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Ecotourism Strategy for Komodo National Park: Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Area
Technical Report · January 1997 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2492.0721
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Area
ll:\1\'ERSJT\' OF Ql'EE\SLA\D (GATTO\ COLLE
U:\1\'ERS!T\' OF QU~E:\SL:\:\D tGATTO:\ COLLEGE) Del>artment ot' Natun1l and Rural Systems Management PERUNDUNGAN HUT AN DAN PELESTARIAN Ai.AM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Executive Summary
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Ecotourism potential Komodo National Park has a diversity of natural and cultural features suited to ecotourism. These features, along with surrounding areas and the availability of nearby tourist markets, provide opportunities for developing quality tourism products and an ecotourism image which contrast with other destinations in south east Asia. This study seeks to build upon existing efforts, and to identify actions which will develop the Region's ecotourism strengths and overcome existing weaknesses. Ecotourism in Komodo National Park has the potential to: • facilitate experiences and appreciation of the natural and cultural environment; • act as an incentive to conserve nature and protect the integrity of local cultures and customs; • increase cross-cultural understanding; • bring the benefits of tourism (foreign exchange and employment opportunities), without the negative social and environmental impacts; • bring better support for conservation by strengthening environmental awareness, concern and commitment through increased understanding and appreciation of nature; • increase social interaction with local communities as well as enhanced and sustainable development; and • diversify the economic base of local communities. The Principle Strategies The fundamental principle of the Komodo National Park Ecotourism Strategy is to: • maintain the existing day visitor market to the Park, focusing use around Loh Liang; • expand the overnight market to make greater use of Loh Liang and Loh Buaya • expand community operated overnight opportunities and culture related experiences, thereby attracting new markets, extending the stay of the existing overnight market, and capturing a larger share of the tourist dollar (currently low at around A$10.00 per visitor); • develop compatible and supportive tourist facilities, services and activities outside the Park, thereby attracting new markets and extending the stay of the existing markets with in the Region, while not placing additional burden on the Park; • charging appropriate fees, commensurate with the status of the Park as a World Heritage Area, with a unique opportunity to experience a spectacular and endangered species, as well as outstanding maritime environments, and • expand and diversify the types of tourist activities, especially those that are marine based.
UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page Ill Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Executive Summary
This will require (in recommended priority order): 1. consolidation of existing markets as well as services and infrastructure which provide for existing visitation; 2. modifying and upgrading access and services to increase day visitor appreciation of ecotourism resources; 3. increasing the quality and range of ecotourism services currently being offered to respond to the increased day visitor usage; 4. improving services for overnight visitors; 5. upgrading the skills of existing tourism service providers; 6. developing new ecotourism services and attractions both within and outside the Park to better cater for overnight ecotourist expectations and needs; 7. developing regional accommodation for an expanding range of visitors; 8. developing tourist transport direct to Loh Liang from Labuan Bajo; and 9. developing touring services out of Labuan Bajo and from local communities. Strategic actions Komodo National Park • Continue to develop, promote and market Komodo National Park as an ecotourism destination. • Initially target visitors to Bali, the 'budget' category of tourists, holiday visitors. • Develop joint marketing strategies and programs with adjacent tourist centres, and between businesses providing tourist services (e.g. accommodation and ecotourism services) . • Establish mechanisms for co-ordination and co-operation between all ecotourism sectors. • Upgrade tourist industry skills with an emphasis on ecotourism services through pilot training programs. • Develop special ecotourism markets, targeting international population centres, as quality ecotourism services become available. • Expand and diversify the range of accommodation forms available in the Region. Komodo Region • Maintain the identity of Labuan Bajo as the gateway to Komodo National Park but increasingly market Flores and Sumbawa Islands as separate and distinctive ecotourism destinations. • Expand and diversify the range of ecotourism services at Labuan Bajo and Sima.
UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page IV Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Executive summary
Important findings Tourism The study area relies strongly on the activities of tourism for economic growth. However support infrastructure at Bima, Sape and Labuan Bajo is inadequate to service tourism growth, and benefit from an expanding tourist market. Inbound Services Almost 70% of visitors to Loh Liang originate within the region. The remainder emanate out of Bali and Lombok. Currently: • cruise ships bring more day visitors than all other transport sources combined; • Wednesday, Sunday, Tuesday are the highest visitor days from cruise ships; • the ferry from Sape is the next major source of visitors; • Saturday Is the main visiting day from the Sape ferry. To manage day visitor numbers and promote ecotourism requires modifying cruise ship schedules. National Park management should cooperate with cruise ship operators to even the distribution of day visitors. Park visitation Visitation has grown to 30 000 (1995-96) - an average monthly visitation of 2400. International clients account for over 90% of visitors, growing at a rate of 11% each year. Peak visitation occurs in July to September with a secondary peak in January (130 visitors each day). Loh Liang attracts about 60 visitors a day, peaking on weekends and mid week. Overnight stays peak in July and August (50% occupancy). However, throughout the year occupancy is around 30%. At current growth rates, overnight occupancy will not reach 50% even by the year 2002. In 1995/96, accommodation returned just over Rp63m from nearly 7000 visitors nights or around 4000 room nights.
Visitation 1991-1996 and projected to 2002 80000 ...------.
70000 ·······A······· Domestic (Lov.l ----•·---· Domes tic • Domestic (High) 60000 ---0--- lnternatio nal (lowj - --o- -International 50000 e lnternatio nal (High) ... • -cJ- •Total (lov.l "'0 -•- Total ~ 40000 >"' • Total (High) 30000
N (') '
Projected visitation to 2002
UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) PageV Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN AlAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Executive Summary
Visitor Characteristics It is possible to identify two tourist types. 1. Visitors desiring to view features in the quickest, most convenient manner. Such tourists have the Komodo dragon on their list of 'must see' items. The control of these visitors lies with charter boat and cruise ship operators. 2. Visitors desiring to 'experience' local environments and cultures, spending more time on the islands and often mixing with the local community. Existing services adequately cater for the former but not the latter. The latter group have the potential to provide greater nett income to the park and associated local communities. Most visitors are day visitors who come to Komodo National Park for the sole purpose of viewing the dragon. The market appears to be unaware of the range of natural attractions and possible activities available in the park. Both marketing and additional services are required to hold visitors for longer periods. Day visitors tend to stay between 2 to 4 hours on Komodo Island. Overnight visitors rarely stay longer than one night. This contributes significantly to the poor occupancy and lack of economic benefits from this visitation. Implications for this Strategy As visitor numbers increase, planning should aim to: • control the daily distribution of day visitor entry; • increase the number of visitors seeking ecotourism activities and staying overnight. The structuring of inbound transport services is a key factor in ecotourism planning. There is room for flexibility in scheduling for cruise ships. To control day visitor numbers and promote ecotourism requires: • modification to cruise ship schedules to even the visitor distribution through the week; • targeting the Sape-Labuan Bajo ferry and charter boats from regional centres. Education and training Generally tourists require: • promotion and interpretive services; • transportation to the selected destination and site; • food and beverage services; • accommodation; • health services; and • opportunities to interact with the chosen destination. The level of service supplied tends to determine the market attracted to a destination. It is towards providing these basic services that training is needed. In addition there is the need to upgrade skills in basic tourism management, eg. hospitality, financial management, visitor management. This study revealed a low level of skill relevant to the tourist industry both within the public and private sectors. Skill levels in the local community are extremely limited in facilitating the expansion of the tourism industry. In addition, no training exists to educate local community members in the areas of business management and visitor administration, or to encourage and promote a high standard of tourism service. Cruise ship and charter boat operators that stop at Komodo have developed a high level of skill in their tour operations. However, skill levels and service standards remain inadequate in many areas. Many charter boats do not meet adequate safety standards; hence training in safety procedures and standards would be of value. While most regional operators have good multi-lingual skills, the quality of interpretation can be improved.
UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page VI Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PERUNDUNGAN HUT AN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM EcoTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Executive summary
Training in environmental interpretation, including heritage management is recommended, along with intermediate level language courses. The coordination of tourist operations within the Komodo Region by the formation of a coordinating management body has been identified as a priority activity. Most PHPA employees are educated to high school level, which reflects the level of competency in basic park and tourism operations. Training schemes exist within the PHPA where funding permits. Basic marine park and ecotourism planning/management are two important areas for future training. Additional training to deliver a higher quality ecotourism product is needed in language skills, interpretation of natural and cultural resources, basic and intermediate ranger training and visitor management. Notwithstanding the lack of multi-lingual capabilities and a generally low level of tourism related skills, the villages of Komodo National Park should not be ignored in tourism development. The village chiefs have made it clear that their communities wish to become more involved in tourism. A recognition of the need for training in relevant service areas was expressed. Training in language and communication skills were identified as priorities.
UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page VII Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN AlAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Executive summary
Strategic Actions 1 Conserve Ecotourism Assets Commercial use of resources of regional, national and international significance, requires a commitment to minimum impact practices and a contribution to on-going management. The development of partnerships between resource managers and ecotourism operators will enhance visitor satisfaction while ensuring the protection and preservation of assets. In the case of Komodo National Park this could mean a levy on international clients to contribute to the on-going management and protection of the Park. 1.1 Conserve Natural Assets Aim To conserve the Region's natural assets for sustainable use. Strategy Develop clear and practical policies on sustainable tourism in natural areas. Develop tourism nodes and restricted access areas to manage tourism impacts. Support the local community in conducting tours within the Park, thereby reducing patrol costs. Monitor the impacts of visitors, fire, poaching and coral bombing on natural resources. Increase PHPA and tour operator understanding of how each affects the other's corporate goals. Promote a wider range of resources other than the Komodo dragon. Train personnel in administration, business, communication and interpretive skills. 1.2 Conserve Culture and Heritage Assets Aim To conserve and manage the Region's cultural assets appropriately with increasing tourism. Strategy Establish a comprehensive Park and regional inventory of cultural resources. Develop culture tourism projects appropriate to the regional community and their cultural resources. Encourage development which complements landscapes and is appropriate to ethnic considerations. Encourage community involvement in planning and management of cultural resources and tourism. 2. Development Tourism Product The natural and cultural resources of Komodo National Park provide an opportunity for development of ecotourism products which complement and contrast with those of more developed tourist areas in south-east Asia. The existing ecotourist product reflects this potential but is largely undeveloped or co-ordinated, with limited services for ecotourists. Realisation of the potential lies in: • emphasising quality before quantity; • ensuring value for money; • ensuring authenticity and integrity; • respecting, preserving and enhancing the Region's natural and cultural attributes; • ensuring development is in keeping with the local character; • providing memorable experiences with the emphasis on involvement and learning. 2.1 Develop the Region as a Tourism Destination Aim To create a network of diverse and distinctive destinations for ecotourists to the Komodo region. Strategy Establish Komodo National Park as a significant eco and cultural tourism destination. Expand ecotourism services on Flores and Sumbawa Islands. Provide additional tourist activities at Labuan Bajo. Provide quality ecotourism experiences and services (hallmark attractions).
UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page VIII Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PERUNDUNGAN HUT AN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Executive Summary
2.1 Expand Nature Tourism Opportunities Aim To preserve and reinforce the Region's principal tourist focus (ie. natural environment and cultural resources). Strategy Develop a specialised tourism industry based on Komodo National Park's unique terrestrial and marine environments and their endemic fauna and flora. Develop information and interpretive facilities and services for nature based tourism. Upgrade and develop specific infrastructure and facilities for community and visitor use (eg. pier for Kampung Komodo) while minimising environmental impacts. Develop an effective monitoring system to ensure ecotourism activities and existing management regimes are consistent with environmental protection. 2.2 Expand Culture Tourism Opportunities Aim To promote and share with visitors the distinctive culture of the Region with concurrent benefits to local communities. Strategy Incorporate strategies into the Park management plan to present the "living" culture of local village communities to visitors. Provide incentive for local communities to benefit from and preserve cultural resources. Develop greater opportunity for cultural exchange between visitors and residents. Involve local communities in the planning and management of cultural tourism Preserve and restore historical buildings and sites (Komodo, Rinca, Labuan Bajo, Sima). 2.3 Expand the Range of Ecotourism Accommodation Aim To expand tourism opportunities through providing a accommodation. Strategy Encourage the development of a wider range of accommodations in the Komodo Region. Ensure built structures are designed to visitor expectations of cultural and eco/tourism. Reinforce cultural values and tourist's enjoyment of the accommodation setting. Encourage accommodation businesses to liaise with ecotourism services in the region. Structure transport to Komodo to make overnight stays attractive to inbound tourists. 3. Infrastructure To facilitate ecotourism activities, there is the necessity to provide: • transport to and from regional destinations, • accommodation, • services to cater for human needs, and • access to ecotourism sites. 3.1 Plan for ecotourism Aim To ensure that the needs of ecotourism services are incorporated into regional and local planning and decision making process. Strategy Incorporate policies and strategies for ecotourism in all government strategic, development and management plans in the Region. Establish consistent tourism planning, design and environmental performance standards. Develop community-based local area plans for (eco)tourism.
UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page IX Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PERLINDUNGAN HUT AN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Executive Summary
3.2 Involve Local Communities in Ecotourism Aim To develop and maintain community involvement in ecotourism and to ensure visitor satisfaction while encouraging positive community attitudes. Strategy Develop and maintain positive community attitudes to ecotourists and ecotourism development. Initiate steps to expand local community participation in ecotourism Improve community awareness of tourism in the development of the Region's economy. 3.3 Diversify Transport Services Aims To provide transport facilities and service to support the (eco)tourism Industry. Strategy Improve in I out-bound transport services for the region, particularly for Labuan Baja. Upgrade transport information services Coordinate ecotourism agencies and transport to provide better visitor services. Develop marketing packages to promote ecotourism in the Region. Restructure ferry services to allow monitoring of Park immmigration and improve visitor service. 3.4 Improve Public Infrastructure Aim Establishment of public infrastructure and services to support and respond to increased demand for ecotourism services. Strategy Develop a framework for co-ordinating the development of infrastructure in the Region. Encourage private sector investment in infrastructure to support ecotourism services. Establish environmental guidelines and performance criteria for ecotourism developments within or in close proximity to relatively undisturbed or unpolluted natural environments. Encourage new tourism development to make use of under-utilised infrastructure. Train local community members for maintenance tasks. 4. Support Services Support services of marketing and promotion, training and information systems are either absent of poorly developed and co-ordinated. Operators, business associations, provincial and national government all market and promote their services and the Region but largely independently. Data and information on (eco)tourism, natural and heritage resources and sustainable development is not readily available to ecotourism operators, planners or the community. Data base technology can assist business and government in decision making. Teaching institutions may be in a position to co-ordinate data acquisition, retrieval and dissemination. 4.1 Increase Marketing and Promotion Aims To promote ecotourism services which will benefit the economic development of the Region as a whole. Strategy Promote opportunities for investment in ecotourism projects in the Park (ecotourism marketing plan). Establish an interregional tourism network and co-operation between ecotourism operators. Develop interregional tour packages . Identify opportunities to use tourism promotion to support the development and export of regional goods and services. Provide co-ordinated pre visit information for ecotourism opportunities within the Region. lm rove site orientation information to direct visitors to ecotourism services. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page X Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management tt- PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN AI.AM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Executive summary
4.2 Develop Eco/heritage Tourism Training Aim To attain a skilled, professional and motivated ecotourism work-force. Strategy Clarifiy ecotourism education and training requirements. Provide opportunities for regional communities, particularly PHPA staff to study at technical and university institutions. Provide opportunities for final year secondary students to pursue further study and training in ecotourism and protected area management. Improve access to secondary level education, technical and language training for communities of Komodo National Park. 4.3 Develop an Ecotourism Information System Aim To develop a multi-discipline integrated information system to enhance management capabilities and service the tourism industry with quality information. Strategy Establish a centralised, or co-ordinated and shared ecotourism database. Provide storage, analysis. presentation and decision support functions for enhanced park management. Produce consistent, regular and reliable information and forecasts on (eco)tourism. Maintain a regional database of reports, studies, research and information relating to (eco)tourism. Encourage qualitative (market) research into issues relating to the ecotourism industry. Increase public awareness of new developments, opportunities and research into the local ecotourism industry.
UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page XI Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Executive summary
UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page XII Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PEIU.I:\I>t::'\GA:\ II l TA:\ IH:\ PELESTAIUA:\ AL,\.\1 l>ctmrtmcnt of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation
ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Area
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This strategy was prepared by
Bill Carter, Simon Kearney, Samuel Lee and Daniel Willis with the assistance of staff of Komodo National Park as part of the Post Graduate subject Ecotourism for Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation
February 1997
U:\1\'ERSIT\' oF Qt.:EE:\SLA:\1> {GA'l"l'O:\ COLLE<> E) Dctmrtmcnt of' Natural and Rural Systems Management PEJ(J."IH '\(;," Ill T.\ '\ U.\ '\ PEI.EST.\UI.\'\ 'AL:\\1 lkpartmcnt of Forest Prutt•t·tion mul Nature Conscl'\'~ltion
ACRONYMS
Komodo Tourism Region The area extending from Sape to Bima on Sumbawa Island to Labuan Baja on Flores Island. PHPA Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam (Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation). TNC The Nature Conservancy. UQG The University of Queensland (Gatton College). IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature KRTCB Komodo Region Tourism Co-ordination Bureau WWF Worldwide fund for Nature RMWG Resource Management Working Group CWG Cultural Working Group EIWG Ecotourism Information Working Group CAWG Community Awareness Working Group
ll'\J\'EHSJT\' OF QU~E'\SL:\'\J) t<;ATTO'\ COLLEGE! De1mrtment of Natunll and Runll S~·stems 1\'lana~ement PERI.I\HL.:\<;.\:\ lilT.\:\ U.\:\ PEI.EST.\IU.\:\ AI.A\1 Dcl)lll't_incnt of Forest Protection and 1\;atm·c Conscl'\'ation
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDG?\IENTS ...... EXECUTIVE SUMI\IARY ------··-··-----··-··--·······--··-·····------··---·····------· ACRONYMS ......
PART A BACKGROUND• .- ...... 1 Al.O STRATEGY PREPARATION ...... 3 A2.0 DEFINITIONS ...... 6 A3.0 PREVIOUS STUDIES ...... ______.8 A4.0 KOMODO NATIONAL PARK'S NATURAL RESOURCES ...... - .....10 AS.O KOMODO NATIONAL PARK'S CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... l3 A6.0 KOMODO NATIONAL PARK'S TOURISM ...... lS A7.0 TOURISM...... -- ...... 17
PART B ANALYSIS Bl.O ECOTOURISM ASSE'fS ...... ------.21 B2.0 TRENDS ...... 2-1 B3.0 MARKEr NICHE OPPORTUNITIES ...... -- ...... 26 B4.0 EDUCATION AND TRAINING ...... 2.8 BS.O REGIONAL BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ...... 31
PART C STRATEGIC ACTION Cl.O CONSERVATION OF ECOTOURISM ASSETS ...... 40 C2.0 PRODUC'f DEVELOPl\fENT ...... -- ...... _...... 44 C3.0 WR.ASTRUCTURE ...... _...... S3 C4.0 SUPPORT SERVICES ...... -- ...... 61
APPENDICES APPENDIX 1.0 REFERENC&') ...... Al APPENDIX 2.0 KOMODO NATIONAL PARK NATURAL RESOURCES ...... A2 APPENDIX 3.0 CULTURAL R.ESOURCES ...... - ...... AS APPENDIX 4.0 DEMOGRAPHICS ...... AlO APPENDIX 5.0 TOURISM ...... Al3 APPENDIX 6.0 CONSULTATION ...... A22 APPENDIX 7.0 TliE EcOTOURISM CONCEPT ...... ~ ...... A25 APPENDIX 8.0 KOMODO NATIONAL PARK IN THE CONTEXT OF INDONESIA ...... A28
li:\1\'ERSIT\' oF Ql"EE:\SI..\:\1> t(iATTO:\ <'OLLE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefiJIIY ackn()wledge the positive assistance and cd-ordlnatlon efforts of senior staff of PHPA especially Ms Llstya Kusumawardhani, Mr Johannes Subijanto and Mr Argus Marhadi. Without the dedication and support of field staff and professional officers of Komodo National Park to our task, the preparation of this Strategy would not have been possible. Their long hours of translating documents ensured that the project team had access to all data requested. We particularly thank and acknowledge Mr Muhidin Yacub, Mr Mahamad Saleh, Mr Markus Madu and Mr Abdul Haji for their co-operation and friendship. With the assistance of field staff we were given the opportunity to speak frankly with village chiefs of Kampung Komodo and Kampung Rinca. These were challenging experiences for the study team, community leaders and PHPA staff alike, since potentially threatening issues were raised and discussed with candour. Without the trust and good faith of all participants our understanding of the Park - communities relationships would have been less than superficial. Ms Rebecca de Varga provided additional translations which served to bridge the technical language barrier. Finally, we thank Dr Jim Davie for his pre-visit logistical and communications efforts. His encouragement and support, along with Prof EL.!Qene Moll, Mr Ray Collins and Mr Marc Hocklngs, staff of the Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management and the administration of the University of Queensland (Gatton College) enabled this initiative in teaching and inter-agency co-operation to eventuate. ll:\1\'EitSIT\' OF Qn:E:'\Sl.:\:'\U {GATTO:\ COl.l.lmE) f lle1mrtment of' Natural and Rural S;\·stems Management PEI(I.I:\UD;<;A:\ Ill TA:\ U.\:\ PELESTAIU:\:\ ALA:\1 Urpm·tment of Forest Protection and Nature Conscnation PART A BACKGROUND II m••······· 11111111111111111Ull""'''"''''' ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Area li:\1\'El~SITY OF Qn:E:\SI.A:'til> tG:\TTO:'ti COLI.EGE) l>e!HU'tment of Natuml and Runt! SJstems Mana~ement PERI:l\l>t:\<;;\\ HlTA\ 1>.\\ PELESTAI{t\\ AIX\1 DetJartment ol'l;orest Protection and Nature Conscrnuion CONTENTS Al.O STRATEGY PREPARATION.------..... - ...... _ .. _ .... _, ___ ,,_..... - .. -.... 3 A1.1 The Project Brief... ,_...... 3 A1.1.1 Objective...... 3 A1.1.2 Strategy...... 3 A1.1.3 Outcomes...... 3 A1.2 The Study Area ..... - ...... -...... 3 A1.3 Strategy development process. __.. _ .... _ .. _ .... ___.. _ .. ______~ ..-.. 5 A1.4 Strategy presentation...... 5 A2.0 DEFINITIONS ...... 6 A2.1 Ecotourism ...... 6 A2.2 Cultural heritage...... __ ...... 6 A2.3 Ecotourism stakeholders...... 6 A2.4 Ecotourism product...... -...... 7 A3.0 PREVIOUS STUDIES ...... 8 A3.1 Management plan...... 8 A3.2 The infrastructure and human resource development of Komodo National Park project...... 8 A3.3 Marine ecosystem development in and around Komodo National Park_.. _, 8 A3.4 Komod.o Interpretive Guide ...... 9 A3.5 Tourism strategies of other nations..--..·---··-- .. -·•• - .... - .. ._--.. --... - ... 9 A3.6 Reports of The Nature Conservancy and other insf!tutions.---.. ------9 A4.0 KOMODO NATIONAL PARK'S NATURAL RESOURCES ... - •• - .. ----.. --.. --. A4.1 Climate...... --...... 10 A4.2 Topography ...... 10 A4.3 Geology ...... __ 10 A4.4 Hydrology ...... 10 A4.5 Vegetation ...... -...... 11 A4.6 Fauna ...... 11 A4.7 Marine resources ...... 12 A5.0 KOMODO CULTURAL RESOURCES-----·------.. _ .. ______.... 13 A5.1 Local communities ...... 13 A5.2 Traditional economy and natural resource management-----.. ------13 A5.3 Language ...... 13 A5.4 Culture ...... ~ ...... :...... 13 AS.S Local communities to-day ...... 14 A6.0 DEMOGRAPIDCS ...... 15 A6.1 Population...... 15 A6.2 Employment...... 15 A6.3 Skills of the community ...... 15 A6.4 Regional economy ...... 16 A6.5 Implications ror this strategy ...... 16 A7.0 TOURISM ...... 17 A7.1 lnfi-astructure...... 17 A7.2 Inbound services ...... 17 A7 .2.1 Implications...... 17 A7.3 Park visitation .... ·...... 18 A7.3.1 Day visitors ...... 18 A7.3.2 Over night visitors ...... 18 A7.4 Income ...... -...... --...... 18 A7.5 Implications for this strategy ...... 18 li\1\'ERSIT\' OF QtEE\SLA\B tGATTO\ <'Ol.I.EGE) l>epal'tment of Natuml nnd Runll Systems 1\'lmmgement PF.RLINPUNGAN HUTAN PAN PKLF-~TARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK DEPARTMENT OF FORY.ST PROTECTION AND NATURE CONSERVATION AI.O: ECOTOURISM STRATEGY PREPARATION Al.O STRATEGY PREPARATION Al.l The Project Brief As part of the post graduate subject Ecotourism, the University of Queensland (Gatton College) Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management (UQG) undertook to use Komodo National Park as a case study and to prepare an Ecotourism Strategy for the Park. Al.l.l Objectives The goal of the project was to develop a strategy to manage tourism growth in the Komodo. Region for a sustainable future. This would involve: • protecting tourism assets; • expanding 'eco' and 'culture' based tourism services; • diversifying resource use and focus; • bringing benefits to the local community and Komodo National Park; and • giving direction for delivering more efficient and profitable services. A1.1.2 Strategy To achieve the objectives, it was considered that the following studies would be required. • Identification of existing eco/cultural tourism infrastructure and facilities in the Region. • Investigation of eco/cultural tourism assets and opportunities in Komodo National Park. • Clarification of employment needs generated from the opportunities. • Investigation of market niches for each attraction type, for example beach, mountains. • Identification of marketing implications. • Investigation of ways to co-ordinate marketing and the delivery of tourist services. • Investigation of education and training needs to deliver a quality experience. A1.1.3 Outcomes It was expected that the Strategy would emphasise co-ordination and rationalisation of existing services and training requirements that are achievable in the short and medium term (1-5 years). It was expected also that the strategy would result in: • quantifying and qualifying the existing and potential resources for ecotourism; • the identification of new eco-cultural tourism related business opportunities; • the identification of areas for improvement in existing services within the Park; and • the identification of skills required of existing operators to capitalise on opportunities. A1.2 The Study Area Komodo National Park is in the Lesser Sunda Region between the islands of Sumbawa and Flores. It is at the western edge of the eastern Indonesian Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur, and about 200 km east of Bali. The Park is part of the regency at Manggarai. It includes the four major islands of Komodo (33 937 ha), Rinca (19 625 ha), Gilimotang (3328 ha) and Padar (2017 ha), and is approximately 171 506 hectares in area, of which 35% is land and 65% is sea 1 (Figure 1.2). Labuan Baja (Western Flores) and Sape (Eastern Sumbawa) are particularly relevant to the study because of their tourist populations and their potential ecotourism resources and services. For the purposes of the study, the area between Sumbawa Island (Sape to Bima) and Flores Island (Labuan Baja), including Komodo National Park, is termed the Komodo Tourist Region. This is the study area for this Strategy. 1 TNK, 1988 UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page3 Dopnlinwnt or Nntuml nnd Ruml Sy•tom.< 1\fnnnJ':OIIlOII( PERLINDUNGAN HilTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK DEPARTMENT OF FOREST PROTF.C'TION MW NATURK COI'SF.RVATION AI.O: ECOTOURISM STRATEGY PREPARATION Figure 1.2: Komodo National Park and the Study Area u. u. a:: 0 ' u. a:.J'0~~.,...---1,--::.._---a::o--+- r I 'y I I ~ ~ co u. 0 i -o ____L_ u. I 0 I I ' . --,--~------ u. 0 UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Drpnrtment orNntural and Rum I Sy Al.3 Strategy Development Process Desk and field research and analysis formed the basis for strategy development. This was supplemented by site inspections, preliminary investigation of tourist accommodation and tour operators, interviews and small group focus workshops with Park staff and community 2 leaders. Results of interviews and small group workshops are presented in Appendix 6 • A1.4 Strategy Presentation This Strategy has been prepared by: a. taking an overview inventory of ecotourism resources as well as demographic information; b. reviewing ecotourism activity in the Park; c. preparing guidelines for Park and Regional management of tourism; d. identifying strategic actions to respond to ecotourism demand; and e. identifying short term actions necessary to implement the strategic direction and to improve and develop ecotourism services. However, for the purposes of this document, items c, d and e only are included in the body of the report. Items a and b are been presented as appendices. 2 Appendix 6.0: Consultation details discussions with PHPA officers and local community members. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GA TION COLLEGE) Page 5 Dcpartmcnl ofNnlurnl and Runt! Syslcms Jllanagcmcnl PKRUNOUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLI1STARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMOOO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Consen·ation A2.0: Delinllion• 1 A2.0 DEFINITIONS Since this Ecotourism Strategy is one of the first to be prepared for Indonesia, it is appropriate to discuss some of the principles upon which the Strategy is developed. The discussion seeks to provide a context within which consideration of information, data and opinion are assessed. Definitions of key terms used in this document are presented below. A2.1 Ecotourism For the purposes of this study ecotourism is defined as: ecologically sustainable tourism that is sensitive and responsive to environmental characteristics and fosters environmental and cultural understanding and appreciation. Environment includes all aspects of the surroundings of people (natural, cultural and constructed) that affect them as individuals or social groupings. An ecotourism development, service or operation will be one which: • has a primary focus on the environment rather than the facility or service itself; • is of low impact, using design and technology to reduce or avoid impact; • offers services which increase client appreciation of the environment and which are matched by management and operations which exemplify a corporate appreciation; and • is appropriate and concordant with the environment in which it occurs. Ecotourism can be considered to consist of two elements: nature dependent tourism and culture dependent tourism. Nature dependent tourism relies on the availability and interaction with natural environments for rewarding experiences whereas culture dependent tourism relies on the availability and interaction with local cultures. A2.2 Cultural Heritage Culture is defined as a distinctive body of customs, beliefs and social institutions that characterise separate societies. Culture is what is 'learned'. Culture is also used when referring to human behavioural characteristics which stem from familial, social, racial, national and other groupings of humanity. Cultural heritage can be applied to anything that is passed from one generation to another. Cultural resources are material manifestations of culture, such as monuments, buildings, natural resources, speech and ideologies. The terms natural heritage and historic heritage are often applied to particular cultural resources, such as items that are valued by a group of people and which are inherited. A2.3 Ecotourism Stakeholders An ecotourist is a visitor who seeks to experience, appreciate and understand a visited environment and who contributes to protection of that resource. Ecotourist expectations will be met if they have a rewarding experience in a natural environment. The experience must be intellectually and often physically stimulating. Enjoyable experiences result from a combination of the environment visited, the activity undertaken, learning opportunities, facilities provided as well as the cultural and social context of the activity. The community includes all people who live within a region and are likely to be influenced by ecotourism activity. The local community is of prime consideration because its living environment and social fabric may be altered by ecotourism industry expansion. 1 Appendix 7.0: The Ecotourlsm Concept gives a detailed discussion of principles involved in ecotourism. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page 6 Dopartment of Natural and Rural Systems l\lannl(emenl PERLIN DUNGAN IJUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Derartment of For·c.•t Protection and Nature Con Ecotourism resource managers are responsible for the care and management of the resource. In the study area, this largely falls on PHPA. The primary function of resource managers is to provide for and sustain the range of values and uses that a particular resource provides. This includes the facilitation of ecotourism opportunities and the protection of other values such as conservation and water catchment protection. Ecotourism operators, as the major supporters and beneficiaries of ecotourism, and therefore have an important role to play in providing quality experiences that are culturally 2 and environmentally responsible. Ecotourism operators are expected to : • promote conservation and respect for local cultural traditions; • avoid environmental damage or culturally inappropriate action; and • educate and inspire visitors, through participation, to appreciate the importance of nature conservation and the protection of cultural integrity. Ecotourism support facility and service providers are those who offer services upon which other industry sectors depend. Included are government agencies which provide planning, infrastructure and public utilities; educational institutions which foster and enhance quality service; non-government organisations which provide regional marketing and co-ordination, as well as the private sector which offers transport, accommodation, catering and a myriad of other necessities for a viable tourism industry. A2.4 Ecotourism Product The tourist product consists of all elements involved in the visit to a region. It includes expectations (influenced by the region's image), the journey to and from the destination, the 3 stay at the destination, as well as services and facilities used . The product of a destination may be developed to appeal to particular travellers, or it may develop without direction. If consciously developed, features will be chosen for enhancement, and through publicity and 4 promotion, an image of the area will be created in the minds of potential visitors • Attractions are the prime factor in drawing tourists to a destination. They are the physical resources or developments that provide the setting for recreation experiences. The attraction may not be the sole focus of attention and interest when on site. For example, people visit Komodo National Park to see the dragon. Often they are content to view Varanus komodoensis for less than 10 minutes. They will gain greater satisfaction if other nature and culture experiences accompany .the primary objective. However attractive a destination, its potential for tourism is limited unless basic amenities, required by tourists, are provided. These include accommodation and 5 sustenance, as well as transport and facilities at the site . It is a common belief that ecotourists desire modest infrastructure and culturally distinctive accommodation. This may well describe the adventure tourist but does not necessarily apply to all ecotourists. The ecotourism product must also involve activities, facilities and services that cater to the education and experiential expectations of visitors, and allow interaction with the natural attributes of the area. Whereas attractions are the initial drawcard, activities are the critical components for promoting and encouraging extended stays. For tourism, access is the result of transportation linkages and the accessibility provided by ease of purchase. For ecotourism, the remoteness, or the perceived remoteness and undeveloped state of the environment, contribute to the appeal of the destination. 2 Figgis, 1993. 3 Medik & Burkhart, 1978. ~ Medik & Burkhart, 1981. 5 Holloway, 1989. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAJ\'D (GA TION COLLEGE) Page 7 Derartmcnt of Natural nnd Rural Sy•tcm• Management PltRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PltLitSTARIAN .ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATitGY FOR KOMODO NATIONALPARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conoervatlon A.3.0: Prevlou1 Studies A3.0 PREVIOUS STUDIES In the last 5 years, the study area has been the focus of several investigations and reports. The importance of the area for the continued existence of the Komodo dragon and the impacts of human activities on the Park have encouraged investigation of the natural resources, socio-economic interactions and management of assets and issues. This Strategy draws significantly from these studies. The major documents used are briefly described below and form the basis for many of the analyses within this Strategy. While available information is sufficient for a high degree of confidence in recommendations made for the Park, data for surrounding areas is less complete. During field inspections, informants referred to Government policy documents and tourism strategies. Few of these were perused. As such, recommendations concerning regional action may not truly reflect the existing situation within the study area. A3.1 Management Plan The Komodo National Park Management Plan (March 1995) gives a framework for operational and strategic management activities. The Plan provides guidance to manage impacts on park integrity and establishes goals for effective park management. The principle purpose of management is the conservation of natural resources and ecosystems within the Park, consistent with obligations under the World Heritage Convention. A3.2 The Infrastructure and Human Resource Development of Komodo National Park Project This study, conducted in 1994, investigated the relationship between village communities and the National Park. It collected information about demographics, resource use by villagers, level of knowledge and technology of villagers, and institutions within villages. Recommendations of the report included: • population stabilisation; • inter-agency coordination; • local institutional strengthening; • re-routing of the ferry service; • special access to resources for local community members; • alternative activities for income generation; • education; • health sanitation services; and • further study of community participation. A3.3 Marine Ecotourism Development in and around Komodo National Park This program sought: • to promote conservation; • to combine sustainable development with the natural environment; • to create unique visitor experiences with minimal impact on the area; • to keep infrastructure development as much as possible outside the Park boundaries; • to maximise the revenues from ecotourism to the local economy; and • to ensure local community participation in ecotourism and that benefits accrue. Relevant report recommendations included: • determining carrying capacities for sites to sustain ecotourism use; • the establishment of a dive lodge within the Park; and • training local community members in English, administration and finance, planning and marketing, coral ecology, monitoring, diving, maintenance, and safety procedures. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Department of Natural and Rural Syotem• Management PltRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PXLitSTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRAn:GY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Fo ....t Protection and Nature Conservation A3.0: Previous Studies A3.4 Komodo Interpretive Guide Interpretive programs for Komodo National Park aim to provide a quality, positive experience that assists visitors to understand, appreciate and help conserve the unique resources and character of the Pari<. The Guide defined the following goals: • to provide accurate infonnation so that visitors may better plan their trip to Komodo National Park and have a more pleasant stay; • to promote greater appreciation and sense of ownership, on the part of visitors, for Park resources; • to encourage visitor behaviour that protects the Park's natural resources; • to infonn visitors of other activities or opportunities available with the intention of increasing the visitor's length of stay; and • to encourage the participation and awareness of people surrounding the Park, particularly local school children. Recommendations relevant to this Strategy include: • developing interpretive activities such as evening programs, naturalist presentations and slide-tape programs; • developing an interpretive guide that would help rangers respond to commonly asked questions; • designing an updated Park brochure that could be used for distribution to visitors; and • designing an interpretive trail both on Komodo Island and Rinca Island. A3.5 Tourism Strategies of other Nations Tourism strategies have been prepared for most nations. Many of these highlight the following issues that affect the planning, development and management of ecotourism: • impacts anc;l ecological sustainability; • processes used in planning and regulation; • management of natural resources; • development of appropriate infrastructure; • the monitoring of impacts; • marketing of unique but often seasonal products; • industry standards and accreditation; • education; • local community involvement; • viability of ecotourism enterprises; and • equity in competition for use of natural resources. A3.6 Reports of The Nature Conservancy and other Institutions Numerous reports in English and Bahasa Indonesian were reviewed with the assistance of Komodo National Park staff. These have been referenced in Appendix 3: References. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page9 Department or Natural and Rural Sy•tem• Management PKRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELKSTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY YOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Fore.<( Proleclion and Nnture Comt'n"llon A4.0: Komodo's Natural Re•ourees 1 A4.0 KOMODO'S NATURAL RESOURCES A4.1 Climate Komodo National Park is in the driest part of Indonesia, receiving about 1500mm of rain annually. There are two major seasons. A prolonged dry season occurs between April and November, with monsoonal rains concentrated between December and March. Low lying clouds form around the peaks on Komodo and Rinca from late November to May. Although the dry maritime environment of the Park is relatively homogenous, temperatures vary from 2 a maximum of 43°C in the summer to a minimum of 17°C in the winter months • Average temperature is approximately 27 °C. Relative humidity throughout the Lesser Sunda Region averages between 60-90%. The hot, tropical climate attracts predominantly international tourists and serves to facilitate a variety of outdoor and water-based recreational activities all year round. A4.2 Topography Channels with strong tidal currents, the result of the interchange between the Flores and Savu Seas, separate the rugged islands of the Park. These waters are highly oxygenated and among the richest in the world. Coastlines consist of sandy beaches between rocky headlands, with muddy shorelines and mangroves in protected areas. Coastal lowlands merge with undulating foothills at the base of the mountainous interior. These are barriers to development and influence local weather patterns. Mountains (73Sm) exist in the west and south of Komodo Island. Mountains as high as 667m dominate the landform on Rinca. Although mountainous, the peaks on Padar are much lower (269m). The varied landscape has the potential to facilitate a diverse range of recreational activities. In addition, the mountainous terrain forms a contrasting and aesthetic backdrop to the serene oceanic surroundings, resulting in an attractive setting for both visitors and residents. These characteristics are valuable attractions for tourists. A4.3 Geology The Lesser Sunda Region is geologically complex. A belt of volcanic activity passes through the area. The islands of the Park consist of fine-grained .. slightly basic rocks, with volcanic tuff, sandstone and conglomerate adjoining igneous masses. Limestone, sandy 3 shales and clays occur intermittently . The islands also exhibit complex soil types, with pH 4 levels ranging from 6-7 • A4.4 Hydrology There are no permanent streams in Komodo National Park. Villages are located close to the few reliable sources of fresh water near the coast. Fresh water occurs in small pools at all elevations throughout the wet season. Small springs and soaks often persist in the interior during the dry season, though these are restricted to the upper slopes of Ara and Satalibo Mountains on Komodo Island. Water sources fluctuate throughout the year in quantity and quality, and is often unpotable towards the end of the dry season. Several wells have been built on Komodo Island; however, the absence of water constrains the growth of both resident and tourist populations. 1 Appendix 8.0: Komodo National Park in the Context of Indonesia, gives an overview of natural resources and tourism. Appendix 2.0: Komodo's Natural Resources details the Park's natural resources. An amalgamated species list for the Park is included. The Appendix is based on a number of reports and publications. 2 TNC, 1992. 3 Auffenberg, 1981. ~ Koestoto et af. 1994 in Lilley, 1994). UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GA TION COLLEGE) Page 10 Department of Natural and Rum I Systorm ~ lnnn~emcnt PF.RLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELF-HARlAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK l>epur1menl or Forest Protection and Nature Consen•ution A4.0: Komodo's Natunol Resources A4.5 Vegetation5 Low rainfall and a prolonged dry season dramatically influence the vegetation within Komodo National Park. Both floral and faunal communities are unique within Indonesia and represent a transition between Australia and Indonesia. However, plant diversity in the Park is relatively low. The flora is largely xerophytic and adapted to harsh environmental conditions. Fire is common during the dry season, and depletes the sparse vegetation, alters soil composition and exposes it to erosion. 6 Four vegetation types have been identified : • rainforest or cloud forest which covers the mountainous areas above 500 meters; • monsoonal forests occur below 500 meters, in the moister valley floors, and are comprised of species which lose their leaves in the dry season; • savanna grasslands which extend from sea level to 500 meters; and • mangrove forests which fringe sheltered bays on the three major islands. Human trampling, weed introductions, firewood harvesting and the alteration of natural fire regimes affect the vegetation. Fire is most often fit by coral bombers and poaches to 7 divert the attention of rangers, and to force deer into a concentrated area for culling • · Table A4 .5 presents the ecotourism potential of the vegetation communities. Table A4.5: Ecotourism potential of vegetation communities Vegetation Location and description Characteristic species Ecotourism potential type Mangroves Found in sheltered bays, they cover 5% of the land. Rhizophora mucranot Access problems - The community provides a sheltered nursery for a closer to sea, Lumnitzera board-walks and guides are variety of crustaceans and juvenile fish. racemosa behind. possible solutions. Mangroves also support flying fox and crab eating macaques. Cloud ···Everg·reen··rore·s·ts·whiCh ·~;c·cu;:r,;··cooi:·n;oist·are·as···rermina;ra·zo;;in[jUs,· ········Acc·e·ss·prob;ems·:················· forest above 500 metres. Ficus orupaceae, Use of guides are a Calophyllum spectabi/e possible solution. M" 5 Appendix 2.0: Komodo 's Natural Resources includes species lists amalgamated from a variety of sources. Soebekti and Uji, 1995. Lilley, 1994. TNC, 1996. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GA ITON COLLEGE) Page 11 Dcpn1·tmcnt of Naluml nnrl Rtn·al Sy•tcuu r.tnnnl(cna•nl R-- PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN I'ELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR K'OMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of For"'! Proloclion and Nalu1·c Con•r~-vation A4.0: Komodo's Natural Resources The problem of low numbers is exacerbated by an unequal sex ratio (3.4 males to 1 females). Along with the dragon, several snakes, such as the white lipped viper, geckos and skinks are common. Mammals Timor deer and wild pig are abundant on the main islands, and are important food sources 10 for the dragon • However, although introduced, Timor deer are the preferred prey and are often the focus of poaching9 (Saleh, pers. comm.). Feral dogs (introduced bX deer hunters) 1 are also present, and compete directly with the dragons for prey and carrion • Goats are common on some islands. Wild horses inhabit the northern regions of Rinca and the crab eating macaque Is found throughout this island. The black rat and the house mouse are common, and an endemic species (Rattus rintianus) occurs on both Padar and Rinca Islands. Water buffaloes inhabit the wetter areas on Rinca and Komodo Islands and are commonly found close to the ecotone between savanna and monsoon communities. Insectivorous bats and the flying fox (Pteropus sp.) are prevalent at dusk. Birds and Amphibians A diverse range of birds exists, including a variety of raptors (eg. Brahminy kite), a megapode that builds a nest of earth and organic matter up to 2 meters in height, and jungle crows which regularly occur in flocks of up to 10 birds. Probably due to the dry 9 environment, only three frog species inhabit the area . Invertebrates Insects are abundant and include grasshoppers, crickets, mantids, butterflies, cicadas, stick-insects and biting horseflies. These are most common in coastal vegetation. A4. 7 lVIa rine Resources Komodo National Park includes 132 000 ha of marine waters. The diverse range of littoral, pelagic and benthic environments results in an area of extremely high conservation value. Strong currents constrain local boat movements and dictate travel times between islands. Oceanic currents are strongest between the islands of Komodo and Padar, and the narrow straits between Padar and Rinca. Local villages are dependent on fish and squid harvesting from the marine waters of the Park. The use of destructive fishing and harvesting methods such as reef bombing and fishing with cyanide pose the main threats to 12 the marine environment • 13 Komodo National Park is one of the richest areas for coral in Indonesia . Reef formations generally consist of fringing reefs and are around most small to medium sized 14 islands • Reef systems exhibit a rich marine fauna, providing fish, molluscs and crustaceans on which many coastal communities depend. There are around 900- 1000 15 fish species in the Park, forming one of the richest assemblages in the world • Four species of marine turtle have been recorded within the Park. The green turtle, hawksbill turtle, loggerhead turtle and leatherback turtle rely on seagrass communities and use beaches within the Park for nesting. Dugongs are endangered in south-east Asia due to over-hunting and the destruction of habitat but have been observed within the marine 13 park • Other marine mammals observed, include several species of whale and dolphins. Giant clams are abundant, however these have been heavily depleted in some areas. 10 Auffenberg, 1981; Lilley, 1994. 11 Lilley, 1994. 12 Djohani, 1995. 13 Borei-Best eta/., 1989. H Kelleher, Bleakley & Wells, 1995. 15 Holthus, 1995. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (CATION COLLEGE) Page 12 Dopartmrnl of Nalurnl nnd Rum I Systonul\lana~<'IIH'nl PERI.INDUNGAN HliTAN DAN PELF-~TARIAN ALAM EcOTOliRISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK O<·rnrtmonl or Forest Protoclion and Nature Conson·atlon AS:O: Komodo's Cultural Resources 1 A5.0 KOMODO'S CULTURAL RESOURCES AS.l Local communities There are three main communities today in Komodo National Park: Kampung Komodo, · Kampung Rinca and Kampung Kerora. Other villages existed in the past on Rinca Island but are only seasonally inhabited today. Little is known about the early history of the Komodo Islanders, although grave sites and 2 artefacts have been found, suggesting the villages have been in existence for a long time • However, it has been postulated that the present inhabitants of the Park do not have an extensive history in the area, and that Komodo may have only been used on an occasional' basis when water supplies were more abundane. A5.2 Traditional economy and natural resource management The traditional way of life was well adapted to the harsh local conditions. Water was scarce 2 and obtained by digging or travelling long distances to permanent water sources • The soil was infertile which, together with scarce water, restricted development of the village areas. Fishing naturally became the primary economic activity. Almost the entire male population was traditionally involved in fishing and collection of marine products. Cast-nets, scoop-nets and handlines were used as well as fish-trapping in shallow water. The fishers used outrigger canoes with fishing platforms (bagan) and set up pressure lamps at night to attract the catch. Both sun dried and salted fish were exported from Komodo. These industries are still strong todal. Certain marine activities have not been favoured by the Komodo islanders, presumably due to lack of resources and trading networks. For example, the export of pearl and shellfish by Chinese was reported in the 1970's. Pearl farming has been suggested by the PHPA authorities, but the villagers have not responded. A5.3 Language Despite its remoteness, Komodo was drawn into Bimanese trading networks and Bimanese is one of the languages spoken by the local community. Komodo's traditional residents possess a distinct and separate language within the Bima-Sumbawa group. There are many loan-words from the Bimanese, Manggarai, and lexical affinities exist between 5 Komodo and the eastern half of Sumba • A5.4 Culture Beliefs Like the Bimanese, local communities are Islamic, although they live in the Christian dominated province of Nusa Tenggara Timur. Komodo's residents did not hunt the dragon, because of its poor quality skin and possibly because of cultural reasons. It has been 3 suggested that the Ata Modo believe they have a kinship link with the dragon . Komodo islanders have long lived with dragons, and there are many myths surrounding them. 1 Appendix 3.0: Cultural resources gives a summary of local communities and the cultural resources of the Park. Appendix 4.0: Demographics gives statistics on both Park communities and the regional population. 2 Hitchcock, 1990. . 3 Bagus (1987). ~ Sudibyo, 1994. Forth, 1983. lJNTVERSIT\' OFQUEENSLANll (GATTON COLLF.GR) Page 13 o~p:H11lll'lll of 1\'ntnml nnd Rnml Sysl('IIIS 1\t:utng~lll~ll( PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PEI,ESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department orFoa·cst PI'Otl•c(ion nnd NalUI'C Const.·n·atinn AS:O: Komodo's Cultural Re"ource~ Routines and customs 6 The social organisation of the local communities is distinctive • In many respects the local community has much in common with neighbouring Mangarrai and terms used in classifying kinsfolk are similar. Marriage is permitted with all four types of cousin, with only a weak preference for the daughter of the prospective groom's mother's brother. Some evidence exists that clans are known on the islands, and that special powers are inherited 7 down the female line • Art/carving Komodo islanders lack a strong craft tradition, having obtained the goods they required from Sima. The generalist skills of the Komodo islanders were well suited to local 7 conditions and, unlike the neighbouring Bimanese, there were few specialist artisans • In the early 1990's, experienced carvers were brought from Bali to train the local community to carve Komodo fauna, particularly the dragon. The carvings are of high quality and, for the smaller pieces, about Rp25 000-35 000 goes directly to the carver. At present, carvings can be obtained only from Loh Liang. AS.S Local communities today The local villages are situated on the shoreline, close to the few permanent water sources. Villagers live in wooden framed houses, with timber and bamboo screens and thatched or corrugated iron roofs. While the population in the villages historically remained small, a rapid increase began in the 1980's. With water supply a major constraint, there is concern about future population size by residents and government agencies alike. Current populations and mean annual growth rates are: • Kampung Komodo 929 (5%), • Kampung Rinca 677 (3%), • Kampung Kerora 216 (1 %). Local communities and the National Park The first Management Plan (1977) concluded that agricultural potential of the reserve was limited and would make an unsuitable destination for settlers from more densely populated islands. Concern was expressed about the size of the human population. Tamarinds have traditionally been exported to Sape. This practice has recently been regulated by the PHPA. The communities acknowledge that the Park has: • increased the level of knowledge and language skills; • improved transport; • improved the cash economy; and 8 • increased conservation of land and marine resources . However the communities are concerned about: • young men becoming influenced by the lifestyle of visitors; • restriction of movement around the National Park; • prohibited utilisation of forest products such as firewood; • only unskilled labour positions being made available to local communities; and • National Park management isolating local communities from input into the management of their traditional lands. 6 Verheijen, 1982. 7 Hitchcock, 1990. 8 Sudibyo, 1994. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATI'ON COLLEGE) Page 14 D<'JHH1ment of Natural and R11111l Sysh•ms 1\f:lll:lj!<'lll<'llf ~- f'ERUNDUNGAN HUTAN [>AN ['Ei.ESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK n'-~Jlrll'tnwnt of For<>st Prol<'dion nnd Natur·e Con~cn·ation A6: Demographics 1 A6.0 DEMOGRAPHICS A6.1 Population Around 2000 people live within the Park. Three communities exist on the larger islands: • Kampung Komodo on Komodo Island; • Kampung Rinca on Rinca Island; and • Kampung Kerora on Gilimotang Island. The population within the Park has always been small, possibly due to the limited supply of water. However, since the 1980's, there has been a rapid population increase. The mean annual growth rate is 5% per year for Komodo village, 3% for Rinca and 1% for Kerora. A6.2 Employment Primary production is the main form of employment in the region. The steep topography and poor quality soil, limits the suitability of the area for agriculture. As a result, fishing and the harvesting of marine products have been the focus of employment. Traditionally, Komodo islanders lack a strong craft tradition. Growth of the tourism industry has stimulated the demand for local arts and crafts. In response, a Government initiative established a local carving industry within Komodo National Park. This was achieved by bringing in experienced personnel from Bali during the early 1990's to train local community members in the art of wood carving. Carvings may be bought from Loh Liang and Loh Buaya, with the Komodo dragon being the most popular item. Growth in the tourism industry has stimulated a number of ancillary businesses throughout the region. These include accommodation, food and transport services, and it is assumed that as more tourists visit the region, these support industries will expand. At present, a number of individual, family and community based businesses have been established, and small businesses appear to be the most responsive to meeting the Region's ecotourism demand. However, without the development of substantial tourism support services and extensive investment in facilities and infrastructure, expansion of the tourism industry within the Komodo Region may be constrained. In addition, coordination of tourism related development by Government authorities is highly desirable. A6.3 Skills of the Community Skills of the regional community focus on primary production, with most men involved in the fishing industry. Labuan Bajo exists as a major entry point to Komodo National Park, Flores and West Timor, and as a result many of the businesses are tourism based. Skills of Labuan Bajo residents are therefor more diverse, with many involved in service, transportation and commercial industries. Skills within Sima and Sape are expected to be similar to Labuan Bajo, with a greater emphasis on agriculture. The skills of the local community have traditionally been towards fishing and collection of marine products. About 40% of the local community are involved with squid harvesting while another 59% process the catch for export. The establishment of a carving industry for tourism souvenir purposes, and the use of local community members as guides have provided additional income for the local community. Most park employees have attended high school but there are few with tertiary qualifications or specialist park management training or business management. This situation limits the Park's ability to respond to the demands of expanding tourism an the pressures it places on the park. 1 Appendix 4: Demographics gives employment statistics. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GAITON COLLEGE) Page 15 D(•pn11m~nt of Nntuml nnd Rum I Sysh'ms 1\tnnnj!~lll~nt PERL!NDUNOAN HtrrAN UAN I'EI.ESTARIAN AJ.AM EcOTOliRISM STRATEGY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Proh•ction and Nature Consl·r·vulinn A6: Demographics A6.4 Regional Economy Little information exists about the imports to Komodo National Park and the region. However, it is expected that many of the imports will be food related items. Rice, being a valued part of the Asian diet, was initially imported from Bima. However, this proved expensive, thus the proportion of rice in the diet of local communities has been reduced. Low soil fertility and limited availability of water has served to restrict development, limiting the amount of export from the Region. However, the production and export of squid (cumi cumi), shellfish and shrimp have expanded. Most exports are marine products such as abalone, beche-de-mer and agar-agar. In addition, the Komodo Region exports sago, sugar palm, tamarind, edible bird nests, deer meat and deer hide. Previously, sea grass was harvested for export to Japan. This has since been prohibited by Komodo National Park authorities because of the impact the practice has on the marine system. A6.5 Implications for this Strategy Tourism is emerging as the most important growth industry. The regional economy is shifting from an agricultural and cottage manufacturing base to one of a service based economy. The outlook for the economy, without tourism or a major manufacturing industry, is slow growth. Industry is primary production based, with most other businesses supporting these industries. Thus, a readily available source of managerial expertise is not available. There is a low income level for the Region suggesting a lack of capital for ecotourism investment. However, small, individual, family or community based businesse_s may be developed if supported with business and service training. Skills of the available workforce are not directly of use to expanding ecotourism. However, practical experience in ecotourism related activities is likely to exist and with training, could form the initial labour source for ecotourism expansion. This could impact upon the other industries. There exists a necessity for proper training for the regional community to cater for ecotourism visitors. Development of managerial skills for tourism growth is a priority. For Park staff, training in park management, business and tourism management are essential. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page 16 Department of Natuml and Ruml Systl'ms Manag<'m<"nt I'ERLINVliNOAN HliTAN OAN I~;I.ESTARIAN AI.AM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK 0l'pnrtmcnt of Fon•.li:( Pl'uh·~.·ti~tn ;Hld Nutun• Coma.