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HELLENIKA Jahrbuch Für Griechische Kultur Und Deutsch-Griechische Beziehungen

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HELLENIKA Jahrbuch Für Griechische Kultur Und Deutsch-Griechische Beziehungen HELLENIKA Jahrbuch für griechische Kultur und Deutsch-Griechische Beziehungen Neue Folge 4 Herausgeber Vereinigung der deutsch-griechischen Gesellschaften Redaktion: Cay Lienau unter Mitarbeit von Anastasios Katsanakis Elmar Winters-Ohle LIT Zusendung von Manuskripten und von Büchern zur Besprechung an Prof. Dr. Cay Lienau, Zumsandestr. 36, 48145 Münster, Fax 0 251 – 1 36 72 94, e-Mail: [email protected]. Bei unverlangt eingesandten Manuskripten behält sich die Redaktion eine Veröffentlichung vor; gleiches gilt für die Besprechung nicht angeforderter Bücher. Redaktionsschluss der nächsten Ausgabe: 15. 7. 2010 Redaktion: Cay Lienau, Zumsandestraße 36, 48145 Münster Fax: 0 251 – 1 36 72 94, e-Mail: [email protected] Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-643-99935-1 ISSN 0018-0084 ©LIT VERLAG Dr. W. Hopf Berlin 2008 Verlagskontakt: Fresnostr. 2 D-48159 Münster Tel. +49 (0) 2 51-620 32 22 Fax +49 (0) 2 51-922 60 99 e-Mail: [email protected] http://www.lit-verlag.de Auslieferung: Deutschland: LIT Verlag Fresnostr. 2, D-48159 Münster Tel. +49 (0) 2 51-620 32 22, Fax +49 (0) 2 51-922 60 99, e-Mail: [email protected] Österreich: Medienlogistik Pichler-ÖBZ GmbH & Co KG IZ-NÖ, Süd, Straße 1, Objekt 34, A-2355 Wiener Neudorf Tel. +43 (0) 22 36-63 53 52 90, Fax +43 (0) 22 36-63 53 52 43, e-Mail: [email protected] Schweiz: B + M Buch- und Medienvertriebs AG Hochstr. 357, CH-8200 Schaffhausen Tel. +41 (0) 52-643 54 30, Fax +41 (0) 52-643 54 35, e-Mail: [email protected] Inhalt Deutschland und Griechenland in der Weltwirtschaftkrise – Probleme und Herausforderungen .1 Sigrid SKARPELIS-SPERK, Bonn Der Jugendprotest in Griechenland und seine Hintergründe. ........................ 12 Gustav AUERNHEIMER, Nürnberg und Athen Griechentum und Griechen in Syrien – mehr als eine Spurensuche......................... 22 Thede KAHL,Wien Zu Fürst Pückler-Muskaus Besuch in Athen im Jahre 1836 ............................. 53 Regine QUACK-MANOUSSAKIS, Nafplion „Das ist aber auch ein Volk!“ Leben und Werk des PhilhellenenJosephM.Mindler.............. 62 Hans-Bernhard SCHLUMM, Andreas KERTSCHER Griechenland im Spiegel seiner Briefmarken I: Griechische Identitätssuche................. 77 Cay LIENAU, Münster GegendasVergessen–Kalavryta............. 88 Gerd FRANK, Mülheim Das Otto-König-von-Griechenland-Museum der GemeindeOttobrunn.................... 95 Jan MURKEN, München ÂÊÀÆÇË ..........................112 × Ä ÑÔÖÓÙ ÅÒÕÓ ÂÒ ¨ , KLAGELIED........................115 Thanassis LAMBROU, München Jannis Ritsos zum 100. Geburtstag des Dichters 2009 . 