socialist countries were the first mutual benefit. Common ground countries and China. The new• group to establish diplomatic in resolving differences will also be spaper Rzecaypolita {Republic) relations with the People's Repu• sought. said in a commentary on May 29 blic of China and these nations China is pursuing a policy of that China has a positive foreign helped China during its First Five- opening up to the outside world, policy that contributes to world Year Plan period (1953-57). After including sociaHst countries, Qian peace and disarmament. •

ation Guidance Commission to one consolidation," said Bo. Qili, member of the Political evaluate and sum up its expe• Bureau of the Party's Central Zhao said that he concurred riences over the past three and half Committee and vice-chairman of fully with the views expressed in years. the consolidation guidance Bo's report. Zhao said that despite . Party Consolidation In his main commission. its shortcomings, the consolid• report to the meeting. Bo Yibo, ation has accomplished a great vice-chairman of the consolid• According to Bo, 33896 unqua• deal. Now that this work has been ation guidance commission, said, lified members have been expelled mainly finished, Zhao said, in summary, that one of the two from the Party, including those at attention should be turned to day- major experiences from consolid• the high ranks. For example, to-day building of the Party. ation, was that the political during the meeting, Ni Xiance, Speaking of the leadership, campaign, that prevailed during a former governor of Jiang- Zhao pointed out that in the the 1966-76 "cultural revolution," xi Province, also a former future when a leader is selected, his characterized by ruthless struggle deputy secretary of the provincial or her own qualification should and merciless blows, has hot been Party committee, was announced certainly be taken into account. practised in the past approxima• to be dismissed by the Communist More important, whether the tely three-year-long consolidation Party Central Commission for candidate has administrative period. Discipline Inspection. The dismis• achievements should be highly sal was approved by the Party's Bo said the consolidation was regarded. "This should be one of Central Committee. successful. However, he said, the our main standards to select a work was unbalanced; some of the leader," Zhao said. Ni was expelled for his Party organs did not complete adulterous behaviour, abuse of their work, "some even did it In a sense, this was a meeting to power, and violation of Party and superficially," he said. prepare for the upcoming 13th the State norms. Ni joined the Bo said Party building was a Party Congress in the fall. The Party in 1966 when the "cultural long historical process. "It is congress will concentrate on revolution" began. He was impossible to solve all the important issues of reform and dismissed as governor of the problems within the JPftrty through development, according to Hu province last October.

JUNE 8, 1987 li:"" 7 EVENTS/TRENDS

sandy wind buried pedestrians on Beijing Sees the street and killed more than 10 Fewer Sandstorms people. Obviously, Beijing can't change its weather. "We oan't stop wind," esidents and frequent visitors said Liu. "But we can do Rof Beijing found that this something to control sand. People year's sandy spring wind, a can reduce the dust and sand disgrace for the capital, posed less which is man-made. Industrial of a threat than in previous years. pollution and coal for home- heating contribute to the dusty "Finally, we are seeing some air." Liu thought it "a mistake" to initial success of the afforestation build so many factories around the programme and other efforts city during the 1960s and 70s. undertaken to curb the sand Now people have to pay the high problem over the past decades," cost of fighting the pollution, said Liu Yansheng, secretary of which can aggravate natural the Natural Conservation Com• disasters, he added. mission of the Chinese Society of Now the city has 89,000 Environmental Science. The Bei• AN KEREN hectares of woods plus 47,600 jing people have a long way to go, The pagoda In the Famen Temple, under however, before achieving a hectares of windbreak forest, which Sakyamuni relics were found. complete windbreak and sand which cover about 8 percent of the total area of the capital. "It will prevention. "By the year 2000, we Buddha's fingers in existence. The expect the wind will be down to the take time to make Beijing a green city with little sandy wind," said experts called the discovery a great point which does not harm the success and an important event in people anymore," said Liu. Liu. "But I'm optimistic, Beijing will never become a desert city as international cultural life. The shelter was discovered in Spring has been, and still is, the some people predict. On the March, when workers were worst season in Beijing just contrary, it is getting greener, rebuilding the pagoda, which because of the sandstorms. There you've seen that." collapsed in 1981 after an are several days a year when the by Li Haibo earthquake and persistent rains. city is filled with dust and sand. On The bones, which are regarded as these days, you can see many sacred by Buddhists, were found women pedestrians and bicycle in four small niches, each covered riders with scarves wrapping their by several boxes made of iron, heads, while some men wear gauze Rare Buddlia Relics gold, silver, crystal, jade and face masks. It's silly to wear white sandalwood. and other light-coloured clothes Uneartlied in Sliaanxi when the wind comes, as they get Along with the remains of dirty easily. ollowing the discovery of the Buddha, archaeologists found Fterracotta figures at the other rare and valuable relics. In 1977, Beijing was listed as an Qinshihuang Mausoleum in They include 121 gold and silver area destined to become a desert Shaanxi Province, archaeologists ardcles, 17 pieces of glazed, by the UN Environmental have made another major find — pottery, 16 porcelain articles, 12 Programme. Sakyamuni relics and a galaxy of pieces of stone articles, 19 painted It is believed that the elimin• treasures consecrated by Chinese wooden articles, 16 iron articles ation of large areas of forest once emperors more than 1,000 years around the city is one of the ago. A gilded box containing the remains. reasons why Beijing is so dusty The four pieces of bones from AN KEREN now. People today are suffering as the fingers of Sakyamuni, the a result of the destruction that founder of Buddhism, were began as early as the Song unearthed from a 31.48-square- Dynasty (960-1279). And in the metre underground shelter at the following dynasties conditions got Famen Temple, 100 kilometres even worse when more trees were west of Xian, central China. cut. During this period, Beijing Experts who assembled at the suffered several serious assaults of temple on May 26-28 to examine sandstorms. In 1523, according to and evaluate the find said the a Chinese newspaper, a strong remains are the only .rplics of

8 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 and a large quantity of silk fabrics. Weekly Chronicle CULTURAL Among the gold and silver (May 25-31) May 27 articles was a 1.96-metre-long staff POLITICAL • The laboratory of natural of superb craftsmanship. It is resources and environmental in• thought to be the longest monk's May 25 formation system of the Chinese staff found so far. • The Secretariat of the Academy of Sciences will be open Other rare articles found Chinese Communist Party Central to the pubHc next month, the include a silver bath tub, a gilded Committee and the State Council overseas edition of the People's tea trough with a swan pattern, have decided to readjust the Daily reports. and a gilded incense burner in the nation's cadre-distribution struc• It is one of the four principal shape of a sleeping turtle with the ture so as to beef up the political labs in China now offering services lotus flower pattern. science, law and economic regu• to various scientific research The glazed pottery, including latory organizations, Renmin institutions at home and abroad. plates, saucers, bowls and vases, Ribao (People's Daily) reports. is the most important glazed ware The decision is aimed at keeping SOCIAL found since the founding of pace with the ongoing economic May 28 the People's Republic of China reforms and streamlining the • Since its founding in 1982, (1949). government offices. the Soong Ching Ling Foundation Among them is a large circular has received donations of funds dish with a curved rim and maple May 29 and materials worth about 15 leaf posy pattern in the West Asian • Premier Zhao Ziyang says million yuan from individuals and style, which lends a clue to the the basic objective of China's organizations at home and close ties of China with West political reform is to establish a abroad, according to Wu Keliang, Asian states during the Tang highly developed socialist democ• deputy secretary general of the Dynasty (618-907 AD). racy, Xinhua reports. foundation. At a briefing, Zhao tells Goh Over the past three years, the The Innermost container of the Buddha Chok Tong, the first deputy prime foundation has tried its best to relics, a gold pagoda with a pearl on top. minister of Singapore, that the make good use of these funds and AN KEREN political reform aims at achieving materials for the welfare of long-term stability in China, children across the country. Last quickening the pace of moderniz• year, the children's hall of science ation and motivating people's and technology in the Soong participation in the modernization Ching Ling Children's Science drive. Park in Beijing was opened to the public. A Soong Ching Ling ECONOMIC Children's Scientific Invention Award was also set up last year. May 25 • An international trade fair May 30 opens in Leshan, Sichuan Pro• • The Ministry of Forestry While clearing the underground vince, Xinhua reports. reports that forest fires continued shelter, archaeologists found a About 15,000 foreign business to threaten northeast China's tablet engraved with a list of people will conduct business and Heilongjiang Province and the articles presented to the temple by watch boating competitions, a Inner Mongolia Autonomous emperors of the Tang Dynasty. local official says. Region. According to the tablet, the Tang In Inner Mongolia, the fire emperors and empresses presented May 26 which sprang up again along the more than 700 pieces of silk fabric. • Farmers in Guangxi Zhuang Guli forest farm and Xiao'egen The Famen Temple, built some Autonomous Region have had River on May 28 has been raging 1,700 years ago in the Eastern Han great success in crop planting, and southward. Dynasty (25-220 AD), was the fish and livestock breeding imperial temple during the Tang projects made possible with loans FOREIGN RELATIONS and Song period (618-1279 AD), from the World Bank, Xinhua when Buddhism was very popular reports. May 27 . in China. After the death of Since 1984, some 80.2 percent of • China and Bhutan will hold Sakyamuni, his remains were the counties and cities in the their fourth round of border talks distributed to temples around the region have been granted loans, in Thimpu,the capital of Bhutan, world, among them the Famen which have developed into 819 from June 8 to 10, Xinhua News Temple. • different projects. Agency reports. •

JUNE 8, 1987 •-n.Hr 9 • hNTERNATIONAL

AFRICA Upon liberation from colonial rule, African countries rushed to develop their national economy to Day of Unity and Development consolidate their political inde• pendence with economic inde• pendence. They have strengthened The founding of the Organization of African Unity in 1963 their economic and regional co• was a milestone in the African movement for national operation. They have established the African Development Bank, liberation. As they observe the Liberation Day for Africa the Economic Community of (May 25) today, the African independent countries have West African States, West African become a major force in the present international arena. Economic Community, the Eco• nomic Community of Central Africa, preferential Trade Areas of East Africa and Southern he Organization of African ty, strengthen unity against Africa and other economic TUnity (OAU) has been es• colonialism, and imperialism, and organizations to promote the tablished for 24 years, and the decry South African racism. In economic development. independent countries on the 1960 alone 17 African states won On the other hand, a number of African continent have numbered their independence from colonial developed countries have been 50. powers. During the 1980s more shifting the responsibility for the African countries became inde• economic crisis to third world On May 22-26, 1963, the heads pendent. To fulfill the historic task countries, and this has seriously of state of 31 African independent of achieving thorough liberation hindered the economic develop• countries met in Addis Ababa, on the whole continent of Africa, ment in Africa. To seek a solution capital of Ethiopia and adopted the people of African nations to the problem, the OAU has the "Charter of the Organization wholeheartedly support the called on African nations to unite of African Unity." They named struggle of the Namibian people with other third world countries to May 25 the "Liberation Day for for their national independence free themselves from economic Africa." and the struggle of the South control and strive for a just and Over the past 24 years, inspired African people against racism. rational international economic by the spirit of the OAU Charter, They strongly condemn the South order. In 1986 under the initiative the people of Africa have put up African authorities for pursuing of the OAU, the United Nations an unyielding struggle for national the policy of apartheid and their held a special conference to independence. Their cause has crimes of invasion of Botswana, discuss the African economic been to maintain state sovereign• Zimbabwe and Zambia. problem. The efforts of African countries to revive their economies have drawn the Chinese State Councillor Jl Pengfel visits an exhibition of African art In Beijing. attention and support from the international community. The African countries and people have in recent years fought against the natural calamities and achieved encouraging success. In the 1980-1984 period African agricultural production increased only 0.1 percent, but by 1985 it had risen by 2.5 percent. Grain output in 1985 increased by 14 million tons over that of 1984. The agricultural production in Africa continued to develop in 1986. Grain output in West African countries was up 50 percent and Zimbabwe and Kenya resumed exporting grain. The Rawlings government of Ghana has en• couraged peasants to develop agricultuife','#nd the policy led to a