•n·ution A7: Tourbm 1 A7.0 TOURISM The study area relies strongly on the activities of tourism for economic growth. However support infrastructure at Sima, Sape and Labuan Baja is inadequate to service tourism growth, and benefit from an expanding tourist market. Never-the-less, of all national parks 2 within Indonesia, Komodo National Park is the most popular destination for foreign tourists • The Management Plan recognises that tourists come to Komodo National Park to see the Komodo dragon, view the savanna landscape, snorkel or dive on the reef, and experience local villages, communities and landscapes outside Komodo National Park. A 7.1 Infrastructu rc Tourism expansion requires a long-term works program for the establishment and maintenance of infrastructure. This program must focus on basic services such as a functional road system, appropriate sewage and grey water disposal, expansion of fresh water supply, provision of adequate open space and the establishment of social, health and welfare services. This is particularly relevant to Labuan Baja and Sima which are the hub of future tourism growth and the gateways for Komodo National Park. A 7.2 Inbound Ser·viccs Over 10 operators bring tourists to Loh Liang using over 20 vessels. Almost 70% originate within the region (25% from Labuan Baja and 45% from Sape). The remainder emanate out of Bali (20%) and Lombok (10%). Since 1990 visitor arrivals have been mainly by cruise ships (45%) followed by charters (36%) and the ferries (19%). In recent years the proportion has changed with more visitors arriving via charters (40%). Ferry arrivals have been increasing irregularly at a rate of about 20%, while cruise ship arrivals appear to be slowing but still retain a growth of around 15% each year. Most growth is in the charter area, and appears to be increasing at a rate in excess of 25% each year. In 1995, visitation to Komodo Island peaked on Sundays (18%) and Wednesdays (23%), with the least popular days being Thursdays and Fridays (9%). Over 5 operators bring tourists to Loh Buaya using over 23 vessels. Again 70% . originate within the region with a greater proportion commencing in Labuan Baja (69%) and only 4% from Sape. The remainder emanate out of Bali (2%) and Lombok (25%). A 7.2.1 Implications The structuring of inbound transport services is a key factor in ecotourism planning. In the existing situation: • cruise ships bring more day visitors than all the other transport sources combined; • Sunday, Tuesday and particularly Wednesday are the highest visitor days from cruise ships; • the ferry from Sape is the next major source of visitors; • Saturday is the main visiting day from the Sape ferry. To manage day visitor numbers and promote ecotourism requires modifying cruise ship schedules. National Park management should cooperate with cruise ship operators to even the distribution of day visitors. 1 Appendix 5.0 Tourism and Komodo gives visitor data for Komodo National Park. 2 Lilley, 1994. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GA TrON COLLEGE) Page 17 D"pnrinu·nt of Nntnrnl nnd Rnrnl Systrms l\lanngrmrnf l'ERL!NDUNOAN Hllf AN DAN PELEST ARIAN ALAM ECOTOLIRISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest P1·otedion nnd Nature Consl'l·,·ation A7: Touri A 7.3 Park visitation In 1981, when the Park was officially opened, 664 people visited. This has grown to 30 000 in 1995-96 and represents an average monthly visitation of 2400. International visitors account for over 90% of visitors, growing at a rate of 11% each year over the last 5 years. Peak visitation occurs in July to September (25% in July and August) with a secondary peak in January. At these times, a daily average visitation of 130 is experienced. A 7.3.1 Day visitors Loh Liang attracts about 60 visitors a day, peaking on weekends and mid week (Wednesday and Tuesdays). A 7.3.2 Overnight Visitors Parallelling the overall visitor figures, overnight stays peak in July and August when occupancy exceeds 50%. However throughout the year occupancy is around 30%. After a major increase in visitor numbers in 1993/94, growth in overnight visitors has been slight. At current growth rates, overnight occupancy will not reach 50% even by the year 2002. An average of 15 people stay overnight in Park accommodation. Peak overnight stays occur on Saturdays and Wednesdays, parallelling the overall visitation pattern. The number of overnight visitors to the Park remains relatively constant over the year, at 420 per month but with a significant peak in August. This lack of direct parallel with visitor numbers suggests that there is a group of visitors who will stay longer in the Park, but not at peak visitation times. A7.4 Income To visit Komodo National Park, there is an entrance fee ·of Rp2000 which also covers visits to Rinca Island. The hiring fee for a guide is Rp3000 for up to five people for three hours. Accommodation at Loh Liang costs Rp8500 per person in a room with two beds and Rp12 500 per couple in a room with a double bed. In 1995/96, accommodation returned just over Rp63m from nearly 7000 visitors nights or around 4000 room nights. As to be expected, income from accommodation parallels occupancy. Operation of the canteen and guiding activities brings in additional income for guiding staff and the Koperasi. A 7.5 Implications for this Strategy Visitation to Komodo National Park is set to double by the year 2001. As visitor numbers increase, planning should aim to: 1. control the daily distribution of day visitor entry; 2. increase the number of visitors seeking ecotourism activities and staying overnight. The structuring of inbound transport services is a key factor in ecotourism planning. • Cruise ships bring more day visitors than all the other transport sources combined. • The ferry from Sape is the next major source of visitors. • Cruise ships are the favoured mode of transport, however in 1989 and 1993, charter boats did bring more people. • There is room for flexibility in scheduling for cruise ships; • Plans exist to restructure the ferry system to better cater for Komodo tourism. To control day visitor numbers and promote ecotourism requires: • modification to cruise ship schedules to even the visitor distribution through the week; • targeting the Sape-Labuan Bajo ferry and charter boats from regional centres. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page 18 Department of Natural and Rm'lll Systrms Mnnngrmrnt I'EIU.l:'\Ut.::'\GA:'\ HtTA:'\ 1>.\:'\ I'ELESTAIU.\:'\ ALA:\1 · . Department of Forest Pmtection and Natm·e Consen-ation .. PARTB ANALYSIS ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Area li:'\1\"EitSIT\' OF Qnm:'\SJ.A:'\1> I GATTO:'\ COU.E CONTENTS Bl.O ECOTOURISM ASSETS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 B2.0 TRENDS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 B2.1 Population .••.••••.•..•••••••.....•..••••.••...••...•.•.•.•.....•...•...••..•.••..••.•.••.•••••••.•.•• 24 B2.2 Visitors ...... 24 B2.3 Issues and implications ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••• 25 B3.0 MARKET NICIIE 0PPORTUNITIES ...... 26 B3.1 Market niche ...... 26 B3.1.1 Visitor chara.cteristics ...... 26 B3.1.21rltemational markets ...... 26 B3.2 Marketing by neighbouring areas ...... 27 B3.2.1 Bima and Labuan Bajo and surrounds ...... 27 B3.2.2 Bali and the Komodo Region ...... 27 B4.0 EDUCATION AND TRAINI:N'G ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 B4.1 Visitor requirements ...... 28 B4.2 Skill level within the existing tourism industry...... •••...... •...... •••••••• 29 B4.2.1 Regional tour operators ...... 29 B4.2.2PIIPA ...... 29 B4.2.3 I...ocal communities ...... 29 B4.3 Expected training needs ...... ••...•..•...... •...... •...... •...... 30 BS.O REGIONAL BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 BS.l Fishing services •..•.•..•...•...••...... •.....•.....•..•...... •..•...... •.•••.••..•. 31 B5.1.1 Community based ...... 31 B4.2.3 I...ocal business Charter ...... 31 B5.2 Water based activity service•..•..•....••....•..•...... •.•.•....• o ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 32 B5.3 Accommodation ...... •...... 32 B5.4 Arts, crafts and mementos and food outlet ...... 33 B5.5 Vehicle based tours .••.....•••...•...... •...... ••...... •...... •.....•.•• 33 B5.6 Hiking based tours •...... •...... •...... •...... •....•...... •.•34 B5.7 Island/village stays •...... •...... ••••.• 34 U~I\'ERSIT\' oF Ql'EE~SI..\~1> 1GATI'O~ <'OLLEGI~) Dcpm·tment of' Natural and Rural Systems Management PKRLINDUNCAN HUTAN DAN PP.LP,,TARIAN AI..AM EcoTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department ·or Fort.'.d Protrction nnd NnlUI'c Con~en·ntion BI.O: Ecotouri•m ~t_, Bl.O ECOTOURISM ASSETS The ecotourism potential of an area depends on its natural and cultural resources. This list of ecotourism 1 assets is based only on areas visited • A more intensive analysis of the Islands of Sumbawa and Flores, as well as the Park, would provide more site specific and expanded information. Table Bl.O: Features of the Komodo Region of potential value to tourism LOCATION FEATURES OR DESCRIPTION ACCESS NOTES AND TOURIST POTENTIAL ITEMS Eastern Townships, natural Small villages nestled among rice fields Air, ferry & Promote Bima as secondary 'gateway' to Sumbawa environments, and forested mountains; projecting charter boat. Komodo National Park. agriculture activity, peninsulas and broken coastlines. surfln oints Bima/Raba Towns Bima/Raba form the largest town in the Air, ferry, Bima is an access point for Komodo National eastern half of Sumbawa. charter boat, Park, Raba is the point of departure to Sape by taxi or bus. bus or taxi. Sultan's palace Sultan's Palace converted to an historical Taxi, tour, Restoration of the palace and cultural items is museum. horse or desirable along with an expanded collection pedestrian. and increased interpretation. This could be a major tourist attraction and community buildin . Sultan's grave and other historic sites. Pedestrian, taxi Part of an Interpreted tourist route. or tour. Weaving villagers Weaving undertaken by local women. Taxi, tour or Promotion and consolidation of weaving horse. practice with a tourist sales center {associate Western Island Flores is one of the largest and most Air, ferry & The western coast of Flores, in particular Flores rugged islands in Nusa Tenggara. charter boat. Labuan Bajo forms an ideal setting for ecotourism expansion. Numerous other features of interest exist on the island. Labuan Bajo Township A small coastal town on the west coast. Air, bus, tour, Promotion as the major 'gateway' to Komodo Labuan Bajo offers access to golden taxi, charter National Park beaches, coral reefs and relaxed lifestyle boat, ferry. of the local fishing community. Local fishing Accounts for much of the local economy. Charter boat. Part of an interpreted tourist circuit. industry The fishing fleet consists of a myriad of Increased involvement of local fishers in privately owned vessels. experienced based tourism activities. Local islands Numerous small islands exist within the Ferry, charter Potential for catamaran, sailboard and motor immediate area surrounding Labuan Bajo. boat. boat hire {small horsepower. with constrained. use). An agree 1 The areas surrounding Bima, Labuan Baja and Komodo Nalional Park. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENS LAM> (GA TION CO !LEGE) Page 21 Department ofNntumlnnd Rm'lll Systc•ms 1\fnnnl!Nlwnf PKRLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELF.STARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection nnd Nature Conse•·vnllon BI.O: Ecotourhm Anels LOCATION FEATURES OR DESCRIPTION ACCESS NOTES AND TOURIST POTENTIAL ITEMS Komodo Outstanding marine and terrestrial Ferry, charter National Park, Man and the Biosphere Reserve National ecosystems of international significance. boat and cruise and World Heritage Area define the nature of Park ships. desirable activities. Name recognition Existing international recognition as an Future marketing can build on this reputation. ecotourism destination. Komodo Island A mountainous, desolate island, home of Ferry, charter Potential to increase visits - overnight. the Komodo dragon, surrounded by some boat and cruise Increase in visitor numbers will resuij in a Island of the most turbulent waters in Indonesia. ships. decline in the quality of the ecotourism experience. Potential to upgrade all existing facilities and services. Fauna Komodo dragon Endangered species, largest lizard and Pedestrian The key attraction and of international interest. endemic to the region. only. Wildlife Potential for unconstrained wildlife Pedestrian Species overlap between Indo-Malay and a~~reciation at a close distance. only. Australian fauna of scientific interest. Flora Mangroves Highly aesthetic and contribute to the No access Not recommended for visitor use. Previously overall ecotourism experience. required. flying fox habitat. Breeding area for juvenile fish and crustacea. Cloud forest Rainforest above 500m, including Pedestrian Highly aesthetic environments of interest to bamboo groves. only. ecotourists. Access stee~. Monsoon forest Deciduous forests along drainage lines. Pedestrian High potential for use due to fauna interactions only. and contrast with adjoining savanna grassland. Savanna Habitat for Komodo dragon and prey Pedestrian Use constrained by exposure to the sun. s ecies onl. Landscapes Spectacular views Upland panoramas over terrestrial and Pedestrian Potential circuit tracks to different elevations, maritime habitats. only. through vegetation communities and geological formations. Maritime Coral reef High quality reefs with diverse soft and Charter boat, Potential for dive and snorkelling trips areas hard corals, numerous fish and other cruise ships. {conducted by the local community on Komodo marine life. Island- training require). Some areas within walking distance of Loh Liang. Clearwater An essential element of local aesthetics Charter boat Potential for glass bottom boats and and the attractiveness of maritime and cruise underwater observatories in distinct zones - activities. ships, recommended out-of-park services only. edestrian. Communities Kampung Komodo Fishing village with strong desire for Water only. Potential for track to village to be upgraded, and facilities greater involvement in park and tourism home stays, expansion of craft production, management. fishing expeditions and tourist participation in village life & traditional fishing ~ractices. Loh Liang Existing tourism accommodation and park Charter tioat, Potential for upgrading all facilities and management infrastructure. ferry and cruise services to establish Loh Liang as the high ships. intensity visitor use area within Komodo National Park. Rinca Island Island Lower elevations than Komodo Is. Charter boat, Maintain present wilderness based Undulating with extensive savanna and ferry and cruise experiences although potential exists for surrounded by coral reefs and fringing ships. greater community interaction. mangroves. Abundant fauna in a wilderness setting. Fauna Komodo dragon Abundant and dispersed in a wild state. Pedestrian only Value of experience based on discovering the dragon in the wild. Wildlife Includes monkeys, wild boar, rusa, Pedestrian only Potential for 'safari' type experiences. buffalo and wild horses Experience is dependent on low group numbers. Flora Mangroves Highest species diversity, greatest area Charter boat to Potential for elevated boardwalk to the edge of and structural formation. Fringing and margins only. flying fox community (developed and managed offshore mangrove communities - the by Kampung Rinca) to interpret both later is habitat for a large flying fox mangroves and flying fox. community. Potential for interpretation of mangrove and salt flat communities at Loh Buaya. Cloud forest Rainforest occurring above 500 m - not Pedestrian only Highly aesthetic environments of interest to as common as on Komodo Island. ecotourists. Monsoon forest Deciduous forests forming along drainage Pedestrian only Potential for wildlife viewing hides. lines. Habitat for monkeys. Savanna Habitat for Komodo dragon and prey Pedestrian only Use constrained by exposure to the sun. species UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (CATION COLLEGE) Page 22 Department of Natural and Rum I Systt•ms 1\lanaernu·nt PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN PAN PRI.RSTARIAN AI.MI ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Forf.'s( PI'O(N·tion and Natun• Comil.'l'\'a(ion DI.O: Ecolouri•m Au.!ls LOCATION FEATURES OR DESCRIPTION ACCESS NOTES AND TOURIST POTENTIAL ITEMS Landscapes Spectacular views Panoramas over undulating savanna, hills Pedestrian only Potential for a range of informal walking tracks and maritime habitats. extending to different elevations. Maritime Coral reef High quality reefs with diverse soft and Charter boat Potential for dive and snorkelling trips areas hard corals, numerous fish and other and cruise (conducted by the local community on Rinca marine life. shi~s. Island - training reguired}. Clearwater An essential element of local aesthetics Charter boat, Potential for a range of low impact water based and the attractiveness of maritime cruise ships, recreational activities. activities. ~edestrian. Pristine beaches Small uninhabited islands located off the Community Potential for the development of community and isolated small coast of Rinca. charter boat. serviced drop off/pick up bush camping islands service. Communities Kampung Rinca Fishing village with strong desire for Charter boat, Potential walking track to Dutch cannon, craft greater involvement in park and tourism pedestrian from production distinct from Kampung Kol"flodO, management. Loh Buaya. home stays, fishing expeditions, tourist participation in village life and traditional fishing ractices. Loh Buaya Existing tourism accommodation and Charter boat Little demand for facility upgrading and not minimal park management infrastructure. only. recommended (retain the quality of the wilderness experience & contrast with Komodo). Need to upgrade steep tracks entering Loh Bua~. History Dutch cannon Reported by Kampung Rinca community. Pedestrian Potential to develop an interpreted walking only. track. Could include participatory archaeology. Potential for 2romotional value. Padar Island Proposed research Potential for an international research Community and Potential for PHPA endorsed research and station station for the in situ rehabilitation of the private charter visitor based monitoring, interpretation. Komodo dra9on on Padar boat. Potential for fund raisin9. Other islands A variety of less accessible marine Charter boat. Recommended to restrict visitor access to and marine resources and small islands exist maintain ecological integrity. Access by permit resources throu9hout Komodo National Park. onl~. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSI,AI\'Tl (GAlTON COLLEGE) Page 23 Depnrtm~nt of Nntuml and numl Sysf<•ms l\1ana)!<'lll<•nt PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELF.HARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Fore..t P•·otccUon nnd Natur< Con•r•·\'ation B2.0: Touri B2.0 TRENDS B2.1 Population Since the 1980's, there has been a rapid increase in the population within the Komodo National Park. There is a lack of water to match projected growth. The lack of water constrains local community and tourism growth within the Park. Occupation Fishing will remain the primary occupation of the local community. With increased ecotourism activity, more residents will be involved in providing tourism services. Labuan Bajo and Sape will increasingly become tourist towns. However, there is little effort to improve local community skills to enable them to benefit from tourism. Method of travel The only form of transport to Komodo and between the islands in the region is by boat. Opportunity exists to provide inter-island transport and to broaden the range of tourist activities available. B2.2 Visitors Domestic visitor numbers have remained relatively constant, while international visitors to the region have increased steadily from 15 274 in 1991/92 to 26 967 in 1995/96. Using the average annual increase for low projections, visitation will exceed 40000 by the year 2001. Applying the compounded percentage increase, visitation can be expected to double to 60000 by the year 2000 and there-after each 5 years (Figure 82.2). This growth will put pressure on park management and the provision of tourist services regionally. The trend is towards increased day visitors. Overnight facilities remain poorly occupied. VIsitation 1991-1996 and projected to 2002 80000 ~------~ 70000 ·······ll.······ Domestic (low) ---··---~Do mos tic -A--Domestic (HiohJ 60000 -.-0- •• lntecnational (low) - -o- -lnternt~tional 50000 ---e-lnternatio nal (H in h) • -D• •Tot•I(Low) ~ ~ 40000 -•- Total ..a~· Ill --Tot•I(Hiuhl o·· 5 30000 N M "t' <0 .... «> 0 .... N ~ "' ~ "' e e ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ § 0 0 "' "' 0 0 "' N "'.... "'.... "'.... "'...... "' "'.... "'.... "'~ "'.... N Year Figure 82.2: Projected visitation to 2002 Age It is assumed that overnight visitors are middle to upper age categories as the attractions in the region are nature and culture based, and therefore tend to attract the more mature tourist. In contrast, it is expected that day visitors cover a wide range of ages with a significantly higher number of visitors less than 30 years old. 'Viewing the dragon' is the only visitor activity readily available and marketed to visitors. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Pnge 24 Drpnrtment of Nnturnl and Runll Sysf<'lllS Mrmng<'ment PERLJNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELRSTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Forest Protection and Nature ConseoTnlion B2.0: Touri•m trends Travel Group There appears to be a high proportion of solo travellers staying overnight, especially in off-peak periods. This means that existing group accommodation is poorly occupied. Despite increasing visitation, the Park is not capturing an equivalent proportion of overnight visitors. Method of travel Cruise ships have been the traditional source of visitors but in recent years growth has mainly occurred in the charter boat and ferry services. These forms of transport are favoured by the backpacker or young market. Capture of a share of these markets has not occurred with cruise ships supplying most of the overnight visitors. Accommodation used Currently, there is a low level of occupancy rate (30%) at the two camps set established by the PHPA. This makes these operations non-viable. Purpose of trip Most visitors are day visitors who visit Komodo National Park for the sole purpose of viewing the Komodo dragon. The market appears to be unaware of the range of natural attractions and possible activities available in the park. Both marketing and additional services are required to hold visitors for longer periods. Length of stay Day visitors tend to stay between 2 to 4 hours on Komodo Island viewing the dragon. Overnight visitors rarely stay longer than one night. This contributes significantly to the poor occupancy figures and lack of economic benefits from this visitation. B2.3 Issues and implications The existing visitor market is internationally based. The relatively low overnight visitor figures suggest opportunities exist to improve the viability of the accommodation service in the Park. Unless marketing attracts a younger clientele, facilities and services will have to consider mobility constraints of visitors. To attract a younger clientele requires expansion of the variety of services. Based on expenditure, the existing market is at the lower socio-economic end of the spectrum, however it is suspected that this is more of a function of pricing and little opportunity to purchase local products and· services .. Such groups will be responsive to budget family accommodation, self catering and camping services currently offered. Family groups respond to the type of facility and services offered by the park. Increased day activity services are needed including 'self exploration' areas. These services do not require facilities demanding high capital investment. Budget accommodation is likely to best service the existing market. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page 25 Department of Nntuml nnd Rum I Systems 1\·lnnaj!~nwnf R-- PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation 63.0: Market Niche Opportunities B3.0 MARKET NICHE OPPORTUNITIES Tourism is the fastest growing industry in the world, with nature tourism representing a significant share of this 1 market. The tourism sector is expected to double in size by the year 2005 • Komodo National Park has the potential to share in this growth if it can establish a clear identity to attract visitors who seek the particular attractions and services that the Park and region can offer. B3.1 Market niche A market niche is a function of: • the resources, features or attractions; • the market that is available for undertaking the activities, and • the activities possible based on these features. A market niche is able to be most easily exploited commercially if competition from other areas is minimal for the same market. Marketing has emphasised the natural environment, confining promotion to the Komodo dragon and the coloured lakes of Flores. B3.1.1 Attractions Komodo National Park and the surrounding Region have the natural and cultural features to become one of the most popular ecotourism destinations in Indonesia. This is due to: • a pleasant tropical climate and a diversity of spectacular natural attractions; • a small population and numerous islands, resulting in a range of undeveloped areas; • unique fauna and flora, particularly the Komodo dragon; • a variety of cultural identities and associated traditions; and • relative ease of access, while maintaining an element of discovery. The development of appropriate new destinations and activities, and the enhancement of existing facilities is necessary to ensure the area is perceived as an attractive holiday destination. By presenting and marketing a high quality experience which is unique to the Komodo Region, the industry will capture an appropriate share of the market. 3.1.2 Visitor Characteristics 2 It is possible to identify two tourist types . 1. Visitors desiring to view features in the quickest, most convenient manner. Such tourists have the Komodo dragon on their list of 'must see' items. The control of these visitors is largely in the hands of charter boat and cruise ship operators. 2. Visitors desiring to 'experience' local environments and cultures, spending more time on the islands and often mixing with the local community. Existing services adequately cater for the former but not the latter. The latter group have the potential to provide greater nett income to the park and associated local communities. Komodo National Park attracted around 30000 visitors in 1995/96, yet generated less than Rp25000 per visitor. About 80% were day visitors, while 20% stayed overnight. Forecasts3 estimate day visitor numbers doubling by the turn of the century, while overnight visitors will continue to hold at less than 30% occupancy for several years. These figures indicate the growing number of tourists who visit Komodo National Park, and the bias towards visitor type 1. Economic returns from visitors are therefor going to inbound (and regional) operators rather than the Park. Obviously, most gains can be achieved through attracting more overnight visitors and/or increasing the entry fee. 1 World Tourism and Travel Council, 1992 2 Appendix 6.0 Consultation 3 Appendix 5,0 Tourism and Komodo UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (CATION COLLEGE) Page 26 Department or Natural and Rural Systems l\laiHIRCillCnl ~- PERLINDUNGAN IIUTAN DAN PF.LF.STARIAN ALAM E<::OTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest ProtN.·Uon mul Nnturc Const.•J·vation Market Niche Opportunil~ 3.1.3 Activities The Komodo Region is yet to realise its potential as an ecotourism destination. It currently offers only a 'viewing of the dragon' experience, largely for day visitors, with opportunities for camping, boating, fishing, snorkelling, diving, hiking and interaction with cultural groups undeveloped. Investment is required to expand the range of environmentally appropriate activities that will attract and hold ecotourists and not just day visitors. If just 10% of day visitors can be enticed to stay overnight then occupancy at Loh Liang will double. Arrivals by the ferry are the most obvious target market. B3.2 Marketing by Neighbouring Areas The Komodo Region falls within two provinces- West and East Nusa Tenggara. This has resulted in unco ordinated and independent marketing of tourism products. Opportunity exists for co-operative marketing .. B3.2.1 Bima and Labuan Bajo and Surrounds With air and sea port facilities available, Sima and Labuan Bajo are the access hubs for the Komodo Region. It is desirable to develop facilities to cater for tourist needs within these areas. As a variety of tourism resources also exist within these centres, the ability to stimulate tourism growth is high. Since many tourists do not seek an environmental experience in which they are completely immersed, but rather wish to view these attributes from an urban or resort setting, it is important to provide a range of services to accommodate different visitor tastes. The service centres of Sima and Labuan Baja have the opportunity to service this market niche and facilitate day trips to the Park. In this way relatively large numbers of people can gain exposure to the natural and cultural environments of the Komodo Region. Additionally, this type of tourism experience will have a lower impact than would occur if all were to seek a total nature/cultural based exrerience involving extensive interaction with the natural environment and local communities. Currently no information is available on the supply of ecotourism opportunities within Sima and Labuan Baja. Tourism growth will be constrained unless adequate information is available to tourists regarding the potential range of experiences, and provision is made to meet visitor expectations. B3.2.2 Bali and the Komodo Region Bali has an existing and strong holiday market from developed countries such as Europe, America, and Australia. Relatively cheap accommodation, airfares and marketing packages are available from Garuda, Qantas and other international airlines, making Bali an accessible and affordable tourist destination . Tourism Authorities in Bali do not actively market the range oftciurism activities available within Komodo National Park. Strategically, it is appropriate in the short term to maintain the share of the nature/culture based tourism market using Bali as the primary in-bound arrival point and Sima and Labuan Bajo as the gateways to Komodo. However, emphasis must be placed on developing both Sima and Labuan Bajo as differentiated ecotourism products to improve the economic return attained from tourism. As Bali is largely focused on a developed holiday market (beach, night-life and constructed attractions), there is potential for co-operative joint marketing because target markets and tourism opportunities and services offered are complementary and not overly competitive. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAJ\'D (GA TION COLLF.GE) Page 27 Department or Natur•l and Rural S~·•tents 1\fanagrmt•nt PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURlSM STRATJ:GY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Forest Protection and Nature Conservation B4.0: Education and Training B4.0 EDUCATION AND TRAINING The benefits of tourism can be maximised through appropriate visitor behaviour and the effective management and service of tourists to the Region. While increasing visitor awareness of local environmental and social conditions is important for sustainable tourism, the education and training of local persons involved in the tourism industry is also integral to maximising tourism benefits. B4.1 Visitor Requirements Generally tourists require information, access, sustenance, shelter, security and experiences. These equate directly with: • promotion and interpretive services; • transportation to the selected destination and site; • food and beverage services; • accommodation; • health services; and • opportunities to interact with the chosen destination. The level of service supplied tends to determine the market attracted to a destination. For ecotourists, interpretive service are essential and largely absent from the Komodo experience. Interpretive services include: 1 • pre-visit information so that visitors can make a choice on where they will visit ; 2 • orientation upon arrival, including confirmation that the decision to visit has been a wise choice ; 3 • opportunities to experience and Jearn about eco/culture resources ; • opportunfties to purchase or acquire mementos of their visit which facilitate positive recollection of their holiday experience. Reasonable access to the Komodo Region exists. However, within the region, visitors are confined to organised tours and the ferry. This limits the opportunity to develop a number of ecotourism type experiences. Existing food service is adequate but could benefit from greater diversity, especially if overnight stays are to expand. Local communities could benefit from providing fresh fruit, vegetables and fish for use in the accommodation centres. Within a tourist destination, visitors require a diversity of accommodation types to suit financial capabilities and the overall desired experience. Accommodation within Komodo complements the natural and cultural settings. However, a wider range of accommodation types can be provided at Labuan Baja and Sima where opportunities exist to establish larger facilities to serve a greater number and variety of tourists. Health services are poor within the Park. While this should not overly constrain tourism growth, staff require first aid training and a means of transporting visitors to medical centres should the need exist. Ultimately, tourists arew seeking experiences. Services must provide an educational perspective along with a high quality, interactive recreational experience. Within this context, visitors usually require efficient and friendly service and a diversity of potential experiences from which they can make a choice of day and night time activities. It is towards providing these basic services that training is needed. In addition there is the need to upgrade skills in basic tourism management, eg. hospitality, financial management, visitor management. 1 How they will access the destination, where they will stay, costs involved for the visit and where and how they can make necessary bookings if required. 