Contributions to Zoology, 69 (3) 157-177 (2000)

SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague

Geographic distribution of ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus

(E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae)

Vincent Nijman

Institute for Systematics ami Population Biology (Zoological Museum), University ofAmsterdam, P.O. Box

94766, 1090 GT Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Key words: , Colobinae, colobine monkeys, distribution, , , langur, Lombok, primates

Abstract Introduction

As one ofthe fundamental units ofecology and biogeography, Being located in the extreme east of the Sundaic the geographicdistributionofthe endemic and threatened ebony subregion, Java and Bali are the most isolated of leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, land the remaining masses and also furthest from 1812) on the islands of Java, Bali, and Lombok (Indonesia) has the Asian been mainland. Java harbours a im- assessed. All localities where the species has been collected slightly

are non-human fauna listed, and forty-two areas (each in itself consisting of poverished primate compared to

numerous smaller where the has been recorded the other sites) species Sundaic islands. There are 5 species, are discussed. The forest species occurs in a large variety of including one nocturnal prosimian, the slow loris types, including mangrove, beach, and freshwater swamp forest; 13 Nycticebus coucang, compared to species on everwet lowland and hill forest; dry decidious forest; montane forest Borneo and 12-13 species on mainland Sumatra; to - up 3,000 3,500 m a.s.l.; and in some forest plantations

(teak the exact number the Tectona grandis, rasamala Altingia excelsa, acacia Aca- species depends on taxonomy cia spp). In , certain populations are dimorphic, followed. However, a relative high proportion of

containing, besides the more common melanic individuals, also them are endemic, viz. 60% (compared to 38-43% erythristic individuals. This erythristic pelage morphonly occurs and 8-17% on Borneo, on mainland Sumatra). The in the easternmost part of Java of which the line between Mt. endemics comprise one species of Hylobatidae, the Penanggunang and the surroundings ofMojokerto running south-

Javan or silvery gibbon Hylobates moloch wards, via Wonosalam and Blitar, to Mts Kidul roughly forms (Aude- the western boundary. Localities where individuals of the bert, 1799) and two species of Colobinae, the erythristic pelage morph have been collected or observed are grizzled leaf monkey Presbytis comata (Desmarest, given. 1822) and the ebony leaf monkey 1 Trachypithecus

auratus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812). The Javan

gibbon and the grizzled leaf monkey are confined Contents to the wettest forest types, which are more com-

the mon to western part of the island, and can be Abstract 157 Mts found as far east as Dieng and Mt. Lawu, re- Introduction 157 Methods and Sozer, 1995; 1995, 159 spectively (Nijman Nijman, Results The leaf 160 1997). ebony monkey’s range encompasses

Province the of West Java (inch OKI Jakarta) 160 a larger area, and species can be found in other

Province of Central Java (inch DI Yogyakarta) 164

Province of East Java 167

Island of Bali 170 leaf is also known as 1 Ebony monkey ebony, moor or negro Island of Lombok 170 langur, Javan leaf monkey / langur, silver(ed) leaf monkey / Discussion 171 others. Some these langur, amongst of names, however, are Habitat and range • 171 also used for the grizzled leaf monkey Presbytis comata and Distribution ofthe erythristic 173 pelage morph silvered leaf monkey Trachypithecus cristatus. Locally ebony cknowledgements 174 leaf monkeys are known as either lulling (both melanic and

references 174 erythristic individuals) and in parts of East Java budeng (usu-

ally only the melanic individuals) 158 V. Nijman - Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus auratus in Indonesia

and Lombok. 2 have from forest types as well, on Java, Bali an erythristic female, must originated

its the of Java also Brandon- Despite distribution encompassing a larger area easternmost part (see than the other its is still 1995). Javan endemics, range Jones, restricted, and its habitat has largely dissappeared.

Little is known about the of the in Ebony leaf monkey are listed as Vulnerable ac- ecology species forest since limited number cording to the IUCN threat criteria (Eudey, 1987; natural areas, only a

have Most II of studies been conducted so far. of the 1UCN, 1996). The species is listed on Appendix those of the CITES convention. comprehensive studies, i.e., of Brotoisworo

and (Brotoisworo, 1983; Brotoisworo The ebony leaf monkey has for a long-time been Dirgayusa and Dirgayusa, 1991), Kool (1993; Kool and Croft, regarded as conspecific with the silvered leaf 1992), and to a lesser extend Megantara (1994) monkey, T. cristatus (e.g., Pocock, 1935; Napier, have been conducted in the nature 1985; Wolfheim, 1983), but it was given its spe- reserve. Pangandaran is a small c. 500 ha. uplifted cific status by Weitzel and Groves (1987). The southeastern limestone peninsula at the corner of species specific status of T. auratus is now gener-

West Java. Parts of the area are covered with teak, ally accepted (e.g., Weitzel et al., 1988; 1UCN, Tectona grandis and mahogany, Swietenia spp., 1994; Brandon-Jones, 1984, 1995; Corbet and Hill, stands, while the remainder consists of rather dry 1992; Oates et al., 1994; Maryanto et al., 1997).

evergreen forest (Whitten et ah, 1996). Data pre- T. cristatus and T. auratus occur allopatrically with sented by Brotoisworo (1983) suggest densities of the former having a disjunct distribution with popu- 185 195 km 2 c. to individuals . Typical densities lations from southern Burma, southern Thailand, in where the areas species has been studied, which Cambodia and southern Laos and Vietnam, and

are often selected because the species is relatively from the western coast of West Malaysia, Sumatra individu- common, range in the order of 20 to 75 and Borneo(Corbet andHill, 1992), while the latter, 2 als km' (Kartikasari, 1986; Supriatna et ah, 1988; eastwards as stated before, ranges from Java to Bismark and Wiryosoeparto, 1980 in Supriatna et Lombok. Both species can be distinguished by skull ah, 1988; Nijman and van Balen, 1998), with prob- and dental characters (Weitzel and Groves, 1987; ably the more typical density leaning towards the Maryanto et ah, 1997). Furthermore, T. cristatus lower figure (unpubl. data). Pangandaran receives is brown, brownish-grey or blackish brown, while than conservation in more visitors any other area the Javan species is more blackish tingled with Indonesia, possibly 500,000 annually (Whitten et brown and grey. In both species some populations ah, 1996), quite possibly having an effect on the are polymorphic in pelage coloration, with mcla- socio-ecology and structure of the ebony leaf nic and usually a small proportion of erythristic monkey population. Hence, findings and conclu- individuals occurring together. This proportion may, conducted the sions arising from studies on spe- between leaf these vary areas. In the ebony monkey, cies in Pangandaran are probably not representa- populations are restricted to the easternmost part tive and cannot unhesitatingly be extrapolated to of Java (see Discussion), while in the silvered leaf other areas. monkey these populations hitherto only have been As many other species within the genus Trachy- recorded from Abai at the mouth of the Kinaba- the leaf lives pithecus, ebony monkey in groups tangan River in eastern Sabah, Borneo (Davis, 1962; with one adult male and a number of immature Payne et ah, 1985). Weitzel and Groves (1987) males, females, and young(see reviews by Bennett concluded that the type specimen of T. auratus. and Davies, 1994; Newton and Dunbar, 1994).

from 3 30 indi- These group sizes range to over

2 Based on a single from the north- skin, probably originating viduals (pers. observ.; Supriatna et ah, 1988; western part of Vietnam, Brandon-Jones (1984, 1995) de- Brotoisworo, 1983). Group sizes on Java seem to scribed subspecies Semnopithecus (Trachypitecus) auratus differ between areas with different climatic con- ebenus. As it is of little relevance the and to present paper, ditions; median sizes in areas with a more pending more information on this taxon and its distribution, it group

is found not discussed further. pronounced dry season, which are mainly Contributions to 69 - 2000 Zoology, (3) 159

in the Java well eastern half of as as along the their relevance ranges, to biogeographic processes

island’s northern coast, tend to be than those and the larger structure of local species assemblages, and found in areas with a perhumid climate the of in (unpubl. potential sources error estimating spe-

data). Extra-group males either live as solitaries cies-range-size distributions have recently been

or can team with other bachelor males in bands up discussed by Jones (1998) and Gaston (1996). or small groups (pers. observ.; Bennett and Davies, for the Furthermore, proper assessment of a species’ 1994; Brotoisworo, 1983). conservation status and in order to monitor changes