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 bumper harvest in 1984 and Africa, ready to make a greater not hesitate to attack a Kuwaiti continued increase in grain output contribution to world peace and tanker, regardless of whose flag it for the next two years. At present development, will result from the flys. To embody this threat, Iran the Ghanaian markets have energetic determination of the has deployed anti-ship missiles on sufficient grain and the price of African people combined with the north bank of the Strait of grain has been reduced. international support. Hormuz, which has encouraged A prosperous and thriving by Chang Qing Washington to send more war• ships and planes to escort its corfimercial ships. Meanwhile, some Soviet and other foreign GULF warships have sailed into the Gulf Both Washington and Moscow claim that they have to act to Superpower Involvement Causes Tension protect free navigation. US Assistant Secretary of State for Near East and South Asian The sparks of the Gulf war are spreading so rapidly that the Affairs Richard Murphy, when visiting seven Gulf countries in risks are no longer limited to those directly involved. May, warned Iran against attac• king US ships, saying Kuwaiti ships flying the American flag US navy guided missile frigate, could do nothing but ask the big would be American ships. The A the USS Stark, was accident• powers for protection. The Soviets Soviet Union set the same tone: ally hit by an Iraqi air-launched haive leased three tankers to the Moscow would retaliate for any missile while on patrol in the Kuwaitis, putting them under the attack on vessels flying the Soviet Persian Gulf on May 17, killing 37 protection of the Soviet flag. The flag. of the 200 American officers and US government is also considering The statements seem to indicate crew members on board. It was the authorizing 11 Kuwaiti tankers to that direct involvement of super• first serious attack on an fly American flags and gain powers may occur, which worries American warship in the Gulf protection from patrolling US not only most of the Gulf during the six-and-a-half-year-old warships. countries but also the world. It is war between Iran and Iraq. The US move has worried some common knowledge that any Only one day before the attack congressmen, who fear it will give regional war, though taking place on the US frigate, a 38,792-ton the impression that the United in zones of strategic importance, Soviet oil tanker, one of the three States is taking sides in the Gulf would not become internation- chartered by Kuwait to carry its war. Iran has repeatedly warned lized without the direct involve• crude out of the Gulf, hit a the two superpowers to keep away ment of big powers. watermine 56 kilometres off from the Gulf and said it would by Xin Di Kuwait. And ten days earlier, the Soviet freighter Ivan Koroteyev was hit by unidentified patrol INDIA boats. Of great strategic and economic importance, the Strait of Hormuz Punjab: Violence Continues used to carry one oil tanker every 10 minutes. But today only 40-45 tankers a day pass through the Strait due to plummeting oil The turmoil in India's Punjab state, caused by religious, exports in the Gulf states. Since economic and partisan differences, which has lingered on for the "tanker war" broke out in 1984, more than 300 oil tankers several years, seems unlikely to end soon. and vessels have been attacked and hundreds of crewmen have fallen victim to the war. Kuwaiti oil tankers have been isturbances in India's Punjab getting worse; bloody clashes the main target because Kuwait is Dstate became front-page news between Sikhs and Hindus occur said to be on the side of Iraq. After three years ago after bloody frequently. In order to put an end 16 of its oil tankers were attacked violence erupted in the Golden to the turmoil, the Indian and freight expropriated, Kuwait Temple. Today, the situation is government dismissed the state's

JUNE 8, 1987 •1 INTERNATIONAL I

assembly on May 11 and put the Since the relations between the of thousands of Hindus have fled state under direct presidential central government and the Akali their hometowns to avoid being control. Later, 70,000 government Dal Party further deteriorated. killed. The Punjab unrest is the soldiers and police were deployed greatest headache facing the The Indian government to the Punjab region. To date, Indian government, and has changed its policies towards the some 800 people in the state, seriously affected industrial and Akali Dal Party after Rajiv including two ministers of the agricultural production in the Gandhi took office in 1984. The local government, have been state. Prime Minister Gandhi said new Indian government signed an arrested by the police. recently that instead of being weak accord with the Akali Dal Party in Situated in the northwest of in handUng the extremists in the 1985, which was designed to India, the Punjab state covers state, the government would mitigate the tension in the Punjab 50,000 square kilometres with a employ a strengthened "steel fist," state. However, the Sikh extre• population of 18 million. As a if necessary. In response, the Sikh mists again resorted to violence major residential area of Sikhs, the extremists have established an before the accord became state houses two thirds of India's organization to oppose the effective. 14 million Sikh population. government. The turmoil in the Clashes in beliefs produce feuds It is estimated that more than state of Punjab seems unlikely to between Sikhs, Hindus and 300 people have been killed in be soon settled. Muslims, and the factions frequ• terrorist activities this year. Tens by Hao Zhangyin ently turn to violence. Between August 1982 and June 1984, some 1,200 violent clashes erupted in the state, leaving more than GDR 1,500 people dead or injured. Economic imbalaiice is another reason for the frequent conflicts in Steady Development of Economy the state. Agriculture in the Punjab state has flourished since The German Democratic Republic (GDR) has achieved great the "green revolution" beginning in 1966. Nevertheless, the "'green economic progress with its national income increasing year by revolution" has profited only the year. rural Sikh landlords and farm owners while most of the Hindus in the countryside still live in poverty. The Hindus in cities, he economy of the German ity increased 8.8 percent while mostly shop owners and usurers, TDemocratic Republic has been costs were reduced 1.7 percent as have control over major industrial developing steadily since its against 1985. Its total industrial and commercial sectors while founding in October 1949. In output value increased 4.3 percent believers of the other religions are recent years, its national income and its net industrial output value comparatively poorer. These has been increasing at an average was up 8.3 percent. economic differences among re• rate of 4-5 percent each year and Efforts to introduce new ligious factions have resulted in expected to continue to do so techniques and skills in produc• sharp conflicts. during the new Five-Year Plan tion on an extensive scale have The discord between the Akali period (1986-90). A highly in• also played an important role in Dal Party of the Sikhs and the dustrialized country, GDR turns promoting the development of central government has also out about 300 million tons of GDR's economy. In the early contributed to the instability in the brown coal a year, which can meet 1980s, the micro-electronic techni• Punjab. In 1981, the party made 70 percent of its domestic need for ques were something completely 11 requests of the government, one primary energy. Its annual output new for GDR. But now GDR has was for sole control of the city of of steel has reached 9 million tons, become one of the few countries in Chandigarh, which had been in of which 81 percent is high-quality the world which can develop common authority of Punjab and steel. Its annual output of cement microchips and other kinds of other neighbouring states. How• is 11.6 million tons. highly sophisticated equipment. It ever, none of these demands were The high increase in national has mastered 17 kinds of basic met. In June 1983, the Indian income and the rapid development micro-electronic techniques and government sent troops to attack of its economy are attributed to its can turn out more than 600 kinds at the Golden Temple, during effort to increase labour product• of microchips. In 1986 its output which the Sikh leader Jarnail ivity and reduce costs of energy of computers for both individuals Singh Bhindranwale was killed. and materials. Its 1986 productiv- and offices inCre^S^d 148 percent

12 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 governed by terrorist methods but by understanding, he said. "I strongly condemn the incident, especially since I myself have been the victim of many attempts for political reasons," Chamoun told reporters. "In spite of his pessimism," Chamoun said, "Karami has always been a believer in dialogue among all parties." Christian Kataeb Party (Phal- ang) leader George Saadeh, who held an emergency politburo meeting, condemned the "merci• less assassination." After the meeting, Saadeh went to the hospital to call on Interior Minister Abdullah Al-Rassi and others who were wounded in the attack on Karami. The Christian militia Lebanese Force said that Innovations by GDR students, young worlters and teclinician draw wide attention. despite the differences of opinion over 1985. The micro-electronic 1985 set a historic record of 11.6 with the late premier, he was techniques have been applied million tons. The output of meat highly respected as a statesman. widely in the fields of textile, increased from 1.6 million tons in The Lebanese Force offered its printing and machine-building. 1970 to more than 2.5 million tons condolences to the Karami family. The scientific and technological in 1985. The annual per-capita Muslim pohtical and spiritual development has also promoted consumption of meat amounts to leaders were angered by the agriculture and livestock. GDR 96 kilogrammes. incident. Hassan Khaled cut short has widely used computers and his visit abroad to return to Beirut. other new technical skills in its Now the people of GDR are Saida Bazri described the assassin• more than 4,000 agricultural and implementing the new Five-Year ation as a brutal crime and called livestock producers' co-operatives Plan, fully confident of victory. In for a national day of mourning in and about 200 state farms. The five years, national income is south Lebanon. country is self-sufficient in food expected to increase 24-26 percent, Karami's body was sent back to and meat. The annual average labour productivity by 49-51 his stronghold of Tripoli where output of grain during the period percent, and real income of the thousands of people gathered in from 1981 to 1985 was over 10 people by 20-23 percent. the streets, demonstrating their million tons. The grain output in by Li Li grief and anger at the assassination. Karami was the established LEBANON leader of the Sunni Muslim community in the northern city of Tripoli, where he was born. He Karami's Assassination Condemned was Lebanese premier 10 times. He last became prime minister in The assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rashid 1984 when Gemayel agreed to Karami has aroused strong" condemnation throughout appoint a government with equal representation for Lebanon's rival Lebanon. groups. Last month, Karami said he ebanese Prime Minister Rashid week's mourning and ordered that was determined to resign from his L Karami died on June 1 after a a special committee be set up to office in the light of the continued bomb placed under his seat investigate the incident. deterioration of the country's exploded in the helicopter taking political situation and economy. him from his stronghold in Former President Camille Karami's resignation was not northern Lebanot). Chamoun denounced the assassin• accepted by Gemayel. President hGemayel called a ation. The country cannot be by Xing Chuanting.