2 Orientation will include the location of places of interest and where their human needs can be met. 3 This principally is a matter of access (tracks, roads, picnic areas, bush camps, launch service) but may also include guide services UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page 28 Department or Natural and Rural Systems Management PXRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PXLXSTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATXGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL P ARII: Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation B4.0: Education and Training B4.2 Skill Levels within the Existing Tourism Industry Staff demand for additional training is high, with most public and private sector operations relying on in-situ or on-the-job training to upgrade staff skills. This reflects the lack of training availability for the specific needs of the tourist industry. This study revealed a low level of skill relevant to the tourist industry both within the public and private sectors. At best, the existing tourist Industry is staffed by people competent in basic operations and service but unskilled in modern visitor and business management. Skill levels in the local community are extremely limited in facilitating for the expansion of the tourism industry. In addition, no training exists to educate local community members in the areas of business management and visitor administration, or to encourage and promote a high standard of tourism service. Such training would be beneficial in not only providing a high level of service for visitors groups, but in enabling local communities and ecotourism operators to adopt a vision for the future of the industry. However, there is widespread appreciation of the necessity for a high level of skill development and training to sustain a viable tourist service. B4.2.1 Regional Tour Operators Tourist operators running charter boats to Komodo National Park are based in Labuan Bajo, Sima, and Lombok. The many cruise ships that stop at Komodo are run by operators in Bali. Many of these businesses have been running for some time and have developed a high level of skill in their tour operations. In addition, a large number of people are involved in the general service sector in these regional areas reflecting a high level of involvement and service in the regional tourist industry. However, skill levels and service standards remain inadequate in many areas. The vessels of .many regional charter boat operators do not meet the standards of safety required for tourist charters; hence training in safety procedures and standards would be of value. While most regional operators have good multi-lingual skills, the quality of interpretation available for their patrons is not up to the required level for ecotourism services. Training in environmental interpretation, including heritage management is recommended, along with intermediate level language courses. The coordination of tourist operations within the Komodo Region by the formation of a coordinating management body (KRTCB) has been identified as a priority activity. If the interests of tour operators within the Komodo Region are to be adequately represented now and in the future, improving regional education must be a priority. Providing incentives for regional schoolleavers to continue acquiring tourism knowledge and skills will aid people entering and coordinating the tourism industry. B4.2.2 PHPA Most PHPA employees are educated to high school level (Appendix 4.0), which reflects the level of competency in basic park and tourism operations. Training schemes exist within the PHPA where funding permits. Basic marine park and ecotourism planning/management are two important areas for future training. Additional training to deliver a higher quality ecotourism product is needed in language skills, interpretation of natural and cultural resources, basic and intermediate ranger training, and visitor management. The Koperasi is one department of the PHPA that requires skilful financial and human resource management, particularly when strained by higher than expected visitor numbers (Appendix 6: Consultation). To plan for efficient management in the future, training programs need to be initiated as a priority in the areas of business management, human resource management, database skills and ecotourism training for resort development. B4.2.3 Local Communities ofKomodo National Park Notwithstanding the lack of multi-lingual capabilities and a generally low level of skill needed for tourism development, the villages of Komodo National Park should not be ignored in tourism development. The village chiefs have made it clear that their communities wish to become more involved in the tourism sector on Komodo, and recognise the need to become more involved with tourism management on Komodo. A recognition of the need for training in relevant service areas was expressed (Appendix 6.0). Training in language and communication skills were identified as a priority need. Basic tour operations, safety, interpretation and visitor management training are needed as a priority while tourism is yet to enter the local villages. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page 29 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PIRUNDUNGAN HlfTAN DAN PltLISTARIAN Al.AM EcOTOURISM STRATIGY roR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conurvation B4,0: Education and Training For the villages of Komodo to support their interests in tourism in the future, a higher education level is needed by schoolleavers (current level is elementary school -Appendix 4). These education options need to be created, as well as education and training options after leaving school. B4.3 Expected training needs Elementary schools operate in the villages of Kampung Komodo and Kampung Rinca. While there are secondary schools at both Bima and Labuan Bajo, it is highly impractical for Komodo school children to attend 4 these • This situation needs addressing to raise the level of education within the villages and ensure their effective participation in the local and regional (eco)tourism sector. Tourism training is currently unavailable within the region, nor is training specifically relating to ecotourism (eg interpretation, resource management). This suggests that a suite of certificate and associate diploma courses would be of value to the tourist industry in the Region and most probably much of Eastern Indonesia. The University of Queensland (Gatton College) has a strong interest in developing training initiatives with one or more Indonesian tertiary institutions in protected area management and ecotourism. Given the interest in training shown by regional operators, it may be appropriate to formalise current activities in a funded programme of cross-institutional training. Clearly, given that ecotourism can be a growth industry for the Region and with the ecotourism perspective of the niches available, then ecotourism training will be needed by the industry. • Hitchcock, 1993. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page30 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PKRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLIISTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATIGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL P AR1C Department or Forest Protection and Nature Conservation BS.O: Regional Business Opportunities B5.0 REGIONAL BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES The study revealed a lack of appreciation of the range of services that local communities and businesses could develop to better cater for tourists, while retaining the ambience that makes the region currently so attractive. The following examples seek to introduce commercial services which would contribute to expanding the region's image as an ecotourism destination. BS.l Fishing services BS.l.l Community based B5.1.2 Local business charter Business description Business description Interpretive fishing service operated by the local community of Interpretive fishing service run by local business based at Labuan Bajo Komodo National Pari<. This service is likely to be based on visitor and Bima. demand. Product or service Product or service Day or extended fishing trips focused outside of the Park or under Day hire fishing boats and extended charter trips focused outside of the permit within the Park operated by the local community. Park or under permit within the Park. High quality Interpretive interaction to experience local fishing High quality Interpretive interaction either in the form of oral techniques. presentations (charter groups) or written documentation (self-guided Boats to be used would be the small fishing vessels currently used. fishing trips). Boats ranging from small (budget) fishing vessels to larger charter boats. Locations Locations Around the waters of Komodo Island and Rinca Island. Labuan Bajo and Bima Market Market Small groups Small groups Free independent travellers Special interest fishing groups Free independent travellers Marketing/advertising Marketing/advertising Tourist Information Centre (Loh Liang, Loh Buaya) Fishing magazines (international) Tourist Information Centre (Labuan Bajo, Bima and Sape) Fishing programs - radio & television (international) Tourist Information Centre (Loh Liang, Loh Buaya) Tourist Information Centre (Labuan Bajo, Bima and Sape) Business structure Business structure Local community initiative Small business. initiative Funding requirements Funding requirements Low capital investment. Existing infrastructure Medium capital investment Labour requirements Labour requirements Personnel with knowledge and experience of local fishing Personnel with knowledge and experience of local fishing characterislics characteristics will be required for the interpretive component of the will be required for the interpretive component of the service. service. Skilled personnel will also be required to service and maintain boats and Training in English. fishing vessels. Training in English, small business management and natural resources will be required. Pre-requisites Pre-requisites Community desire to be involved Community permission and willingness to be involved. Local government co-ordinated marketing Local government permission (licences and permits). Language training Facilities based on water front (wharf and dock facilities). Language training Co-ordinated marketing Strengths/opportunities Strengths/opportunities Location (Protected waters, except for the main inter island channel) Location (Protected waters, except for the main inter island channel) Existing fishing village character and infrastructure Existing fishing village character and infrastructure Outstanding marine environments Outstanding marine environments Skilled sailors Skilled sailors Weaknesses/constraints Weaknesses/constraints Lack of existing infrastructure and capital Lack of existing infrastructure and capital Lack of training Lack of training UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GA'ITON COLLEGE) Page 31 Department or Natural and Rural Systems Management PII:RUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLZSTARIAN AL.AM EcOTOURISM STRATII:GY roR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Ikputment of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation BS.O: Regional Business Opportunities B5.2 Water based activity services B5.3 Accommodation Business description Busineros description Non-motorlsed, marine sports service based at Labuan Bajo. Budget style accommodation and village stay experience. Product or service Product or service Passive water sports facilities such as wind surfing, surfing and Quality accommodation catering to the budget conscious segment of the small sailing boat (catamarans) hire plus possibly snorkelling and visltor matl UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Pa:e32 Department of Natun1l and Run~ I Systems Management PIIRUNDUNqAN HUTAN DAN PKLESTARIAN ALAM EcoTOURJSM STRATIIGY J'OR KOMODO NATIONAL P ARX Deportment or Foreot Protection ond Noture ConservoUon BS.O: Reglonol Business Opportunities B5.4 Arts, crafts and mementos B5.5 Vehicle based tours food outlet Business description Business description Arts, crafts and memento outlet. Vehicle based tours Product or service Product or service Sales outlet for local arts and crafts (possibly gallery style arts Day, vehicle based tours providing Interpretive services (overnight tours display- show-casing the work of local artists). may be developed). Locations Locations Sape and Labuan Ba)o Labuan Bajo and Bima Market Market Family & friends groups (local and visiting) Family & friends groups Retirees (local and visiting) Backpackers (international) Day -trippers Marketing/advertising Marketing/advertising Tourist information centres Tourism Information Centres Road slgnage (local) Information (brochures) left at local accommodation es.tablishments (regional) Bookings through regional travel agents (regional) Business structure Business structure Small business - sole proprietor or partnership or community Small business (Sole proprietorship/partnership) initiative. Funding requirements Funding requirements Low capital investment. Low capital investment Labour requirements Labour requirements Can be run as a family or community management team Centralised booking service (shared). supplemented by local labour on part-time casual basis. Trained interpretive guides, 2 minimum Pre-requisites Pre-requisites Contacts with local artists (craftsmen). Relevant permits from resource managing agencies Licences. Strengths/opportunities Strengths/opportunities Low capital cost Untapped opportunity and capacity Lack of competition Compatibility with environmental setting and contrasts with Bali Compatibility with environmental setting experience Complements a particular lifestyle preference Complements a particular lifestyle preference Able to develop with visitation Able to develop with visitation Relatively low capital investment Weaknesses/constraints Weaknesses/constraints Seasonality Seasonality Competition from existing centres Constraints on access by resource managers Existing small market Lack of circuit routes Lack of scenic drive establishment Lack of Regional image for this service Lack of Regional image for this service Lack of an existing distinctive craft product The potential for copying of craft Items, thereby losing exclusivity of product. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) PaceJJ Deportment or Notunol ond Runol Systems Monogement PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PJJ:LJtSTARlAN Au.M EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Foreot Protection and Nature Conservation BS.O: Regional Buslneu Opp<>rtunltleo B5.6 Hiking based tours B5.7 Island/village stays Business description Business description Interpretive hiking tours to local farms and villages. Serviced and catered camping or hut slays In isolated locations. Visits to rice and fish plantations. Villages visits to observe local art and craft and subsistent agriculture. Product or service Product or service Hiking based interpretive service offering short/day and overnight Basic accommodation catering to the adventure market. hiking. Servicing and catering can be supplied by local villages. Rock climbing and abseiling for novices can be ancillary businesses. Tent camps or simple huts are the proposed form of accommodation. Locations Locations Komodo National Park, Flores and Sambowa Islands immediately adjacent to villages. Market Market Specialist service to vehicle based tours (regional) Adventure tourists SpecifiC interest groups Couples Family & friend groups Small groups Backpackers (international) Backpackers (International) Marketing/advertising Marketing/advertising Local Tourist Information Centres (Komodo, Labuan Bajo and Bima) Tourist Information Centres (Labuan Bajo and Bima) Information (brochures) from local/regional accommodation All regional tourist publications (regional) establishments (regional) Special interest magazines (international) Feature articles in specialist lifestyle magazines (radio & TV) Backpackers travel guides (international) (national/ international) Airports (Labuan Bajo, Bima, Jakarta) Backpacker travel guides (international) Advertising in outdoor pursuit and conservation magazines (national) Stimulation of word of mouth advertising Business structure Business structure Small business (Sole proprietor I partnership) or local community Community based business Funding requirements Funding requirements Low capital investment Low capital investment Labour requirements Labour requirements Minimum of two operators Can be run as a community business, with women providing the 'house Centralised booking service. keeping' service supplemented by boating and fishing services by the Local knowledge of track system and biogeography of trails. men. Experience in hiking and bush craft. Pre-requisites Pre-requisites. . Permits Support of PHPA. Appropriate sites with access and basic First aid and emergency strategy infrastructure. Bush camping sites Basic tourism training of local community members. Track system Tracking and camping equipment for hire/sale Strengths/opportunities Strengths/opportunities Low capital cost Develops a distinctive opportunity at minimal cost. Lack of competition Compatible with ecotourism. Compatibility with environmental setting Involves the local community. Complements a particular lifestyle preference Able to link with complementary services (nature/culture activities) Able to develop with visitation (part time /casual business) Absence of direct competition in the Region Weaknesses/constraints Weaknesses/constraints Lack of established identity for this service Requires ecotourism services and access opportunities, which currently High quality service and leader knowledge required do not exist An initial specialised market Seasonality of business Requires transport to villages and improved transport between islands of the park. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page34 IHpartment or Natural and Rural Syotems Management PERLI~JH.:~GA~ HLT.\~ D:\~ PELESTAJU.\~ AIX\1 Dcpm·tment of Fm·cst Protection and Nature Consenaticm PARTC STRATEGIC ACTION ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Area ll~l\'lmSIT\' OF Ql'EE~SL:\:'\1> ((~.\TTO~ COU.EGE) De1m•·tment of Natural and Rural S~·stems Mmm~ement PEIU.I:\I>l":\GA:"i lilT:\:\ I>.\:\ PEI.ESTARI.\:"i ALA:\1 Dc1>artment of Forest Protection and Nature Consenation CONTENTS Cl.O CONSERVATION OF ECOTOURISM ASSETS ...... 40 Cl.l Natural ~ets •....•..•...... •.•...... ••...... •...... •.• 41 C1.2 Culture assets •••••••••••••••••••.•••••....•.••.•...... •...... Q ••••••••••••••••••••••••43 C2.0 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 44 C2.1 Regional destination development•.••..•...... •...... •..•..•...••.....•...••.••.. 45 C2.2 Nature tourism ••••••...•••••••••..••••••••.••••..•.••...•••••••...... ••...... •..••••.••..••.•••.. 48 C2.3 Cultural tourism •••.•••••••••...••.•....••••..•...... •.••....•....••...... •.•...•....•.•••.. .50 C2.4 Ecotourism accommodation •••••...••••••....•.••••...••.•••.••••••....••.....••••••••••• .52 C3.0 IN'FRASTRUCTURE ...... 53 C3.1 Planning for ecotourism •.....•...... ••...... •..•...... •••..••.•••.....•..•. .55 C3.2 Ecotourism and the community ••.••.•..••....•.•.•••...•...... •.•...... •...... •. .57 C3.3 Thansport25•..•.•...... •.•.••••.....•...... •.•...... •.•.•••...... •...... •...... • .58 C3.4 Public infrastructure ...•.•...••...... ••..••...•....•....•....•...•...... •...... •..•• .59 C4.0 SUPPORT SERVICES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 61 C4.1 Marketing and promotion •.•...... •...... •...... ••...... •...... •...... ••.. 62 C4.2 Eco/heritage tourism training ...... 64 C4.3 Ecotourism information system ...... 65 li\1\"ERSITY oF QrEE:\SL.\:\1> t<;ATTO:\ <'OLLE A VISION FOR TOURISM AT KOMODO Komodo National Park will be a key ecotourism destination In Indonesia, providing for sustainable tourism and encouraging conservation based planning and management The tourism industry will be dependent on the conservation of the area's natural and cultural assets rether than conservation being reliant on tourism. Local communities and park management will clearly benefit from tourist asctivity. Guiding Principles A framework to direct the generation of broad goals and project objectives for the planning, development and management of ecotourism within Komodo National Park has been established based on seven guiding principles. • Adopting the precautionary principle. The complexity of natural and built systems means that the impact of management is rarely entirely predictable. By dealing cautiously with uncertainty, the risk to the environment and the potential for adverse effects on present and future generations can be minimised. • Ensuring local community benefit and involvement in the decision making and management process. • lntergenerational equity and the concept of ecologically sustainable development. This is defined as development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs (WCED, 1987). • Ensuring government and community access to adequate information promoting informed decision making, education and environmental interpretation. • Commitment to providing product development and services. • Taking a global perspective. This principle recognises that actions at a local scale may have significant impacts on the welfare of surrounding areas the region, state and occasionally at a national and international level. • Conserving the environment and ensuring the sustainable use of natural, cultural and intrinsic resources. Strategy guidelines Using this framework, a series of strategies can be developed to address the various issues identified in the previous section. To ensure sustainable use of the regions natural and culture assets by both public and private ecotourism operators. This can be achieved by: • conserving the regions natural assets for sustainable use; • conserving, enhancing and appropriately presenting the region's cultural resources. To establish substantial and sustainable ecotourism and cultural tourism services within and around Komodo National Park based on community-led investment. This can be achieved by: • creating a network of diverse and distinctive destinations for ecotourists to the Komodo region; • preserving and reinforcing the regions principal tourist focus (i.e. natural and cultural resources); • promoting and sharing with visitors the distinctive history and cultural heritage of the region; • developing ecotourism opportunities through the provision of a range of accommodation styles for visitors to the region. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GAlTON COLLEGE) Page37 Department or Natu1'111 and Ru1'111 Systems Management Pt:RUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PILIESTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATIEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Strategic Action To provide for the coordinated delivery of infrastructure and services within the region, to support eco/tourism in an efficient and sustainable manner. This can be achieved by: • ensuring that the needs to ecotourism services are incorporated into regional and local planning and the decision making process; • developing and maintaining community involvement in ecotourism; • ensuring that the local community benefits from tourism; • providing transport facilities and services to support the (eco)tourism industry and control the potential impacts of 1. immigration to local communities in Komodo National Park, and 2. rapidly escalating numbers of day visitors to Komodo National Park. • establishing public infrastructure and services to support and respond to increased demand for ecotourism services. To improve and enhance services which support the development and maintenance of quality ecotourism products in the region. This can be achieved by: • promoting ecotourism services which will benefit the economic development of the region as a whole; • providing training to develop a skilled industry work force and management to support the ecotourism segment of the tourist industry; • developing a multi-discipline integrated information system to enhance management capabilities and service the tourism industry with quality information on a regional basis. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page38 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PltRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKI.JtSTARIAN Al.AM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY P'OR KOMODO NATIONAL P AJU: Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Strategic Actloto STRATEGIC ACTION Strat~gic Actions have been identified within the context of the Komodo National Park Management Plan. They aim to identify what needs to be done to achieve goals. Ecotourism in Komodo National Park has the potential to: • facilitate experiences and appreciation of the natural and cultural environment; • act as an incentive to conserve nature and protect the integrity of local cultures and customs; • increase cross-cultural understanding; • bring the benefits of tourism (foreign exchange and employment opportunities), without the negative social and environmental impacts; • bring better support for conservation by strengthening environmental awareness, concern and commitment through increased understanding and appreciation of nature; • increase social interaction with local communities as well as enhanced and sustainable development; and • diversify the economic base of local communities. Actions are grouped within broad categories with related goals and objectives. The structure for presenting actions is presented below. CATEGORY Actioning category Overview Context Aim An overview is presented to define the Background to the actioning category and Desired outcome from the actions context within which aims were set. existing conditions Strategic action Issues Strategy Broad action within and towards which Conditions which result from the desired Broad directions within which actions are specific actions are targeted. outcome not being in place proposed Action Responsibility Coordination Resources Evaluation Priority Time Specific action to be Who is Who is needed Are any Success lm'portance Target implemented responsible for to assist special criteria date to< implementation resources actio Recommended priority should be viewed as a desirable priority. Actual priority given to actioning each strategy depends on the capability of organisations and individuals to respond. Capability includes the availability of needed resources. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page39 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PIERUNDUNGAN HITTAN DAN PILXSTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATIEGY roRKOMODO NATIONAL PARK Depntment or Forest Protection and Nature Conaervatlon Cl.O: Conaervatlon or ecotourism auets Cl.O CONSERVATION OF ECOTOURISM ASSETS Overview Kornodo National Park is endowed with a diverse combination of unspoiled natural and cultural features. While protection of these assets is primarily the responsibility of PHPA, visitors to and users of these assets have an obligation to ensure that they are not degraded. Commercial use of resources of regional, national and in the case of the Komodo dragon, International significance, requires a commitment to minimum impact practices and a contribution to on-going management. Ecotourisrn services can provide controlled and supervised visitor access to the park with minimal impact. In addition, they can interpret resource values and significance. As such they are a management tool which can be used to decrease the level of funding needed by managing agencies to provide an equivalent level of service. From the resource managers perspective, private ecotourism operators should be viewed as low cost human resources or extension staff available for achieving goals of management. For private ecotourism operators, resource managers should be viewed as staff responsible for the care and maintenance of their core business resource. Collectively, the relationship should be one of joint and co-operative business partners in providing a public service at minimal cost to each other. The development of co-operative partnerships between resource managers and ecotourism operators will enhance visitor satisfaction while ensuring the protection and preservation of assets. In addition, private ecotourism operators should help minimise or contribute to costs which must be borne by resource managers as a result of their activities. In the case of Komodo National Park this could mean a levy on international clients to contribute to the on-going management and protection of the Park. It is not inappropriate to expect that overseas visitors contribute more than entry fees to Park protection when otherwise, costs must be borne by the Indonesian community. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page40 Department or Natunoland Runol Systems Management ~- PltRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELZilTARlAN AlAM EcOTOURIBM STRATltGY FOR KOMODO NAnONAL P ARJ( Department of Forest Protection and Nature ConservaUon Ct.O: ConservaUon of ecotourism auets Cl.l Natural Assets Context Aim The natural environment is the basis of the tourism To conserve the Region's natural assets for industry in Komodo National Park. The conservation and sustainable use. sustainable use of these natural resources is vital to ensuring that ecotourism continues to expand, and the quality of the experience for visitors is maintained. Issues Strategy A comprehensive inventory of Regional ecotourism Develop clear and practical policies on sustainable tourism resources is unavailable. in natural areas. · The impact of ecotourism activity in the Region is ill Develop tourism nodes and restricted access areas to defined. manage the impacts of tourism activities on the natural Commercial ecotourism opportunities requiring environment. (semi)permanent structures on the Park are constrained Encourage and support the local community in conducting by existing government policy. tours to areas within the Park, thereby reducing patrol The existing ecotourism industry lacks familiarity with costs to PHPA. resource management constraints. Research sustainable use (environmental carrying Rapid growth of visitors can lead to alteration of regional capacities) of popular destinations used by visitors and character and impact on the integrity of natural resources local residents. and aesthetics. Monitor the impacts of visitor numbers and activities, and The warm, tropical climate facilitates a variety of outdoor the impacts of fire, poaching and coral bombing on natural and water based tourism activities all year round, resources. enhancing the area's tourism potential. Develop understanding between PHPA and ecotourism Strong currents between the islands of Komodo, Padar operators in terms of how each contributes to the other's and Rinca reduce the number of potential sites for safe corporate goals. water based activities. Promote a wider range of resources other than the The impacts of coral bombing, fire and poaching have Komodo Dragon. been identified in the Management Plan as significant Train personnel in administration, business, issues in natural resource conservation. communication and interpretive skills. Action Responsibility Coordination Resources Evaluation Priority Time Review or develop provincial policies and PHPA, TNC, Ecotourism Staff Development of policies and High 1997 guidelines for ecotourism operations. Provincial Govt. operators guidelines , with industry support. Prepare general and site specific PHPA, TNC Provincial Govt, Staff Industry support for policies and High 1997 guidelines for ecotourism operations ecotourism guidelines within the Park. operato;s Establish a Resource Management PHPA, TNC, KRTCG, Staff The development of co-operative High 1997 Working Group. ecotourism partnerships operators Prepare proformas for ecotourism PHPA Teaching Operator implementation of Medium 1997 operator monitoring of impact and use of institutions, monitoring program the Park Ecotourism operators Upgrade resource manager knowledge Teaching Provincial Govt, Sponsorship The development of Medium 1997 of ecotourism operations and industry institutions Public sector, co-operative partnerships needs. KRTCG,PHPA Ecotourism operators Train personnel in administration, PHPA, Tertiary PHPA Government increased proficiency in High 1997 communication and interpretive skills. institutions, grants interpretation and communication private training. Establish an annual award of recognition PHPA, WWF, PHPA Sponsorship. Medium 1997 for tourism and the environment. UNESCO, IUCN, other national or international companies or organisations. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATI'ON COLLEGE) Page 41 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PIIRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PEUSTARIAN A.LAM EcoTOURISM STRATlliGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Cl.O: Conservation or ecotourism assets Action Responsibility Coordination Resources Evaluation Priority Time Continue to compile Information on PHPA, Korporasi, PHPA Research Inventories, assessments, High 1997 natural assets of Komodo National Park Tertiary grants. strategies, research papers, and the region, and evaluate the various Institutions. Increased knowledge base. Impacts occurring. Establish a research statioo on Padar PHPA, tertiary PHPA Government Research station Medium 2005 Island. Institutions, and WWF,IUCN, International UNESCO. grants, University Interests and financial support. Develop a range of non-personal PHPA PHPA Establishment of 4 Interpretive Medium - 1998 interpretation facilities Including self facilities by 1997 High guiding walks and way side exhibits. Improve Interpretive tours within Komodo PHPA PHPA Specialist Establishment. of 2 water based High 1998 National Park. training tours by 1998 Involve the local communities in all PHPA Local Increased local community High 1998 aspects of Park planning and communities employment and Involvement management. Specifications Research Station on Padar Island Resource Management working group The research station would attempt to re-introduce the Komodo The Resource Management Working Group Is to be established from dragon on Padar, and investigate dragon fecundity, sex distribution, PHPA, tertiary Institutions, tourist Industry representatives and the etc. This may also provide an additional ecotourism destination, with local community. visitors able to observe research in progress. Through Interpretation, this may prove highly beneficial in ensuring the dragon's survival while Their role is to: diversifying tourism experiences. review existing policies and practices; • prepare regional standards for ecotourism operations; monitor existing and future use of resources and Impacts; prepare monitoring proformas; • identify restoration and Impact amelioration activities; encourage Industry support and Involvement In resource management activities. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COlLEGE) Page42 Department or Natural and Rural Systems Management Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam EcototiJUm Strateu for Komodo National Parli. Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Cl.O: Conservation ofecotourism assets C1.2 Culture and Heritage Assets Context Aim Komodo National Park and other regional tourist To conserve and manage the Region's cultural assets destinations possess a rich and diverse cultural heritage, appropriately with increasing tourism. which is presently inaccessible to tourists. Communities have expressed the desire for local tourism development, which would be based largely on the cultural resources of the region. Issues Strategy The potential regional impacts to cultural resources of Establish a comprehensive inventory of cultural heritage increased tourist numbers has been poorly researched. resources, their location and significance within Komodo The potential impacts of tourist development to cultural National Piuk and the Region. resources at Kampung Komodo and Kampung Rinca are Develop culture tourism projects appropriate to the unknown. Regional community and their cultural resources. A comprehensive inventory of cultural heritage resources, Establish tourist development which compliments the their location and significance does not exist. natural landscape features and is appropriate to ethnic Cultural heritage resources are included only to a limited considerations of the local people. extent in the regional tourism industry. Encourage local community involvement in the planning and management of cultural resources and tourism. Action Responsibility Coordination Resources Evaluation Priority Time Establish a Culture Working Group Initially KRTCB PHPA, Database Improved information High 1999 (CWG) from different tourism sectors. access system Tour operators, Local communities Provincial Govt Develop and maintain an inventory of the Provincial Govt CWG Time Accessible database of High 2000 Region's cultural resources. information Encourage research into culture National and CWG, PHPA Research Improved knowledge and Medium 2000 resources of the Region and potential Provincial Govt funding significance assessment impacts of tourism. of culture assets Preserve cultural heritage buildings and Provincial Govt CWG, Private and Environment Appropriate protection of · Medium 2000 sites (Komodo, Rinca, Labuan Bajo, Public sector tourism funding cultural resources Sima). Develop cultural heritage interpretation KRTCB CWG, local Education Accurate and available Medium 2000 training schemes communities funding interpretation Specification Culture Working Group The Culture Working Group is to consist of representatives of the local community, PHPA, Local Government, tour operators, and KRTCB. Their role is to: • catalogue regional cultural heritage resources; • Identify artists within the Region; • develop guidelines for tourism operation based on culture resources; upgrade information on opportunities for expanding and co ordinating culture based tourism; identifying and co-ordinating cultural festivals and events appropriate for tourism; • facilitating exhibitions and performances by local artists; facilitating funding for development of arts and crafts. U.NIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GAlTON COLLEGE) Page43 Deportment or Natural ond Rural Systems Management ft- PlfRUNDUNCAN HUTAN DAN Plfl.lfSTARIAN Al.AM EcOTOUR!SM STRATIGY J'OR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Cl.O: Product Development C2.0 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Goal To establish sustainable ecotourism and cultural tourism services within and around Komodo National Park based on community led investment Overview The natural and cultural resources of Komodo National Park provide an opportunity for development of ecotourism products which complement and contrast with the tourist products of more developed tourist areas in south-east Asia. Potential product can be based on the unspoiled and undeveloped natural and cultural assets of the Region: • coastal environments and adjacent natural areas on Flores and Sumbawa Islands; • protected water areas around Komodo National Park and adjacent islands; • the cultural resources of the region expressed particularly in Kampung Komodo and Kampung Rinca The existing ecotourist product reflects this potential but is largely undeveloped or co-ordinated, with limited services for ecotourists. Realisation of the potential lies in: • emphasising quality before quantity; • ensuring value for money; • ensuring authenticity and integrity; • respecting, preserving and where appropriate, enhancing the Region's natural and cultural attributes; • ensuring development is in keeping with the local character; • providing memorable experiences with the emphasis on involvement and learning. Strategic action Develop a diversified ecotourism product and support industry which will help to sustain the economic growth of the Region. Create and promote new eco/cultural tourism related business opportunities. Increase sustainable employment opportunities within the region. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page44 Department or Natural and Rural Systems Management PI:RUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELXSTARIAN Al.AM EcOTOURISM STRATIGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL P ARX Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation C2.0: ProductDevelopment C2.1 Regional destination development Context Aim The service centres for Komodo National Park are poorly To create a network of diverse and distinctive developed as tourist centres. As a result, the region does destinations for ecotourists to the Komodo region. not gain maximum benefit from tourism. Issues Strategy Komodo National Park region offers a diverse, Establish Komodo National Park as a significant eco and undeveloped range of natural environments as a focus for cultural tourism destination. eco/cultural tourism operations. Expand ecotourism services on Flores and Sumbawa The diversity and development status of these Islands that contribute to a collective of distinct tourism environments is a marked contrast to other more well nodes. known tourism destinations in Indonesia. Provide additional tourist activities at Labuan Bajo. The Flores and Sumbawa Islands, and Komodo National Provide quality ecotourism experiences and services Park offer different but overlapping ecotourism (hallmark attractions). opportunities. Bima and Labuan Bajo represent the access "hubs" to the region. Action Responsibility Coordination Resources Evaluation Priority Time Develop Bima and Labuan Bajo as an Public sector, All industry Private investment Formalisation of project. Medium 2000 ecotourism support destination Private sector, sectors Govt. infrastructure Additional ecotourism complementing existing facilities and services opportunities for visitors in Komodo National Park Maintain and develop Labuan Bajo as the Public sector, All industry Private investment Additional ecotourism High 1999 destination for Komodo National Park access Private sector sectors Govt. infrastructure opportunities for visitors Develop Bima and Labuan Bajo as centres for Public sector, All industry Private investment Additional ecotourism High 1999 passive maritime sports, recreational fishing Private sector sectors Govt. infrastructure opportunities for visitors and budget holiday experiences Develop Bima and Labuan Bajo as major Public sector, All Industry Private investment Additional ecotourism High 1999 cultural destinations Private sector sectors Govt. infrastructure opportunities Develop appropriate regular transport Public sector, Central Govt Private investment Regular and reliable High 1998 facilities (air and sea) to Labuan Bajo and Private sector Govt. infrastructure transport services Bima· Specifications Business opportunities Accommodation and food services etc. will largely respond to Labuan Bajo and Bima demand. However a specific opportunity exists for servicing the To develop and sustain tourism within the region, services should backpacker market, given that access services are provided from Bafi, give greater focus to regional resources while servicing Komodo along with ecotourism services into Bima and Labuan Bajo and to the National Park clients. This will encourage extended and return visits resources of Komodo. to experience ecotourism resources of the entire study area. Employment opportunities Upgrading of access and expansion of distinctly ecotourism services Proposed infrastructure developments will likely be the responsibility to and on adjacent islands are needed to complement the range of of government agencies. existing opportunities at Komodo National Park. SCUBA diving services are at the infancy in Labuan Bajo, and fiShing Infrastructure/access requirements include: and non-motorised water activities are almost non-existent. • development of roadside interpretation stops and lookouts from Opportunity exists to expand these and related services (eg. fishing Labuan Bajo and Bima tackle sales) without significantly altering the maritime character of the townships. • roads to interpret the landscape; The opportunity to develop and maintain a distinct market for budget • establishment of additional walking tracks around Bima and marine based recreation experiences (sail boarding, boat hire) Labuan Bajo; strongly exists. • improving air access by way of direct flights from Bali; The maritime theme for Labuan Bajo could be enhanced in the long • restructuring ferry schedule; making Labuan Bajo the main term by the development of interpretive foreshore walks focusing on access point to Komodo (see Transport section) estuarine vegetation and faunal communities. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PI:RUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Fo'"""t Protection and Nature Conservation Cl.O: ProductDevelopment Business Description Business Description Fishing service based at labuan Bajo and Bima, possibly Including Water-sports (passive) services- labuan Bajo day h!re boat services and extended charter trips. Market Market Day trippers, family, low budget Family groups and special (fishing) interest groups Mode of transport Mode of transport Sailboarding, sail boats Marine based (boat or vessels) Estimated length of stay Access to site by plane or ferry Short term hire. Estimate length of stay. Labour requirements Ranging from short term boat hire to overnight fishing expeditions Semi-skilled (boating experience) Labour requirements Pre-requisite Skilled personnel to staff fishing vessels Licences and permits. Expertise In fishing etc Employment opportunities Pre-requisites Employment opportunities relate to expansion of existing businesses Licences and permits - private hire of fishing vessels, fishing permits and development of the 'new' business identified above and related etc. servicing of these businesses. In addition, local Authority development of foreshore Interpretive trails, ;J3.1nf9~t!AA9.9.M'ffi~fl~!.i:9.fit'i:@@:.•:·:.> .• ··•· ::I:I:::::::;::iii11il:!:i:i::::!@J.:U:., :,:::;: lookouts and picnic areas will require unskilled labour. Business description Budget Accommodation - Labuan Bajo and Blma Bali Market Bali, as a major central port of entry to Indonesia, Is required to Family- low budget, special interest fishing groups, backpackers function as a centre for directing visitors to other regions. As labuan Mode of Transport Bajo is the main destination for accessing Komodo, the International Plane and ferry service and domestic airports should contain information about travel to Estimated length of stay Labuan Bajo, access to Komodo National Park and the range of Ranging from overnight stay to several nights activities available in the there, and in the local regional area Labour requirements ::¢'&ilff~H~'&a•·mt§fffi'Mf8=ti"·J~W.i~·;;::ttiWI••·•·•• ···•·•• ··· Owner operated small business If Labuan Bajo Is to be the centre for directing visitors to subregions it Pre-requisites which will require upgrading of it's information services. A key service Training in hospitality management for prospective operators is that of a major information and orientation centre that is open over extended periods, Including weekends and holidays. :g9:~ffi:~K:?.~P.~H~J?.Hi.HiJ3.Jffl'~·#ij4LablJiif)3.'~1~!'@: ::::::::: .. ;:.,::;: The centre should act as a one-stop shop for all (eco)tourism services, including booking of accommodation and tours. There are Business description three options for development of the centre in labuan Bajo: Small scale low budget accommodation Market • upgrading the existing Visitor information centre; Travellers 'on route' to Komodo National Park • developing the lower floor of the PHPA office; Low budget travellers, backpackers and groups. • establishing a new site. Mode of Transport Development of the centre should be the responsibility of the national Public transport or bus service to be developed government Tourism department, as well as regional government Estimated Length of Stay departments. Ranging from overnight stay before crossing over to Komodo national Operating costs of the centre could be acquired through a Park to several nights by visitors focusing on the surrounding areas of commission basis for commercial bookings. This may be an Flores and Sumbawa as the primary holiday destination. opportunity for Komodo National Park to establish regular support Labour requirements funding for its operations but will require Initial support while the Family run small business tourist Industry is developing. Capital costs may be available through Pre-requisites international aid schemes. Concession rights to be granted by Local Government Cultural theme development Employment opportunities Construction of Blma and Labuan Bajo developments Direction setting Construction and management of facilities Including the provision of The development of the cultural theme for the region requires the guide Services from losman accommodation. coordinating role of the PHPA, local government, local communities and the appropriate response of the business community. Wide spread community based participatory planning Is needed to assist in galvanising widespread community action. However, a community education process is required to inform residents of the tourist interest in their culture and the traditional expression of it. In addition, some incentive to maintain authenticity will most likely be required. A premium paid for authentic traditional crafts is an example. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GAlTON COLLEGE) Pa~:e46 Department of Natunol and Runol Systems Management PII:RUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELXSTARIAN AU.M EcoTOURlSM STRATIGY FOR KOMOOO NATIONAL PARK Dep1rtrnent or Forest Protection 1nd Nlture Con..,rvatlon Cl.O: Product Development Cultural trails The preparation of publications directing the local community and visitors to cu~ural sites and craft centres will reinforce both community and visitor perception of the area. Such publications should be supplemented by discrete Identification signs on all significant sites. Some may merit more extensive interpretive treatment. Interpretive Centre A small Interpretive and orientation centre could be constructed at Labuan Bajo and the Museum in Bima upgraded to for this function. Employment opportunities All proposals given above include employment opportunities a~hough funding will be required of Government or through overseas aid. Business opportunities No speciftc business opportunities are identified here, being left to the Cu~ural Tourism section of this strategy. Scenic Drives Development of scenic drives around Bima and Labuan Bajo require, In the long term, the development of interpretive stops, short walking tracks and picnic stops. :A:fft:~:tii.fi.JWf:Jn'Wm:~n!1!f:t?~n~~~::::f:::t::::t:tmrfr:=rr:: :'::w:J :·:::::::::::=:tit::::::': Business description Centralised sales outlet for local arts and crafts. Locations Initially in Bima and Labuan Bajo and surrounding areas .. Market International visitors especially young couples, Local and visiting, family groups, aged groups. Initial design capacity should be for 50 people expanding to cater for 50100 people at peak times. Mode oftransport Initially private motor vehicles and subsequently small tour buses to large bus trips. Estimate length of stay Average 15-20 minutes, 30-45 minutes maximum. Labour requirements Community Industry, family based or small business. Access to authentic, local, quality and themed arts and crafts. Pre-requisites Can be established immediately in a small way. Development of this business requires the implementation of infrastructure development. Employment opportunities Federally or international aid funded loans are required to support this work. Employment of unskilled labour will be a major element of these initiatives. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page47 Dep•rtment or N1tural 1nd Rural System• M•n•gement ~- PKRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKL.ESTARIAN AI..AM EcOTOURISM STRATKGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department orForeot Protection and Nature ConservaUon Cl.O: Product Development C2.2 Nature tourism Context Aim Nature tourism will continue to provide the focal point for To preserve and reinforce the Region's principal visitors to the area and as a result, management must tourist focus (ie. natural environment and cultural ensure that the quality of these resources remain, and resources). opportunities are preserved for the development of new tourism products. Issues Strategy Nature based tourism can have negative physical impacts Develop a specialised sustainable tourism industry based on valued resources {clearance and damage to vegetation, on Komodo National Park's unique terrestrial and marine soil compaction and erosion, marine impacts - anchor environments and their endemic fauna and flora {with an damage and over fishing, hydrological changes to aim of protecting biological diversity, maintaining watercourses, estuaries and ground water, introduction of ecological processes and systems) and interpreting the exotic species, increased fire frequency). landscape. Pollution associated with waste {including cruise ships and Create sustainable business opportunities and charter boats) may affect water and air as well as employment within Nusa Tengarra Timur. biological communities. Develop additional local recreational opportunities and Overcrowding, particularly at peak periods. facilities for use by visitors as well as residents. Impacts of tourism on belief and value systems prevalent Develop information and interpretive facilities and services within local communities, leading to cultural decline and a for nature based tourism in the Region. deterioration in community structure and integrity. Upgrade and develop specific infrastructure and facilities Opportunity costs for other uses {eg. other industries such for community and visitor use {eg. pier for Kampung as agriculture, fishing). · Komodo) while minimising environmental impacts. Total revenue generated may not be sufficient to Develop an effective monitoring system to ensure effectively meet the cost of managing ecotourism impacts ecotourism activities and existing management regimes and this will become an additional burden for natural are consistent with environmental protection. resource managers). The delay between establishing businesses and attracting sufficient clients. Action Responsibility Co-ordination Resource needs Effectiveness Priority 'Timing evaluation Establish and expand tour services to the Private sector !FS, Local Government A regular guided service Medium 1998 Komodo National Park and into the authorities infrastructure for Bima and Labuan hinterlands of Bima and Labuan Baja. Baja. Establish long distance hiking tours Private sector, IFS, Local Losman Expanded tour Medium 1998 IFS authorities accommodation operations in Bima and Labuan Baja. Develop interpretive services particularly Local authorities, An integrated Design and Expanded services. High 1999 signs at all trail heads and attractions. private sector plan is needed production budgets Develop infrastructure to support guided IFS,Iocal IFS A variety of A 'by demand' service by High 1998 services. authorities, infrastructure (eg. 1998. private sector pier, pontoons, sealed paths, etc) Co-ordinate and support the provision of Tour operators Local Supplementary Establishment of 20 High 1999 guided services. authorities funding to give interpreted sites along impact r6ad corridors by 1999 Maintain and establish additional tourist IFS, private IFS Utilise existing Establishment and High 1998 nodes and wilderness areas. sector management plan. expanded regional tour operations. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATI'ON COLLEGE) Page48 Department or Natural and Rural Systems Management PKRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PILUTARIAN Al.AM EcOTOURISM STRATIGY roR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Cl.O: Product D Action Responsibility Co-ordination Resource needs Effectiveness Priority Timing evaluation Develop and expand environmental IFS, educational IFS May require A variety of high use and High 1999 awareness and foster an understanding institutions additional funding wilderness areas with of ecological and cultural heritage values for Introducing differing levels of in both visitors and the communities of environmental accessibility. the area through environmental education into education. schools, training guides to educate villagers, and visitor interpretation facilities. Development of a suitable monitoring IFS, educational IFS Design, production Community Involvement High 1999 manual for comprehensive and institutions and training budgets in park management, systematic monitoring and evaluation of visitor responsiveness to management practices conservation Restructure and reschedule water vessel PHPA, Provincial Local Legislation? User compliance Low 2005 passages to avoid pollution and damage Govt communities to sensitive marine environments. Specifications Infrastructure requirements associated with the delivery of the nature tourism product are given in Section 2.0 but are referred to here Business description because of the importance of infrastructure, particularty air travel, to Hiking based interpretive service offering short/day and overnight development of ecotourism services. hiking. Rock climbing and abseiling can be ancillary businesses for Many of the business opportunities require lead time to establish novices. clients and hence viability. Locations If establishment of a viable ecotourism service Industry is a desirable Komodo National Park, Hinterlands of Labuan Bajo and Bima goal, then government agencies could assist the industry, while it is Market developing, through co-operative planning and loans. Specialist service to existing guides and group charter-based tour businesses. Specific interest groups, family and friends groups, Business opportunities backpackers. Mode of transport Business description Predominantly by foot, however may use boats to access trails Day, water based tours providing interpretive services (overnight tours starting from alternative locations .. may be developed). Estimated length of stay Locations Half day, day and overnight hikes by demand. Surrounds of Labuan Bajo and Bima. · Marketing Market Co-ordination with accommodation centres - Bali, Komodo, Labuan Family and friends groups, backpackers. Bajo and Bima Mode of transport Advertising in conservation magazines. Advertising at airports- Bali, Pick-up and return to accommodation centres. Labuan Bajo and Bima Estimated length of stay Labour requirements Day trips out of Labuan Bajo and (3ima .. Minimum of two operators and a centralised booking service. Local Marketing knowledge of track system and biogeography of trails. Co-ordination with accommodation centres in Labuan Bajo, Bima and Experience in hiking and bush craft. Komodo National Park Pre-requisites Labour requirements Permits Centralised booking services (shared). First aid and emergency strategy Trained interpretive guides, 2 minimum. Bush camping sites Pre-requisites Track system Relevant permits from Indonesian Forest Service agencies for tours in Trekking and camping equipment for hire/sale Forest areas and National Parks. English language skills Licences. English language skills. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATI'ON COLLEGE) Pa~e 49 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Managemrnt PKRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PII:LMTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATIIGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conoervatlon Cl.O: Product Development C2.3 Cultural tourism Context Aim Nusa Tengarra Timur has a dramatic history and culture To promote and share with visitors the which is unique from that In Bali and other tourism distinctive culture of the Region with concurrent centres. Growing interest in cultural tourism will provide benefits to local communities. the stimulus to expand the local tourism markets, create new activities of interest to visitors and broaden the economic base of local communities. Issues Strategy Cultural tourism relies on culture, but tourism can be a Incorporate into the Park management plan effective threat to culture. strategies to present the "living" culture of local village The culture of the region is not recognised and presented communities to visitors. as a valued tourism product. Provide incentive for local communities to benefit from and Cultural tourism can increase return visits to the Region, preserve cultural resources. increase benefits to tourists and local communities. Develop greater opportunity for cultural exchange between Although cultural tourism may bring economic gain to visitors and residents. Specific measures are needed at a some members of indigenous communities, it does not regional and national level to ensure local communities necessarily bring them power to control their own have real power in decision-making for local tourism; industries and cultural resources. synchronous with power is knowledge and technical skills Cultural tourism strategies must be based on Local communities must be able to be involved in the considerations of both ethnic and economic requirements planning and management of cultural tourism for development. Create a variety of employment opportunities that draw on Interpretation of the significance and distinctiveness the the expertise of local people. Region's culture is not easily available. Preserve and restore historical buildings and sites (Komodo, Rinca, Labuan Bajo, Bima). Action Responsibility Co-ordination Resource needs Effectiveness evaluation Priority Time Involve local communities in the PHPA,KRTCB Komodo Recurrent funding Regular consuitation at an High 1997 deeision-making process at all stages of National Park agreed frequency of local tourism development by appropriate and regional meetings consultation communities Increase local control and responsibility PHPA, KRTCB, Komodo Administration, Equitable tourism· High 1997 for tourism development by equitable provincial and National Park education and development In local representation in management central and regional training funds communities structures, availability of education and government communities training. Establish and expand cultural tourism KRTCB, CWG Public& Funding for Themed signs and High 1998 services business assessment, enhancement of historic sectors planning and co- buildings. ordination Encourage local creativity and traditional Private sector Private sector Funding for Themed directional signs Medium 1999 practices National Govt., assessment, and enhancement of planning and co- historic sites. ordination. Development of Infrastructure to support Provincial Govt. Public sector Subject of a Establishment of Medium 1999 cultural tourism. KRTCB, separate section. infrastructure Development of interpretation services CWG Public & Funding for Themed signs and Medium 1999 private assessment, interpretation of cuitural business planning and co- resources. sectors ordination. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GA'ITON COLLEGE) Page 50 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management Et- PII:RUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PI:LII:STARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM 8TRA TJ:GY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL P ARX Department or Forest Protection and Nature ConservaUon Cl.O: ProductDevelopment Specifications Cultural tourism Is enhanced if an Image is presented to the visiting Business description public of a co-ordinated and themed built environment. Actions Guided tours to cultural sites, may be associated with nature touring proposed require government authorities to Identify cultural sites, their and rural activities. character and provide guidelines to enhance community participation, Locations responsibility and control over such sites. Many of the actions Bima, Labuan Bajo, Kampung Rinca, Kampung Komodo. identified should overlap with other Initiatives and are included here to Market Indicate their Importance to this Strategy. Special cultural interest groups, Small group tourists, ecotourists, Practical and traditional skills family groups. Mode ortransport Experience In the restoration/preservation of cultural heritage sites and buildings will develop special expertise within the Region. In Existing transport service.(Car, vans for hire, boats, ferries, etc). addition, community members exist who possess skills in traditional Estimated length of stay timber Industry craft. Day trip possibly; could also include camping overnight, accommodation In a bed and breakfast facility on a rice farm (Labuan Continued training in craft-work I carving could be an advantage for Bajo, Bima) or staying as a guest with the community In Kampung local communities In Komodo National Park. Demonstration of Komodo or Kampung Rinca. carving In the villages could also form an additional attraction for Labour requirements tourists, with greater interest In sales probably resulting. A regional special interest group would be needed to develop this concept and Operators with extensive knowledge of history, field experience and attract establishment funding. adequate English skills. Pre-requisites Interpretive signs and cultural trails Permits and access approval. Existing cultural buildings around the Region suffer due to limited or Employment opportunities no Interpretation of their role and significance. Signs guidelines are Employment generation for cultural tourism actions relates principally needed to direct interpretive signs, then a prioritized plan for signs to Infrastructure development and enhancement. The thrust of production. As guides currently interpret buildings such as the promoting a cultural theme is to attract and hold visitation so that Sultans palace In Birna, training In English skills would also be a high support business {food outlets) and other industries generally can priority. As a general rule, sites listed by State and Federal Cultural benefrt. bodies should be the focus for Initial interpretation. This Is likely to be a local authority responsibility although funding may be available from National programmes. Priority areas for Interpretive signs in the Region are the Sultans Palace, Bima and the cannon remaining from Dutch operations near Kampung Rinca. Business opportunities An active program of restoration would have significant impact on employment and business in the building industry. Ha·nds o.~·~:~~1i~Vl*t~s·:·::.. :· :· ;). -::~~:~:··.. ·:::·:·~-·· .. ·:~.· :·_.:··:·.... -:-:;:;>.·. • Business description Services and training to assist clients to develop traditional skills relating to the cultural values of the Region. Skills relate to political and trade heritage of the Region. Revenue generated through fee for service plus the sale of manufactured goods. Locations Sima, Labuan Bajo, Kampung Rinca, Kampung Komodo. Market Unemployed individuals, special interest groups, family groups, visitors on an ad hoc basis. Note: This business opportunity will require development over a period of time based Initially on special events but developing Into a centralised and co-ordinated activity with a wide range of part time contributors. Labour requirements Individuals with knowiedge of cultural activities. Artists and crafts people from the Region. Accommodation requirements Local hotels Pre-requisites Access approval UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Pa.:e 51 Department of Notunol and Rural Systems Management PII:RLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PII:LESTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY roR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Foreot Protection and Nature Conservation Cl.O: Product Development C2.4 Ecotourism accommodation Context Aim Accommodation is an important element within the To develop ecotourism opportunities through tourism industry. Currently the accommodation accommodation for visitors to the region occupancy rates at Komodo National Park are low and do not cater for the needs of special interest tourists. Issues. Strategy Budget and 'home-stay' forms of accommodation do exist Encourage the development of a wider range of in the Region, but do not yet meet the requirements of accommodation styles in the Komodo Region. ecotourism style accommodation Ensure built structures are designed to meet visitor Accommodation at Komodo National Park has a very low expectations of cultural and eco/tourism annual occupancy (Appendix 5.0) Reinforce and enhance cultural values as well as the Accommodation at Komodo is remote from regional ecotourist's enjoyment and understanding of the centres, and depends on efficient transport services accommodation setting. (Appendix 5.0) Encourage accommodation businesses to coordinate with Narrow range of accommodation styles exist in the ecotourism services in the region Komodo Region. Transport to Komodo needs to be structured to make overnight stays an attractive to inbound tourists Action Responsibility Co-ordination Resource needs Effectiveness evaluation Priority Time Develop and expand a range of low Private sector Provincial Govt. Development Ecotourism accommodation High 2000 impact wilderness style accommodation funds. facilities in all subregions by In Labuan Bajo and Blma 2000. Coordinate ecotourism activities with Provincial Govt Provincial Govt . Development Ecotourism operations High 1998 ecotourism style accommodation Private sectors funds. linked with accommodation business by 1998 Restructure the existing ferry system to Provincial Govt Provincial Govt private sector Re-routing of Labuan Bajo- High 1998 promote ecotourism and increase visitors Private sector PHPA funding Sape ferry; direct Komodo staying overnight at Komodo National ferry by 1998 Pa~ PHPA Develop Labuan Bajo and Bima as Provincial Govt Provincial Govt Capital interest Increased tourist numbers medium 2000 holiday precincts Private sector to Bima and Labuan Bajo by 2000 Develop a strong local cultural theme in Private sector ewe Information, ideas Establishment of a cultural medium 2000 existing and future ecotourism and media element in accommodation. accommodation materials Specifications Wilderness style accommodation The PHPA is already planning restructuring of the ferry transport system. Included in this planning should be objectives to: Strategies to encourage overnight guided hikes, motor vehicle trips Into natural areas depend on the availability of strategically located • promote ecotourism activities at Komodo National Pa~ camping and home stay sites, with appropriate facilities, along access encourage more visitors to stay overnight at Komodo. routes. This requires pro-active planning and development by resource managers and government in conjunction with prospective operators. It is desirable in the ecotourism experience for an equitable sharing of the culture of host and guest. This is more easily achievable in home stays, but should be an objective of wilderness style accommodation also. Demand may currently be low but planning should commence to facilitate these activities. A business opportunity may exist to service and manage such facilities on a concession basis. Key areas for identification of guided tour opportunities are in Labuan Bajo and Sima UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page 52 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PXRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PILISTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATIGY FOR KOMODO NATIONALPARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation CJ.O: Infnutructure C3.0 INFRASTRUCTURE Goal To provide for the co-ordinated delivery of infrastructure and services to support eco and culture tourism in an efficient and sustainable manner within the Region. Overview To facilitate ecotourism activities, there is the necessity to provide: • transport to and from regional destinations, • accommodation, • services to cater for human needs, and • access to ecotourism sites. While ecotourism is rarely dominated by infrastructure, the provision of adequate infrastructure which does not compete with the natural experience is required to enhance visitor enjoyment and minimise human impact. The desire to improve infrastructure has been expressed in the Komodo National Park Management Plan. Limited finance for infrastructure development and maintenance has resulted in insufficient infrastructure provision in many protected areas, resulting in visitor demand exceeding service capacity, especially in peak periods. In addition, many of the locations or features which are most desirable for visitation are the most environmentally sensitive, further complicating management. Infrastructure needs to be developed to: • increase the capacity of sites to withstand the environmental impacts of tourism by confining tourists to site hardened areas; • increase the social or psychological carrying capacity of a site by concentrating and dispersing visitors to meet visitor perceptions with desired experiences; 1 • provide accommodation and other facilities ; • provide additional services required by staff and tourists, such as medical and security services; 2 • offer an educational component through the use of visitor centres and interpretive signs ; and • minimise impacts by implementing environmentally friendly energy and waste management technologies. Public transport Plane and ferry are the major public transport services to the regional centres of Sima and Labuan Bajo, although they are somewhat unreliable and irregular. Most visitors arrive at Komodo by ferry, cruise ships and charter boats. To expand the tourism industry within Komodo National Park and obtain a share of the backpacker market which is strongly ecotourist focused, easily accessible public transport to subregional centres is required. Restructuring of infrastructure is vital in ensuring the continued growth of the eco-tourism industry in Komodo National Park. Air access The Management Plan recognises the need to increase transport to Labuan Bajo over the next 5 years. Currently two small planes fly into Labuan Bajo. The objective is to expand air services into Labuan Bajo through a Fokker 27 service by 1999 and hence increase visitation to Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park. 1 The style of accommodation offered should be designed to meet visitor expectations and to reinforce the local character of he area to enhance visitor enjoyment and promote local settings. 