A number of studies have been in performed on abundance, range, and status an accurate descrip- the species’ behaviour tion of feeding (Kartikasari, 1986; its range of occurrence is essential. There-

Supriatna et Brotoisworo ah, 1988; and fore, as an Dirgayusa, part of ongoing study on the ecology

1991; Kool, 1993; et ah, Djuwantoko 1994) often and conservation status of ebony leafmonkey, the partially in teak Like all colobines, plantations. present paper attempts to thoroughly assess the

ebony leaf a fore-stomach monkeys possess diges- geographical distribution of ebony leaf monkeys

tive which allows break down system, them to on Java, Bali and Lombok.

cellulose (Bauchop and Martucci, 1968; Kay and

Davies, This makes the able 1994). species to cope

with a substantial amount of foliage, a relative Methods

unnutricious food in source, their diet (for an over-

view of food selection in colobines see The data from the e.g., originate surveys conducted by author overa

Waterman of 16 months in and Kool, 1992). Indeed, although de- period March-September 1994, June-July 1995, August-Seplember 1997 and and September 1998-January 1999 on pending on habitat type seasonality, a large Java, Bali, Madura, and Some additional data Kangean. were part of their diet consists of leaves and flowers collected in the June 2000. The period 1999-February presence (55% and 67% 56% Kool, 1993; Kartikasari, 1986; absence of or ebony leaf monkeys was assessed by surveying 59% Supriatna et ah, 1988; 90% Brotoisworo and inside the forest and by scanning over the forest from vantage

forest 94% points (hill or edge). In 206 were Dirgayusa, 1991; Djuwantoko et ah, 1994). tops all, days spent

in those As in surveying forest areas (excluding areas where neither I most colobines, ripe fruits is not a favoured

nor other recorded the While in the forest food any species). areas source, and often only the seeds are consumed. additional information the of leaf on presence ebony monkeys When fruit is Ficus eaten, e.g., figs spp, mahogany was gathered by interviewing local inhabitants in Bahasa Swietenia macrophylla, and acacia Acacia leuco- Indonesia. phloea, it These with data is mostly not ripe (Kool, 1993; Kartikasari, findings were supplemented derived from

the information from 1986). literature, collected specimens stored in

and various museums, from personal correspondence with other

observers. All records listed those ofthe The are author, unless stated distribution of a is geographic species perhaps otherwise. Areas in which ebony leaf monkeys were observed the fundamental of and unit ecology are listed and in For biogeogra- by province a west to east sequence. each Phy. It affects area the names in which it is situated probability of extinction (Jablonski, county is given, a short

of the of habitat is *987) and different sizes of description type presented, the status and range species ultimately records of in that ebony leafmonkeys area are listed, as determine in are the the number of species a given area. The specimens, ifany, which have been collected. Specimens collected distribution of a is determined its species by collected in the described itself were either area orthe described 8eo graphical and the evenness or range by patchi- area nearest to the site of collection. bess of within occurrence its range. Ecological Abbreviations employed for the institutions at which the an alysis of specimens are stored are: ZMA: Museum Amster- species distribution patterns depends Zoological 0n the dam, the Netherlands; RMNH: Natural Museum of Natural accuracy of the distributional data on which 11 History, Leiden, the Netherlands (many skins have col- ls based: only a if a distributional pattern has been in- lector’s number and no access number); MZB; Museum eorrectly described of that any interpretation pattern Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia; BMNH: Natural will be erroneous (cf. Wiens, 1992). Brockelman History Museum, London, UK; ZRC: Zoological Reference and AH (1987) stress the importance of publishing Collection, Singapore. rd Note that some areas discussed in fact constitute of iable and numerous detailed data on the distribution of pri- isolated patches of forest, and that ebony leaf monkeys are not vates. The need for accurate mapping of species’ 160 V. Nijman - Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus auratus in Indonesia

Fig. I. Geographical distribution of ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) on Java, Bali, and

Indonesia. The shows covered with natural forest RePPProT and the where Lombok. map areas (after 1990), areas Trachypithecus

has recorded. Note that this scale small of forest do show. The line includes the from auratus been on many areas not stippled area

where individuals of the erythristic pelage morph have been recorded. Area numbers correspond with descriptions in the Chapter

Results.

by definition present throughout the entire area. Furthermore) Province of West Java (including DKI Jakarta) within forest areasebony leafmonkeys may prefer certain parts above others, 1. Ujung Kulon Localities from where information was received about the County: Pandeglang. presence of individuals of the erythristic pelage morph, either

2 from direct Habitat: Kulon is than 750 km observations, from hearsay evidence or from other Ujung a more area

in biologists working the as as localities from where area, well ofold secondary lowland forest, with primary for-

erythristic specimens have been collected, are indicated. est in the higher parts. The peninsula is relatively

secure from logging and encroachment, but the

mainland part is threatened by surrounding culti- Results vation.

coastal Status: The species is present mainly in the For the geographic location of of the areas dis- zone and along the rivers, but also in the interior cussed in this section, see Fig. I. All localities are (Hoogerwerf, 1970). Hoogerwerf observed ebony discussed in a west to east sequence, and are classed leaf monkey mainly in the peninsular part of the by province. the reserve; but the species is also present on Contributions to 69 - 2000 Zoology, (3) 161

mainland on Mt. Honje (Gurmaya et al1992; (Sept. 1997); one group was observed to foray into

Ruhiyat, 1991). The species is not present on the adjacent Rasamala Altingia excelsa plantation.

Reucang or Panaitan island (Hoogerwerf, 1970). S. van Balen (in litt., 1998) recorded the species

Specimens the 1346 Mt. collected: Niur: MZB 6694. on m tall Pulosari, c. 6 km south-east

ofMt. Aseupan (Oct. 1995). The species is present 2- Ranca Danau, Mt. Karang and Mt. Aseupan in the swamp forests of Ranca Danau and hill for- Counties: Pandeglang, Serang. est of Mt. Tekung Cede (Melish and Dirgayusa, Habitat: Fragmented patches of forest with the last 1996), as well as in the montane forests of Mt.

substantial 1995: S. Balen remaining area of fresh water swamp Karang (April van in litt. 1998),

forest in 2 Ranca Danau c. 250 km while Specimens collected: Ujungtebu: ZRC 4382. totalling , an°ther 170 2 km is present in two patches in the adjacent Gunung Tukung Cede Nature Reserve. 3. Dungus Iwul and Yanlapa evera . l thousands of hectares of disturbed low- County: Bogor.

forest Mt. 100 Iwul is small ,and remain on Aseupan, while c. Habitat: Dungus a relict patch of a °f fowland forest forest surrounded rubber is protected as recreation for- primary (9 ha) by Hevea near fhe Curug Gendang waterfalls, Carita. On brasiliensis plantation (MacKinnon et al., 1982).

2 its is • Karang c. 30 km of montane forest remains Despite size the reserve significant as one of ranging altitude from c. 1000-1778 m. the few remnants of low lowland tropical Status: A small number rain forest left on Java of groups were observed (Whitten et al., 1996). or Hear tl me is waterfalls, as well as near the guard post Yanlapa a slightly larger (32 ha) nature reserve, e rainforest entrance of the recreation forest at Carita consisting of lowland on red clay soil, 162 V. Nijman - Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus auratus in Indonesia

relatively well protected and used for scientific study 1973 respectively (MacKinnon et al., 1982).