JUNE 8, 1987 13 Contract System: Shoudu Iron and Steel Co

This year, China's emphasis in its economic reforms is to expand and diversify the contract responsibiiity system in large state-run enterprises on the principle of separating management from ownership. A contract clarifies the responsibilities, rights, and rewards of the factory directors, the employees and the departments in charge. This article describes a new Idnd of contract system, run by the Shoudu Iron and Steel Company—a state-owned enterprise with over 100,000 workers and staff. by Yang Peixin*

Full view of the Shoudu Iron and Steel Company. WANG HONGJI

hina's economic structural technical development and raise responsibility system is also C reform, which began in 1979, the people's living standards. applicable to industrial enterpr• is aimed at eliminating the over- This reform began with the ises. In recent years, different concentration of power, the household responsibility system in forms of economic responsibility practice of "everyone eating from the rural areas to very good effect. system have been set up gradually the same big pot," and the total It kept the concept of nationalized in the cities, of which,-a new type divorce from market forces which land and has brought prosperity of contract system was applied in prevailed before. At the same time through farmers' own labour by the Shoudu Iron and Steel Co. It the reform is meant to give allowing independent operation signals the way forward to a enterprises the status of independ• and more pay for more work. It prosperous future for all the ent commercial producers, so as to also provided lessons for the 400,000 enterprises in China. Any promote China's economic and urban reforms. enterprise using its decision• making power well will contribute * The author is a professor of the China Although state-owned in• not only to the state, but to the People's University, and a researcher at the modernization of the factory itself Economic. Technical and Social Develop• dustrial enterprises are much more ment Research Centre under the State complex than rural collectives, the and to improved living standards Council. basic principle of the household for its employees.*** '

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 Effect of the Contract than in 1978. During the same 60 percent of the company's period, the growth rate in other investment was recouped in two iron and steel enterprises averaged years. To explore the best possible way 49.86 percent. From 1981 to 1984, to reform in the cities, the Chinese The average wage of an the steel company's average employee in 1978 was 47.74 yuan a government in 1982 allowed the annual output value increased 25 Shoudu Iron and Steel Co. to month; in 1986, it was 100.67 percent, ranking first among the yuan. The monthly income carry out this contract system, 11 steel and iron enterprises which entailed the following: including bonuses averaged at affiliated to the Ministry of 61.15 yuan in 1978, and 161.5 1) Profits handed over to the Metallurgical Industry. state were required to increase 7.2 yuan in 1986, a 2.64 times increase. percent annually — the base figure The profit and tax produced by Annual bonuses were equivalent was the profits submitted in 1981. every 100 yuan invested increased to 5.7 months' average wage in Any profits over this amount be from 21.96 yuan in 1978 to 60 1986. kept by the enterprise. yuan in 1986. The profit and tax The steel company has also 2) Of that excess profit, 60 contained in every 100 yuan of done much building. The living percent was to be used as output value were '54.42 yuan in space for each employee has expansion funds, 20 percent as 1985. The cost of producing pig expanded from 2.69 square metres collective welfare funds, and the iron and steel was the lowest in the in 1978 to 6.07 square metres in rest as bonuses for the employees. country. 1986. 3) Assets' depreciation was to be During the Sixth Five Year Plan Notable results have been handled by the enterprise which period (1981-85), the steel com• obtained in improving the envir• was to get no financial assistance pany carried out equipment onment. The monthly dust fall in from the state in this regard. updating with its own expansion the factory area dropped from 242 4) The total payroll was to be funds. It invested 320 million yuan tons in every square kilometre in linked up to the profits, that is, in the project and reaped 470 1978 to 51.64 tons at the moment. every 1 percent increase in profits million yuan in returns. Each yuan Tree cover has expanded from 6 should mean a 0.8 percent rise in produced 1.45 yuan in returns, percent in 1978 to 29 percent now. the payroll. while during the same period in Its employees got more pay by In 1986, the steel company the rest of the country, each yuan creating much more profit. The produced 2.519 million tons of of re-equipment investment average profits and tax produced rolled steel, 115.5 percent more yielded only about 0.4 yuan. Over by each employee increased 3-fold from 4,717 yuan in 1978 to 14,396 yuan in 1986. An increase of one

A view of the tube mill WANG HONGJI yuan in the wage of each worker is backed by a 7.66 yuan increase in profits. The proportion of the wages in the total amount of profits dropped from 15.45 percent in 1978 to 13.46 percent last year. In that period, the profits generated by each worker in• creased at an average rate of 14.97 percent a year, and the total payroll increased by an average of 12.9 percent annually. It is clear that this contract system can increase workers' income, and ensure that the company will not spend more money than it has. The rapid development of the steel company in these years is not due to increase in labour force, but to relying on equipment updating — thus raising productivity. From 1979 to 1986, some 44.1 percent of the steel company's profits was due to improving the quality of the products, 39.8 percent to in-

15 creased sales, and 15.7 percent to Controversy so as to move out from under state reducing production costs. control. The steel company relied on This new system was successful In fact, the money the company upgrading equipment rather than but led to disputes. People paid over to the state increased purchasing huge new pieces of brought up the anomaly that the rapidly. In 1978, the steel equipment to expand its produc• steel company was keeping a large company gave its profits of 360 tion. For example, it had three 30- part of its profits and violating the million yuan to the state, while in ton steel-smelting furnaces with a principle that "the state gets the 1986, the company handed in 880 designed capacity of 600,000 tons, largest portion" (in sharing million yuan, 2.39 times as much. but through technical transform• profits). Others said that the During the Sixth Five Year Plan ation, this was increased 3.5 times employees were receiving much period, the profits turned over to to 2.1 million tons in 1986. A 850- more welfare payments and the state increased at an average model rolling mill now has a bonuses than their counterparts in rate of 7.2 percent annually; tax on billeting capacity of 1.94 million other enterprises of the same sales rose by an average rate of tons, 4 times its original designed industry; and that the company 19.83 percent, so the total money capacity. raised funds to expand production the company turned over to the state increased at an average rate of 15.1 percent a year, exceeding the annual rate of 10.3 percent at which the state's revenue in• creased during that time. In the 30 years before the reform (1949-78), the steel com• pany turned over 2,726 million yuan of profits to the state, and 903 million yuan in taxes, totalling 3,629 million yuan. Meanwhile, the state allocated 2,072 million •yuan to the company. The state was 1,557 million yuan better off. While in eight years since the reform (1979-86), the company handed in 4,920 milHon yuan of profits and taxes as well as other fees, and spent 900 million yuan on fixed assets, so the state actually gained 5,820 million yuan. In the years 1981-86 there was a 20 percent annual increase in profits. Of this extra money, 2.54 percent was used for bonuses, the rest (17.46 percent) was turned over to the state. How can we say that the state did not get the largest portion? The point at issue actually is whether the company should have handed over the invested 900 miUion yuan to the state or not. By the old system, it would have turned the money over, but with economic structural' reform, and improving the performance of enterprises as our priorities it is obviously better to let the steel company keep the money. With• out it, the company would not have been able'^t0>l update its

16 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 23 equipment, much less to increase workers. Thirty years' experience production. Experience shows its profits by 7.2 percent a year. has proved that this can only that this benefits the state, the hamper the development of enterprise and the workers. Choice productivity. This is a major Premier Zhao Ziyang has said reason China has not advanced that to enliven enterprises contract There are two attitudes to be beyond its backwardness and systems and leasing could be used. taken here. One is negative, saying poverty. According to a survey, many big that any expansion in production The other attitude is positive, and medium-sized enterprises should be monopolized by the maintaining that the excess profits have not improved their perfor• central government and the (after fulfilling the state plan and mances because of short supply of profits, if any, be turned over to turning over the pre-arranged raw materials and electricity, price the state. This reasserts unified profits-tax to the state) should be rises, shortages of cash or high state control over income and kept by the enterprise, giving the costs. There are also problems of expenditure, leaving any improve• enterprise the right to expand its management. Zhao added that the ment in the living standards of the own production and improve the contract system of the Shoudu employees to state grants, and living standards and welfare of its Iron and Steel Company is of depriving the better enterprises of employees. This will enable the significance in enlivening big more welfare and bonuses. It also enterprise to improve its perfor• enterprises, so it is necessary for us reaffirms the "big pot" system so mance and acquire more money to to affirm, develop and spread it. that it is difficult to motivate improve its equipment and expand

Charm of Chinese Operas Discussed

The recent Beijing international symposium on Chinese operas was the first time Chinese and foreign scholars joined together to discuss this unique cultural phenomenon. by Our Correspondent Wei Liming

nspired by Yu Tang Chun, a Kong and 18 scholars from I classical Chinese opera about Europe, North America. Aus• Su San, a prostitute, and her lover, tralia and Japan. a young opera researcher Liu At the symposium they discuss• Nianzi went in 1965 to visit the ed the aesthetics of Chinese opera prison where Su San was locked and the trend of their develop• up and her former home in ment, compared Chinese and Hongdong County, Shanxi Pro• other operas, research being done vince. There he learnt that there overseas and other issues. The 76 were many 500-year-old opera papers will be compiled into a stages in the county. He hired an book carrying the Utle of the ox cart and set out to search for symposium. them. He found a huge mural of a classical performance in a desert• ed temple. The mural, five metres Artistic Cliaracteristics high and three metres wide, was painted in the first year (1324) of Ah Jia, a well-known opera the reign of Emperor Taiding theorist, talked about how the during the Yuan Dynasty (1271- actors must express through their 1368) and proves that the operas WANG JIANMIN singing and dancing the wide of the Yuan Dynasty were popular Well-known opera theorist Ah Jia delivering a speech at the symposium. realm of life depicted on the in north China's rural areas at that limited stage. In the Chinese time. operas all feelings and inner Now a research fellow at the Chinese Traditional Opera Arts. thoughts are expressed with opera institute, Liu read a paper About 80 people were in stylized movements and confined entitled "Chinese Opera Relics" at attendance: 58 Chinese experts within the rules of the form. So, the Internaticmal Symposium on from across the country and Hong without accomplished skill, there

JUNE 8, 1987 17 m ARTICLES can be no portrayal. Chinese opera demands of .its performers not only that they get inside and demonstrate the psychology of the parts they play but also to control their roles strongly and clearly.