2 These may be successfully used to enhance visitor appreciation of the natural and cultural environments and aid in increasing awareness of visitor impacts associated with various activities UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PllRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PllLilSTARIAN AIAM EcOTOURISM STRATII:GY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK .... Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservatlon , voR Kol 1 r£b~.IufnJ!nwtur"' Roading Major access routes to Labuan Bajo, Bima and smaller subregional centres are reasonable for private motor vehicle use. Due to the fragmented land mass of Indonesia, the establishment and maintenance of a functional road hierarchy is relatively unimportant in comparison to water based transport. Regional accommodation Accommodation services generally cater for specific market sectors (holiday) with minimal sharing of clients and provision of services to increase visitors stay for a period longer than planned. The promotion of local and regional attractions by all sectors of the tourism industry is an important factor in the expansion of the local eco-tourism market. Many of the strategies/actions proposed rely on marketing of the tourism product by accommodation centres. Interpretation Staff (12) from Komodo National Park visit 16 local communities on a monthly basis to explain ecosystem conservation. Multimedia presentations are used. Staff also discuss village hygiene, rubbish disposal and aesthetics. 120 people are involved in conservation from the villages. Issues and problems Poor communication infrastructure across the entire park area. Inadequate communication, computing, research and maintenance. Community participation program Local communities are involved in the Park through providing transportation services, hospitality (porters) and the manufacture of souvenir carvings as well as park interpretation and conservation programs. However financial return to local communities is low. Issues and problems Poor community involvement in park management and conservation. Strategic actions Provide transport services to ecotourism destinations in an efficient, safe, reliable and ecologically sustainable manner. Promote ecotourism opportunities within the Region through co-ordination and co-operation with accommodation centres3 Promote energy efficient and environmentally sensitive facilities. Identify and promote a system of routes and circuits linking areas of high ecotourism potential. Utilise existing roads and infrastructure where possible as the basis for expanding ecotourism activities within the region. Where appropriate, support the design and use of carefully sited and constructed infrastructure to minimise visitor impacts on natural resources and to provide for environmental education consistent with bioregional planning objectives. Investigate opportunities for infrastructure development away from sensitive areas. 3 Outlined in Komodo National Park Management Plan, Activity No. 6. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GAITON COLLEGE) Pa~:e 54 Departmtnt of Natural and Rural Systems Management PltRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PltL~TARIAN Au.M EcOTOURISM STRATJtGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Forest Protectlon and Nature Con•ervatlon CJ.O: Inrra.tructure CJ.l Planning for ecotourism Context Aim Komodo National Park is an attractive destination for To ensure that the needs of ecotourism services are international and domestic visitors. Effective planning is incorporated into regional and local planning and essential for the continued development of tourism. While decision making process. the Park Management Plan gives direction for tourism development, no similar approach has been adopted regionally. By neglecting a strategic, holistic approach, tourism planning is ad hoc and land use driven, leading to fragmented tourism management and development. Co ordinated and consistent tourism planning is needed for the region (and Indonesia). Issues Strategy Perception/reality that tourism is not appropriately Incorporate policies and strategies for ecotourism in all considered in government planning and actions. government strategic, development and management Lack of co-ordination and co-operation between plans in the Region. eco/culture tourist service providers. Improve co-ordination between tourism industry and Potential for inappropriate location, design and scale of agencies involved with planning for tourism. tourism development within the region surrounding Establish consistent planning, design and environmental Komodo National Park. performance standards for ecotourism The inability to effectively co-ordinate regional ecotourism Develop community-based local area plans for services due to the undeveloped status of the industry. ( eco )tourism. Action Responsibility Coordination Resource Achievement measure Priority Time needs Provide positive provincial government Provincial Ecotourism Administrative Inclusion of ecotourism High 1998 planning for ecotourism development and government services funding considerations in planning service facilitation through planning schemes, providers instruments. by-laws and regulations. Industry support for local government plans. Establish a Regional Tourism Industry PHPA Local· Administrative Establishment of forum. High 1999 ConsuHative Forum of key public and private community, funding Ad hoc meetings and sector interests for policy and strategy PHPA industry support. development. Include a minimum of one open forum per PHPA, PHPA Administrative Active community Medium 1998 year to receive local community input. ecotourism funding participation. operators, local communities, any interested parties Promote Komodo National Park within a PHPA, PHPA Administrative Advertisement, promotional Medium 2001 regional context as an environmentally ecotourism funding, 5 year focus, international and sustainable and cuHurally sensitive holiday industry, integrated plan domestic reputation. experience with community Interaction. Provincial Govt Specifications Regional Tourism Industry Consultative Forum While this action has a high priority, the ability to implement the action • Social, culture and environmental implications of ecotourism is low, due to the lack of an established industry. However, ad hoc development and planning decisions. Implementation Is possible towards formalisation of consuitative and • Improved community consuitation processes. co-ordination arrangements. • Establishment and overview of working groups. Agenda • Regional planning design and environmental standards for tourism development. • Industry standards for ecotourism services. • Constraints to ecotourism relevant to the Region and its biogeography and culture characteristics. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Pa~:e 55 Department or Natural and Rural System• Management PII:RUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PIUSTARIAN Au.M EcOTOURISM STRA T!GY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Deportment or Forest Protection and Nature Conservation CJ.O: Inrrastructure Business opportunities and directions Significant infrastructure development currently exists. Upgrading and expansion should be designed to match ecotourism ideals and focus on opportunities relating to Komodo National Park, maritime activities and the provision of Komodo access . .~@~:~o.=:t!~J~t::~n'mt~.nw~tt't=:::::=:rr~It't:::tttt:rrrr::::::r~:rr:::::::::::tttt~:~~~:rrr: Upgrade access for tours to a range of short duration destinations adjacent to the Labuan Bajo and Bima. Develop short distance walking tracks from Labuan Bajo and Bima and adjacent to the tourist roads from these centres. Interpreted ftshing tours. Sail and windsurfing hire. Review the presentation, theming and operation of the Bima Museum. Develop a range of themed cuiture trails around Bima focusing on cuitural activities, crafts and buiit structures. Develop guidelines for cuiture presentation of Bima. Review dining and entertainment facilities and services in Bima to better cater for tourist needs. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Par:e56 Department or Natural and Rural Systems Management PltRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PIELZSTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONALPARK Department of Forest Proi«tlon and Nature Conservation CJ.O: Infrastructure C3.2 Ecotourism and the community Context Aim Maintaining positive community attitudes towards To develop and maintain community involvement in ecotourism and the activities undertaken by visitors is ecotourism and to ensure visitor satisfaction while essential to retaining the image of the Region as a safe encouraging positive community attitudes. and friendly holiday destination. Issues Strategy (Eco)tourism can affect the economic and social well Develop and maintain positive community attitudes being of local communities. towards ecotourists and ecotourism development. The support and involvement of local communities is Initiate steps to expand local community participation essential for the success of ecotourism in ecotourism · Along with media releases, brochures, posters etc., pro Improve community awareness of tourism in the active face to face contact with community groups will development of the Region's economy. have long term benefit to ecotourism. Action Responsibility Coordination Resource needs Achievement measure Priority Time Prepare media releases on ecotourism Provincial KRTCB Public relations Quarterly media release Medium 2000 initiatives in the Region. Government, budget PHPA Involve local communities In Provincial initially KRTCB Budgeting in planning Active community support High 1998 ecotourism planning and management Government, and PHPA process and involvement in processes through consultation, ecotourism operations training and employment. Establish a Community Awareness Provincial KRTCB Medium 2000 working group within the KRTCB Government Develop an eco/lourism Community Provincial KRTCB Public relations Program development Low 2000 Awareness Program Government, budget and implementation Specifications Community involvement in Ecotourism Com.munity involvement in ecotourism should initially be focused on consuHation and training. Kampung Komodo and Kampung Rinca have expressed a strong interest in participating in the tourism Industry. Many opportunities for community involvement exist within potential ecotourism assets 4 Initial steps toward community participation in ecotourism should be: 1. consuHation with PHPA and the KRTCB to determine which tourism avenues the communities want to pursue; 2. planning for community Involvement; 5 3. appropriate trainlng • :¢:9lfi'ffl.4MfY::''AWir~h~~:~:'W9.f.R.t@J~f9.'ij'iff!t~~tt{t~ I rr ,::::? The Community Awareness Working Group will: • establish contacts with news and radio media organisations, schools, community groups and private enterprise to offer talks on the nature, Issues and benefits of ecotourlsm to the Region; • prepare materials for school use on ecotourism activity within the Region. 4 Section 81.0: Ecotourism assets. 5 Section 84.0-Education and Training U~ITYOFQ~~~ATIONCO~G~ Page 57 Department or Natural and Rural Systems Management PIRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PILISTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATKGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Dep•rtment or Foreot Protectlon •nd Nature Consei"VJitlon C3.0: Inrr.. trocture C3.3 Transport Context Aims The development and maintenance of an efficient and To provide transport facilities and service to support effective transport network throughout the region is the (eco)tourism Industry. essential for the continued growth of the tourist sector. Issues Strategy The current transport system is poorly linked to ecotourism Improve in I out-bound transport services for the region, opportunities particularly for Labuan Bajo. Air services to Labuan Bajo are irregular and inaccessible Upgrade transport information services from overseas. Coordinate ecotourism agencies and transport to provide The limited capacity of Provincial government and local better visitor services. communities to fund new transport infrastructure. Develop marketing packages to promote tourism, Migration into Komodo National Park is difficult to monitor particularly ecotourism in the Region. due to the current transport structure. Restructure ferry services to allow monitoring of migration Lack of co-ordinated planning and development of regional into Komodo National Park and improve visitor service; parks and marine facilities. Action Responsibility Coordination Resource needs Achievement measure Priority Time Establish regular direct flights to Region airline Regional airlines Labuan Bajo is the most Medium 2000 Labuan Bajo from major companies, accessible regional Indonesian destinations Provincial government destination Initiate seasonal tour package National and Provincial National and Visitor and ecotourism Regional tourism High 1999 deals to boost ecotourism in low- Government Regional airlines, information, National industry boosted; mid season (Appendix 7.0) KRTCB tourist development meeting goals of funding sustainability Ecotourism promotion and Regional airlines, KRTCB Development Increase in Ecotourism High cooperation with transport ferry organisation funding demand and business organisations Maintain roads and upgrade Provincial Government Public works, natural and cultural A high standard of low 2000 directional and interpretational KRTCB resource Information, tourist drives in the signs at Labuan Bajo and Bima Public works funding Region Upgrade information accessibility Nationwide Airline Nationwide National funding Increased tourism to High 1999 on a regional, national and companies, Airline companies regional Indonesian international leVel National Govt centres Reduce the Labuan Bajo- -Sape Private sector, PHPA KRTCB,PHPA Ferry service Better monitoring of High 1998 ferry service to Kornodo National migration numbers and Park while initiating direct ferry improved visitor services services from Labuan Bajo. Specifications Opportunities for improved public transport in the Region exist but • scheduling regular flights to Labuan Bajo from major Indonesian demand is currently low for this service. This is partly due to a lack of centres an identifiable ecoltourist market. Implementing the strategy involves: • providing government driven marketing packages, such as in Bali, 1. developing more ecotourism opportunities through the public and to boost tourism to the region - emphasising sustainable tourism private sectors development. 2. having plans available for improving public transport access to One possibility is to boost low-mid season tourism from September respond to Increased demand in ecotourism. through to February. By coordinating airline packages with an it9.:§JI~f'[email protected]~II!Iiii!:::::~~~~~II:I::IIt:I:~:~:':~:::::r:~::::~::~::~:~::I!II::}:~:i##~U~:, ecotourism focus, the extra tourism should: • benefit the local and regional communities A linked Tourist Drive-Forest Drive network with main road access Is required. The network requires upgrading of road standards, • meet objectives of economic and ecological sustainability. identification, slgnposting and the establishment of roadside Information on air services to the regional centers of Labuan Bajo and interpretive services as well as short walks and picnicking facilities. Bima is hard to access and coordinate with international flights. If promotional marketing is to be a success, this situation must be :tNr~~J.R.mi:~m.m~~:m:::::::r:IIr::::~:~:::~:I::r:::::rri::::::Irr:~:::Ir::::~:::::::I:::::~r~:::::::::~~~:i::::::::::::~::~::::::::~:: rectified. It is possible that by upgrading communications and Labuan Bajo is planned by PHPA and the Provincial government to be computer equipment between regional travel services the situation the major point of access to Komodo. would improve dramatically Hence air services need to cater for this by: UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page 58 Dep.rtment or N•tu ..l •nd Ru ..l Systems M•nagement PIRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PILXSTARIAN AU.M EcOTOURISM STRATEGY J'OR KOMODONATIONALPARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation C3.0: Infrastructure 3.4 Public infrastructure Context Aim The demand for public infrastructure has been driven by Establishment of public infrastructure and services to population growth, increased in tourism numbers and support and respond to increased demand for associated development. The development of public ecotourism services. infrastructure can enhance the eco-tourism experience while protecting natural and cultural resources. Public infrastructure includes facilities for fresh water supply and reticulation, waste disposal, open space, effluent disposal, electricity and phone, as well as social infrastructure, including administrative bodies, information centres, and health and social services . Issues Strategy Existing public infrastructure is not sufficient to support Develop a framework for co-ordinating the development of an expanded (eco)tourism industry. infrastructure in the Region. No framework exists for co-ordinating the development Encourage private sector investment in infrastructure to of infrastructure and establishing set standards within support the development of the Region's ecotourism the region. services. Ensuring maximum efficiency and cost effectiveness Establish environmental guidelines and performance criteria while retaining service quality. to apply to ecotourism developments within or in close Limited maintenance schedule for existing infrastructure. proximity to relatively undisturbed or unpolluted natural environments. The environmental impact of infrastructure development, especially in sensitive environments. Encourage new tourism development to make use of under utilised infrastructure. Train local community members for maintenance tasks. Action Responsibility Coordination Resource needs Achievement measure Priority Time Provide effective conservation/preservation of PHPA Resource Consultation Approvals for ecotourism High 1998 ecotourism resources. managers processes and related infrastructure planning instruments Prepare a priority program of infrastructure Business Private and Resource Plans which include an Medium 2000 projects needed to support tourism associations public sectors management plans ecotourism management development including projects of potential strategy interest to private investors. Provincial governments to consider before Provincial Govt Ecotourism Planning funds Increased public High 1999 approval, the full costslbenefrt of extending service infrastructure infrastructure to large tourism/urban providers development projects. Increase maintenance of existing public Provincial Govt Provincial Resource Increased effectiveness High 1998 infrastructure and services. Govt management plans and quality of public and schedules, infrastructure funding Encourage greater cooperation and co- Provincial Govt, Provincial Development and Provision of adequate Medium 1998 ordination between resource management PHPA Govt implementation of on-site and off-site agencies, Provincial government and the guidelines and support services private sector to maximise effectiveness of associated by- infrastructure provision. laws. Define the private sector's role in the Provincial Govt, Provincial Administrative Guidelines and policy for Medium 1999 provision of public infrastructure PHPA Govt,PHPA funds private sector involvement Encourage accommodation facilities to Provincial Public and Private and public Impact assessment in all High 1998 promote and co-ordinate with ecotourism government, private sector capital development proposals service providers accommodation sectors funding facilities and ecotourism service providers UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PIRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PltLI!STARIAN AJ...o.M EcOTOURISM STRATIIGV Ji'OR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK D Specifications Priority program of infrastructure projects The report will assess present and expected infrastructure requirements, priorities service development, generate a development and maintenance works schedule and recommend suitable methods for: • providing an adequate water supply while minimising use; • providing an efficient but adequate power supply while minimising use; providing an adequate waste water disposal facility while minimising environmental and heaHh impacts; • establishing an effiCient and safe system for the disposal of solid waste materials while minimising environmental impact and reducing waste generation; expanding and upgrading communication networks to attain dependable services; • establishing an emergency medical centre In close proximity to both Loh Liang and Loh Buaya; • provision of functional sheHered areas for tourism or community use which meet visitor expectations and enhance local character; the development of hardened area for intense use; • directing and controlling runoff to minimise environmental impact; and • other infrastructure requirements deemed necessary to enhance visitor and community enjoyment and minimise environmental Impact. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page60 Deportment of Natunl and Runl Systems Management ft- PIIRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELMTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATKGY FOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation C4.0: Support Services C4.0 SUPPORT SERVICES Goal To improve and enhance services which support the development and maintenance of quality ecotourism products in the Region. Overview Support services of marketing and promotion, training and information systems for ecotourism in the Region are either absent of poorly developed and co-ordinated. Marketing and promotion Individual operators, business associations, provincial government and the national government all market and promote their services and the Region but largely independently. Consequently, this has been wasteful of resources and has not been effective in achieving target outcomes. PHPA have taken the lead role in marketing regional tourism resources, emphasising natural areas: Co-operative and joint promotion has the benefit of being more cost efficient, helps to create unity of purpose and provides potential clients with comprehensive information to plan their holiday time. Training and ecotourism Training for ecotourism service delivery is lacking throughout Indonesia. Government policies for tourism are likely to result in a positive response to any initiatives made in improving training opportunities for ecotourism within the Region. Information systems Data and information on (eco)tourism, natural and heritage resources and sustainable development is not readily available to ecotourism operators, planners or the community. Data base technology would assist business and government in decision making. Co-ordination of information gathering, analysis and dissemination would improve accessibility of information and help improve the Regional ecotourism product. Teaching institutions may be in a position to co-ordinate data acquisition, retrieval and dissemination. Strategic Action Identify the range and location of ecotourism opportunities in the Region. Establish the Region as a centre for a diverse range of readily accessed ecotourism experiences. Encourage the development of training facilities and services to support Indonesia's ecotourism initiatives. Develop a shared system for ecotourism information collection, retrieval and dissemination. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Pa~e 61 Inpartment of Natural and Rural Systems Management PKRUNDUNGAN HlTTAN DAN PII:LESTAAIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Forest Protectlon 1nd Nature Consei"VItion C4.0: Support Services C4.1 Marketing and promotion Context Aims The promotion and marketing of tourism in Bali has been To promote ecotourism services which will benefit the successful in developing the area as a major national and economic development of the Region as a whole. international visitor destination. A Komodo Regional Tourism Co-ordinating Board is proposed to organise both resource allocation and marketing and promotion of the region. Issues Strategy The lack of ecotourism product and small number of Promote opportunities for investment in ecotourism operators when compared with adjacent tourism centres projects in the Park (ecotourism marketing plan). means that individual promotion efforts are eclipsed by Establish an interregional tourism network and co competing services. operation between ecotourism operators. Knowledge of the location of ecotourism opportunities is Develop interregional tour packages . poor within and outside of the Region. Identify and promote opportunities to offset seasonality in Regional tourist mapping can be improved to give greater demand for accommodation. direction to accessing ecotourism resources. Identify and promote opportunities to use tourism The short term market for the region's ecotourism product promotion to support the development and export of lies in Bali. Regional goods and services. Specialty markets for ecotourism services require co Provide co-ordinated pre visit information packages for ordinated national and international marketing. ecotourism opportunities within the Region. Improve site orientation information to direct visitors to ecotourism opportunities and services. Action Responsibility Coordination Resources Evaluation Priority Time Promote the endemic character of the KTRCB Training Marketing budgets Images used in High 1998 Region. institutions promotional materials Target a range of holiday makers, giving Provincial Research Marketing budgets Increased overnight stay High 1998 emphasis to the backpacker and government institutions, ecotourist market. Private sector Ecotourism operators Provide experiences and services of high Private sector Public sector Capital funding, High visitor satisfaction High 1997 quality. and private training programs sector Undertake qualitative studies on visitor Public and Regional Govt Survey framework Greater understanding Medium 1998 behaviour, attitudes, expectations and private sectors Depts, of ecotourism market satisfaction levels relating to ecotourism and ecotourist needs experiences within the Region Promote co-operation between the KTRCB Neighbour Consultative and co- Joint and co-operative High 1998 ecotourism industry and natural area Regional Tourist operative planning planning managers. Authorities structures Incorporate the principles of ecotourism KTRCB Private sector Marketing budgets Clear ecotourism High 1998 into all marketing programs perspective in promotional materials Target Komodo National Park visitors for KTRCB Private sector Production budgets Increased overnight High 1998 promotional activity plus tourism stays, expansion of operators in these areas and their clients. ecotourism services Prepare and distribute a Regional map of Private sector Sign standards Map production High 1998 ecotourism resources . KTRCB Sign plans Upgrade Regional signs to ecotourism Private sector Production capital Clear sign posting in High 1998 destinations. "'TRCB Region identifying ecotourism opportunities UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page 62 Dep1rtment or N•tural and Rural Systems M•n•gement PI:RUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLKSTIJUAI'I A.LAM EcOTOURISM STRATI!GY ii'OR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Dep•rtrnent' or Forest Protectlon •nd N•ture ConservaUon C4.0: Support Servkes Specifications Joint Intra-Regional Promotion Joint promotion of equivalent or related services gives clients choice and would express a sense of unity of purpose for the Region. Accommodation guides are typical joint promotional productions and could be extended to ecotourism services, day visH facilities and places of Interest. Regional and subregional joint promotions in publication form should adopt standards to Identify the C UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GAlTON COLLEGE) Page 63 Dep•rtrnent or N1tunol •nd Rural Systems M•n•gement PII:RUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PILZSTARIAN ALAM EcoTOURISM STRAU:GY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation . C4.0: Support Services C4.2 Eco/heritage tourism training Context Aim If ecotourism is to be developed and sustained in Komodo To attain a skilled, professional and motivated work National Park, it will require an educational perspective in force to support the ecotourism segment of the tourist tourism services and tourist experiences. It Is towards industry. providing this interpretation of the environment that this strategy is directed. Issues Strategy The level of education of regional communities is low Clarifiy ecotourism education and training requirements. (secondary school at best) Provide opportunities for regional communities, Skill levels of regional communities in ecotourism is low. particularly PHPA staff to study at technical and university Children of local communities at Komodo National Park institutions. · lack access to secondary school education Provide opportunities for final year secondary students to Local communities of Komodo National Park are lacking in pursue further study and training in ecotourism and knowledge, language and technical skills necessary for protected area management. effective involvement in ecotourism Improve access to secondary level education, technical There is a lack of training courses available in ecotourism and language training for communities of Komodo in Eastern Indonesia. National Park Ecotourism training is required for pre-employment and in service staff development. There is a lack of appreciation within the tourism industry of eco-heritage resource management issues. There is .a lack of appreciation within the resource management area of ecotourism industry issues. Action Responsibility Coordination Resources Evaluation Priority Time Develop a quantitative database regarding Regional teaching KRTCB, Provincial Target and successful High 1998 existing educational resources and monitor institutions PHPA, education training courses ecotourism Industry needs and funding, requirements. Establish an Ecotourism Training Group Teaching KRTCB, Provincial Preparation of 4 training High 1998 consisting of ecotourism industry and institutions, PHPA education modules by 1998 and training providers to co-ordinate pilot ecotourism service funding development of ecotourism training programs. providers curricula by 1999 Develop and provide pilot training National and KRTCB, Promotional and Provision of 4 training High 1998 programs for ecotourism operators, overseas teaching PHPA, education programs by 1998 resource managers and the broader Institutions, National and budgets community. ecotourism service provincial providers government Provide sponsorships for final year National and KRTCB, Education 6 regionally sponsored High 1998 secondary students to pursue further study overseas teaching PHPA, budgets students by 1998 and training in ecotourism and protected institutions, National and Environment area management, with incentives to return ecotourism service provincial budget to regional area after study. providers government Improve access to secondary level Teaching Provincial Govt Education Education level of school Medium 1999 education for communities at Komodo institutions Budget leavers raised National Pari< UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Pace64 Department of Natunol and Runol Systems Management PKRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PIUSTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURJSM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARI( Department or Forett Protection and Nature ConservaUon C4.0: Support Seniceo C4.3 Ecotourism information system Context Aim An integrated information system is fundamental to To develop a multi-discipline integrated information providing the tourism industry with common information system to enhance management capabilities and and ensuring quality management. The National Park service the tourism industry with quality information Management Plan identifies the development of on a regional basis. information technology capability, using GIS with GPS, as an important activity in enhancing management. Through information sharing and cost distribution with various tourism industry members, benefits can be maximised while minimising costs. Issues Strategy Lack of quantitative data applicable to the Region for Establish a centralised, or co-ordinated and shared ecotourism planning. ecotourism database. Lack of accessibiiity of information held by the public and Provide storage, analysis. presentation and decision private sectors which is of use to the industry. support functions for enhanced park management Lack of qualitative data of visitor needs, expectations and Produce consistent, regular and reliable information and desired experiences. forecasts on (eco)tourism. Lack of control over quality of information. Maintain a Regional database of reports, studies, research and information relating to (eco)tourism in the area. Lack of specific resource information and suitability for ecotourism use. Encourage further qualitative (market) research into issues relating to Komodo National Park's ecotourism industry. Lack of consistent guidelines for ensuring data quality standards and compatibility of format for data transfer. Increase public awareness of new developments, opportunities and research into the local ecotourism industry. Action Responsibility Coordination Resources Evaluation Priority Time Evaluate the costs and benefits of PHPA, provincial PHPA Additional finances, a Development of a High 1997 establishing an integrated system of government working group comprised report on the use of geographical, word processing, of technical and a computerised tool computerised modelling and database management specialists, to aid in resource technologies for park management. government, community and visitor Assessment would also involve the use of and industry management such a system to aid the tourism industry. representatives. Convene an Ecotourism Information working Regional Teaching $2-$5000 annual grant Establishment of Medium 1997 group to co-ordinate data collection and Training Institutions, funds data sharing database operation. Institutions PHPA Ecotourism operators, PHPA, Encourage industry segments to acquire PHPA, Teaching Training Proformas for client Medium 1997 qualitative and quantitative information about Institutions Institutions, profile assessment their clients. PHPA Investigate the establishment of PHPA PHPA, Provision of up to 10 Medium 1997 augmentative funding schemes for tertiary Ecotourism grants per year students studying ecotourism in the Region. operators, Require researchers to report to PHPA Teaching starr Regular media Medium 1997 regarding their findings. Institutions announcements Prepare media releases on the ecotourism PHPA, Publication of at High 1998 industry at least six times per year. Ecotourism least 4 releases operators, each year Teaching Institutions UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Pa:e 65 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management PI!RUNDUNGAN HilTAN DAN PKLI!STARIAN ALAM EcOTOUR!SM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NAnONALPARK Department of Forest Protection ond Nature Conservotlon C4.0: Support Services Specifications Ecotourism information system establishment The Ecotourism Information working group is to: • identify Industry segments where data is held; • co-ordinate the collection of this data; • establish an information sharing mechanism, particularly relating to park management; • prepare industry reports and updates; • identify priority additional studies; • prepare sample questionnaires to acquire qualitative data; • provide proformas for reporting quantitative tourist activity in the Region; • Identify undergraduate and post graduate studies of relevance to the ecotourism industry; provide input and direction·for ecotourism researchers. The establishment of an integrated computerised information system (with GIS, GPS, database and word processing capabilities) would provide a highly useful tool in significantly enhancing park management operations. Such a resource would be beneficial in storing and manipulating information, mapping natural resource data, monitoring visitor numbers, resource use and associated Impacts whilst Increasing efficiency. By sharing Information and costs with businesses Involved In the tourist industry, greater volumes of information can be obtained while expenses are reduced. 