(MacKinnon et al., 1982). Cibanteng is a coastal lowland forest, and is adja-

The habitat Status: Dungus Iwul is inhabited by a single group cent to larger Cikepuh Game Reserve.

of ebony leaf monkeys, which occasionally foray is mostly secondary forest with patches of primary

into the surrounding rubber plantation (S. van Balen forest and grassland. in lit!. 1998; Whitten et al., 1996). In Yanlapa, not Status: Ladjar and Simanjuntak (1994) studied

in Game only ebony leaf monkeys are present, but also populations of the species the Cikepuh

Reserve and grizzled leafmonkeys (S. van Balen, in litt., 1998). found them present from Citirem to

Cibuaya. S. van Balen (in litt., 1998) recorded ebony

4. Mt. Halimun and Mt. Salak leafmonkeys in Feb. 1987 in the forests of Ciogong

the Counties: Sukabumi, Bogor, Banten. near village of Sindabarang on the southern

Habitat: The Halimun National Park covers low- coast. Ebony leaf monkeys are probably present

land and hill forest from 500 to 1929 m (MacKinnon in a large number of forest areas within this rug-

2 et al., 1982). The totals 400 km with and sparsely populated area. Furthermore, park proper , ged

additional lowland forest situated leaf survive in number of some being out- ebony monkeys may a

the Mt. 2211 West Javan side park boundaries. The Salak is a forest areas along the southern coast

m tall volcano, well vegetated above the 1000-1200 possibly from Cikepuh intermittedly to Leuwang m line. Encroachment from surrounding agricul- Sancang [11]. ture and large tea estate enclaves, hunting and il- Specimens collected: Teluk Pelabuan Ratu; ZRC

threats BMNH legal gold mining form major to the area. 4380; Ciwangi: 1909.1.5.14,-15,-16,-17.

known Status: The ebony leaf monkey is a well

inhabitant of the Halimun National Park (e.g., 6. Mt. Gede-Pangrango, , Megamendung,

Ruhiyat, 1991; MacKinnon 1986), and by virtue Mt. Pancar

of its size the area probably harbours a significant Counties: Bogor, Sukabumi, Cianjur.

population of the species. Kool (1992) reported of Habitat: The Mt. Gede-Pangrango are two well-

the sighting of four, most likely different groups known volcanoes, south of Bogor. A pass runs

in the western part of the Halimun reserve; one through the Puncak area, with the Gede-Pangrango

the south and and group in Aug. 1989 (S. van Balen in litt. 1998). to Telaga Warna Nature Reserve

S. the northeast. Mt. Salak: regularly observed by van Balen (in Megamendung to Although virtually

of7 individuals was observed the entire area is enclosed in the ha Cede/ litt., 1998); a group 15,000

lower montane rain forest feeding in river valley Pangrango National Park, ranging from 500-3019

on the southeastern slopes (Aug. 1997) and one m a.s.l., encroachment from surrounding agricul-

and other activities continu- group was heard near Kawa Ratu (Sept. 1998). ture, hunting, impose

forms 350 Specimens collected: Jasinga: MZB 6694, 3\88; ous threats. The Telaga Warna area a

Mt. Salak: ZMA ha but the of the Leuwilang: MZB 2344,-5; 5327, nature reserve, remaining part

RMNH; Cisalak; MZB 558; Bolang; MZB 1876, area is much threatened by holiday resorts and

560. encroachment of tea estates. Mt. Pancar is a some-

what isolated hill of 800 m with moderately dis-

5. Jampang Kulon turbed forest on its summit.

County: Sukabumi. Status: Ebony leaf monkeys have been observed

Habitat: The forests in this rugged and sparsely in a number of localities, i.e., Pasir Pogor (June

populated area have partially the status of protec- 1994), above Selabintana (Sept. 1997), Cibodas

tion forest, and is scattered into several smaller, (June 1995), the forests near Taman Safari Cisarua

and one forest block. The altitudinal Warna larger range (Aug. 1994), Telaga (Sept. 1997), near

lies 700 a.s.l. between sea level and c. m The Cibulau (Aug. 1997), and an isolated population

Cibantcng Nature Reserve in the northern part of survives on Mt. Pancar (July 1995). The species is

and this area the Cikepuh Game Reserve (together most likely to be present throughout the entire forest

than 8500 more ha) were established in 1925 and area. Contributions to Zoology, 69 (3) - 2000 163

Specimens collected: Mt. Pancar: BMNH 1907.6. 8. Sanggabuana

18.1; Cikaso: MZB 8008; Mt. Pangrango: RMNH; Counties: Purwakarta

MZB Cikujang: 6693; Cibodas: BMNH 1949.423, Habitat: The forests of Sanggabuana or Jati Lahur

Robinson 1954.62, MZB; Sindanglaja: collected by comprise of c. 5000 ha, approximately 2500 ha of

and Kloss (1919). which have been proposed as a recreation forest

(MacKinnon et ah, 1982). The area is covered with

7. Muara Muara Gembong, Angke-Kapuk, Tanjung mostly disturbed lowland forest ranging from c. Sedan 150 to 1291, and is centered around the artificial

Counties: Bekasi, DKI Jakarta. lake of Jati Lahur. Despite being somewhat dis-

Muara Habitat: Gembong is a mangrove area at turbed, the area is important for the conservation

the mouth of the Citarum of of River, c. 60 km east primates as all three Javan endemics do occur

Jakarta. In 1981 least 1000 ha of for- in the at mangrove area.

est Status: The is was left, by 1984 some areas had been con- species reported to be present by

verted into rice B.O. fields, settlements and fish ponds, Manullang (pers. comm. 1997); small num-

and 1987 the forest almost ber of individuals observed by were completely in Oct. 1986 (S. van

destroyed (Supriatna et ah, 1989). The Muara Balen in lift. 1998).

Angke-Kapuk is a small nature reserve totalling

15.4 9. ha, west of Jakarta. The area is covered with North Parahyangan

mangrove forest in a river delta (MacKinnon et Counties; Bandung, Sumcdang, Purwakarta.

ah, Sedari is ha Habitat: The 1984). Tanjung a 8200 large pro- highlands around Bandung are col-

posed wich is known the nature reserve, presently largely lectively as Parahyangan (from para:

devoid of its forest & and The northern mangrove (Rombang many, hyang: Gods). part includes

Rudyanto, 1999). a number oftall volcanoes of which the Tangkuban Status: In the Muara Gembong, the ebony leaf Perahu is the most well known. The area further-

lived in includes monkey groups of up to 30 individuals, at more some interesting (proposed) reserves,

a density of 20 individuals knr2 but currently there including the Mt. Tapomas Hunting Reserve , (1250

>s hardly forest left (Supriatna et al., 1989). The ha), and Burangrang Nature Reserve (2700 ha).

Muara Status: be Angke supports small populations of ebony The species is has been reported to present

leaf and monkeys and long-tailed macaques Macaca in Burangrang Mt. Tapomas (MacKinnon et fascicularis (MacKinnon et ah, 1984). Silvius et ah, 1982). Wiltjes-Hissink (1953) observed ebony ah leaf leaf on the southern of (1987) report of the presence of ebony monkeys slopes Tangkuban

monkey in Tanjung Sedari. The conversion of Perahu above Lembang at 1700 m a.s.h, whereas

mangroves into fish and shrimp ponds and the Rombang & Rudyanto (1999) report the presence

mtensification of shrimp ponds especially along of the species on Mt. Manglayang. die north coast of Java, increased dramatically Specimens collected: Subang: ZRC 4374,-5.

during the last decades. Most tall trees dissapeared

and it is hard find of forest that 10. South very to any piece Parahyangan

1TI >ght be suitable for ebony leaf monkeys. Mauk, Counties: Bandung, Garut, and Cianjur.

another Habitat: The extensive mountain forests (proposed) nature reserve, that was known south of l°r its and form a more or less continuous mangrove swamp forest (MacKinnon Bandung block, et ah, 1982) appeared to be completely devoid of locally intersected plantations and roads. Gener- dosed forest forest and/or tall trees (van Balen et ah, ally forest in the area is is extant above c.

if 1D93). the north coast of West Java still holds 1200 m a.s.l. A number of nature reserves are es-

additional tablished in the of which the populations of ebony leaf monkey, area, most important re Mt. gretably these will be small and isolated from ones are Mt. Tilu (8,000 ha), Simpang (15,000 °ne another, making them especially vulnerable ha) and Kawah Kamojang (8,000 ha), six others to extinction. being less important because of small sizes; more

importantly, four new reserves havebeen proposed 164 V. Nijman - Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus auratus in Indonesia

across the area, totalling a coverageofalmost 70,000 may be a valuable area for both flora and fauna ha, ranging from 300 to 2182 m a.s.l. (MacKinnon (MacKinnon et al., 1982). Ceringrin is situated in et ah, 1982). the lowlands below 200 m a.s.l, whether or not

Status: Ruhiyat (1991) reported ebony leaf mon- forest remains is not known.

keys to be present at a number of sites throughout Status: The species was recorded in a secondary

the of the South Parahyangan, i.e. Mt. Halu, Mt. Tilu, forest patch, on southern slopes Mt. Sawal

the 1100 in Mt. Papandayan, Kawah Kamojang, forest near at c. m a.s.l and a patch of Acacia trees

Telaga Patenggang (Mt. Patuha). Most if not all (July 1995). The species was not recorded on the observations were made in areas at 1200 m a.s.l. northern slopes, but according to local officers of

the the is and above. MacKinnon et al. (1982) reported the forestry departement species present

be also Mt. species to present on Simpang. Prob- troughout the reserve.

ably, ebony leaf monkey is present throughout the Specimens collected: Ceringrin: RMNH.

entire area in numerous isolated populations.