Research Achievements

During the symposium, Yu Lin, president of the China Institute of Theatrical Art, introduced China's achievements in the field of opera research in the last few years. General History of Chinese Opera, a book edited by vice- president of the China Dramatists' Association Zhang Geng and opera theorist Guo Hancheng was WANG JIANMIN published in 1981 after 20 years' Zhang Geng (left) and Guo Hancheng (right), famous opera theorists who acted as efforts. It explores the develop• hosts at the symposium, with the weil-lcnown "l

Worldwide Study A brightly coloured mask slide projection is typical of Chinese opera masks, but is in fact a mask of the Kerala Sanskrit opera of India. The speaker, in fluent Chinese, is Ms. * Helga Werle-

18 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 Burger from the Federal Republic important lesson which we have opera, specifically the opera about of Germany. learnt from Chinese opera." the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Ms. Burger was first attracted He believes that before Brecht's (1851-64) set up by the uprising to Chinese opera when she saw proposal of the "epic opera" peasants, he said he gained new The Jade Bracelet 20 years ago in China's classical playwrights had ideas from the papers read. Europe. In her paper on the written operas about its history of After watching a kunqu opera Chinese and Indian operas, she 2,000 years, which were not Ms. Lindy Li Mark who works at explained that the Indian opera oversentimental nor exclusively the Cahfornia State University which is popular in southwest concerned with their propaganda and was born into a kunqu opera India and the opera of the value. A penetrating study of acting family, commented that southeast coastal regions of China Chinese and Western operas some of the movements of the have influenced each other since would show, he said, that Chinese female characters differed from ancient times. Communications opera shares more in common what she had seen abroad before. went across the sea from Kerala to with the Western operas than is Ms. EHzabeth Wichmaan from the Wenzhou via Quanzhou. She generally thought. University of Hawaii, who is compared the staging techniques, Hatana Taro from Japan who famous for staging the Beijing props, costumes (together with has annotated Yuan operas and opera The Phoenix Returns to Its ornaments), and the role and collected opera material felt that Nest in English, both in China and performance conventions of both Chinese opera workers neglect in the United States, responded operatic forms. The Chinese careful study of the various that that was not strange. Most scholars in particular found her classical opera versions, and settle operas are changing and develop• paper very revealing. for an understanding based ing and it is a healthy trend which Wilt L. Idema, a Chinese exclusively on the live perfor• shows the creativeness of the literature professor of the Sinolog- mance. Already 75 years old, performers and directors. ical Institute in Leiden, Holland, Hatana said, "There are some 100 Ms. Mark told of the time when spoke about the inspiration the Yuan operas. I want to annotate Beijing opera masters Mei Lan- collapse of China's Ming Dynasty them all, but I fear I may not fang and Yu Zhengfei played a gave to European artists to write have enough time." loving couple in the Story of White novels and plays. They saw the Vladiav F. Sorokin, a Chinese Snake. Yu. playing the husband, occupation of Beijing by the opera researcher and a professor knelt down to make a confession, Manchu as a second battle using at the Institute of Far Eastern too close to Mei who was to touch the tactics of Trojan horse. They Studies under the USSR Academy his head with lier finger. However staged in Europe the tragedy of of Sciences, said that although the her touch sent Yu toppling the last Ming emperor, who Chinese opera students are few in backwards and Mei immediately hanged himself on a tree on a hill the Soviet Union, they publish not helped him up. That impromptu behind the Forbidden City in a few. At present the Soviet Union gesture so expressive of the love Beijing, the stories of the Ming is publishing a 40-volume work between the couple has become a general Wu Sangui and of Li Chinese Literary Treasures, which standard part of the action later Zicheng, the leader of the peasant includes the operas of the Yuan on. "So no stylized movement is uprising. and Ming dynasties (1279-1644). unchangable," Lindy Li Mark Jacques Pimpauau, president of said. the Musee Kwok On of France This conference has promoted and a professor of oriental Understanding improved the understanding between the languages, examined the dif• Chinese and foreign scholars and ferences between the Chinese and Colin Patrich Mackerras, a benefitted both of them. Ye Western operas in his paper "A professor from the Griffith Changhai, an opera researcher Foreigner's View of Chinese University in Australia who has from Shanghai, commented, "All Opera." He believes the reason published five works on Chinese the papers at the symposium both foreigners find Chinese local opera, analysed the restriction the by the Chinese and the foreigners operas interesting is a common Qing Dynasty ruling classes were well written." He added that characteristic they have with placed upon the operas' develop• the dedication of the foreign Western opera — the plot is ment at the time. researchers boosted the confid• necessary but not dominant. "The Mr. Mackerras once saw a ence of the locals to develop the ideology of the Chinese opera," he Chinese opera when he was young Chinese operas. said, "the main factor which but became much more involved Ye said he was much impressed makes the opera a great artistic when he came to China to work in by the foreign researchers' level of form, does not exist with the plot the 1960s. He said he has learnt appreciation, care and sensitivity but is embraced in the art of the much from the symposium. towards the Chinese opera arts. operatic language. It is an Although he has written about

JUNE 8. 1987 19 •i ARTICLES

2ND-STAGE RURAL REFORM (IV) Industry Becomes Important in Countryside by Our Correspondent Han Baocheng

commune- or brigade-run enterpr• ises, estabUshed with the collective accumulation funds to absorb rural labour for making or repairing small farm tools and processing mostly grain and edible oils. In the mid-1970s these enterpr• ises accounted for 15 percent of the rural economy. They produced for local people with local raw materials. At first they made more profits than cultivating crops and seemed very promising but their development was held back by "leftist" policies. Since the rural economic reform began in 1979, these enterprises have expanded since the restric• tions were lifted. During the Sixth Five-year Plan period the total ouput value of these rural enterprises multi• plied 3.5 times and their employment increased from 35 million to 67.14 million. The fixed Workers of the Sumuhe Ginseng Wine Brewery in Heilongiiang Province checking quality. assets of township and village enterprises multiplied 3.3 times and their profits doubled. ural enterprises — small in- During the Sixth Five-Year Rural enterprises are run by Rlustry. construction, trans• Plan period (1981-85) thes6 townships or towns (the people's port, commerce and catering — enterprises raised 6 billion yuan communes before 1983), by have developed rapidly in the last for rural production, which is villages (previously brigades), by few years and become important three times the state investment in teams (previously production in the rural economy. In 1986 rural capital construction for the teams), by several households there were 12.2 million such same period. They also were the together or individual households. enterprises, including 1.5 million source of 23.2 billion yuan for The industrial output value of the at the village level (previously cultural, educational, medical and township and village enterprises is production brigade) or above. welfare provisions as well as for included in the nation's total These rural enterprises' tqtal building market places in rural output calculations and the rest is output value in 1986 was 348.2 areas. calculated as part of rural sideline billion yuan, an increase of 22.3 production. percent over 1985, and in, With no state assistance these proportion to total rural output it Beginning & Deveiopment rural enterprises raise their funds was 46.9 percent, up from the 42.9 themselves. Local governments percent of 1985. Employment These rural enterprises often and agricultural banks treat them increased to 76 million from 67 developed from traditional crafts favourably in taxation and loans million of 1985 and accounted for workshops following the founding and the township enterprise 20 percent of the total rural labour of the people's communes in 1958. administration bureaus under the force. At the beginning they were state and local «4i|>artments of

20 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 23 farming, livestock breeding and some villages have a dozen household goods, building fishing offer them guidance. enterprises providing 80 percent of materials, construction, food, However, these enterprises are the villagers' income. But in the repairs, transport); the second, developing in an unbalanced way. poor Linyi area some townships located mostly on the outskirts of In general they flourish in the have no enterprises at all and they the city, co-operates with urban coastal and flatland areas, but in all need state funds and factories in processing compo• nents and parts; the third produces mountain and remote areas they technology. traditional woven works and are hampered by Umited funds, Rural enterprises are divided into four categories: one turns out embroidery; the fourth category technology, markets and trans• covers enterprises mining as products for local needs (local port. In Yantai, a relatively better- permitted by the state. off area in Shandong Province, product processing, tools, clothes. These enterprises are not only growing in importance in the rural economy, but are also increasingly prominent in national economic construction. In 1985 township and village enterprises produced 227 miUion tons of coal (or 28.9 percent of the nation's total), 50 percent of the nation's clothes, and 53 percent of the country's building materials output value. There were 7.9 million construc• tion workers, 60 percent of the nation's total. In 1985 these enterprises exported US$4 billion worth of goods, and 870 of them have co-operated with foreign businesses. Zong Jinyao of the Township Enterprise Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Hus• bandry and Fishery said, "The burgeoning rural enterprises are changing farmers' lifestyle and thinking. Their traditional way of life: going out to the field at sunrise and coming back at sunset is changing. Farmers who have taken up industrial production and trade haw learnt about marketing, pricing, production costs, competition, efficiency and information. This really marks a new epoch." There was s survey of 200 big township enterprises in 10 pro• vinces. This showed that they had been in existence for an average of 10 years and eight months by the end of June 1986. During this period their annual output value had increased 29.5 times and their fixed assets were worth 29.2 times more. They averaged a total capital of 3.7 milhon yuan each, 6.5 fimes as much as in the first years of their operation. They employed an average of 350 workers each, four times as many

JUNE 8, 1987 21 persons working in rural factories and making 63.6 percent of the family's total income. As many as 91 percent of these households still have contracted fields which supply them with their grain needs and 71 percent of enterprise employees take part in farming during the busy seasons. The survey shows that 66 percent of the machines in these enterprises were bought in the 1980s and 26 percent in the 1970s. In 1985 their fixed assets increased 47.8 percent over the previous year. But at the same dme 57.1 percent of them were in debt. By June 1986 the figure dropped to 52.6 percent. This is a manifest• ation of the "overheated" LI YU2HANG economy in late 1984 and 1985. At work in the Dongfang Foamed Plastics Factory on the outskirU of Shijiazhuang, But the directors and managers of Hebei Province. the enterprises surveyed did not worry about their debts and were as they did at first. They prises retain only 16 percent), of confident about their future, purchased 63.7 percent of their which 77 percent is used to re• because they believed that later raw materials on the market, some invest in expansion of production the^ would make profits and bring they bought from the state, and (60 percent in the state-sector) and income to their investors. the rest was supplied by their 23 percent for collective welfare According to the survey in 1985, customers. About 77 percent of and bonuses (40 percent in the about 7.44 percent of these 200 their products they sold them• state sector). They keep the rest for enterprises had to stop their selves and the rest was purchased incidental expenses. production. The reasons varied: by the state. So their production The survey shows that 88 30 percent because of money has not been limited by the state percent of employees in these problems, 22 percent because of plan. They are growing quickly. enterprises are rural people, the raw materials shortages, 21 Owing to wide disparity in price rest urban. Each of these worker percent because they would not between industrial and agricul• families has an average of 2.82 find buyers and 8 percent because tural products and cheap labour, able-bodied men, with 1.64 of electricity shortages. Some these sample enterprises made high profits. In 1981 they averaged A workshop of a village-run electric fan factory in Shunde County, Guangdong 64.5 yuan in profits for every 100 Province. UIDMAIL DMAUH yuan invested in fixed assets while in 1985 the profit was 47.5 yuan since the price of raw materials had increased. These enterprises have an average of 1.2 million yuan of fixed assets each. The:;e rural enterprises hand 26.3 percent of their profits over to the state in income tax, accounting for 56.1 percent of the tax revenues of the townships where they were located in 1985. They also hand 28.6 percent of the profits to the township governments and villagers' com• mittees for the accumulation fund and public welfare fund. They retain 31.9 percent themselves (state-owned enter•