119 ii Verleihung des Ehrenrings der Deutsch-Griechischen Gesellschaften am 28.4.2009 in Kiel an Eberhard Rondholz. ........................121 Sigrid SKARPELIS-SPERK, Präsidentin der VDGG „Mehr als nur ein Baum“ – Hilfe für Olympias Wiederaufforstung......................130 Carina BRACHTL,Bamberg 50JahreDGGWiesbaden.................132 25 Jahre Deutsch-Griechische Gesellschaft zu Kiel Syllogos Nikos Kazantzakis ................134 Bibel-KodexausPurpurinKassel.............135 Burkhard MEYER, Kassel Anthologien neugriechischer Erzählliteratur. Ein Rückblick..........................137 Gerhard EMRICH, Bochum Buchbesprechungen .....................147 Mitgliederverzeichnis....................176 Deutschland und Griechenland in der Weltwirtschaftkrise – Probleme und Herausforderungen £ Sigrid SKARPELIS-SPERK, Bonn Die Finanzkrise hat weltweit tiefe, zerstörerische Furchen hinterlas- sen. Noch weiß niemand, welchen Umfang und welche Dauer sie ha- ben wird; auch was ihre sozialen und politischen Folgen angeht, tappen wir beschwichtigenden Erklärungen zum Trotz im Dunkeln. Wir wissen aber: Die derzeitige Krise ist anders als alle vorangegangenen Krisen der letzten 60 Jahre. Sie ist ein Epochenbruch, eine tiefe systemische Krise, wie sie in der Wirtschaftsgeschichte in der Regel nur einmal im Jahrhundert vorkommt. Schon heute sind die Größendimensionen der Krise historisch ungewöhnlich und höher als in der Großen Depression der dreißiger Jahre: 1. Der Fall der Industrieproduktion kommt dem Absturz in der großen Depression erschreckend nahe. In Japan, Italien und Frankreich ist er weit tiefer. 2. Der Einbruch beim Welthandel ist in einem Jahr genauso stark wie in den ersten zwei (!) Jahren der 30er Jahre – nicht wegen eines Aus- bruchs an Protektionismus, sondern wegen des Kollapses der Nach- frage nach Industriegütern 3. die globalen Aktienmärkte erlebten einen weit stärkeren Einbruch als in den 30er Jahren. 4. Die Arbeitsmärkte zeigen weltweit eine ungewöhnliche Verschlech- terungsrate. 5. Erfreulicherweise grundlegend anders ist, dass die Welt und die po- litisch Handelnden jene Lehren aus der großen Depression teilwei- se beherzigen, die der einflussreichste Ökonom des 20.Jahrhunderts John Maynard Keynes der Wirtschaftspolitik gegeben hat und somit zu hoffen ist, dass sich das historische Desaster nicht wiederholt. £ Aus: Hellenika N.F. 4, Jahrbuch für griechische Kultur und deutsch-griechische Be- ziehungen, Münster 2009 2 Wie in der großen Depression kollabierte das Geldangebot – an- ders als damals haben die Zentralbanken der Welt das Geldangebot massiv erhöht. Der Internationale Währungsfonds (IWF) schätzt den Abschreibungsbedarf der Finanzinstitutionen für die Jahre 2009 und 2010 auf 4,1 Billionen US-Dollar. Für Deutschland allein beträgt das Risiko für den Staatshaushalt bisher 816 Milliarden Euro. Was die Banken an Krediten und zu welchen Konditionen an ihre Kunden weitergeben, ist allerdings eine zweite Frage. 6. Heute reagiert die Politik nicht wie damals mit einer Sparpolitik nach Art des deutschen Reichskanzlers Brüning auf die weg brechenden Staatseinnahmen, sondern weltweit mit dem Versuch, mit aggressi- ven monetären und finanzpolitischen Programmen (Konjunkturpro- grammen) dem ökonomischen Verfall entgegenzuwirken. Es ist nicht unwahrscheinlich, dass eine solche Politik länger dau- ern muss als uns lieb ist, denn alle wichtigen Eckdaten zeigen weiter nach unten: Der IWF, die Weltbank, die OECD, die Welthandels- und Entwicklungskonferenz UNCTAD und die Internationale Arbeitsorga- nisation ILO prognostizieren nicht nur in diesem Jahr eine weltweite