Specimens collected: Pengalengan: RMNH; Tirta- 14. Pangandarang-Karangnini

sari; RMNH; Cibeureum: RMNH. Counties: Tasikmalaya, Ciamis

Habitat: Pangandaran is a small c. 500 ha uplifted

I 1. Leuweung Sancang limestone peninsula at the southeastern corner of

County: Garut. West Java. The area consists of a 38 ha tourist

457 Habitat: The Leuweung Sancang area contains a park, adjacent to a ha large nature reserve

2157 ha nature reserve ranging from sea level to (MacKinnon et ah, 1982). Parts of the area are

180 in a.s.l. The area is covered with sand dunes, covered with Teak and Magogany stands, while

forest remainderconsists mangroves, beach forest and primary rain the of rather dry evergreen forest on limestone. The outer parts of the reserve are (Whitten et ah, 1996). Karangnini consist largely

heavily damaged by illegal tree cutting (MacKinnon of beach forest and teak forest. The latter is inter- et al„ 1982). sected by the Cikabuyatan river, the valley of which

Status: Ruhiyat (1991) reported the species to be is covered with mixed forest. present in the area. Further information is not yet Status: Pangandaran has been the location where available. a number of researchers have colllected data on

ebony leaf monkey (e.g., Brotoisworo, 1983;

12. Mt. Ceremai Brotoisworo and Dirgayusa, 1991; Kool, 1993; Kool

Counties: Majalengka. and Croft, 1992; Megantara, 1994). The species is

Ciremai tall volcano south and in the tourist Habitat: Mt. is a 3078 m very common park and adjacent of ha of forest have been least 5 different observed Ceremai; c. 12,000 pro- nature reserve at groups

recreation forest et habituated to the of humans posed as (MacKinnon al., 1982) were fully presence

Status: There have been no reports on the pres- (Sept. 1997). Group sizes are relative large in com- ence of ebony leaf monkeys, but Napier (1985) parison to other West Javan localities. In Karangnini

the of twelve skulls from three observed the mouth of the reports presence Cirebon, groups were at which have from this mountain. River may originated Cikabuyatan (Sept. 1997).

Specimens collected: Cirebon: RCS(OM) 870.43(A) Specimens collected: Pangandaran: BMNH

(G) (Napier 1985). 1909.1.5.4,-5,-6(a),-7; Kalipucang: BMNH

1909.1.5.18.

13. Mt. Sawal

Counties: Ciamis.

Habitat: The forests on Mt. Sawal comprise of an Province of Central Java (including DI

isolated patch of forest of c. 5400 ha, which have Yogyakarta) been designated as a wildlife reserve. Ranging from

a.s.l. the contains 600-1704 m area tree species as 15. Segara Anakan-Nusa Kambangan

Altingia excelsa and Podocarpus imbriacata and Counties: Cilacap. Contributions to Zoology, 69 (3) - 2000 165

Habitat: Anakan is the shallow on the ha while Sagara bay 15,000 (MacKinnon et ah, 1982), pro- southern coast of into which Java the Citanduy, posals to include the forests at lower elevations

and other The Cibereum, rivers flow. area consists have been made (Nijman and Sozer, 1996). of of and a complex mangrove tidal swamp for- Status: Ebony leaf monkeys have been observed ests. South of 300 2 of in forest and in the area lies the km island both natural Damar plantations on Nusa Kambangan. The island largely is under con- the southern slopes at c. 1500 m a.s.l. (Seitre & trol of of the Prison Service of the Minsitry Jus- Seitre, 1990); and observed above Baturaden at c.

tice, as three highly secured prisons are situated 700-800 m a.s.l. (April-Aug. 1994; June 1995). The on the island. On the island 8000 ha of also in c. largely species was present oak-laurel forests on undisturbed lowland forest remains. the upper eastern slopes above Blambangan, where

Status: et al. three observed Erftemeijer (1988) reported ebony groups were between altitudes of leaf be monkeys to present in groups of up to 10 2,200-2,800 m a.s.l. (June 1995).

individuals in the ‘better’ forest further areas, i.e., Specimens collected: Kaligua: MZB 6690,-91,-92;

inland in Segara Anakan. Near Kabujatan, three Kalikidang: RMNH; Curugilang: RMNH.

groups were observed retreating on a small hill after the in Mt. having spent day the mangrove forests 18. Cupu-Simembut

(Sept. 1997). On Nusa Kambangan (Sept. 1997) County: Banjarnegara. no ebony leaf monkeys observed, but the species Habitat: On these mountains small fragments of was known to most if not of the natural forest, surrounded either of, all, villagers by open ground

of Klacis. the all Apparently species occurs over or pine plantations, remain. The altitudinal range the island. of the forests in this area lies from c. 350-1000 m

Specimens collected: Jumblang: MZB 2094; a.s.l.

Cilacap: BMNH 1909.1.5.8,-9,-11,-12,-13; Karang- Status: Linsley and Nawimar (1994 in Brandon- bolong: ZRC 4.377. Jones, 1995) reported the species to be present in

a forest block on a slope of the Tambra river, south 16. Mts Pembarisan of the Argus confluence.

Counties: Brebes.

Habitat: In this severly under-explored lowland 19. Mts Dieng and hill rainforest area on non-volcanic soils, c. Counties: Pekalongan, Batang, Tenaggung, Wono-

13.000 is ha proposed as a nature reserve sobo, Banjarnegara.

(MacKinnon et al., 1982); to the south the area is Habitat: The mountains north and northwest of the bordered by extensive Pine plantations, to the east Dieng plateau are still covered with an extensive

by Teak forest. The area was as one of block of natural forest the total from regarded covering range

the most valuable forest Central lowland On the remaing in Java to upper montane. northern foot-

(MacKinnon ct Mt. the al., 1982). hills of Lumping above Linggo, forest (partly

Status: 8 former coffee One group of c. individuals was observed a Coffea spp. plantation abandoned

°n Mt. in the eastern of thePembarisan in the forested above Segara, part 1930s) are c. 300 m, while

fountains (July 1994). No further information is on the eastern slopes of Mt. Prahu, in the east, only

available. above 1500 in. The forest totals 25,500 ha, of which

the area above 1000 m is a proposed game reserve '7. Mt. Slamet (MacKinnon et al., 1982). Currently the area be- Counties: Banyumas, Brebes, legal, Pemalang, low 1000 m a.s.l. is unprotected forest managed

Purbolinggo. by the Ministry of Forestry (Perum Perhutani), but Habitat: The 3418 m Mt. Slamet is Java’s second proposals to protect the lowland forests in the tallest mountain. On the wetter southern slopes western part of the area have been put forward

extensive On forest remains down to 700 m a.s.l. (Nijman and Sozer, 1996). Main threats to the area the eastern below 1900 slope forest disappeared are planned logging of the lowland forest near 111 a.s.l. Currently the forest above 1000 m a.s.l. PinusLinggo and the conversion into rubber, pine

011 Mt. Slamet damar are a proposed nature reserve of merkusii, or Auracaria spp. plantations. 166 V. Nijman - Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus auratus in Indonesia

of November dev- Status: A numberof groups were observed through- Mt. Merapi. In 1994 an eruption out the lowland and lower montane forest in the astated part of the forest on the southern slopes,

westernpart of the Dieng mountains, and in the but spared most of the forest to the east. The northern

montane forest in the central and eastern parts (Sept. slopes have been deforested since long whereas

1994; June-July 1995; Sept. 1998-Jan. 1999; July the western slopes are devastated by a permanent

The outflow of lava. Mt. 1999-Fcb. 2000). species was reported to be Merapi is situated north of

in the montane forests of Mt. Prahu one of Java’s and is present upper larger cities, Yogyakarta, very

for recreational as well. Bartels (1937) reported on the occurrence attractive purposes.

in leaf have been observed of mixed groups of P. comata and T. auratus Status: Ebony monkeys

a.s.l. in the Pagilaran plantation at c. 1300-1500 m on the southern slopes above Kaliurang 1994, a

In Densities at the lowland forests near Linggo are in few months prior to the eruption (June 1994).