22 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 23 enterprises caused significant contractors and helps them find equipment. Some contracted en• pollution. All these problems raw materials suppliers and terprises which have sold shares should be solved through im• markets for their products, helps are allowed to distribute dividends proved management and environ• make contacts with other organiz• according to state regulation?. mental protection. ations and even offers guarantees State regulations state that for the enterprise if necessary. At these enterprises should strictly the same time it also guides and follow all the state financial and Responsibility System supervises its operation in policies accounting regulations and should and orientation. use the standard book keeping The management of these methods set by the state. They may The contractors must follow township enterprises has been not dismiss their accountants state policies and abide by the laws improved in the last few years. without permission from the and regulations. They must fulfil Following the principle of delegat• township departments concerned. the tasks stipulated by the ing the management power to the Not long ago a new share contract and pay taxes and debts, individual units and drawing from owning system was introduced in guarantee safety in production the experiences of the household some rural enterprises in Shaanxi, and see to proper labour and responsibility system, the town• Shanxi, Hunan, Guangdong, environmental protection. They ship and village enterprises have Jiangsu and Jiangxi piuvinces. must also use the capital and introduced a responsibility system Some villages established share• equipment well. The contractors of their own and were contracted holding companies and turned all have their own decision-making out to the individuals without or part of their capital over to the power in their operation including changing their collective company who sold the shares to production, purchasing raw ownership. their villagers. These shareholders materials, marketing, employ• Most of these enterprises are will receive dividends but may not ment, labour and bonuses. contracted by groups of workers, sell the shares for money, nor pass with the established directors The contracted enterprises them on to anyone but their being responsible for their oper• should have competent people as relatives. They elect representa• ation. Some small factories are their directors. The employees are tives who form the highest power contracted by the directors paid according to the work they in the enterprise. The board of themselves or the directors and do, and the directors have salaries directors, elected by the represen• their colleagues. The contract higher than the average wages of tatives, decides all important period always lasts for three or five their employees. The profits issues of the enterprises ai)d invites years. demanded of an enterprise should directors to lake up all economic The body which contracts the be decided in accordance with the responsibilities and exercise man• enterprise out will provide means interests of the state, the village, agement power. of production and management. the enterprise, the investors, the This links the interests of the Before the enterprise is contracted contractors, and the workers. people in the enterprises with this body checks the books and These enterprises should use 60-70 those of the enterprise and after that provides economic and percent of their net profits to motivates them. This method is technological information to the expand production and update still in its trial stages. •

FACTS & FIGURES 519,000 (16.3 percent) over 1985. The proportion of specialized households in the total rural Specialized Houseliolds households increased from 1.7 percent in 1985 to 1.9 percent in 1986. Specialized household mem• by the State Statistical Bureau bers numbered 8.549 million and including assistants and apprent• ices, there were 10.193 million he number of specialized households and problems still people involved, an increase of Thouseholds is increasing, and remain. 1.332 million (15 percent) over their business-scale is becoming In 1986 in China's mainland 1985. These people formed 2.7 large. Secondary and tertiary (excluding Tibet), specialized percent of the total rural industry households are develop• households in rural areas num• workforce, up 0.3 percent from ing more rapidl-y^than agricultural bered 3.696 miUion, an increase of 1985.

JUNE 8, 1987 23 Hi ARTICLES

The number of "10,000-yuan from the previous year. Primary 1986, the average per-capita households" has also increased. In industry household members as a income for primary industry Tianjin, Hebei and Hunan proportion of the total dropped households was 2,499 yuan, an provinces, in 1986, there were from 40.4 percent in 1985 to 37.5 increase of 10.5 percent, 2,807 67,000 speciaUzed households percent. In 1986, there were 2.021 yuan for secondary industry whose annual incomes exceeded miUion people in secondary households, an increase of 4.2 10,000 yuan. This is 29,000 (76.3 industry, 258,000 (14.6 percent) percent; and 3,162 yuan for percent) more than the previous more than in 1985; and the tertiary industry households, an year. proportion of secondary industry increase of 8.4 percent. specialized household members In Tianjin, Hebei, Jilin, Hunan increased from 22.9 percent to and Inner Mongolia, the total More in Secondary 23.6 percent. There were 3.324 income of specialized households And Service Industry milhon people engaged in tertiary in the secondary and tertiary industry, 491,000 (17.4 percent) industries reached 2.61 billion 111 1986, there were 1.36 million more than in 1985; their yuan last year, an annual increase households engaged in agricul• proportion increased from 36.7 of 28.3 percent. These specialized ture, up 84,000 (6.6 percent) from percent to 38.9 percent. households got 79.3 percent of the previous year. Of them: Causal factors: (1) The com• their 1985's total income and 81.5 840,000 households were engaged merce, catering and service trades percent of their 1986's from their in crop farming, 14.1 percent more developed rapidly as a result of the specialized Hnes. than in 1985; 141,000 in fish- readjustment of the industrial In Tianjin, Hebei, Jihn, Hunan, raising, up 33.5 percent; 305,000 in structure in the rural areas. This Guangdong and Inner Mongolia, aninal husbandry, down 13.4 sort of business allows for small for households specialized in percent; 74,000 in forestry, down investments and quick returns, crops, forestry, animal farming, 9.8 percent. attractive to individual fish-raising and industry — the In 1986, 827,000 households households. proportion of their products were engaged in secondary (2) As farmers' incomes have which they sold on the market rose industry, up 130,000 (18.7 perc• increased, building new houses from 76.2 percent in 1985, and ent) from the prvious year. Of has spread, and since construction 78.1 percent in 1986. The average them, 555,000 households were in requires only simple skills and per-capita income that came from industry, 4.6 percent more than small investments, it is easy for these sales was 2,356 yuan, up 310 the previous year; 272,000 in specialized households to take it yuan (15.2 percent) from the construction, 63.9 percent more up. previous year. than in 1985. (3) A shortage of fodder In DaHan, in 1986 taxes paid by In 1986, 1.508 million house• accounts for the drop in animal specialized households added up holds were in the tertiary industry, farming. In Zhuanbu Township in to 23.578 million yuan, 15.8 up 304,000 (25.2 percent) over the Liling, Hunan Province, in 1986, percent more than in 1985. Each previous year. Of them: 675,000 eight households specialized in speciahzed households paid 373 households were in transport, 13.7 pig-raising changed their speci• yuan on average, 27.3 percent percent more than in 1985;ality , because the purchase price more than in 1985. In the same 635,000 in commerce, catering and for pigs dropped 31.8 percent and year, the average tax paid by rural service trades, up 34.7 percent; the price of fodder rose. Forestry's households was 52.1 yuan. In 198,000 in postal, telecommunic• long-term commitment and slow Daoshi village in Tumet Right ations and labour services, up 42.1 returns is less attractive to many Banner, the Inner MongoHan percent. households. Autonomous Region, the building In 1986, the proportion of materials specialized households tertiary industry specialized paid 36,000 yu^n in taxes to the households in the total of Specialization and state, 50 percent more than in specialized households increased 1985. from 37.9 percent in 1985 to 40.8 Commercialization percent; secondary industry Problems Ahead households increased from 21.9 Labour productivity has risen. percent to 22.4 percent; and the In Tianjin, Hebei, Jilin, Henan, (1) Imbalances. In 1986, there proportion of primary industry Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi were 1.955 million specialized households dropped from 40.2 and Inner Mongolia, the average households in the coastal area percent to 36.8 percent. In 1986, per-capita income of rural spec• (including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, there were 3.204 million people ialized households increased from Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, who were engaged in primary 998 yuan in 1985 to 2,842 yuan in Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, industry, up 86,000 (2.8 percent) 1986, an increase of 8.2 percent. In Guangdong and • Guangxi), 17.8

24 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 JM DOCUMENTS

Provisional Regulations by the People's Bank of China on RIVIB Loans IVIortgaged by Enterprises With Foreign investment With Their Foreign Exchange December 12, 1986 In accordance with the Provisions of the State by filling out a borrowing application form with a Council for the Encouragement of Foreign designated bank authorized by the People's Bank of Investment, the following regulations are China. formulated to promote RMB loans mortgaged by Article 7. Disbursement. After approval of foreign exchange. the applicadon by a designated bank, the applying Article 1. Eligibility. All Chinese-foreign joint enterprises shall sign a borrowing contract with the ventures, Chinese-foreign co-operative enterprises authorized bank. and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, registered in Article 8. Repayment. The borrower shall not the People's Republic of China, are eligible to apply repay the mortgaged loans before they are due. for RMB loans mortgaged by their foreign Upon maturity, the borrower shall repay the exchange (including foreign exchange borrowed original RMB amount in exchange for the return of from abroad). the mortgaged amount of foreign exchange. The Article 2. Usage. The mortgaged RMB loans transacfion shall not be subject to changes in can be used as working capital and for investment in exchange rates. The mortgaged foreign exchange fixed assets. shall be turned over to the People's Bank of China if Article 3. Variety and Maturity. The the RMB loans fail to be repaid upon maturity. mortgaged loans can be categorized into two: short- Where the mortgaged foreign exchange is borrowed term and long-term loans. The maturities of short- from abroad, the borrower shall continue to be term loans are three months, six months and one liable to the creditor for the repayment of principal year. The long-term loans carry maturities and interest. from one year up to five years. Article 9. Calculadon of the RMB loans. The Article 4. At present, the foreign currencies amount of RMB loans extended by the authorized that can be used as mortgages are limited to the LTS banks to the mortgagers shall not exceed the RMB dollar, Japanese yen, HK dollar, Deutschmark and value of the foreign currency at the exchange rate Pound sterling. (buying . rate) as announced by the State Article 5. The mortgaged loans shall be Administradon for Exchange Control on the day extended by the Bank of China and other financial the loan is made. institudons authorized by the People's Bank of Article 10. Neither the RMB loans nor the China, except in the special economic zones. foreign currency submitted by the borrowers as Article 6. Applications. Applicants for mortgage, shall bear interest. mortgaged loans shall declare to the State Article 11. The People's Bank of China shall Administradon for Exchange Control or its retain the right to interpret the above regulations. branches the sources and amounts of their foreign Article 12. The regulations come into effect exchange. After their report is verified, they apply on the day of their promulgation.

percent more than in 1985; the number of specialized households the western region. proportion of the specialized in the west engaged in construc• (2) Inappropriate information households in this area to the tion, commerce, catering and and management. Many farmers country's total rose from 52.2 other service trades increased do not know how best to develop percent to 52.9 percent. In the west from 34.7 percent in 1985 to 63.9 their business. (including Sichuan, Guizhou, percent in 1986. But the number of Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, specialized households engaged in (3) Unstable development. In Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang), animal husbandry and forestry 1984 there were 4.256 million there were 655,000 specialized dropped from 13.3 percent in 1985 speciaHzed households in rural households, only 7.2 percent more to 9.8 percent in 1986. The areas; but in 1985, there were only than in 1985; their proportion government is preparing to help 3.177 million. In 1986 because the dropped from 19.2 percent in 1985 specialized households develop leaders helped, the number rose to to 17.7 peroehtL^nn 1986. The animal husbandry and forestry in 3.696 million. •

