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SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME: THE PROCESSES OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN GREECE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Neovi M, Karakatsanis, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1996 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Richard Gunther, Adviser Professor Felipe Agûero Adviser Professor Vassilios Lambropoulos Political Science UMI Number: 9710590 Copyright 1996 by Karakatsanis, Neovi Michael All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9710590 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Neovi M. Karakatsanis 1996 ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the processes through which a stable, consolidated and fiilly democratic regime was brought into existence in the 1970s and early 1980s in Greece by systematically and rigorously testing key hypotheses derived from the theoretical literature on democratic consolidation. Little has been written about Greece in political science, and the literature which exists is poorly developed. Despite this, Greece provides a rich opportunity for the testing of theoretical propositions found in the literature on consolidation processes. This is particularly true in light of several unusual features of its transition—its abrupt nature and the unprecedentedly dominant role in the process played by one individual, Konstantine Karamanlis. Several studies suggest that these features should have hindered Greece’s prospects for a successful consolidation; yet Greece is today a fully stable and consolidated democracy. Thus, given the lack of prima facie evidence that the Greek transition trajectory fits with the most common models inherent in that literature, the ultimate contribution of this study (aside from contributing to the relatively sparse literature on the Greek case, per se) is the significant refinement in key propositions of the theoretical approaches now dominant in the literature on democratic consolidation. This dissertation focuses primarily on the roles played by political elites during and in the decade after the transition to democracy by systematically examining the four distinct transformations that forged the consensual unity ii required to establish a stable and consolidated regime in Greece: (1) the modernization of the Right from a questionable commitment to democracy before the 1967 dictatorship to a fully democratic stance in the post-1974 period; (2) the moderation of the Communist Left which went from engaging in anti-democratic oppositional tactics for much of its history to loyalty towards the new democratic regime; (3) the moderation of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) which went from a seemingly semi-loyal stance in the formative years of the transition to one of full loyalty once in government; and (4) the transformation of the military’s attitudes and behavior which led it to retreat from political involvement and to submit itself to civilian control. Finally, recognizing that elites do not act within a political vacuum, it also undertakes an analysis of elite interactions paying careful attention to the relevant social, cultural, and international contexts, and to the linkages between elites and their respective social and political groups. ui Dedicated to my husband, Jonathan IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would not have been possible without the contribution of many people. First, I wish to thank my adviser, Richard Gunther. Over the course of my graduate career he has been a never-failing source of assistance, guidance, and support in every aspect of my academic development. His contribution to this dissertation and to my entire graduate education have truly been invaluable. One could not ask for a more dedicated and caring mentor and friend. Next, I wish to recognize Vassilios Lambropoulos. As my undergraduate professor in Modem Greek, Vassilis was instrumental in my decision to further my education by attending graduate school. He has been a diligent member of my dissertation committee, whose careful reading and comments on this dissertation improved it enormously. Most importantly, he has been a steadfast friend and for that I am most thankful. Finally, thanks go to Felipe Agûero for his service on my committee, and particularly for his theoretical insights on militaries and his knowledge of the democratization literature. He has made invaluable suggestions for revisions of this manuscript for which I am indebted. While not officially serving on my dissertation committee, Nikiforos Diamandouros also proved to be a tremendous source of knowledge and insight on Greek politics, to say nothing of a diligent, careful reader of several chapters of this dissertation. I feel fortunate indeed to have enjoyed the support and guidance of such an insightful, dedicated scholar. The contributions of so many Greek political and military leaders who offered me hundreds of hours of personal interviews will never be forgotten. I found these men and women to be generous with their time, candid with their responses, insightful and courteous. To these interview respondents I wish to express my utmost gratitude and respect. Without your willingness to assist me in this effort, my research would never have been possible. To all of you I extend a heart-felt, "Saç EuxapiuTw." Two individuals made an invaluable contribution to my understanding of the junta years in Greece by providing me access to archival materials at their disposal. Adamantia Pollis made available to me taped interviews-then held at New York University’s Alexander S. Onassis Center for Hellenic Studies—with key Greek and international political elites of the period. Stephen W. Rousseas also allowed me to review normally closed archival materials at Columbia University. I sincerely wish to thank them for their generosity and the contributions they have made to my research. This research was also made possible by the deeply-appreciated financial support of a number of organizations in both the United States and Greece. First, I wish to express my gratitude to the U.S. Educational Foundation in Greece and The United States Information Agency which provided me with a Fulbright Grant, allowing me to conduct research for a year in Athens. Additional financial support was generously provided by The Ohio State University Graduate School (Graduate Student Alumni VI Research Award), the Ohio State Chapter of the Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society (Graduate Enrichment Award), the Hellenic University Club of New York, and The Democratization Program of the Mershon Center at The Ohio State University. Finally, an Ohio State University Graduate School Presidential Fellowship allowed me an entire academic year to complete this dissertation. I also wish to acknowledge the support and encouragement that I have received from family and friends. First, I thank the Priovolos family in Athens. Their friendship and warm support, particularly in the early stages of this research, were extremely important to me. Second, my deepest gratitude goes to Artemis Leontis. As my undergraduate instructor and fnend, she not only served as a perfect "role-model" but-- through her example—she also set the distinguished standard to which I have always aspired. Third, I also wish to express sincere appreciation to my mother-in-law, Patricia Swarts, who, over the course of writing my dissertation, and particularly in times of need, often stepped in to lend a hand. Her moral support and encouragement, to say nothing of her culinary and other talents, were greatly appreciated. My sister, Joanne Karakatsanis, was a wonderful companion and roommate during my early years of graduate school. Had it not been for her—and countless hours of conversation and commiseration—those years would have been far more difficult. Later, she and my youngest sister, Areti Karakatsanis, shared an apartment with me while I was conducting my research in Athens. I will always treasure that year we spent together—with you two even jam-packed buses in the Athensvé<f>oç and perpetually long GTE lines were tolerable and, in retrospect, even seem like fim. There are no words to express my vu gratitude to my parents, Michael and Ploumi Karakatsanis. Throughout my entire life they have made tremendous sacrifices for me, always supporting me in the pursuit of my goals and aspirations, and teaching me—through their own example and efforts—the importance of excellence and hard work. I thank you for teaching me the Greek language, taking me to Greece often, and always inspiring in me a deep love and interest for your, and my, rarpida.