2 the order of 20 individuals knr (Nijman and van the following year (July 1995) ebony leaf monkeys

Balen, 1998). were said to be present in small patches of forest

of 1500 Specimens collected: Pagilaran; RMNH. on the northwestern slopes Merapi at c. m

a.s.l. The species is probably present throughout

20. Ceruk Sewn the area (F. Arga Narata and Sugihartono, pers.

County: Temanggung. comm. 1998).

Habitat: A small patch of isolated secondary forest

on a cliff near a waterfall. The area is used as a 23. Mt. Murio

tourist resort. Counties: Jepara, Kudus, Pati

Status: of leaf was Habitat: The of this dormant volcano on One group ebony monkeys peaks

with observed, most likely only a fewother groups might Java’s northern coast are covered mostly sec-

The observed the forest from 600-1602 a.s.l. The present. group was feeding near ondary c. m lower,

waterfall and seemed partially habituated to the central parts of the complex are cultivated. The

of humans forests Mt. Murio presence (May 1994). on are a proposed nature reserve

Specimens collected: Candi Roto: RMNF1. (MacKinnon et al., 1982).

Status: H.V.J. Sody collected two females at

21. Mt. Ungaran Pangonan at an altitude of 550 m a.s.l. During two

Counties: in the forest above Salatiga. surveys (Aug. 1994; July 1995)

Habitat: This small isolated volcano near Semarang Colo, no ebony leaf monkeys were observed, al-

is covered with forest above 1500 m, and a c. 5,500 though the forest were seemingly still suitable.

ha area is proposed as nature reserve (MacKinnon According to local inhabitants ebony leaf monkeys

et al„ 1982). used to occur here, but nowadays only long-tailed

Status: What this has beeh On 3 1995 while in was most likely species macaques were present. July

Oct. recorded in 1998 on Mt. Ungaran’s western the forests near the Jalong coffee plantation on the

Narata Mt. slopes (F. Arga and Sugihartono, pers. comm. eastern slopes of Murio we received informa-

1998), and ebony leafmonkey have been collected tion that the ebony leaf monkey is still present in

nearby, in Gendangan. these forests, but the species was not observed by

MZB Specimens collected: Gendangan: 6695. me.

Specimens collected: Pangonan: RMNH

22. Mt. Merapi and Mt. Merbabu

Counties: Slemen (DI Yogyakarta), Magelang, 24. Cepu

Blora, Sukoharjo. County: Blora.

Habitat: The twin volcanoes Merapi and Merbabu Habitat: The region is known for its vast extend

c. 15,000 ha are proposed as a recreation forest of teak forests, which often alternate with small

(MacKinnon et ah, 1982). The southern slopes of patches of alang-alang Imperata cylindrica grass

Mt. Merbabu seem to have little remaining natu- and secondary vegetation.

ral forest, a situation similar to the northern side Status: Djuwantoko et ah (1994) studied the feed- Contributions to 69 - 2000 Zoology, (3) 167

ing behaviour of leaf in 27. ebony monkeys the for- Mt. Penanggunang-Mt. Arjuno

ests plantations near Cepu. Rappard (1941), resid- Counties: Modjokerjo, , Pasuruan.

in of ing the on leaf Habitat: The Mt. Kawi Mt. village Cepu, reported ebony and Arjuno area is

monkeys in the teak forests The of nearby. status presently a mozaic partly regenerating former remains to be solved, but the species is likely to coffee plantations, partly degrading lowland, hill be in a number of forest present (isolated) areas. and montane forest in varying degrees of distur-

bance small (Smiet, 1992). Only parts of the area

25. Mt. Lawu have in three protection existing nature reserves, Counties: Karanganyar. of which the almost 5,000 ha of Arjuno Lalijiwo Habitat: Mt. Lawu is situated on the border be- is by far the largest. Mt. Pananggunang is situated tween Central and East Java. The of north of upper slopes Arjuno, and remains largely covered in the mountain remain forested. The volcano is a forest from c. 600 to the summit at 1653 m a.s.l.

popular tourist attraction. A c. ha Status: On Mt. 21,000 large nature Pananggunang a fair number of

reserve has been et observed proposed (MacKinnon ah, 1982). groups were near the PPLH Centre for

Status: leaf observed the Environmental Ebony monkey were on Education, and near the Hindu

southern and be- southeasten slopes at altitudes temples of Candi Colotundo (Aug. 1997). This is

tween a.s.l. 1800-2400 m 1994; the with (Aug. June-July probably locality the highest percentage of 1995) groups containing one or more red individuals.

Specimens collected: Mt. Lawu; On Mt. RMNH. Arjuno groups were observed in the low-

land forests near the village ofTretes, between 1250

a.s.l. and the m saddle at 2250 m a.s.l. at the northern

Province East Java of slopes (Aug. 1997), between 1300-1700 m a.s.l.

near the hot water springs of Cangar, and at 1500

26. Mt. Liman-Wilis m a.s.l. near the Batu Ondo(k) waterfalls, on the

Counties: southern Madiun, Nganjuk, Kediri, Tuban, Treng- and southeastern slopes (Sept. 1997, Nov.

galek, Ponorogo. 1998). Individuals of the erythristic pelage colour Habitat: The mountain complex comprises four morph have been recorded in the area.

summits the collected: Rem- of which Liman is the tallest (2563 m Specimens Kawarasan: RMNH;

a -s.l.). Forest occur BMNH 1938.3.14.2, 1954.57; MZB fires regularly and large parts bang: Arjuno: °f the BMNH area are covered with shrubs and small trees 1731, -2, ZRC 4378, -9; Mojokerto: 1938.

'id a Casuarina forest the 11.30.12; MZB 3620. sparse on upper slopes. Pugeran:

The lower Mt. southeastern slopes of Wilis are still well 28. Mt. Kawi-Kelud forested, while in the other parts scattered Patches of forest remain amidst secondary forest, Counties: Malang, Blitar, Kediri. rcgrowth, Habitat: Some 50,000 ha of continuous forest bushes, and plantations. The forests on be-

Mt- Wilis tween the volcanoes of Mt. Kawi and Mt. Kelud are a proposed 45,000 ha large game

from 300 reserve, while two small ranging to 2806 m a.s.l. is a areas, Mt. Sigogor (190 proposed

* la ) and nature reserve (MacKinnon et al., For Picis (28 ha), are long-time registered nature 1982). a

reserves of the (MacKinnon et al., 1982). description area see Smiet (1992). The area

Status: A suffers from forest fires. number of groups of ebony leaf mon- heavily eys Status: Three observed altitudes between were observed mainly in the eastern and groups at

northern 1200 and 1700 m a.s.l. near part of the area between altitudes of 1,300- the waterfalls of Cu- ‘>600 m ban Rondo, Mt. Kawi a.s.l (July 1995). The species was observed (Sept. 1997). Kohlbrugge ln the forests of both (1896) on from The primary nature reserves, as reported specimens Lawang. has been collected as in planted pine and acacia stands. species throughout the area. Specimens collected: Madiun: BMNH 1938.1 I. Individuals of the erythristic pelage colour morph 30.9. have been reported from in the area.

Specimens collected: Blitar: MZB 3372; Batu:

RMNH. 168 V. Nijman - Ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus in Indonesia

29. Mts Kidul and P. Sempu and even higher up near the summit of the .

Counties: Malang. Also van der Veen (1940) recorded a number of

the southern Semeru’s Habitat: TheKidul mountains on coast ebony leaf monkeys that had died at of of Malang are covered with some large stands of summit. Individuals the erytristic pelage mor-

largely undisturbed lowland rain forest. The phs apparantly were more abundantthan the melanic

Lebakharjo and Bantur forests, respectively cov- morph (van Bemmel-Lenneman and van Bemmel, ering 13,000 and 5,000 ha, constitute two of the 1940). Kohlbrugge (1896) reported on specimens

& most important areas of lowland forest on Java, from Puspo. Beudels Hardi (1980) list the spe- and have been proposed as reserves (Whitten et cies for the national park and R. Nursahid (pers. ah, 1996; Bekkering and Kucera, 1990). Only a comm. 1998) reported the species to be common

few hundred hectares near Balekambang, receive on Semeru’s western slopes. protection as a recreation forest. Wood cutting and Specimens collected: Tosari; RMNH.

hunting form major threats (MacKinnon et ah,

1982). The area is connected through plantations, 31. Nusa Barung

from secondary forest area and separated by a road County: Jember.