JUNE 8, 1987 25 m FROM THE CHINESE PRESS——

of their own development. So the Excessive Consumption Not Feasible many small towns in China, which have plenty room for development and can hold many people, are targeted for expansion. The after rises in consumption to the surplus labour in the rural areas neglect of developing production. "ZHONGGUO XIAOFEIZHE BAO" should be encouraged to work in It is also imperative to oppose the (China Consumers News) small towns nearby their homes. tendency to be entirely absorbed This can help the big and middle- in the development of production sized cities reduce the pressure of and pay no attention to increasing increasing population and avoid consumption. The advocates of lifestyle of high consumption "city disease" caused by the high consumption disagree that has evolved in Western expansion of population. A production and consumption are countries where the people's two sides of a contradiction. They income is high. It has played a Some geographers, however, unduly emphasize consumption certain role in reducing the hold that the flow of population and put it above and independent contradictions prevalent in capita• should take many forms. They say of production. list societies and resuscitating the that the distribution of population China is a developing country capitalist economy. and industries in China is not and is only in the first step towards We have consistently held that rational. If China is depending on modernization. With the reforms production and consumption small towns solely to absorb the and the implementation of depend on each other and are excessive rural labour force in the open policy, the national mutually complementary. Pro• their localities, it will not be income has risen in recent years. duction is the starting point for conducive to striking a balance in But the rate of increase is not high consumption and detennines the the distribution of population and because of low labour productiv• level of consumption. Consump• resources between the eastern part ity. This means that the policy of tion is the destination of and the western part of the "low pay and low income" is pioduction and is determined by country by the end of the century, necessary at present. production. There is a limit to the when the rural population still total social output owing to the Now, people's incomes are not account for 80 percent of China's low labour productivity. How• high, but their desires for total population. In addition, the ever, the social demand continues consumption are strong. Some density of population in the cities, to increase. Therefore, overall people seek high-grade goods not including 16 major cities such consideration is needed to main• regardless of their economic as Shanghai and Beijing, is not tain a proper balance between conditions. Wedding expenditures high, about an average of 2,211 ihem. On the basis of developing have soared, and gifts have people per kilometre. It is totally production, we should accomplish become more expensive. possible for them to provide some increase both in production So, to encourage high consump• employment for some farmers. and consumption, but must not tion at present in China is Economists consider the flow of attend to one thing at the cost of extremely harmful to both the rural population into urban areas the other. It is necessary to oppose state and the people. to be an inexorable trend caused the tendency to blindly hanker ''Aprils. 1987J by the differences between town and country. They cite the gap in incomes, which stood at a ratio of about 2.7:1 in 1980 to prove their point. They think this is a strong Rural Labour Surplus: Where to Go? incentive for farmers, especially young people, to flow into the cities. Moreover, they say, the flow of rural population into cities "NONGYE JINGJI CONGKAN' Some sociologists favour the helps to establish a more balanced (Agricultural Economy Magazine) development of rural and town• ship industries to provide employ• combination of labour with funds ment to them. They say that for production and achieve better n recent years, a number of China's cities are already fairly economic efficiency. Therefore, I scholars have ventured many expanded and their factories and the solution to the problem of suggestions with regard to the population have reached the surplus rural population should flow of a large surplus labour force saturation point. The growth rate not be left with the rural areas in China's rural areas. The views of population 'in middle-sized alone. vary. cities cart basically meet the needs (No. 1. 1987)

26 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 though out-of-the-way, has a rich More Money Spent on Cultural Life cultural heritage. People of different nationalities there have Jinzhou took up an average of to take every evening's pro• "ZHONGGUO WENHUA BAG 2.23 hours a day for cultural grammes on the television as their (Chinese Culture) activities in 1985, an increase of major recreational activities. 6.2 percent over the previous year. Du Qingfang, the sixth sister The family has become an who initiated the family concert, is sample survey of the expenses Important place for cultural life. now a vocal soloist at the Beijing of cultural life was conducted Of the 2.23 hours spent on cultural A Friendship Art Ensemble and her in 200 urban families of Jinzhou activities each day, people spent singing won the approval of many City, Liaoning Province in 1986. 1.42 hours on recreation within experts. The results of the survey are as their families, making up 73 follows: percent of the total time spent on At the concert, each of the four The expenditure on cultural cultural activities. brothers and five sisters gave a life Increased by a wide margin. The cultural expenditure performance, which included a The expenditure on cultural life tended to be varied. Among one- male vocal quartet, a cantata, a means the money the residents pay child families the cultural expenses piano solo, a male vocal solo and a for recreational and sports goods, were greater in three areas—more female vocal solo. They also sang newspapers and magazines, tui• play things, more children's the folk songs of the Daur, tion fees and recreational and newspapers, magazines and Ewenki, Oroqen and Mongolian sports dues. According to the books, and visiting more public nationalities and Chinese and survey, the annual amount of per- places of entertainment. With the foreign lyric songs. Their perfor• capita expenditure on cultural life increasing number of retirees, mances drew loud peals of in Jinzhou averaged 42.75 yuan in more and more old people had applause from the viewers of 1985, an increase of 21.31 yuan preferences for listening to story- different nationalities. over 1980; and 81.4 percent of the teUing, playing chess, growing The local television station families surveyed had bought TV flowers, keeping pet birds, raising broadcast a videotape recording sets, of which 12 percent were fish and practising calligraphy. All of the concert so that the masses of colour TV sets. There are 94 radios these activities increased cultural different ethnic groups could and 36 tape recorders per 100 expenses. Young people actively enjoy it. families, and the subscriptions to took part in various training The Ewenki nationality, one of newspapers and magazines in classes to learn cultural and 55 minority nationaUties in China, 1985 increased by 47.9 percent technological knowledge and were has a total population of about over 1984. People's expenditure keen on recreational activities. 20,000. Of this number, the great on cultural life amounted to 6.9 This resulted in the purchase of majority live within the bound• percent of the total expenses in more consumer goods such as tape aries of Inner Mongolian Auto• daily life. recorders, popular song cassettes, nomous Region, and some live in The hours spent on cultural electronic musical instruments Heilongjiang Province. activities increased. In addition and guitars. "Ewenki" means people living to working, sleeping, rest and in big mountains and forests. Of housework, each resident in (March 29. 1987) the 20,000 Ewenkis, most are engaged in hunting, raising and taming deer or other animals; An Ewenki Family Concert some are engaged in animal husbandry. A few live together applauding and singing together "RENIVIIN RIBAO" with other fraternal nationalities with the performer Du Hailing, (People's Daily, Overseas Edition) and grow crops. the fifth brother, when he sang the folk song AH, the River of Mother. Of the nine brothers and sisters giving the performance, five work ot long ago, nine brothers and The audiences are of the opinion in literature, three are teachers, the sisters of an Ewenki family that the family concert highlighted N youngest is now studying in a gave an entirely new sort of their national characteristics and senior middle school. concert in their native county's their acting compared favourably Their father, a folk arfist, is cultural centre. They wore na• with that of specialized artists in famous for his compositions of tional costumes and sang the county-level troupes. national songs and music. His praises of Ewenki people's new The nine Du brothers and works have spread far and wide lives. sisters live in Inner MongoHa's among the different nationalities. More than 500 viewers attended Oroqen Autonomous Banner the concert. They c<>vil^. not help (county_- equivalent), which. (May 10, 1987)

JUNE 8, 1987 27 BUSINESS/TRADE

of the projects and help China World Bank to Arrange New Loans train managers. Since 1981, 56 training classes have been held for he World Bank has decided to of the loans achieve good results, managerial personnel. Tprovide US$320.5 million in the Bank will study the feasibility by Yao Jianguo loans for two projects in China. The "hard" loans amount to US$45 million, the "soft," US$275.5 million. This was Co-operation With Canada in Eiectronics announced by the World Bank Resident Mission in China. he Huanan (South China) devices as well as telephone One project is to help people in TBranch of the China National exchanges. the less-developed areas of Electronics Import and Export According to Liang, his com• China's northwest Gansu Pro• Corporation and the Mona pany will purchase pocket-size vince to develop their economy. Electronics International Co. Ltd. radios, recorders and electronic The province will use US$170.5 of Canada have recently signed an toys in China to help China's million, arranged by the World agreement for co-operative electronics industry enter north Bank, for improving irrigation projects. American markets. and cultivation conditions over Under the agreement, the Mona Thirty-five Chinese technicians, 133,000 hectares of farmland and company will import 700,000 14- he revealed, will go to work in for increasing crop output. This is inch and 22-inch colour TV sets, maintenance units under the expected to be of great benefit to and 500,000 12-inch and 50,000 Mona company in Canada. 96,000 poor households. On the 4.5-inch black and white TV sets by He Ping other hand the province will use from China. The value of these the loan also to improve primary imports is estimated at US$120 and middle school education and million. The colour TV sets will be help 22 industrial projects pro• delivered in five years, with 50,000 China, FRG Jointly mote labour productivity and 14-inch sets and 90,000 22-inch economic results. sets a year. Run Slaughterhouse The other project is to construct At the same time, both sides an expressway 142 kilometres in have concluded an agreement for le Hua-An Meat Co. Ltd., length from Beijing to the producing video sets, with a China's first slaughterhouse Xingang Harbour in Tianjin. The planned investment of US$5.8 to reach EEC hygienic require• Bank will issue US$150 million in million. In the beginning, China ments, went into operation on loans to help fund this item. The will use advanced components May 12 in the Dachang Hui completion of the highway will imported from abroad for assem• Autonomous County in Hebei meet the fast-expanding needs of bling videorecorders. In two years, Province. Up to now about 1,000 the transportation enterprises. more than 70 percent of the beef cattle which were bred in a The "hard" loans will be paid components used will be produced scientific way have been back in 20 years with a grace in China. In the third year, slaughtered. period of 5 years, the "soft" loans production is expected to reach According to Yang Wenguang, in 50 years with a grace period of 800,000 sets. All the products will deputy general manager of the 10 years. be for export with an annual From 1981 to March this year, export value of US$136 milljon. A workshop of the Hua-An Meat Co. Ltd. • the World Bank provided China In addition, the Hiianan with US$4,736 billion in loans for company will import advanced 47 projects covering agriculture technology to produce stereo• (11), energy (9), education (7), phonic videorecorders and lan• rural public health (2), water guage translation videorecorders. supply (2), communications and "I have full confidence that we transportation (6), industry (6) can achieve good co-operation and technological co-operation between the two sides," said Liang (4). Jing, president of the Mona By the end of June, the Bank is company. "My company will expected to issue China loans gradually transfer the manufac• amounting to US$5.5 billion, ture of some products to China, US$2 billion of which are "soft" including satellite television re• loans. ceivers, micro-antennas, 26-inch In order to guarantee that most colour TV sets and facsimile