Rezession, sondern ein weiteres deutliches Abwärts in den wichtigs- ten Weltregionen mindestens noch für das kommende Jahr. Das Brut- toinlandsprodukt (BIP) zeigt ein kräftiges Minus: in den USA sind es -4,1 %, in der EU -4,1%, in Deutschland 5,5-6,0%, in Japan -6,6%, in Russland -5,6%, in Brasilien -0,3%; nur Indien und China können ein – wenn auch abgeschwächtes – Wachstum halten. In Griechenland hof- fen die Griechische Notenbank, der Industrieverband und die Regierung auf eine milde Abnahme des BIP – vermutlich vergeblich. In wichtigen Ländern der EU z.B. in Deutschland befindet sich die Industrieproduk- tion seit Beginn 2008 in freiem Fall, allein in der Eurozone um mehr als 20%. Zwar hat sich die Fallgeschwindigkeit in den letzten Mona- ten durch die massiven öffentlichen Stimulierungsprogramme der USA, China und Japan massiv abgebremst, aber auf einen dauerhaften Auf- schwung hoffen derzeit nur Optimisten. Die ILO prognostiziert für das kommende Jahr bis zu 51 Millionen Arbeitslose mehr, unter ihnen 22 Millionen Frauen. In den USA sind mittlerweile 5,1 Millionen Jobs verloren gegangen, und die Arbeitslo- senquote stieg auf 8,5 %. 3 Wie immer in Konjunkturkrisen und erst recht in großen Weltwirt- schaftskrisen sinken die Einkommen der unteren und mittleren Einkom- mensschichten erheblich: Arbeitslosigkeit, Kurzarbeit, krisenbedingte Rettungspakete mit Zugeständnissen bei Löhnen und Einkommen so- wie den verschiedensten Arbeitszeitumverteilungsmodellen senken die Einkommen pro Kopf und Familie deutlich. Die Gewerkschaften sind in solchen Zeiten in aller Regel nicht in der Lage, reale Tariferhöhungen durchzusetzen. Schon heute arbeitet etwa die Hälfte der weltweit Beschäftigten – et- wa 1,8 Milliarden Menschen – im so genannten informellen Sektor, d.h. zu Niedriglöhnen, ohne Arbeitsvertrag und ohne Sozialver-sicherung (vor unserer eigenen Tür, in Osteuropa, arbeiten 25 % der Beschäftig- ten in sozial ungesicherten Arbeitsverhältnissen). Die OECD schätzt in ihrem jüngsten Report, dass durch die Krise ihre Zahl bis 2020 auf zwei Drittel der Beschäftigten ansteigen wird. All dies wird besonders angesichts der permanenten Zuwanderung von illegalen Zuwanderern auf dem Balkan und in Griechenland nicht ohne Wirkung auf die Einkommen, die soziale Sicherheit und die gesell- schaftliche Entwicklung bleiben. Der politische Kalender 2009/2010 ist voll von Präsidentschafts- und Parlamentswahlen und die Neigung der Wähler, amtierende Regierungen für das ökonomische Desaster an der Wahlurne abzustrafen wird sicher eher zunehmen – eine Tendenz zur Zunahme rechtsextremer Parteien zu beobachten. Die amtierende grie- chische Regierung unter Ministerpräsident Karamanlis hat sich in Neu- wahlen geflüchtet Der Welthandel ist nach einem jahrzehntelangen Wachstum um 13 % zurückgegangen – auf allen Kontinenten. Die EU und Asien sind davon am härtesten betroffen. Aber auch die aufstrebenden Wirtschaf- ten in Lateinamerika und Asien, die schon früher massive Währungs- und Finanzkrisen als Folgen des Laissez-faire auf den Finanzmärkten durchlitten haben, leiden nun ohne eigenes Verschulden durch den Dop- pelschlag einer scharfen Abnahme ihrer Exporte
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