Musa is island ha in the 57,000 ha Mt. Bromo Tcngger Semeru National Habitat: Barung an c. 6,000

Park. The island of Sempu is situated a few hun- size, 10 km of the southern coast of the eastern dred meters of the coast of the Lebakharjo and part of Java. It is covered in deciduous forest and

Bantur forests, and has been designated as a na- has been a reserve since 1920 (MacKinnon et al.,

Timber theft threat ture reserve. 1982). posses a significant to

Status: Observed in Oct. 1989 near the village of the island and most marketable timber has been

removed Pujiharjo in Lebakhardjo (S. van Balen in litt., (Whitten et al., 1996)

Three of leaf observed Status: Whitten et al. and MacKinnon et 1998). groups ebony monkey (1996) near Balekambang, both in the beach forest as in al. (1982) reports the presence of ebony leaf mon- the rain forest adjacent to it (Aug. 1997), and the keys on the island. species seems to be present throughout (he entire

colour 32. area. Individuals of the erythristic pelage Daerah Tinggi Yang

been morph have reported to be present by local Counties: Probolinggo, Bondowoso, Jember. wardens in Balekambang and Nursahid et al. (1996) Habitat: The Yang highlands comprise of an un- reported on the occurrence of erythristic individu- dulating plateau between 1,700 and 2,400 m a.s.l. als on P. Sempu. The vegetation of the plateau mainly consist of

collected: Wonokoio; Casuarina forests and meadows. The for- Specimens RMNH. grassy

ests are partially enclosed in a 14,500 ha wildlife

30. Mt. Bromo-Tengger-Mt. Semeru reserve. Threats to the area include poaching, burn-

Counties: Probolinggo, Malang, Pasuruan, Luma- ing of the grasslands, and use of the area for mili- jang. tary exercises (MacKinnon et ah, 1982).

The National Park is MacKinnon Habitat: Bromo-Tengger best Status: et al. (1982) report ebony leaf

The known for its spectacular 10 km wide Tengger monkey to be present on the Yang Plateau.

Mt. Lainon- Caldera, its sand sea with squats the active vol- species was reported to be present on

cano Mt. Bromo. The Mt. Semeru is Java’s tallest gan, west of the plateau (Aug. 1997). Individuals mountain rising 3,676 m a.s.l. Its slopes are cov- of the erythristic pelage colour morph have been ered with undisturbed recorded in some lower and upper mon- the area. tane forests as well as Casuarina forests. Specimens collected: Jember-Pugcr RMNH; Jem-

Status: Van Bemmel-Lenneman and van Bemmel ber: MZB 6698; Pegunungan Yang; MZB 1927;

(1940) reported on the occurrence of ebony leaf Besuki: RMNH. monkeys in the Tengger mountains, and noted that the occurs in Mt. Mt. Beser species relatively high up, the sur- 33. Pasir Putih, Ringgit and roundings of the Smeroehoeve at 2100 m a.s.l., Counties: Bondowoso, Panarukan. Contributions to Zoology, 69 (3) - 2000 169

Habitat: Pasir Putih is a popular tourist beach on 35. Mts the northern coast of East Java. Just outside the Counties: Banyuwangi, Bondowoso, Ampera,

some of forest still village fringes mangrove can Jember.

be The found. These forest are connected with the deci- Habitat: area is only partly protected by the

duous Mt. and of forests on Ringgit Mt. Beser by a c. 2,560 ha nature reserve Kawah Ijen Merapi

one km wide strech of teak forest. The forest on Ungup-ungup, and three tiny reserves. More im-

Mt. and Mt. Beser the few Ringgit are among re- portant reserves are proposed for Mt. Raung (60,000 maining areas of deciduous forest left on Java. On ha) in the southwest to Meru Betiri and Maelang

Mt. Ringgit c. 2000 ha has been proposed as na- (70,000 ha) in the northeast to Baluran National

ture reserve, while on Mt. Beser c. 4000 ha has Park (MacKinnon et al., 1982).

been wildlife both should A number of have been proposed as reserve, areas Status: specimens collected be managed together (MacKinnon et ah, 1982). both at Ungup-ungup, as some adjacent sites. In-

Status: Ebony leaf monkeys have been observed dividuals of the erythristic pelage colour morph

in the recorded mangrove forests near Pasir Putih, and in have been in the area.

the teak forests between Pasir Putih and Mt. Ringgit Specimens collected: Kendeng III: MZB 705,-6;

I. The BMNH (Aug. 1997, Setiawan, pers. comm. 1997). Ungup-ungup: 1954.56, MZB 704, ZRC

species is very common on Mt. Ringgit (Aug. 1997); 4372; Sodong Jerok: BMNH 1954.57,-8,-9; Taman-

over 6 groups, observed in teak forest, in dense sari: BMNH 1954.60, ZRC 4376.

shrubs, and in dry deciduous forest. The erythris-

tic and pelage colour morph is present (I. Setiawan 36. Baluran

A. Prima which Besuki. Setiadi, pers. comm. 1996), was Counties:

confirmed by local inhabitants. Habitat: The Baluran National Park totalling 25,000

ha with savannah and monsoon forest centered on

34. Meru Beteri the dormant volcano ofMt. Baluran (1250 m). There Counties: Jember, Banyuwangi. is a small moist forest inside the volcano crater, Habitat: This 50,000 ha lowland forest ranging from and the extensive coastline is covered with beach

sea level 1223 to m a.s.l. has the status of national forest and mangroves.

Park; it is the last area where the of Javan Status: A fair number of observed in the presence groups

I'gers has been confirmed (MacKinnon et al., 1982). beach forests near Bama, along the road from The former coffee plantation enclave is presently Wonorejo to Bekol, and in the savannah near Bekol.

encroachment to 25 individuals not being abandoned, but from the outer Groups up were uncommon sides keep threatening the integrity of this impor- (Aug. 1997). The species occurs throughout the tant area. The national park is separated by a rela- park, including Mt. Baluran, but is perhaps most

observed in the beach forest tively narrow area of plantations, secondary for- easily near Bama. The

est and a road from the Ijen Mountains. erythristic pelage colour morph occurs in the park

Status: be M. Ebony leaf monkeys are most likely to (S. Hedges and Tyson, pers. comm., 1998).

present BMNH throughout the greater part of the National Specimens collected: Bajulmati: 1954.61;

ark. Hoogerwerf (1972) reported ebony leaf Kosambikamp: MZB 6696,-7,-9, 6700.

■nonkeys be in the surround- to common, especially

lngs of Bandi Alat and Sukamade. Bismark and 37. Alas Purwo

(1980 in Supriatna et al1988) Counties: Besuki. studied the species in Meru Beteri, and reported Habitat: Alas Purwo (or Blambangan, or Banyu-

densities 2 of20 individuals km' . Seidensticker and wangi Selatan) is a 62,000 ha lowland forest re-

360 Suryono (1980 in Whitten et al., 1996) illustrated serve ranging from sea level to m a.s.l. in the the unevenness of ebony leaf monkey in the Meru driest part of Java. Presently the area is a nature

National reserve et ah, 1982). Wood petiri Park, indicating a preference for (MacKinnon cutting each and hill forest. forms the major threat to the habitat.

Status: Appelman (1939) recorded ebony leaf 170 V. Nijman - Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus auratus in Indonesia

in numbers. the of Bali. monkeys small Likewise, Hoogerwerf Amlapura, on eastern part Hence, the

be (1972) reported the presence of the species near species might present in other parts of the

of Bali. Pantjur on the western coast, but noted that the mountanous interior

collected: Danau Bratan: BMNH 13. species was rather rare. Observed in Nov. 1989 Specimens

1990 Gucur Pasar 3.6.1. and May at near Anyar, both in

natural and teak forest, and ncarTrianggulasi (May

1990) (S. van Balen, in lilt., 1998). The erythristic Island ofLombok pelage colour morph occurs in the park (S. Hedges

and M. Tyson, pers. comm., 1998). 40. Mts Mangsit

Counties: Lombok Barat

Habitat: Small patch of lowland forest on the Island ofBali western coast of Lombok.