28 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 company, all the equipment, mental skills in crop cultivation, Trade News in Brief required for killing 30,000 cattle animal breeding and farm produc• and 50,000 sheep a year, was tion management. The centre runs • The Chinese government imported from the Federal a six-month course every year. will donate 700,000 yuan worth of Republic of Germany. It can China will also organize some insecticide against locusts to process beef and mutton accord• volunteer teams composed of African countries. These 100 tons ing to the requirements of fresh graduates from agricultural of insecticide will be shipped customers and keep the meat colleges and send them to African through the Food and Agriculture fresh. Before its operation, the countries receiving financial as• Organization of the United EEC sent experts for a final check sistance from China. • Nations (FAO). Chinese experts to confirm that all its products are will go to the recipient countries to' up to standards. provide technical guidance. This is the third Chinese Its output goes mainly to donation since the African foreign embassies, foreign trade countries were afflicted by the agencies and Sino-foreign joint Beijing Hotel Offers pestilence last year. For the first ventures and hotels in China. It Food of Sichuan Style and second donations, China sent also exports some products. Now a total of 50 tons of insecticide the company supplies beef and he Beijing Hotel will offer worth US$500,000 to Gambia, mutton to more than 10 big hotels Mali, Ethiopia and Tanzania. and restaurants in Beijing and Sichuan dishes in its Chinese T • A project, assisted by the plans to ship its products to hotels restaurant between June 15-21. UN World Food Programme and restaurants in Tianjin, (WFP) for developing fishery in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xian and the Hongze Lake district, Jiangsu Shenzhen. Province, has been completed. As This is a joint venture between a result, the district has registered the China General Corporation of a 31.6 percent increase over 198*1 Animal Husbandry, Industry and in the output of fish and shrimp. Commerce on the one side and the Fishermen's yearly incomes have Annuss Beteilieunes—on the also risen by 2.48 fold. other, with a registered capital of Construction of the project about 4.78 million yuan and a co• started in November 1982 and operation period of 20 years. included the breeding of finger- lings, the building of homes for Designated as a technically fishermen, hospitals and schools advanced enterprise, it enjoys and the development of fish preferential treatment in taxation ponds, fishing harbours and dams according to China's related to keep off the waves. The whole policies and regulations stipulated project involves a total investment last year. • of US$10 million. About 114,000 square metres of XUE CHAO floorspace were built for 2,000 A Beijing Hotei cooic malting fishing households. noodles "as flne as hair." • Liaoning Province in north• China-Africa Farm east China has established 15 joint ventures in Japan, the Federal Training Centre Sichuan dishes are well known Republic of Germany, Thailand, in China for their wholesome Pakistan, Uganda and Mauritius hina has decided to estabUsh a ingredients, excellent cooking with a total investment of US$8.48 C China-Africa Agricultural techniques and varied flavours million. These enterprises are in Co-operative Training Centre this and colours. The restaurant will catering, fishing, aquatic produc• year in view of Africa's weak offer more than 20 varieties of cold tion and processing, foodstuffs agricultural technology. dishes, a dozen hot dishes and and industry. In the last few years The centre is located in the various kinds of desserts. At the the province has earned a profit of Huanan (South China) Agricul• same time, the cooks will US$660,000 from nine of these tural University in Guangdong demonstrate their skill in making ventures abroad. By the end of Province. It will train medium- noodles as thin as hair. The food March the province had sent 67 rank agricultural officials from will be laid out buffet-style or on people abroad to work with these China-assisted countries in funda• self-service counters. • ventures.

JUNE 8, 1987 29 m CULTURE/SCIENCE ••••••••••[^•MMMl

Modernization of China's IVIuseums

visitors. Their fresh approach and unique design are a welcome departure from the traditional rigidity usually found in Chinese museums. This indicates a new trend in museum development. Museums of historical nature have begun featuring exhibits on special topics. The Luoyang Ancient Arts Museum is a case in point. The museum was re• modelled in 1980 to centre on ancient arts based on the old Luoyang Museum of History. Luoyang, one of the ancient capitals, abounds with large archaeological discoveries of his• torical sites and cultural relics. LIU CHUNGEN The museum now arranges its Ancient art museum In Luoyang. collections of tablet inscriptions, stone carvings, and Han-dynasty jubilant traditional melody customs, there are halls exhibiting local customs in festivals, diet and pictures carved on stones, from an A wafts out of a stone-framed artistic point of view. This action gate luring visitors into a beautiful cooking. Upon entering the festival hall, visitors will feel a was taken to break with out• garden peculiar to Suzhou, an moded methods in introducing ancient city in coastal Jiangsu holiday air—poems and pictures on the wall, colourful lanterns China's history through un• Province. Once inside, the visitors earthed relics. Since 1980 the would find a courtyard decorated suspended from the ceiling, and a wide variety of knick-knacks, folk museum has drawn 560,000 with lanterns and coloured people a year, a figure higher than streamers. In the middle of the arts and crafts contribute to the atmosphere. many large museums elsewhere in corridor sits a wooden ornamental China. bridal sedan chair looking splen• In addition, the hall of food did in red and gold. All around the customs tells visitors the history of Another interesting and absorb• countryard, there are loads of all the development of famous ing museum is the newly built the delicacies of the season and Suzhou dishes and refreshments. Suzhou Opera Museum. Suzhou is life-like statues of musicians. This Visitors , can learn from the one of the birthplaces of kunqu garden, in the Suzhou Folk Cus• museum which restaurants and and other classic operas. In the toms Museum, which opened re• snack bars are well known in museum, there are groups of cently, can give visitors an idea of Suzhou, and what kind of foods wood-carving figurines making up what the custom of marriage was rank high in popularity. Local the scenes from classic operas. like in the area south of the kitchen utensils are also displayed One building is a trumpeter's Changjiang River one hundred in the hall. Visitors do not even pavilion in a simple and years ago. have to go out of the museum to unsophisticated style. In the upper In the museum, the hall of taste the various delicacies. Only floors are 12 life-sized clay wedding ceremony and bridal one month after its opening, the trumpeters in ancient costumes, chamber on display depict the museum has drawn 66,000 with heavily painted faces. local traditions exactly. Furniture, Chinese and foreign visitors. Even Visitors can see them sitting beautiful clothing and bedding are local people, old and young, enjoy dignified behind windows de• displayed in a joyful atmosphere. the museum. For many old folks, corated with red balustrades. This The local people living in this the museum evokes pleasant building served as a headquarters fertile land have historically been memories from their past. in ancient times to house well-fed and well-clothed, and In recent years, a number of musicians when hosts greeted have had a well-developed sense of small museums in various loc• distinguished guests. Visitors here etiquette. alities have gained considerable also can see a magnificent, arched- Besides the hall of wedding fame and attracted stj^gms of roof ancign^^tage.

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 In addition, the museum offers rooms are limited in space, the display historical reUcs in associ• rooms for introducing the history museum gives Du Pu exhibitions ation with specific scenes, or of three Suzhou local operas — special themes instead of exhibit• restored to their original state. kunqu opera, suju opera and ing the poet's life and works This is a breakthrough from the pingtan (storytelling and ballad chronologically. They are "Du old style of exhibiting them, only in singing in Suzhou dialect). Classic Pu's Poems." "Different Editions showcases. These museums have national musical instruments are of Du Pu's Poems," "Sites Du Pu the effect of letting people feel a also on display in the museum. Had Visited," and "Calligraphy part of the scene. Some museums And a building surrounded with and Woodcarving About Du Pu." even take off the signs saying "Do trees and shrubs houses large These exhibitions satisfy different Not Touch," and set aside a quantities of historical accounts of needs of people with different special place for visitors to play or operas running to tens of interests. do something with the exhibits. thousands of words, some of This is helpful to establish a closer Gradually getting rid of the which were passed down from the relationship between visitors and exhibits confined to archaeology Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). museums. and history has attracted more Among these exhibits is an visitors. Another new trend in museums exquisite model of a redwood All civilizations in modern in China is putting emphasis on boat serving as a mobile stage, an society can trace their origins back local and national characteristics. ancient theatre model and a large to simple, clumsy stoneware. Each China's Guizhou Province is well ornamental stone pillar in the relic has a rich content which known for its long history of wine- middle of a courtyard in memory reflects different themes when maldng. Guizhou authorities got of the 150th anniversary of the viewed from different perspec• the idea of creating a wine founding of the Guangyu Society, tives. For example, a coloured museum, for which they will an organization of pingtan artists. pottery vessel with dancing collect local historical wine- All of these exhibits demonstrate designs unearthed from Lintong making facilities and wine vessels, Suzhou's long history of unique near Xian, capital of Shaanxi as well as folk customs and rites in operatic style. Province, can be explained in drinking. With many unique features in the province, the local Recent years saw a national different ways. From an archae• government also plans to open increase in the number of ological point of view, it special museums about waterfalls, museums with special topics. They represents primitive culture, while karst caves and hot springs. include the Beijing Dazhongsi viewing it from the angle of art Ancient Bell Museum, the history, it is an embryonic form of People's cultural lives are more Museum of Slave Society of the Yi figure painting. And if it is important in today's China, and Nationality in Liangshan Area, appreciated for its choreography, visiting museums has become the Museum of Chinese Stamps, it is the origin of modern dance. popular for families and school and the Tianjin Museum of Opera. Seeing things from a fresh and children. To meet the needs of Large exhibitions often give wider angle will help people modern visitors, museums are way to small exhibits under special acquire a rich store of knowledge making more efforts to display topics. A museum named "Du and information. And it is also a more vivid exhibits to make Pu's Thatched Cottage" in good way to make the profound learning fun. • Chengdu, capital of Sichuan knowledge of archaeology more Province, was built in memory of popular, more easily understood Du Pu, a famous Tang-Dynasty and more accepted by the masses. Boxing Makes poet. Over the past 30 years, the Many museums elsewhere have museum has remained obscure. become aware of the importance A Comeback However, now the museum looks of this matter. They set about brand-new after renovation. The digging out more information that number of visitors jumped to 1.3 might be of interest to visitors of oxing, absent in China for the million last year, making it the 6th different social backgrounds. Bpast 28 years, has made its most popular museum in the These changes are most welcome. reappearance. whole country, far surpassing the In recent years, museums which Last month, a national boxing Sichuan Provincial Museum, and have opened at historical sites, or tournament, the largest of its kind making it the best small museum in the open air have developed since the founding of New China nationwide. By putting more quickly. For example, the exhi• in 1949, was officially held in east efforts into small and temporary bition of folk customs in China's Nanjing. Altogether 168 exhibitions that can be easily Dingcun,Shanxi, and the exhi• boxers from across the country changed, the curators were able to bition of ancient copper mining in participated in 12 weight make the contents more appealing Tonglu Mountain, Hubei Prov• divisions. to visitors. Since theiJiexhibition ince, are- such exhibits. They Xu Yinsheng, president of the

JUNES, 1987 :U3a 31 Hi CULTURE/SCIENCE

believe that the present level of China's boxing is lower than that of the 1950s. Zhou Shibin, known as nan quan wang (boxing king of southern style) in the 50s, stated that most Chinese boxers do not have a good grasp of basic skills, while their hand and foot techniques do not conform to the standard. Many boxers have blindly followed the footwork of American boxing king Muhammad Ah. They leap too much which absorbs a lot of energy and leads to poor balance. Their side-steps, often too big, may possibly affect speed. Zhang Lide, who was called bei quan wang (boxing king of northern style) also noted that Chinese boxers are still not satisfactory in China Amateur Boxing Feder• Anwar Chowdhry, president of respect to strength, speed and ation and viqe-minister in charge the International Amateur Boxing dexterity. Their aim is not always of the State Physical Culture and Association (lABA) who came to very accurate and very few are able Sports Commission, declared: watch the Nanjing tournament, to use a variety of boxing "Boxing championships like this noted: "China has great potential techniques within one bout. will take place twice annually for the development of boxing." According to Xu Yinsheng, following this tournament." He believed that Chinese boxing, about 2,000 boxers are at present Boxing matches were banned the heavy-weight class in parti• engaged in full-time training in following the death of-a fighter at cular, would reach world stan• China. "The China State Physical a national competition in 1959 dards within two or three years. Culture and Sports Commission and were not restored on the However, he pointed out, Chinese plans to organize a boxing team grounds that boxing was too boxers still lack highly-developed and host an international invit• rough and dangerous. techniques. ational tournament in China in In fact, boxing has long been a Boxing specialists at home October," he said. • favourite sport among the Chinese people. It was first introduced to China in 1924 when boxer Chen Hanqiang, a returned overseas Chinese who had been the Beijing SuLc^de ^lioiu! Australian national champion, Review opened a club in Shanghai. Since Please enter my subscription to Beijing Subscription Rates Review for year(s). then boxing spread rapidly in Country 1 year 2 years 3 years I enclose in payment thereof. China's coastal cities. In 1936 two 52 Name USA (USS) 22 37 Chinese boxers were sent to enter England 12 22 30 the contests at the 11 th Olympic |£| Rest of Europe |US$) 16 27 37 Games held in Berlin. Job title Australia (AS) 22 37 52 The restoration of boxing is Address part of the efforts to maintain New 2ealanil (NZ$1 30 52 72 China's No. 1 position in the 1990 Ca'naila tCS) 21 36 50 Asian Games. Swiuerlanil (SF) 4b 77 10B