Status: No information available, but the species 38. Bali Barat had been collected in June 1896 (Napier, 1985). Counties: Jembrana, Buleleng. Specimens collected: Mangsit: BMNH 1939.1143. Habitat: The Bali Barat National Park consists of

a large variety of forest types, including (disturbed) 41. Mt. Rinjani. and mixed savannah, mangroves, monsoon forest, Counties: Lombok Tengah and Timor as well as some sub-montane forests. The national Habitat: The Gunung Rinjani National Park cov- park proper covers an area of just 19,000 ha, but ers an area of 40,000 ha, of largely montane for- inclusion of the proposed extension to the east would est. Despite its excistence since 1941, the park has it increase to an area of 77,000 ha. failed to the dense forest preserve once very primary Status: recorded the The species was throughout cover, at least on the northern and northeastern year, especially on the Prapat Agung Peninsula (S. part. Nevertheless, the national park is the only van Balen, in litt. 1989). According to Wheatley extensive forest complex covering the mountain- al. et (1993) the Bali Barat National Park may have ous northern part of Lombok (MacKinnon and the last viable population of ebony leaf monkeys Artha, 1982). on the island. It is not clear whether their state- Status: Horst (1935) recorded ebony leafmonkeys ment refered to the national park proper or that it in the forests on the southern slopes of Mt. Rinjani, included the eastern extension. park’s 1400 In between Sewala and Pusuk up to m a.s.l. Specimens collected: Senclang: RMNH E 9, May 1990, the species was found at 600 m a.s.l. 27,35,38,39,77. south ofBayan (S. van Balen in litt. 1998). Kitchener

et al. (1990) reported ebony leaf monkeys to be 39. Mt. Batukau common on Lombok, and observed groups of one Counties: Buleleng, Tabanan. or two individuals on Mt. Rinjani. Habitat: Relative undisturbed moist hill, sub-mon- Specimens collected: Sembalun: MZB 6688; Sapit; tane and forest volcanic soils. montane on recent MZB 6689.

The existing three naturereserve are centered around

volcanic 1762 An lakes and totals ha. extension as 42. Suranadi

to include the three reserves to one large area cov- Counties: Lombok Barat

the whole Batukau ering complex (c. 20,000 ha) Habitat: Suranadi is a small (52 ha) recreation park have been (MacKinnon et al., 25 proposed 1982). c. km east of the capital city Mataram. The area Status: Pocock (1935) described subspecies comprises of mixed moist forest in a small patch stresemanni based on collected E. specimens by around a water source and is important for local

Stresemann, No from this locality. further details water protection (MacKinnon and Artha, 1982). available. et al. furthermore re- Seen Wheatley (1993) Status: in groupsof one or two, with the largest

ported on the possible of leaf individuals presence ebony group consisting of 5 (Kitchener et ah,

monkeys near the dry forest on the mountainsnear 1990). Contributions to Zoology, 69 (3) - 2000 171

Discussion ferring to the above mentioned observations, re-

the of the ported possible presence species on Habitat and range Kangean and speculated about the introduction of

a number of mammals on the islands by humans.

1 natural In Figure shows the forest cover on the is- an attempt to clearify the distribution ofebony lands of Java, Bali and Lombok (after RePPProT leaf monkeys on the Kangean island, I visited

Note that smaller forest for 1990). many areas, includ- Kangean five consecutive days in August 1997.

coastal of do show the island ing fringes mangrove forest, not Throughout long-tailed macaques were at the scale used. The the map also indicates forty- numerous (cf. de long et ah, 1982), but no ebony from two areas where the species has been recorded. leaf monkey was seen or heard. The pelage of long- the tailed Undoubtedly, species might be present in other macaques on Kangean Island is darker than

areas not yet surveyed, but the present listing prob- those from mainland Java, and was described as

a accurate account of the dark than brown with ably gives fairly spe- grey (rather a reddish or cies’ distribution. Furthermore, it clearly illustrates greyish gloss), often looking blackish under field the conditions. severe degree of fragmentation of populations For long-tailed macaques to be darker of ebony leaf monkey, possibly having its effect pigmented is a known phenomenon on small is-

of on the survival the species. lands on the Sunda Shelf(e.g., Simuelue: van Schaik

Oates al. restrict the and van Nias: et (1994) erroneously range Noordwijk, 1985; Miller, 1903; ofthe genus Trachypithecus as far east as the Greater Karimunjawa and Bawean: Sody, 1949). Local

Sundas, excluding Lombok, but include this island, inhabitants and officers of the forestry departement as well in the of the on the some of which familiar as Bali, range genus Presbytis. island, were with

P. Java Mt. Java comata ranges on as far east as Lawu, ebony leaf monkeys from mainland or Bali,

on the border of Central and East Java (Nijman, claimed that the species was not present on the

B. 1997), but does not occur on Bali or Lombok. island. Both van Helvoort (pers. comm. 1997)

Dr Ir H.H. The islands of Java and Bali are situated on the and de longh (in litt. 1999) do not re-

Sunda Lombok of the Shelf, while forms part Wallacea, call having seen ebony leaf monkeys on Kangean the Islands. transition zone between the Oriental and Aus- In conclusion, ebony leaf monkeys are most

tralian faunal the regions. Although not providing a likely not present on Kangean Islands nor are

total there indications that barrier, the deep water of the Lombok Strait any they were present in the has restricted contact with the Lesser Sunda Is- distant past. The reports of‘black monkeys possi- lands. leaf In Malesia, primates are largely restricted bly or likely ebony monkeys’ (de longh et ah, to the Sundaic region, with only tarsiers Tarsier 1982; Bergmans and van Bree, 1988), most likely

s Pp. reached and refer which can have having Sulawesi, macaques to long-tailed macaques, a

Macaca rather dark coloration the island. spp, reaching into Sulawesi and the Lesser pelage on Sundas. Ebony leaf monkey is the only colobine Ebony leafmonkeys are most likely absent from that into the island of Madura as well. The island is ranges Wallacea. It has been suggested, very brstly A. Everrett the arid and all forest has by (Hartert, 1896), that spe- virtually long disappeared cies was almost certainly introduced by Balinese (Whitten et al., 1996). During three days of sur-

the in Rajahs on Lombok. Alternatively, the possibility veying on island August 1997 no suitable that the species might have been a recent colo- area of forest was found on the island, and no in- nizer has been considered (e.g., Eudey, 1987). formation indicating the presence of ebony leaf De longh et al. (1982) observed black monkeys monkeys was received. Few remnants ofmangrove

° n the Kangean Islands, and reported the possible forest found on the southern coast between Nipah

Presence of and to small and the trees too ebony leaf monkeys on the islands. Jrengik were stunted

The habitat. Islands are a of rather isolated offer suitable Kangean group to ls hinds situated on the eastern edge of the Sunda Ebony leaf monkey, however, do occur on the

km Shelf, c. 125 east of Madura and c. 125 km islands of Sempu, several hundreds of meters off n °rth of the Bantur Bali. Bergmans and van Bree (1988), re- the coast near Lebakhardjo and forests - 172 V. Nijman Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus auratus in Indonesia

and the with [29 in the area account and in Figure 1], Nusa Probably species’ ability to cope con-

Barung [31], which is situated 10 km of the south- siderable amounts of leaves in its diet allows them

ern coast of the eastern part of Java. At least three to live in a large variety of forest types. Ebony

of the scenarios can account for the presence spe- leaf monkey occur(red) in the small remnants of

cies on these islands, none of which is forests the northern of West mutually mangrove on coast

exclusive. the leaf on Java East Java in Firstly, ebony monkeys Sempu and [7, 33], as well as the larger

and Nusa can be considered relict Barung popula- mangrove and swamp area of Segara Anakan [ 15],

sea was as tions from a time when the level lower on the south coast of Central Java. It occurs in

As Nusa to provide a ‘land bridge’ to the islands. forests along rivers and waterways and in the fresh Java is from mainland a rela- In the Barung separated by water swamp forests [2]. western half of the tive this relict have deep strait, population must island, it is widely distributed in the pockets of become isolated somewhere at the end of the last rain forest ranging from sealevel [1, 2, 5, 10] to

glacial period, at least 8-10,000 YBP, while for the forests a.s.l. and upper montane at 2,500 m somewhat Sempu the separation may be dated later. above In the of its [6, 17, 19]. eastern part range, Secondly, the species might have been introduced it occurs both in the pockets of rain forest both at by man. Ships might have transported the animals sea level [34] and on the eastern and southeastern it to the islands, where accidentally or delib- was, slopes of the higher volcanoes [27, 28, 30, 41], in erately, set free. Thirdly, the species has been able the fire resistant Cemara Casuarina junghuhni

to suitable islands without the of (re)colonize help in forests [26, 27, 32], as well as the dry decidu- from the time the islands became man, anytime ous forests [33, 36, 38], In the rain forest environ- the separated up to present day. For long-tailed ment ebony leaf monkeys seem to be (almost) Wallace (1869) noted that “this macaques already while in the forest strictly arboreal, more open types, is very on the banks rivers, and species frequent of dccidious forest and for- e.g., dry upper montane have been island island may conveyed from to on est, it seems to be more terrestrial. trees carried down by floods." Similarly, ebony The is able to with certain de- species cope a leaf monkeys might have spread naturally east to of habitat gree disturbance. It seems to survive in Lombok. Since the last ice-age there has been more secondary forest types as well as some man-made than sufficient time to colonize an island with a forests such damar Pinusas Auracaria spp, pine which similar climate and vegetation, and on no acacia Acacia rasamala merkusii, spp, Altingia other (competiting) colobine could exclude it. Given excelsa, rubber Hevea brasiliensis and teak plan- the and beach species ability to occupy mangrove tations [2, 3, 13, 14, 17, 24, 26, 33]. Often, how- forests, and the relative narrowness of the straits situated ever, these plantations are adjacent to other (although the Lombok Strait is broader that the more natural forest areas [e.g., 2, 13, 24, 33], while this ), possibility cannot be ruled out a others are intersected with e.g., by (river) valleys priori. a more diverse forest type [14, 17]. Typically, ebony

leaf monkeys are found in or near these natural Van der Zon (1978) and MacKinnon (1986; 1987) forest remnants. Alternatively some populations the be in reported species to present mangrove, in small of can be found ‘trapped’ fragments (natu- and swamp, lowland rainforest up to 1500 m a.s.l., ral) forest, unable to move out as there is no adja- often near human settlements. Medway (1970) cent forest left [e.g., 3, 20], Although the species considered its habitat to be inland forest from the

has been observed in a wide of forest lowlands Bennett range areas, up to almost 2,000 m a.s.l. and it be assumed that leaf in generally can ebony mon- Davies (1994), contrast, claim that the species keys are dependent on natural forest in one form is restricted to coastal and riverine habitats. In fact,

or and that stands of monocultures the another, large species occurs over a wide range of habitats, offer little if suitable habitat for the from beach forests and forests de- any species. swamp to dry

ciduous forests, and from mangrove, riverine, and

lowland rain forest to forests upper montane up to

3,500 m a.s.l. Contributions to Zoology, 69 (3) - 2000 173

PI-1. Three individualsof the erythristic pelage morph ofebony PI. II. Melanie (foreground in cage)and erythristic pelage morph leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, of ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffrey Saint-

1812), Taman Safari Zoo, Cisarua, West Java 1999. Hilaire, 1812), Taman Topi, Bogor, West Java 1999. In Indonesia,

of many species primates, including formally protected spe-

for in cies, are openly offered sale, this particular case in front

Distribution the station. Note that the trade of the erythristic pelage morph of police illegal primate includes

transports over considerable distances as the nearest site where

the erythristic pelage morph occurs [Mt. Penanggunang-Mt The erythristic pelage colour morph (PI. 1 and II), Arjuno] is more than 1000 km by road from Bogor. besides colour the more common melanic pelage

morph (PI. HI), hitherto has only been recorded in

East Java. Pfeffer (1965) erroneously reported i.e., the area bordered roughly in the northwest by

erythristic individuals to be common in West Java Mt. Penanggunang [27] and the surroundings of an d absent from East Java. Whitten et al. (1996) Modjokerto south, via Wonosalam and Blitar [28] states in and East that the occurs Central Kidul erythristic to Mts near Balekambang [29], east to the

albeit in East Java. more common Hooger- southeastern tip of the island at Alas Purwo [37], werf s (1972) that “In Central and East statement and north to Baluran [36], and back along the Java another subspecies occurs which [ ], among northern coast via Pasir Putih and Mt. Ringgit [33] adult reddish-colored individuals were regularly to Rembang [27] and Mt. Penanggunang (see Figure n °ted..,” also have the that ; may given impression the 1). Although erythristic pelage morph may be the erythristic also in the pelage morph occurs in certain it was known rare areas, generally to Central parts of Java. In fact, have been re- they inhabitants living in the area. The morph is present ported only from the easternmost ofEast part Java, in fairly large numbers in the collections of the 174 V. Nijman - Ebony leafmonkey Trachypithecus auratus in Indonesia

in Balekambang, probably only a small propor-

tion of the individuals is of the erythristic pelage

colour morph, while in others, e.g., those found in

the surroundings of the temples ofCandi Colotundo,

15-20% near Trawas on Mt. Penanggunang, up to

of the individuals are. Van Bemmel-Lennemanand

van Bemmel (1940) reported the erythristic pel-

colour be age morph to more common than the

melanic pelage morph on Mt. Semeru [30],

Acknowledgements

The could have taken without the surveys not place cooperation

ofthe Indonesian Institute for Sciences (LIPI), the Directorate

General forNature Conservation and Forest Protection (PKA),

the Ministry of Forestry and Estates Crops (MOFEC) and the

regional forestry departements, to all ofwhom I would like to

Drs Boeadi express my gratitude. (Museum Zoologi, Bogor),

Dr P.J.H. van Bree (Zoological Museum, Amsterdam), Dr P.

Jenkins (Natural History Museum, London), and Dr C. Smeenk

(National Museum ofNatural History, Leiden) are acknowledged

for access to specimens under their care. For sharing records of

Trachypithecus auratus, for providing other information, or help

ofvarious sort to: and I am grateful F. Arga Narata Sugihartono

(Kutilang IBC, Yogyakarta), Dr S. van Balen (Agricultural

University Wageningen), Dr. T. Geissmann (Institute fiir

Zoologie, Tierartzliche Hochschule Hannover), S. Hedges

(University of Southhampton), Dr B.A. Manullang (formerly

WWF-IP), R. Nursahid (KSBK, Malang), A.V, Reijngoud, A.P.

PI. III. Melanie pelage morph of ebony leaf monkey Setiadi (YPAL, Bandung), R. Sozer (ISP/ZMA), I. Setiawan

Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, 1812), Taman and Sujatnika (BirdLife International Indonesia Programme) and

Safari Zoo, Cisarua, West Java 1999. M. Tyson (Manchester Metropolitan University). Dr. Ir. H.H.

de longh and Dr. S. van Helvoort are thanked for providing

informationon the black monkeys ofthe Kangean Islands. Dr. various museums visited, indicating a collector’s H. Albrecht (Dept. Animal Behaviour, University of Amster- bias towards the Various rarer type. surveys to Mt. dam), Dr C.J. Hazevoet (Museu de Historia Natural, Lisboa), Wilis-Liman and Mt. Lawu failed to find [25] R. Sozer and reviewer made constructive [26] an anonymous

known to erythristic individuals, nor were they comments on previous versions of the manuscript. Financial

the support was received from the of inhabitants or officers of forestry departments. Faculty Biology, University of Amsterdam, the Society for the Advancement of Research Hence, the western boundary of the distribution in the Tropics (Treub-maatschappij), the Netherlands Founda- range of the erythristic pelage morph in all likeli- tion for International Nature Protection (Van Tienhoven Stich- hood east of Mt. Wilis-Liman. runs Currently, no thanked ting), and Stichting Het Kronendak. Dr P.J.H. van Bree is erythristic individuals have been recorded in the for his help throughout the project. large teak stands east of Cepu [24], but the area is under-explored. If present, the northern boundary would be extended considerably. References

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