Though China won the most W. Germany (DM) 50 90 125 gold metals at the Seoul Asiad last Couniry Austria (Sch) 330 560 7S0 year, it did not enter the boxing competition which provided 12 Italy (Lirel 29.000 49.000 68.000 golds, most of which were Please mail this form, together with your payment, to your local dealer or either of the following addresses: • Ctima Intemadonal Book Trading Corporaiton [•Cuoji Shudian) PO. Bo)i 399. Beijing, China; • Management captured by boxers from South Qepaitmem, Beijing Reuiew, 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing, China. Readers m China may subscribe to Beijing Review at local postal offices Korea.

32 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 23 M CHINA CALENDAR

Business and Trade quake Resistance and Studies of Juilliard Orchestra of the United Arch Dams. Sponsored by States. June 17-22 Shanghai. Intern• Qinghua University. June 12-22. Visit by Race ational Automobile Industry July 1-4. Beijing. International Mathews, Art Minister of Victoria Exhibition. Sponsored by Shan• Conference on Fluid Mechanics. State, Australia, and his wife. ghai International Trade Inform• Sponsored by the Chinese Society June 13-27. Performances by an ation and Exhibition Co. and of Theoretical and Applied 18-member group from the Los Adsale Exhibition Services (Hong Mechanics. Angeles Performing Arts School Kong). Exhibits include repair July 14-19. Beijing. International Chamber Music Orchestra, USA. and maintenance technology and Conference on Protecting Wild• June 15-28. PoHsh Art equipment, testing equipment, life. Sponsored by the Chinese Exhibition. instruments, meters, spare parts Association of Wildlife June 16-21. Beijing. Perfor• and processing equipment. Protection. mances and lectures by Suzuki July 15. Tianjin. Conference on June 30-July 9. Shenzhen. Chem• Iwao, a well-known Japanese Traditional Houses and Human icals Trade and Technical Co• guitar player. Settlement Patterns. Sponsored by operation Fair. Sponsored by the June 19-July 3. Visit by a 5- Tianjin University. China National Chemicals Import member Korean Cultural Relics July 20-24. Beijing. China Sat• and Export Corp. Participants Delegation. ellite ISSBD Conference 1987. from countries and regions the June 19-July 4. Visit by a Sponsored by China Psychology world over except Eastern Europe delegation of seven cultural Society. and Africa. Talks to be mainly on officials from the southern part of technology imports, trade, import July 26-31. Nanjing. 25th Inter• the United States. and export of chemicals. national Conference on Co• June 21-July 20. Joint perfor• July 2-6. Shanghai. International ordination Chemistry. Sponsored mances by the Austrahan Ballet, Telecommunications and Instru• by the Chinese Chemical Society. China's Central Ballet and ments and Meters Exhibition. Shenyang Ballet. Sponsored by the Shanghai June 23-July 5. Turkish Engrav• International Trade Information Cultural Exchange ing Exhibition. and Exhibition Co. June. Performances by a 7- July 6-11. Harbin. International June 1-5. Beijing. Performances member group from the Opera Modern Video-Audio Educ• by Watanabe Norihiko, a well- Department of California State ational Equipment Exhibition. known Japanese classical guitar University, USA. Sponsored by Sponsored by the China Council player and the golden prize winner the China International Cultural for the Promotion of International of the international guitar contest Exchange Centre. Trade (CCPIT) Harbin Branch. in Paris, and Kono Ken, a world- June. Beijing. Onono Komachi, a Exhibits from the United States, famous guitar maker and chair• Japanese opera based on nation• Italy, France and the Federal man of the Japanese Stringed ally known folklore with Chinese Republic of Germany. Instrument Makers' Association. music and words presented by July 13-18. Exhibition Centre in Sponsored by the China Inter• Chinese and Japanese artists. Beijing. Beijing International national Cultural Exchange June. Visit by a delegation of two Nuclear, Radiation Medical Centre. cultural officials from Equatorial Equipment Exhibition. Sponsored June 3. Beijing. Concerto by Cai Guinea. by CCPIT Beijing Branch. Jianglin, a Taiwan compatriot July 14-20. Exhibition Centre in visiting Japan. Sponsored by the Beijing. Japan Mould'87. Spon• China International Cultural Sports sored by the Japan External Trade Exchange Centre and the Taiwan Organization. Compatriots' Federation. June 8-9. Beijing. Two men's July 15-21. China International June 3-13. Shanghai and Beijing. basketball matches between the Exhibition Centre in Beijing. Performances by the Uzaki Ryudo St. John's University Team, USA, International Exhibition on troupe of Japan. and the Chinese Youth Team. Daily-Used Chemical Equipment June 6-14. Xiamen and Beijing. June 12-14. Beijing. Women's and Technology. Sponsored by Performances by the Philippines basketball matches between the the Japan-China Economy and Bayanihan Dance Co. Soviet team and China's "August Trade Centre. June 7-21. Beijing and Guang• 1" team and the Chinese national zhou. Performances by the team. Science and Technology Australian Ballet. Early June. Shenyang, Liaoning June 1-5. Beijing. China-US Co• June 9-16. Beijing, Shanghai and Province. Asian Club Cup Foot• operative Workshop__o_n Earth• Guangzhou. Concertos by the ball Championships.

JUNE 8, \mn .//-'Lias 33 m BOOKS

Fiefdom, which was built in 698 AD in present-day Heilongjiang 'Through the Moon Gate' Province, and the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas at Kezir, —A Guide to China's Historic iVIonuments Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Apart from descriptions and THROUGH THE historical information about these sites, the book also includes their MDON GATE exact locations and the best routes A GUIOE TO CHINA'« HKTCJRK; IVOsfUMENTS to reach them. Through the Moon Gate—A Guide to China's Historic Monuments presents readers a general picture of China's ancient civilization through its relics and is equally useful for scholars and tourists. While the China People's Publishing House of Fine Arts was responsible for writing, translat• ing and editing the book, the Oxford University Press handled the layout, printing and distri• bution, taking painstaking efforts with design. The cover, for example, shows the ancient- looking Puning Temple in Chengde as the base, with skilfully Edited by: China People's historic interest. It also has 50 inserted smaller photos of the Publishing House of Fine Arts meticulously drawn sketch Potala Palace in Lhasa, the Jiayu (Beijing) maps—27 showing the distri• Pass which is the western end of Published by: Oxford University bution of historic relics in their the Great Wall in Gansu Province, Press (first edition in 1986) provinces, municipaUties and and the Beihai Park in Beijing. As Distributed by: Oxford University autonomous regions, and the a result, the cover design and the Press agents in Oxford, New other 23 being plans of certain contents of the book complement York, Toronto, Delhi, Bombay, sites. each other. The clever design gives Calcutta, Madras, Karachi, With its plain language and readers an immediate impression Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, meticulously selected photos, the of the vastness of China, its Melbourne and Auckland, and book systematically presents the numerous historic and cultural associated companies in Berlin readers with a knowledge of relics and marvellous landscapes. and Beirut. China's traditional culture created by Lin Wenbi by the various nationalities from hina is an ancient civilization ancient times to the early 20th Cwith a long history. To help century. Early cultural exchanges overseas readers acquire a deep between China and other coun• understanding of that history, the tries are also discussed. The 100 China People's Publishing House sites — ancient buildings,' graves, of Fine Arts and Oxford palaces, gardens, stone carvings, University Press joined hands to temples and bridges — are located produce Through the Moon in 27 provinces, municipalities and Gate—an illustrated guide book autonomous regions, and are on China's historic monuments. selected on the basis of their More than just a guide book, unique . representativeness. In Through the Moon Gate is a addition to the numerous sites beautifully bound reference book. found in the Huanghe (Yellow) Running 320 pages in length, the River and Changjiang (Yangtze) book contains around 200 colour River basins, many sites are in and black-and-white photos of remote places, such as the ruins of 100 carefully selected sites of Longquanfu, capital of th^^.Bohai

34 W^iiNG REVJiEW, NO. 23 ART PAQE

Sketches by Xing Yongchuan Xing Yongchuan, a sculptor, was born in 1938 in Jiaocheng County, Shanxi Province, and now teaches in the Xian Academy of Fine Arts in Shaanxi. These are his sketches from the Dunhuang Caves. Working on the grotto's formulas, Xing produces simple, clear shapes.

1 =^ CHINA STUDIES SERIES ^ Published by New World Press

Academic books written by noted scholars from China and abroad, offering basic information about China's politics, economy, philosophy and other branches of the social sciences.

Small Towns in China China's Population: Problems and — Functions, Problems and Prospects Prospects By Fei Hsiao Tung By Song Jian, Liu Zheng and others Analyses how the development of small Discusses China's population growth and towns helps rationalize the nation's economic and distribution, and looks at the development of administrative structure. population policy and theory. Economic Changes in Rural China Towards a People's Anthropology By Luo Hanxian By Fei Hsiao Tung Covers major development in the Chinese A collection of Professor Fei's articles on China's 55 national minorities. countryside in the past three decades. Highlights of Tibetan History Chinese Village Close-Up By Wang Furen and Suo Wenqiang By Fei Hsiao Tung Chronicles major events and important The reaults of research in a south China figures in Tibetan history village in the 1930s, 1950s and 1980s. The 1911 Revolution — A Retrospect After 70 Years China's New Strategy for Economic By Hu Sheng, Liu Danian and others Development A representative sampling of papers By Ma Hong delivered at colloquia. An analysis of the strategy for ensuring Smashing the Communal Pot steady economic growth. — A Review of the Rural Responsibility System China's Search for Economic Growth By the Agricultural Institute of the — The Chinese Economy Since 1949 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences By Xu Xixin and others A " historical review and theoretical Essays tracing China's economic develop• exploration of China's rural production ment from 1949 to the present. responsibility system since 1978.

Publidied by NEW WORLD PRESS 24 Boiwanzhuang Rood, Beijing, China Cable Address: "KlEWORLD" Beijing ^ Distributed by CHINA INTERNATIONAL BOOK TRADING CORPORATION (GUOJI SHUDIAN) P.O.Box 399, Beijing, China