'AY.'9'ffi~'fi!:~nv.:~=:;E4.1Rt:J.R9I§9:@lf.i~'=:;::== : ===:=:::==:::::==::r:::'t:':i'i = == := =: ::: The scheme Is proposed to be co-ordinated by the PHPA with target areas for Investigation identified in November each year and distributed to relevant teaching Institutions. Example areas for Investigation could be Impact assessment, interpretive planning, sustainable technology, visitor surveys, market assessments and feasibility studies. Funding could be obtained from businesses requiring specifiC studies, local government grants, government departments and business associations. Grants would be awarded on the basis of half payment upon the grant being awarded, and the other half upori satisfactory submission of the final report and a media summary. The grant is given to the student with a nominated supervisor who Is responsible for recommending satisfactory completion of the study. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Deportment of Noturol ond Rurol Systems Monogement PEIUJ~Dl'~GA~ Ht:TA~ I>A:>\ PELESTAIUA:>\ AI.A~I Department of Forest Protection nnd Nature Consenation . APPENDICES IIIIIIIIIIIH"''''"''''"'''''''''' .. ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Area U:-\1\HtSITY OF Qt:Im:\SLA:-\1> (GATTO:>\ COLLEGE) Department ot' Natm·al and Rural S~·stems Management l·:nu:->nt·:-;nA:-> l TA:\ I>A:\ PELEST:\IU.\X ALA:\1 Depm·tment of Forest J»rotection and Nature Consel'\'ation 5.6 Costs and returns ...... A20 CONTENTS 5.6.1 Income from accommodation ...... A20 5.6.2 Income from other activities ...... A20 APPENDIX 1.0 REFERENCES...... A1 5.7 Sum111a.ry ...... A21 APPENDIX 2.0 KOMODO NATIONAL PARK APPENDIX 6.0 CONSULTATION ...... A22 NATURAL RESOURCES ...... A2 6.1 Discussion with Mr Subianto, Head of 2.1 Location ...... A2 Komodo National Park...... A22 2.2 Clill13te ...... A2 6.2 Ranger staff workshop ...... A22 2.3 Topography ...... A2 6.2.1 Vlsitor characteristics ...... A22 2.4 Geology ...... A2 6.2.2 Goals ...... A23 2.5 Hydrology' ...... A2 6.2.3 Problems/issues associated with 2.6 Vegetation ...... A3 achievement of the goals ...... A24 2.7 Fauna ...... A3 6.3 Village chief consultation ...... A24 2.8 Marine resources ...... A4 6.3.1 Kampung Komodo ...... A24 2.9Fauna and flora lists ...... AS 6.3.2 Kampung Rinca ...... A24 2.9.1 Plant species ...... A5 APPENDIX 7.0 THE ECOTOURISM 2.9.2 Animal species ...... A6 CONCEPT ...... - ...... A25 · APPENDIX 3.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES.AS 7.1 Ecotourism tenets ...... A25 3.1 History of local communities ...... AS 7.2 Ecotourism ...... :..A25 3.2 Traditional economy and natural resource 7.3 Cultural heritage ...... A25 management ...... AS 7.4 Ecotourism segments ...... A25 3.3 Culture ...... AS 7.5 Ecotourism stakeholders ...... A26 3.3.1 Language ...... A8 7.5.1 Ecotourists ...... :... A26 3.3.2 Beliefs ...... A8 7.5.2 Resource managers ...... A26 3.3.3 Routines and customs ...... A9 7 .5 .3 S e rvi ce an d f a cili'ty prov1'd ers ...... A2 6 3.3.4 Art/carving ...... A9 7.5.4 Ecotourism operators ...... A26 3.4 LOCAL COMMlJNffiES TODAY ...... A9 7.5.5 Community ...... A26 3.4.1 Local communities and the Park ...... A9 7.6 Ecotourism product ...... A27 3.4.2 Local communities and tourism ...... A9 7.6.1 Attractions ...... -...... A27 APPENDIX 4.0 DEMOGRAPHICS ...... A10 7.6.2 Amenities ...... A27 4.1 Communities within Komodo ...... A10 7.6.3 Activities ...... A27 4.1.1 All communities ...... A10 7.6.4 Accessibility ...... A27 412. . lmli p cations . tior thi s strategy ...... A11 7.7 Potential impact of ecotourism ...... A27 7 7 1 p te 'al . . . 4.1.3 Kampung Komodo's Population ...... All . . o nti positive llllpacts ...... A27 414. . lmli p cations . tior thi s strategy ...... All 7.7.2 Economic benefits of ecotourism ...... A27 4.2 Staff education ...... All 7.7.3 Potential negative impacts ...... A27 4.3 Regional communities...... A12 APJ.>ENDIX S.O KOMODO NATIONAL PARK 4.4 Implications for the Strategy ...... Al2 IN THE CONTEXT OF INDONESIA ...... A28 APPENDIX 5.0 TOURISM ...... A13 S.1 Indonesia ...... A2S 5.1 Infrastructure Existing inbound service .... A13 8.1.1 Location ...... A28 5.1.1 Power ...... A13 8.1.2 Climate ...... A28 5.1.2 Communications ...... A13 8.1.3 Geology ...... A28 5.1.3 Transport ...... A13 8.1.4 Flora and fauna ...... A28 5.1.4 Food ...... A13 8.1.5 Population ...... A28 515. . 1m p li cations. fior thi s strategy ...... A13 8.1.6 Politics and history ...... A28 5.2 Park visitation ...... Al3 S.2 Indonesian tourism ...... A28 5.3 Existing inbound services ...... A14 8.2.1 National trends ...... A28 5.3.1 Scheduled services ...... A14 8.2.2 Range of accommodation ...... A29 5.3.2 Non-scheduled services to L. Liang .A14 8.2.3 Intensification of agriculture ...... A29 5.3.3 Non-scheduled services to L. Buaya.A15 8.2 Protected areas in Indonesia ...... A29 5.3.4 Implications for this strategy ...... A15 5.4 Day visitors ...... A16 5.4.1 Day visitors to Lob Liang Buaya ...... A16 S.S Overnight visitors ...... A16 5.5.1 Lob Liang and Lob Buaya ...... A16 5.5.2 Loh Liang, Komodo island ...... A17 5.5.3 Lob Buaya, Rinca Island ...... A18 5.5.4 I..ength of stay ...... A18 5.5.5 Room preference ...... A19 li:->1\"ERSIT\' OF Ql"EE:'\SI..\'\1> c<;ATTO'\ COI.l.EGE) De11artment of Natural and Rural Systems Mmu1gement PKRLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLI!STARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARJo: Department of Forest Proleclion and Nalure Con APPENDIX 1.0: REFERENCES Auffenberg, W. (1981) The Behavioural Ecology of the Komodo Soebekti, K & Uji, T. (1995) Feasibility of the Re-estblishment of Monitor. University Presses of Florida. Komodo Dragons In Padar Island, Indonesia. Museum Bagus, I. (1987) Komodo National Park: Its Role in Tourism Zoologicum Bogoriense, Puslitbang Biologi- Llfl, Indonesia. Development in Indonesia. In Man and Culture in Oceania, 3 Sudibyo, I. (1994) The Infrastructure and Human Resource (special issue), Pp. 169-76. Development of Komodo National Park ProJect. Tasman Blower, J. eta/. (1977) Proposed National Park Komodo, Nasional Komodo- World Heritage Fund Labuan Baja- Jakarta. Management Plan 1978/19 • 1982183. Bogar: Nature TNK (1993) Statistik Taman Nasional Komodo. T~hun 1988/1989 Conservation and Wildifire Project of the Food and Agricultural sld 1992/1993. Di~en. PHPA. Taman Nasio~al Komodo. Organisation of the United Nations, Directorate General of Labuan Baja (Maret 1993). Forestry. TNK (1992) lnventar/sasl Flora/Fauna Dl Palua ,'Rinca • Taman Ciofi, C. (1994) Conservation Genetics of the Komodo Dragon Nasional Komodo Tahun 1991/1992. TNK, ~f!buan Bajo. Varanus komodoensls • I Report: Field Work. The Durrell TNK (1995) Rencana Unit Pengelolaan Lima Tahun (Rupl) Institute of Conservation and Ecology, the Institute of Zoology Taman Naslonal Komodo • 1 Aprl/1995 s/d J1 Maret 2000. (Zoological Society of London) & Pu Bioteknologi (Universitas Departemen Kehutanan, Direktorat Jenderal P~rtindungan Hutan Gadjah Mada). dan Pelestarian Alam Taman Nasional Komodci, Labuan Bajo, Djohani, R. (1995). Destructive fislling methods In Komodo Flores, NTT. I National Park. The Nature Conservancy, Jakarta, Indonesia. TNK (1995a) ,fnventarlsasi Komodo Dl P. Komodo- Taman Elder, D. & Pernella, J. (eds) (1991) Oceans. Mitchell Beazley in Nasional Komodo. TNK, Labuan Baja. assocition with IUCN, London. TNK (1996) lnventarisasl Komodo Dl P. Komodo • Taman Forth, G. (1983) Review of Komodo: het Eiland, het Volk en de Taal. Naslonal Komodo. Taman Nasional Komodo, Labuan Baja. Indonesia circle, vol. 32, Pp 56-58 Unggat, M. (1993) Populasl Dan Perllaku Komodo (Varanus Francillon, G. The Dilemma of Tourism in Bali. In: W. Beller, P. komodoensis Ouwens) Di Sablta Dan Banu f{ggulung Pulau D'Ayala & P. Hein (eds). (1990) Sustainable Development Komodo Kabupaten Manggral Ruteng Nusa Tenggara and Environmental Management of Small Islands. United Timur. Pakultas Matematika Dan llmu Pengetahuan Alam, Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Universitas Pancasakti, Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. looks at (UNESCO) & The Parthenon Publishing Group, Paris. Pp 267- densities of Varanus komodoensis 272. Verheijen, J. (1982) Komodo: het Eiland het Volk en de Taal. Hess, A. Overview: Sustainable Development and Environmental Verhandelingen van het Koninkligk lnstituut voor Taal- Land- en Management of Small Islands. In: W. Beller, P. D'Ayala & P. Volkenkunde, 96, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Hein (eds). (1990) Sustainable Development and World Travel and Tourism Council (1992) The World Travel and Environmental Management of Small Islands. United Nations Tourism Council Report: Travel and Tourism In the World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) & Economy. The World Travel and Tourism Council, Brussels, The Parthenon Publishing Group, Paris. Pp 3-14. Belgium. · Hitchcock, M. (1993) Dragon Tourism at Komodo, Eastern Indonesia, In Hitchcock, M., King, Toraja. and Parnwell, J (Eds.) Tourism In South-East Asia Routledge, London. Holthus, P. (1995) A rapid ecological assessment of the marine environment of Komodo National Park. The Nature Conservancy, Jakarta, Indonesia. Holloway, J. (1989) The business of Tourism. Pitman, London. Kelleher, G., Bleakley, C. & Wells, S. (eds) (1995) A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas. Vol. Ill. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Kelleher,G. & Kenchington, R. (1991) Guidelines for Establisfling Marine Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Lilley, R.P.H. (1994) A Feasibility Study on the In-situ Captive Breeding of Komodo Dragons (Varanus komodoensis) on Padar Island, Komodo National Park Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia • with additional notes on ex-situ captive breeding. Durrell Institute of Conservation nd Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, Canterbury, England. Mickler, M. (1994) Development at the Crossroads: Agriculture versus Tourism versus tl1e Environment In Bali, Indonesia. Nedlands, Western Australia. Pet, J. & Djohani, R. (1996) A Framework for the Management of Marine Resources of Komodo National Prk and Surrounding Fishing Grounds In Eastern Indonesia. The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia. PHPA. (1988) Rencana Karya Lima Tahun Ill: 31 Apri/1990- 31 March 1995 Tamn Naslonal Komodo. Departemen Kehutanan, Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam, Taman Nasional Komodo. Ross, A. (1995) More than archaeology: new directions in cultural heritage management. Queensland Archaeological Research 10. Saleh (Ranger), Personal Communication, during walk on Komodo Island, April, 1996. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page AI Department of Natural and Rurul Systems 1\lanagomont ~- PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLESTARIAN AU.M EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Consen•ation Appendix 2.0: Komodo National Park Natural Resources Appendix 2.0: Komodo National Park Natural Resources Flat areas are limited in all terrestrial areas of Komodo: National 2.1 Location Park. However, the eastern side of Komodo Island is relatively flat, Komodo National Park lies between 119 degrees, 30 minutes and 119 with small areas of flat land also occurring to the north. Se,veral flat degrees, 51 minutes east, and 8 degrees, 17 minutes and 8 degrees, areas also exist around Loh Buaya, Loh Kima and Loh Baru on Rinca, 59 minutes north. Located in the Lesser Sunda Region between the and levelland surfaces on Padar are extremely limited. islands of Sumbawa and Flores, Komodo National Park includes the Extensive mountainous country exists In the west and ,south of four main islands of Komodo (33 937 ha) , Rinca (19 625 ha), Komodo Island, with Ara, Todoklea, Komodo and Satalibo Mountains Gilimotang (3328 ha) and Padar (2017 ha). The Park is around 171 (which is the highest mountain in Komodo National Park at 735m) 506 hectares, of which 35% is land and 65% is sea (TNK, 1988). forming the highest peaks . The steep landform on ~inca is The Park is in the west of the eastern Indonesian Province of Nusa dominated by several mountains, including Doro Pangkermea, Doro Tenggara Timur and approximately 200 km east of Bali. The park Tumbuh, Doro Raja and Doro Ora (the highest mountain at 667m). forms part of the regency at Manggarai. Although mountainous, the peaks on Padar are considerab,ly lower, 2.2 Climate with the highest point, Piramida Mountain, reaching 269m. The Park Is in the driest part of Indonesia, receiving between 200 and 2.4 Geology 1500 mm of rain annually. The Lesser Sunda Islands have two major The Lesser Sunda Region is geologically complex. A major belt of seasons characterised by dramatic changes in rainfall. The climate is volcanic activity passes through the area. The islands within the Park primarily influenced by dry south-east winds and to a lesser degree by largely consist of fine-grained slightly basic rocks, with volcanic tuff, the wet north-west monsoon. According to Auffenberg (1981) sandstone and conglomerate adjoining the igneous mass. Limestone, Komodo Island receives less rainfall than other large Islands in the sandy shales and clays occur intermittently (Auffenberg, 1981). This Lesser Sunda Region, receiving a total of 650 mm of rain a year geological pattern is very similar across the islands of Komodo, (PHPA, 1988). This is a direct result of the mov.eme.nt of pres~~re Rinca, Padar and western Flores. systems which force storms In a south-_easterly drrectron, def?Ositmg The east coast of Komodo is comprised of coralline limestone, much of their water on Java and Ball. These occur dunng the with the hinterland areas consisting of tuff, marble and igneous rocks. monsoon period from November to March. Most rainfall events are Much of the north is comprised of andesite, with igneous rock brief, lasting only a few hours, however cloud cover associated with occurring along the western side. Andesite is also common in the these weather patterns may persist for several days due to the southern portion of Rinca and throughout Gilimontang. regional nature of these storms. The eastern part of Rinca is characterised by igneous rock, with From April to November, easterly winds affect the islands of volcanics, marble and tuff occurring in the north (PHPA, 1995). Komodo National Park. However due to the lack of moisture in the clouds developed from the movement of high pressure systems Both Komodo and Padar Islands have complex soil types with a across Australia, very little rain is received. Additional moisture is combination of latosol and gumasol red-brown soils, with pH levels attained in elevated areas through the formation of low clouds around between 6-7 (Koestoto et a/., 1994 in Lilley, 1994). According to mountain peaks on Komodo and Rinca from late November to May. Auffenburg (1981 ), the impermeable ground which is characteristic of These are responsible for the formation of poorly developed cloud the coastal lowlands and steep slopes represents the driest .habitats. forests. These areas support a sparse cover of grasses, with the moister footslopes and stream beds characterised by higher soil permeability Although the dry maritime environment of Komodo National Park and support open forests. · is relatively homogenous, temperatures vary from a maximum of 43°C in the summer to a minimum of 17°C in the winter months (TNK, 2.5 Hydrology 1992). Average temperature is 27°C. Relative humidity is consistent within most of the Lesser Sunda Region and averages between 60- There are no permanent streams in Komodo National Park. Only Rinca and Komodo are inhabited by human populations. The local 90%. villages are located close to the few reliable sources of fresh water. The hot, tropical climate is a natural attraction for tourists and Water is available in small pools at all elevations througho~ the wet serves to facilitate a variety of year round outdoor and water-based season on both Komodo and Rinca. Small springs and soaks also recreational activities. persist in several locations in the interior of Komodo during the dry 2.3 Topography season, though these are mainly restricted to the upper slo~s of Ara and Satalibo Mountains. The rugged islands of Komodo, Padar and Rinca are separated by Numerous small creeks and drainage lines exist throughout the channels with strong tidal currents: the result of the interchange of interior of all larger islands within Komodo National Park, and drain water between the Flores and Savu Seas. These waters have a high from the hinterland areas to the ocean. The ecology of local creek degree of oxygenation and are among the richest in the world. systems are largely dependent on the seasonal fluctuation of water The islands have complicated landscapes resulting from past levels, with water now only occurring during the wet season. Runoff turbulent volcanic activity. Coastlines consist of sandy beaches is often rapid and erosion is common, with the rate of soil. removal interspersed with rocky headlands, and muddy shorelines ~ith enhanced by surface exposure following fire. mangroves also occurring in areas protected from the prevarllng ocean currents. Coastal lowlands merge with undulating country in Water sources which exist throughout the year often fluctuate in quantity and quality, with much of the water unpotable during the mid rolling foothills which form at the base of the steep mountainous and late periods of the dry season. Several wells have b~en hinterland. Extensive mountain ranges traverse the centre of the established on Komodo Island, however the absence of sufficient islands, creating natural barriers to development and in~uencing local water constrains the growth of both resident and tourist popul~tions. weather patterns. Mountainous areas are characterrsed by steep angular slopes (0 to 80%), narrow ridge systems and alluvial fans, dissected by steep valleys. Stream beds and valley floors tend to be rocky with shallow residual alluvial soils. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) PageA2 Depat1ment of Land and Food Systems PERLINDUNG,o\N HUTAN DAN PELKSTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forut Protection and Nalure Comervalion Appendix 2.0: Komodo National Park Natural Resources 2.6 Vegetation Unlike Padar and Komodo Islands, the monsoon vegetation on Rinca is dominated by Acacia tomentosa and bpuntia nigricans. Low rainfall and a prolonged dry season have dramatically influenced These species do not occur on the other islands (Soebekti & Uji, the vegetation within the Komodo National Park. Both the vegetation 1995). Additional species in the canopy are: Zizyphus jujuba, and animal communities are unique within Indonesia and represent a Whrightia pubescens, Tamarindus indica and Schl~ichera oleosa. transition zone between Australia and Indonesia. The importance of the ecotone areas between monsoon and Species diversity in Komodo National Park is low. Flora species savanna vegetation communities is emphasised byiUIIey (1994). The are largely xerophytic and adapted to survive the harsh environmental thick areas of forest are important in the biology of the komodo conditions. Open communities of drought resistant plants dominate dragons as they often ambush deer and boar along game trails which the landscape. The common occurrence of fire during the dry period follow the ecotone (Lilley, 1994; Auffenberg, 1981 ). ! is often responsible for depleting the sparse vegetation, altering soil Cloud forests are found on the highest pinn~cles and ridges of composition and exposing the soil to erosion. Four prominent the islands. Unlike most of the plant communities the lowlands of vegetation types have been identified by Soebekti and Uji (1995). pn Komodo, Rinca and Padar, species of the cloud forests exhibit high These are described as: foliage projective cover, and Include mesic speciesjwith high levels of • rainforest or cloud forest which covers the mountainous areas FPC. These communities are structurally and fl,oristically different above 500 meters; from other terrestrial vegetation types within Komodo National Park. • monsoonal forests which are found below 500 meters elevation They are generally characterised by moss cover~ rocks, bamboo and usually associated with moister valley floors, and comprised groves and trees which do not exist at lower elevations. These of species which lose their leaves in the dry season; include Terminalia zollingeri, Podocarpus neriifolia,!Uvaria rufa, .Ficus orupacea, Calophyllum spectabile and Glycosmis P,entaphyl/a. • savanna grasslands which comprise the largest community and Species diversity is highest on Komodo lsla~d, and lowest on extend from sea level to 500 meters; and Padar (TNK, 1992). Vegetation on Rinca Is sorr\ewhat different to • mangrove forests which fringe sheltered bays and coastal that on other islands, with a higher number of mangrove and grass areas on the three major islands. species identified. ' Coastal vegetation communities are characterised by the Human activities impact on the integrity of vegetation presence of Spinifex /ittoreus, Dacty/ocenium aegyptium and Digit aria communities within the Park, including visitor tram'pling, ·soil erosion; adcendens. Crotallaria retusa and the tree Zizyphus jujuba form the introduction of weeds, harvesting of timber for . firewood and the dominant canopy species. alteration of natural fire regimes through the introduction of wildfire. Savanna is the most common vegetation type in Komodo By far the most significant of these is wildfire. Fire is often initiated by National Park and most prevalent on Padar Island where it comprises coral bombers and poaches and is used to divert the attention of 85% of the land surface. Savannas consist of open areas dominated rangers, as well as to force deer into a concentrated area for culling by grasses including Themeda frondosa, T. intermedia and Setaria (Lilley, 1994). The savanna grasslands which dominate the verticil/ala with areas of Pogonatherum crinitus and Heteropogon landscape are highly flammable for up to 10 months of the year and contortus also present. Several shrubs occur within the savanna the spread of wildfire by the prevailing winds quickly consumes large ecosystems with Vernonia capitu/atus, Pterocaulon space/atus. areas of land. Although vegetation comprising .the monsoon and Euptorium inu/ifolium and Pterocau/on cy/indrostachyum being niost savanna communities exhibits a degree of fire resistance, modification of natural fire regimes may lead to a decline in plant common. Sparsely scattered Zyziphus jujuba, Sch/eichera oleosa diversity due to the destruction of fire sensitive species and an over and Piliostigma malabaricum also exist (Soebekti & Uji, 1995). The abundance of fire tolerant plants. lontar palm (Borassus flabellife!'), which is a dominant feature of the savanna on the larger islands, is absent from Padar (Lilley, 1994). 2.7 Fauna Mangrove communities are found on Komodo, Rinca and The semi-arid climate which distinguishes Komodo National Park Padar Islands. The largest area of mangroves and the most from the remainder of Indonesia has had a dramatic influence on the floristically diverse is found on Rinca. Zonation occurs within these composition and abundance of fauna populations. :Species are highly communities according to the degree of salt tolerance exhibited by · adapted to the dry environmental conditions, with the area each species. Communities on Rinca are generally dominated by experiencing a high degree of endemism. Rhyzophora mucronota, Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Ceriops tagal. Significant threats to many faunal populations exist, with Sonneratla caseo/aris, S. alba, Ceriops rouxburghiana and C. poaching and wild fire posing difficulties for fauna conservation. The candoleana are also common. impact of these activities on park resources is : substantial, often Mangrove communities have a limited distribution on Komodo and leading to the local extinction of target species. are restricted on Padar Island. Although floristic composition of Internationally, the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is the mangroves is simple on Komodo Island, communities are generally most significant species within the Park. The dragon is one of the dominated by Rhizophora mucronata and Brugiera eriopetala, with worlds rarest reptiles, and found exclusively within Komodo National Sonneratfa alba and Lumnitzera racemosa also common. Park and the western coast of Flores (Lilley, i1994). Although Monsoon forests form a small proportion of the vegetation on classified under the IUCN Red List as category 'R': (rare), recognised Komodo Is. The canopy is dominated by Zizyphus jujuba, Piliostigma as a CITES List 1 species and protected by Indonesian Law, the malabaricum, Tamarindus indica, Albizia lebbekoides and range of the dragon is becoming progressively smaller, largely due to Schleichera oleosa. The understorey consists of Annona squamosa, habitat destruction and increasing human pressures (Lilley, 1994). Tabenaemontana floribunda, Glycosmis pentaphyl/a , Ocimum Population numbers. are estimates at 1687 animals on Komodo (TNK sanctum, Hypoestes rosea, Abutilon indicum, Eupatorium inu/ifolium , 1996), 1050 on Rinca and 106 on Gili Motang totalling fewer than and Vernonia capituliflora. The forest floor is dominated by 3000 specimens (TNC ref). This problem is exacerbated by the Dacty/octenium aegyptium and Digitaria adscendens: important foods unequal sex ratio (3.4 males to each female). Komodo dragons occur for Timor deer (Soebekti & Uji, 1995). from sea level to 450m (Ciofi, 1 994). The main habit UNIVERSITY 0 F QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page A3 Depat1mcnt of Land and Food Systt•ms PKRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKt-ESTARIAN At-AM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FORK OMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Forest Protection and Nature Con•ervation Appendix 2.0: Komodo National Park Natural Resources Species diversity on the islands within the Park is high, providing The use of destructive fishing and harvesting methods jsuch as additional attractions for tourists. The Timor deer (Cervus timorensis reef bombing and fishing with cyanide (Djohani, 1995) pose 1he main Roriensis) and the wild pig (Sus scrota vittatus) are abundant on the threats to marine environments within the Park. Extensive jareas of main Islands and form an important food source for the Komodo bomb damage to the reef exist, with detected coral blasting (ncidents dragon (Auffenberg, 1981; Lilley, 1994). Although Introduced, Timor rising from 65 in 1991 to 121 in 1992 (TNK 1993). In response, rapid deer are the preferred prey of the dragon and are often the focus of appraisals have been conducted, mooring buoys installed to minimise poaching (Auffenberg, 1981; Lilley, 1994; Saleh, pers. comm.). Feral anchor damage, and awareness material developed to Isuggest dogs (Canis famifiaris) were originally brought to the Island by deer alternative fishing techniques (Pet & Djohani, 1996). 1 hunters and are now common in some areas. They compete directly The Park is considered one of the richest areas for eorals in with the dragons for prey and carrion (Lilley, 1994). Indonesia (Borei-Best et. al., 1989). Approximately 70 h~rd coral Goat (Capra hircus) populations occur on some islands. Wild species occur in eastern Indonesia (Kelleher, Bleakley ~ Wells, horses (Equus sp.) Inhabit the north of Rinca and the crab eating 1995). Soft corals, seaweeds and algae are also abundant ~nd form macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is found across the entire island. complex reef systems. Reef formations generally consist o( fringing Several rodents are also present including the black rat (Rattus reefs and are common around small to medium sized/ islands rattus), the house mouse (Mus musculus) and an endemic species (Kelleher, Bleakley & Wells, 1995). Reef systems exhib~ a rich (Rattus rintianus) which occurs on Padar and Rinca. assemblage of marine life, supporting fish, molluscs and crustaceans on which many coastal communities depend. These organisms Water buffalo inhabit the wetter areas on both Rinca and Komodo islands and are found close to ecotone areas between savanna and represent over 50% of the protein intake of local communities (Kelleher, Bleakley & Wells, monsoon communities. Insectivorous bats and the flying fox 1995). ! (Pieropus sp.) are prevalent at dusk throughout the park. Around 900-1000 fish species occur in the Park, and fot one of the richest assemblages of fish in the world (Holthus 1995). A diverse range of birds exist, including raplors, such as the 1 Although diversity is highest in reef systems, a large number of Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus), the megapode (Megapodus species also colonise the wide range of marine habitats of park. frevcinef) which builds a large nest of earth and organic matter up to th~ 2 meters in height, and jungle crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) which Turtles and marine mammals regularly occur in flocks of up to 10 birds. In addition, birds which Although relatively small in flora, seagrass communities are occur in Australia also exist. These include the sulphur crested important in both economical and ecological terms. They pPrform -a cockatoo, kingfishers and various doves. wide spectrum of biological and physical functions, serving as critical In addition to the dragon, several snakes, such as the white habitat and nursery areas for fish, invertebrates, turtles and idugong. lipped viper (Trimeresurus albotabris), various geckos and skinks are Four species of marine turtle have been recorded within the Park. relatively common. The green turtle (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill turtle (Eretmoche/ys imbricata), loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) and leathertxick turtle Only two species of amphibians inhabit the Park (Auffenberg (Dennochelys coriacea) rely on seagrass communities and use 1981),. An additional frog has been since discovered (Lilley, 1994). beaches within the park for nesting. All four species are cla~sified as An abundance of insects also occur, including grasshoppers, vulnerable or endangered (Elder & Pernetta, 1991). Cyanide fishing, crickets, mantids, butterflies, cicadas, stick-insects and biting employed by some fishers, may have a significant affect ,on turtle horseflies. These are most common in coastal vegetation. populations, adversely impacting on the seagrass beds on wf;lich they Table 2.7: Terrestrial fauna species in Komodo feed (Lilley, 1994). This may also impact on dugong (Dugong dugon) National Park. populations which are endangered in south-east Asia dueito over hunting and the destruction of habitat (Kelleher, Bleakley & Wells, Birds 97 species Mammals 14 species 1995). : Primate 1 species Other marine mammal observed within Komodo National Park, Amphibians 3 species include several species of whale and dolphins. Reptiles 36 species Other reptiles and invertebrates Sea snakes and an extensive variety of invertebrates also colonise the 2.8 Marine Resources pelagic environments of Komodo National Park. Giant clams are abundant, however these have been heavily depleted in some areas Komodo National Park includes 132 000 ha of marine waters. The and placed on the CITES list (Kelleher, Bleakley & Wells, 1995). combination of littoral, pelagic and benthic environments creates an Tourism potential area of high conservation value. The diversity of marine and estuarine Marine resources in the Park provide opportunities for future tourism animals, plants and communities represent vital components of self 1 sustaining systems of local, regional, national and international development and use. Tourism associated with coral reefs provides significance (Kelleher & Kenchington, 1991 ). major economic benefits (Pet & Djohani, 1996). Since the m~in users of marine resources are fishermen, the majority of management Strong currents from the colder waters of the southern Indian problems are fisheries related (Pet & Djohani, 1996). · Ocean are funnelled northwards through the islands of the Park. These waters are rich in oxygen and nutrients and support diverse and abundant marine communities. The rapid movement of water constrains local fishermen and dictates the times of movement between islands. Oceanic currents are strongest between the islands of Komodo and Padar, and the narrow straits between Padar and Rinca where water movement has been recorded between 9 and 12 knots (Legger, 1956 in Lilley, 1994). The rich waters sustain the economy of villages, dependent on fish and squid harvesting. While areas have been degraded through direct and indirect impacts of human activities, recognition must be given to the continued welfare of people who have customarily used marine areas (Kelleher & Kenchington, 1991 ). Subsistence and commercial coral reef fisheries are of vital importance for a large number of coastal communities within eastern Indonesia (Pet & Djohani, 1996). Large areas of demersal habitat, especially coral reefs have been destroyed due to over exploitation and the application of destructive fishing methods. These serve to significantly reduce the ecological and economic value of these sensitive ecosystems. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GAITON COLLEGE) rageA4 Department of Land and Food Sysfcms ~- PI!RUNooNGAN HllfAN DAN Plli.BsTARIAN' AlAM EcoroURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMOOO NATIONAL PARK Department of Foreot Protection and Nature Con.oervation Appendix 2.0: Komodo Nation.al Park Natural RC80unea 2.9 Fauna and flora lists for Komodo National Park Species lists are compiled from a number of sources (TN K, 1996; S~les Komodo Is Padar Is Rlnca Is TNK, 1995; TNK, 1995a; TNK, 1992; Auffenberg, 1981; Ulley, 1994; Ce/ba ~trandra Soebekti and Ujl, 1995) as well as site Inspections. The Integration of Cenchurus brown// sources has resuHed In some data being incomplete. Cerlops taga/ Clnnamomum buman/1 2.9.1 Plant species of Komodo National Park Clnnamomum ze~an/cum Cltrfobtus se!_ne S~les Komodols Padar Is Rlnca Is Abutflon lndlcum + + C/tru/us /anatus Acacia orarla + C/truss Acacia rodata + Chf!!!!!!.mendra bataceae Acacia tomentosa + C/eome vfscosa + Acalypha Indica Clerodendrum lnerme + Acalypha rubra Cocos nuclfera Agz/e marmelos Colxla~ lob/ Acschynomene S(! Colophyl/um Sf!!!E.Iabi/e Adenatera !!E Cordia dicholoma Aden/a heterophr!Ja Cordia mono/ca Adlantumsl! + Cordia subcordata Aeglceras florldum + Corypha utan + A~/ceraSS(! + Crescent/a cu~te + A/biz/a lebbel UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Pa:eAS Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management I'EiuJNDUNGAN HI!T'AN DAN ~ARIAN ALAM EcoTOVJUSM S'JltATI!GY FOR KOMOOO NAnoNAL PARK Department of Foreot Protection and Natun Colll!ervation Appendix 2.0: Komodo National Park Natural R"""urceo s~ecles Komodols Padar Is Rlnca Is S~les Komodols Padar Is Rlnca Is Hibiscus surattenls Rand/a long/flora + Hibiscus tlllaceus Rh/zophora mucronata Homa/onena se Schlzachyrtum frappe + + + Hyptis suaveolens Sch/e/chefll oleosa + H~tesrosea + + Schouten/a ovata /chuccaiiJSse SY:_rJ.IUm ze~anlum /chmoca~ mo/UCC8nus Setaria vertic/1/ata + + ~'l!fndrlca Slda }avanslsvarlosa lnd/g UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATI'ON COLLEGE) Pa:eA6 Department or Natural and Rural Systems Management l"ERUNDUNGAN BurAN DAN I'Fu:sTAJUAN Au.M EcoTOURISM Sn!A'IlWY FOR KOMOOO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forat Protection and Nature Con.oervation Appendix 2.0: Komodo NatiollAI. Park Natural ResolliUO Local name Common name Scientific name Local name Common name Scientific name Peropus mutt/latus Srindik madagascan curlew Numen/us skink Sphenomorphus em/grans madagascarlens/s sldnk Sphenomorphus f/Orens/s Kekero black naped oriole Orlolus ch/nens/s skink Sphenomorphus mertens/ Howek, kuis Scop's owl Otusscop skink Sphenomorphus oxyceplralus Kepala tebal emas golden whistler Pachyceplra/a pectoralis skink Sphenomorphus schlegell Elang ikan osprey Pand/on hal/etus sldnk Sphenomorphus strlolatum Elang laut burik Komodo/ora Komodo dragon Varanus komodoens/s Bomok tit Parusbamor Crocodylla Gelatic batu great tit Parusmajor estuarine crocodile Burung gereja tree sparrow Passer montanus Pipit timor, peti zebra finch Peophll/a guttata Local name Common name Scientific name Kakllebar red-necked phalarope Phalaropus-lobatus Aves Koakiau Philemon bucerolcles Elang goshawk Accipiter novaeho/landlae Perenjak kutub Arctic willo warbler Phyl/oscopus bor&al/s Elang bondol Chinese goshawk Accipiter ooloensls Belok fulvous-breasted Plcold&s mace/ Tiril common sand piper Actitls hypoleucos woodpecker Terbombok white-breasted waterhen Amaurom/s p/loen/curus Caladi brown capped wood P/cold&s moluccensls ltik liar Anas g/berlfrons peeker Burung madu Brown throated sun bird Anfhreptes ma/acensls Trulek golden plover Pluvfal/s domln/ca Apung Richard's pipit Anfhus novaeseelandlae Kucica batuldecu pied stonechat Sax/ola caprata Camperling Aplovfs minor Peka little tum Stema alb/frons Cangkak besar great-billed heron Ardea sumatrana Dara laut great crested tum stema berg// Pembalik batu rudy turnstone Arenarla lnterpres Dara laut sumatra black-oaped tum Stema sumatrana Burung duan white-breasted wood Arlamus leucorhynchus Kukull Tekukur spotted-necked dove Streptopel/a chlnensls swallow Dederuk/ kukur Javan turtle dove Streptopella bltorquata Kokoan laul little green heron Butorldes strlatus Gangsa batu coldat brown booby Suta teucogaster Kakatua sulphur crested cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea Gangsa batu kaki booby Suta sula Kedidi leher merah rufous-necked stint Calldrls ruf/Co/lis merah Burung malam nightjar Caprlmu/gus sp Lawelujang Asian paradise bird Ters/phone paradis/ Bubut lesser coucal Centropus bengalens/s Clongclongan common greenshank Trlnga nebularla Dudut candung greater coucal Centropus sinensis Tiril common red shank Trlnga tolanus Waliktanah emerald dove Cha~apsln<#ca Bubug button quail Tumlx maculosa Cerek greater sand plover Charadrlus /eschenau/tl/ Burung hantu bam owl Tyloalba Cicl padi streaked fantail warbler C/st/co/a juncldls Barung kacamata white-eye Zosterops chlorls Pekajawa white-bellied swffllet Co/local/a esculata Baruna kacamata Wallace's white-eye Zosterops wallace/ cuckoo-shrike Coraclna personata Mammalia Junai Coloenas n/cobarlca Kerbau water buffalo Bubalus buballs Kepu large-billed crow Corvus macrorlrynchus Anjing feral dog Canis famlllarls Kedidl putih sanderling Crocetia alba Kambing kampung goat Capra hlrcus Burung kendall swift Cypslurus batas/ens/s Rusa Timor deer Cervus timorons/ Asian house martin Del/con dasipus Cencurut Crocldura mont/cola Barung cabe nowerpecker 0/caeum lgnlferum Kelelawar Dosonla peronl Cacabean Oowerpecker 0/caeum mauge/ Duyung dugong Ougong dugon Saeran I cerciak Wallacean drongo 0/crururs densus Kuda liar wild horse Equussp Saeran hair-crested drongo 0/crururs hottentottus Garangan jawa Haerpetes juavan/cus Pergam hijau green imperial pigeon Oucula aenea Kera macaque Macaca fasc/cutarls Pergam bodas imperial pigeon Oucula blco/or house mouse Mus musculus Bango air Pacific reef egret Egretta sacra Luwakbiasa Paradoxurus horrnaproditus Uwar-uvvar I will will great thick-knee Esacus magnlrostrls Kalong flying fox Pleropus atecto Bebek taut black rat Rattus rattus Olak olek common koel Eudynamus sro/opacea Tikus biasa Rattus rlntlanus Tiong lampu dollar bird Eurystomus orlental/s Tikus rinca Rinca rat Rattus rlntjanus Alap-alap sapi mollucan Cestrel Falco moluccens/s Babi alans-alans wild ~~a Susscrofa Alap-alap macan oriental hobby Falco severus Bientayong kecil lesser frigate bird Fregata ariel Kratak I ayam hutan green jungle fowl Gallus varlus Terik kaki pan jang pratincole Glareola Isabella Kolong peaceful dove Geopel/a striata Burung remetuk fly-eater Gerygone sulphurea Kero white collared king fisher Halcyon chlorls Cekakak suci sacred king fisher Halcyon sancta Moik white-bellied sea eagle Hal/aeetus /eucogaster Kepingan brahminy kite Hallastur lndls Burung walet red-rumped swallow Hlrundo daurlca Burung kepinis Pacific swallow Hlrundo tahltlca Kehicap ranting black-oaped monarch Hypofhymls azurea flycatcher Elang bondol grey-bellied sea eagle /ctyophaga /chtyaetus cerciak white winged trlller Lalage sueurl/ Pipit,petl white-bellied munia Lonchura teucogastroldes Pipit, pe!i spotted munia Lonchura punctulata Barung gosong megapode Megapod/us freyclnet Birik-birik brown-brested bee-eater Merops ph/11/pplnus Klrik-kirik !aut blue-tailed bee-eater Merops supercll/osus Elang pariah kite Mltvus mlgran Branjangan singing bushlark Mlrafra javan/ca Entut yellow wag tail Motacll/a nava Kesi olive-backed sun bird Nectarlnla jugutarls Sesap madu sun bird Nectarlnla maugel Sesap madu sun bird Nectarlnl solarls Gagajahan common curlew Numenlus arquata Gagajahan whimbrel Numen/us phaeopus UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) PageA7 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management Et- PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKUSTARIAN ALAM EcoTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department or Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Appendix 3.0: Komodo National Park Cultural Rtsourctt APPENDIX 3.0: CULTURAL RESOURCES 3.1 History of Local Communities Loh Liang was suited to catching squid (cumi cumi), and shellfish were gathered from the coast. Shrimps were pounded in wooden Three communities exist In Komodo National Park - Kampung mortars to make terasi. Both sun dried and salted fish were exported. Komodo and Kampung Rinca and Kampung Kerora. Previously, These industries are still strong today (Sudibyo 1994). Figure 3.2 other villages existed on Rinca but are now only seasonally inhabited. illustrates seasonal terasi and cumi cumi production. The early history of Komodo Islanders Is poorly understood. However, grave sites and artefacts suggest that the villages have Seasonal catch of cumi cumi for existed for a long time (Hitchcock, 1990). Bagus (1987) postulated oseries1 that the present Inhabitants of the Park do not have a very extensive Kampung Komodo history In the area, and that Komodo may have only been used on an occasional basis when water supplies were more abundant. 'iii 100 ""::> Unti11930, when Dutch colonial authorities placed Komodo under '0 80 their representative In Timor, the islanders were technically the ....0 .e, 60 subjects of Sultan of Bima. Komodo's population was probably .s:: always quite small, and Bimanese rule amounted to little more than ~ 40 periodic demands for tribute. The Sultanate does not appear to have 0.. been able to defend Komodo from marauders and there is a report of ~ 20 a raid In the mid-nineteenth century (Zollinger, 1856 in Verheijen, 0 1982). So remote was Komodo for the Bimanese court, that it was J regarded as a place of exile, though it is not clear how many people were banished to the island. In spite of its isolation, Komodo was drawn Into Bimanese trading networks, and today, links remain with Months (Bulan). 1 Bima . 3.2 Traditional Economy and Natural Dolphins are traditionally protected, but turtles have been Resource Management captured and exported to Bali. Sea grass has been sold to Japan for The traditional way of life was well adapted to the harsh local pharmaceutical purposes, but because plants were pulled by their conditions; low - moderate summer rainfall, with an extended dry roots, this practice was stopped by Park authorities (Hitchcock, 1990) season In which the village water supply would frequently expire. Abalone, beche-de-mer and agar-agar (a gelatin made from seaweed) Water was obtained by digging or travelling long distances up steep have also been gathered from around the islands. Islanders have not slopes to permanent water sources (Hitchcock 1990). The soil was profited greatly from fishing as many were, and still are, indebted to not fertile which, together with limited water supplies, restricted local skippers. This credit arrangement, known as ijan, hampers local development of the village areas. Fishing naturally became the development (Bagus 1987). Some marine activities have not been primary economic activity. Although rice was a valued item in the diet, favoured by the Islanders, presumably due to lack of resources and it was imported from Bima, which was expensive and only trading networks; eg. Pearl and shellfish exports by Chinese are occasionally used. (Hitchcock 1990) reported in the 1970's and infrequently since; however, the reports are difficult to verify. Pearl farming has been suggested by the Table 3.2: Economically important land uses PHPA, but the villagers have not responded positively to this (Pers. Product, activity or Noles Comm. PHPA). land use 3.3 Culture Hunling Fire was an Important tool in hunting (Blower el al., 1977) Not all the residents of Komodo National Park are indigenous. Bagus Cullivation Bananas, coconul, cassava, maize, and sweet potato has suggested 18.4% of the population are indigenous, 33.3% from are grown near Kampung Komodo Labuan Bajo and 27.6% Bugis; although it is not clear how he derived Other garden produce includes pumpkins walermelons these figures (Appendix 8: Demographics). and papaya Animal husbandry Domestic fowl forage around houses. 3,3.1 Language Goats are mainly kept in fenced areas lo protect against the Komodo dragon. Komodo was drawn into Bimanese trading networks and Bimanese Collection of woodland products remains one of the languages in the region. Komodo's traditional Sago The gebang palm, with its starchy core, grows in residents have a distinct and separate language within the Bima swampy localions in the park (Verhiejen (1982) Sumbawa group. There are many loan-words from Bimanese, Sugar palm (Arenga plnnata) Manggarai, and lexical affinities exist with the eastern half of Sumba Tamarind Picked in dry season, canoed or taken overland to (Forth 1983). Detailed ethno-linguistic information on the local (Tamarlndus Indica) Kampung Komodo where it is exported to Sape and further destinations communities is reported in by Jilis Verheijen (1982) Fruit from Cycas sp Used for starch in limes of scarcity 3.3.2 Beliefs Edible nests of These get high prices in urban centres. Collected from swifllets caves within the Park. Like the Bimanese, local communities of Komodo profess Islam, Deer Hunted for food and hides. During inter-war years, although they live in the Christian dominated province of NTT. hides were exported to Sumbawa, often more lhan 200 Information on the distinct content of the Komodo islander's culture is hides peryear(Hitchcock 1990) poorly recorded, and may warrant further research. Komodo's residents did not hunt the dragon, because of its poor Almost the entire male population was traditionally involved in quality skin and possibly for cultural reasons. Bagus (1 987) suggests fishing and collection oi marine products. Cast nets, scoop nets and that the Ala Modo believe they have a kinship link with the dragon. handlines were used with fish-traps in shallow water. The fishermen Komodo islanders have long lived near to the dragons, and there are used outrigger canoes with fishing platforms (bagan), and at night many myths surrounding them. used lamps at night to attract fish. The dragons are the islander's siblings and, U one of the animals is injured, then its relatives, who have taken the form of human beings, will also become ill (Bagus 1987). 1 Appendix 4.0: Demographics gives hislorical populalion numbers in Komodo Nalional Park. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) PageA8 Department of Land and Food Systems PKRLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLKSTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATKGY fOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Appendix 3.0: Komodo National Park Cultun~l Resourcei The Bimanese claim that the giant lizards used to live on Sumbawa a registration scheme should be established to prevent further until they were driven out by a local folk hero known as La Haimi. migration into Komodo; Dragon imagery is also featured in the legend of the foundation of the new buildings within the reserve should be confined to those that Bimanese state, In which a prince marries a Naga princess. The replace existing houses (Hitchcock 1990); latter creature, however, belongs to the wider Asian tradition and the marine park should be unrestricted to all fishermen. need not necessarily be linked to Komodo . Traditionally tamarinds have been picked in season and exported Some of the dragon mythology of the Far East was inspired by to Sape, sold to traders in Bima, and then retailed in Bima and traveller's accounts of the giant lizard (Hitchcock, 1991) neighbouring areas. However, picking Is currently restricted by the PHPA; and requires prior authorisation from management. 3.3.3 Routines and Customs Kampung Komodo views. on the National Park ' Komodo is remote and its population small, hence there was minor The communities feel positively about: integration into Bimanese society, except perhaps as a place of exile. The organisation of local communities is distinctive (Verheijen 1982). Increased levels of knowledge and language skills; They have much In common with neighbouring Mangarrai and terms improved transport to islands; · used In classifying kinsmen are similar. Marriage is permitted with all improved cash economy through locally run transport business four types of cousin, with only a weak preference for the daughter of linking the ferry to Kampung Komodo and Loh Liang (7 boats); the prospective groom's mother's brother. Some evidence exists that • increased conservation of land and marine resources; clans are known on the islands, and that special powers are inherited villagers Involved in carvings (Sudibyo 1994). through the female (Hitchcock 1990). The communities feel negatively about: 3.3.4 Art/canring young men being infiuenced by western lifestyle, and alcohol Komodo islanders lack a strong craft tradition, obtaining required problems developing in the village (Sudibyo 1994); goods from Bima. Their generalist skills were suited to local PHPA restrictions on community movements around the Pf!rk; conditions and, unlike the neighbouring Bimanese, few specialist prohibition by PHPA of forest product use eg. firewood; artisans existed (Hitchcock, 1990). In the early 1990's artisans from employment for local communities being unskilled labour jobs; Bali were brought to train the local community in wood carving. • National Park management isolating communities from input into Carvings of Komodo fauna, particularly the dragon, are of high quality the management of their traditional lands (Sudibyo 1994) and, for the smaller pieces, about Rp25,000-35,000 goes directly to the carver. Larger carvings fetch a higher price. Prices are fixed to 3.4.2 Local Communities and Tourism guarantee a reasonable price for the carver, as well as restrictions on Regional where the carvings may be sold. At present, carvings may only be Regional hotels, shops, restaurants and transport companies have purchased at Loh Liang (Pers. Comm. PHPA) allhough evidence of benefited from the internationally renown wildlife reserve. Direct and sales outside of this arrangement exists. indirect employment from tourism is probably substantial. Regional communication and infrastructure has improved and helped develop 3.4 Local Communities Today the economy (Hitchcock 1990) Villages are situated on the shoreline, close to the few permanent Local water sources. Villagers live in wood-framed houses, with timber and Hitchcock (1990) and Sudibyo (1994) identified the follovling bamboo screens and thatched or corrugated iron roofs. There are perspectives on tourism benefits. 267 families in Kampung Komodo (Subidyo 1994). While the population is historically small, rapid population increase began in the Benefits 1980's. With water supply a major constraint, there is concern about Local communications and infrastructure have improved. population size by both residents and government agencies. Current Employment has been gained. populations and mean annual growth rates are: There is greater cash input into the villages. • Kampung Komodo 929 (5%) Conservation of traditional land and reduction of threats such as • Kampung Rinca 677 (3%) dynamite fishing. • Kampung Kerora 216 (1 %) Constraints Fishing is the main contributor to the village economy, with some Local communities are unable to take advantage of tourism, being receiving income from carving and work as guides. Cumi-Cumi overlooked due to a lack of appropriate skills and education. (squid) is the highest income earner. 93 boats are engaged in this Although accepting restrictions placed upon them by the PHPA, industry with 40% of the population catching the squid and the other and share their water with tourists, local communities have not 59% processing the catch (Sudibyo 1994) benefited from tourism as the management plan envisaged. 3.4.1 Local Communities and the Park Park management appears to be primarily concerned with Padar and Rinca were declared by the Sultan to be nature reserves in conservation, rather than the needs of the local communities. 1938 (Hitchcock, 1990). In 1977, 30 000 ha of Komodo Island. was Islanders have been drawn into the cash economy without designated a Biosphere Reserve and, in 1980, a National Park (IUCN appropriate skills because of : Category II). In July 1989, the area was listed as a World Heritage dependence on imported food and cash payment; Property (IUCN Category IX). The first Management Plan (1977) price rises as economy becomes geared to foreign visitors; concluded that: islanders initially did not become involved in carving .. • agricultural potential is limited and would make an unsuitable Inhabitants of Komodo did not have sufficient capital to invest in 2 destination for settlers from more densely populated islands . small business associated with tourism islanders should find work as labourers, guides, boatmen and • tourists are often Insensitive to cultural requirements when visiting hotel workers arts and crafts could be made for sale to tourists; (inappropriate dress by women visitors eg. swimming togs worn • fishing and tree felling should continue under PHPA regulation; in the village area). • human population was a major concern; • Kampung Komodo and Rinca should be retained within the Park, 3 while other small villages (3) be relocated ; 2 It was recommended that cultivation be restricted to village enclaves and designated conservation areas be established. Today, only the immediate surrounds of the villages are non-conservation areas. 3 It is unclear if local communities were consulted about these proposals. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page A9 Department of Land and Food Systems PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLESTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department ofFore•t Protection and Nature Con>en•ation Appendix 4.0: Demographics APPENDIX 4.0: DEMOGRAPHICS 4.1 Communities within Komodo National Park Population increase in both sexes follows the general population trend, with a small increase In rate of growth in the female pOpulation 4.1.1 All Communities (Tables 4.1.1 c and 4.1.1 d, and Figures 4.1.1 c and 4.1.1 d) other than in the year 1991-92. This suggests that population growth over Three communities exist within the Park on the larger islands: recent years is the result of births, rather than in migration. ' • Kampung Komodo on Komodo Island; • Kampung Rinca on Rlnca Island; and Table 4.1.1c Male population of Komodo communities • Kampung Kerora on Gilimotang Island. 1990 • 1995 Around 2000 people live within the Par1<, with this population Village Komodo %Increase Rlnca %Increase Kerora %Increase Increasing, in recent years at an annual rate of around 3% each year Year [Table 4.1.1 (a) and Figure 4.1.1 (b)]. 1990-91 391 309 104 16 3 3 Table 4.1.1a Population of Komodo communities 1991-92 452 317 107 1992-93 453 0 319 108 1 (1990-1995) 1993-94 465 3 372 17 110 2 Village Komodo %Increase Rlnca %Increase Kerora %Increase 1994-95 465 0 372 0 110 Year 1990-91 769 586 205 Males •Y• ar .1990'-91 1991-92 871 13 593 210 2 500 r!!!UU:U E!lntn 1992-93 894 3 598 212 1 450 1993-94 914 2 677 13 216 2 400 1994-95 929 2 677 0 216 0 350 300 250 Total population 01990-91 01992-93 200 1000 150 .1994-95 100 50 500 0 Ko m o do Rln ca Kerora V lllage Komodo Rinca Kerora Figure 4.1.1c Male population of Komodo communities Village 1990-1995 Figure 4.1.1a Population of Komodo communities Table 4.1.1d Female population of Komodo communities While population is increasing slowly across all communities, the 1990- 1995 number of households is increasing slightly more rapidly (5%) (Table Village Komodo %Increase Rlnca %increase Kerora %Increase 4.1.1b and Figure 4.1.1 b Year Table 4.1.1b Households in Kampung Komodo, Rinca 1990-91 378 277 101 1991-92 419 11 276 0 103 2 and Kerora; 1990 - 1995 1992-93 441 9 279 1 104 Village Komodo %Increase Rinca '-'Increase Kerora %Increase 1993-94 449 2 305 9 105 Year 1994-95 464 3 305 0 106 1990-91 158 147 45 1991-92 183 15 146 -1 47 4 Females •Year •1990-91 1992-93 194 6 147 47 0 .1991-92 1::11992-93 1993-94 205 6 161 10 49 4 500 [!] 1993-94 01994-95 1994-95 216 5 161 0 43 -12 400 300 Households 200 250 1113Year []1990-91 []1991-92 ~ 1992-93 100 200 rn 1993-94 .1994-95 0 150 Komodo Rinca Kerora 100 Village 50 0 +---..J.....1:<: Figure 4.1.1d Female population of Komodo Komodo Rinca Kerora communities 1990- 1995 Village Figure 4.1.1b Households in Kampung Komodo, Rinca and Kerora; 1990- 1995 UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page AlO Department of Land and Food Systenu PERUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PEI-I!STARIAN AI-AM EcoTOURISM STRATKGY FOR KoMqDO NATIONAl-PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Appendix 4.0: Demographics 4.1.2 Implications for this Strategy /lge and gender distribution Kampung Komodo The Kampung Komodo and Kampung Rinca populations are increasing. However, the former is growing more rapidly. The 1995 PHPA Management Plan stressed the need to limit population growth, 100+------to counter water supply problems. Kampung Komodo's population increase may therefor cause long term problems in this regard. The management plan proposes the restructuring of the Labuan Bajo Sape ferry to limit transport of materials and migration into Komodo. This may assist population control. 4.1.3 Kampung Komodo's Population Since 1928 Kampung Komodo experienced rapid growth to 1977 (13% per annum) stabilising over recent years at a growth rate of 5 5 around 5% (Table 4.1.3a and Figure 4.1.3b). 51355 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 10 15 20 25,30 35 40 45 50 55 > Malo AGE Table 4.1.3a Population at Kampung Komodo (1928 to 1994) Figure 4.1.3b Gender and age distributiqn at Kampung Komodo Year Male Female Total % ???? ???? Source Jumlah 4.1.4 Implications for the strategy Tahun Pria Wanita Jumlah KK Bangunan Keterangan The population is evenly distributed between males and females. An 1928 30 Burden unusual element of the age profile or Kampung t Education standard of Park staff Figure 4.1.3a Population at Kampung Komodo DPostGraduate Pasca Sarjana (52) DGraduate Sarjana ($1) f.:::IGraduate Sarj4na Muda •High SchooiSLTA Kampung Komodo exhibits a normal spread of ages in both sexes C!iiJuniorSecondarySLTP t:lEiemontarySD with approximately the same numbers in each age class (Table 4.1.2b and Figure 4.1.2b). 70 .------60 +------Table 4.1.3b Gender and age distribution at Kampung 60 +------Komodo 1994 40 +------ No. 3 0 +------Age group (Kelas Umur) Male (Pria) Female (Wanita) Total (Jumlah) 20 +------00-05 115 113 228 10 +------143 06-10 77 66 0 +--'-'==:=e===:l::::== 59 60 119 11 - 15 Education level Total 16-20 54 71 125 Jum lah 21-25 38 44 82 26-30 50 42 92 31-35 18 27 45 Figure 4.2 Education of Komodo National Park Staff 1995 36-40 43 32 75 41-45 19 15 34 46-50 30 27 57 51-55 9 5 14 >56 25 22 47 Total (Jumlah) 537 524 1061 UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Page All Department or Land and Food Systems R- PII:RUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLXSTARIAN ALAM EcoTOURtsM STRATEGY FOR KoMODO NATtoNtLPARK Deportment of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Appendix 4.0: Demographics 4.3 Regional Communities Seasonal primary production at Kampung Komodo Gambar: Kalender Musim Pengambilan Sumber Daya Alam di Male and female population numbers are balanced within the region. Kampung Komodo · The Komodo area, including Lubuan Bajo supports about 10% of the district population (Table 4.3a). Table 4.3a Population 1993 District Male Female Total Kab. Manggaral 239 036 239 853 478 889 Kab. Blma 222 512 225 545 448 057 Region Kee Komodo 23 609 23342 46 951 Kee Sape 34 390 35347 69 737 4.4 Implications for this Strategy The regional population is characterised by young children, a middle Education standard within the region is low (Table 4.3b). This aged group largely employed in primary and secondary production, seriously limits the potential of tourism to develop. Special training is and retirees. With the high number of people employed in th.e fishing likely to be required in business practice and hospitality if a Industry, expansion of ecotourism businesses could place the viability sustainable industry is to be achieved which benefits regional of the fishing industry at risk. However, it may support lqng term sustainability of the fishing industry by decreasing supply and communities. increasing demand; delivering raised market prices and less pressure Table 4.3b Education 1993 on fish resources. Most people in the region are not educated beyond elementary District Pre- Elem. Second High Muslim Muslim Muslim school. Human resources in and around Komodo National Park lack 7-13 13-16 elem. second High 4-1 16-19 the services skills that neighbouring townships poss~ss and Kab Manggarai 577 60 27 necessary for a developing tourist industry. There is also limited Kab Bima 129 52 21 7 49 20 8 acces~ to multi-lingual people t~ se~ce an international j(English speakmg) market, although English IS spoken fluently by some in regional towns. Hence, if the local communities are to beco!ne more The vast proportion of the community around and within Komodo involved in tourism in Komodo, training in English and other kkills will National Park is involved in farming activities. Few people are be essential to provide a viable tourist industry for the population. involved in craft manufacture even at the District level, and less than Population growth is expected to increase, possibly giving rise to 20% of the district community is involved in the service industry or population driven economic growth. · business (Table 4.3c and Figure 4.3c). Again this severely limits the potential of the community to develop and benefit from expanding A readily available source of managerial expertise is not available. tourism. There is a low income level for the Region suggesting a lack of capital for ecotourism investment. Table 4.3c Employment- 1993 Small, individual, family or community based businesse~ may be Village Farming Industry Business Transport Services developed. · Craft Industry is primary production based, with most other businesses Komodo 215 3 36 29 9 supporting these industries. Pasir Panjang 198 0 14 12 13 (Rinca) Practical experience in ecotourism related activities is: likely to Labuan Bajo 538 4 62 50 230 exist and with training, could form the initial labour source for District Total 7 552 7 228 143 709 ecotourism expansion. This could impact upon the other industries. The small business growth figures suggest that the community Regional Employment may be responsive to ecotourism industry potential. 1000,------. 800 t oCIe 600 :I z 400 200 0 Femiro Industry/Craft Busine6:s Transport Industry liiKomodo • P asirP anjang (Rinca) llii Labuan B ajo Figure 4.3c Regional employment by industries UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLA/'11> (GAlTON COLLEGE) rage At2 Department of Land and Food Sy.tcms PERLINDUNCAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM EcoTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMqoo NATIONAL PARK Department 'of Forut Protection and Nature Cotuervation Appendix 5.0: Tourl APPENDIX 5.0: TOURISM AND KOMODO 5.1 Infrastructure 5.1.2 Communications Options for ecological and economically sustainable development are There is no phone service to Komodo National jPark. Telephone limited on island environments (Hess, 1990). In addition, provision of communications are available through microwave !echnology in both utilities and services is difficult and expensive. Human expertise and Bima and Labuan Bajo. Radio communication is maintained to PHPA technical skills are scarce, and economic development usually occurs headquarters in Labuan Bajo from Loh Liang and Loh Buaya. only with outside assistance. The provision of modern infrastructure 5.1.3 Transport Is responsible for consuming a large portion of the areas human and financial resources. There are no roads within the National Park. Kampung Komodo is a half hour walk from the tourist camp at Loh Liang, while Kampung Deficiencies in hard and soft infrastructure have been identified in Rinca is approximately 2 hours walk from Loh Buaya. Transport over Bima, Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park. Pressures from rapid longer distances is generally undertaken by motoris,ed boat. Increases In tourism numbers and an expanding resident population have resulted in strain on existing infrastructure, and increased 5.1.4 Food demand for services. While infrastructure provision should support, I Food on Komodo and Rinca Islands can be obtained from the camp but not dictate the development of ecotourism opportunities, effort is cafeteria. However, the menu is limited. Basic todd supplies can be needed to ensure that sufficient infrastructure is available to maintain purchased at Kampung Komodo or Kampung Rinca. environmental standards and the quality of the visitor experience. Further, tourism expansion requires a long-term works program for 5.1.5 Implications for this strategy the establishment and maintenance of infrastructure. This program Climate is an attraction for the Region providing the opportunity for must focus on basic services such as an efficient and functional road year round ecotourism activity. system, appropriate sewage and grey water disposal, expansion of The Regional Economy is shifting from an agricultural and fresh water supply, provision of adequate open space and the manufacturing base to one of a service based economy. establishment of social, health and welfare services. This is particularly relevant to Labuan Bajo and Bima which are the hub of The outlook for the economy without the impacts of tourism or a major future tourism growth and the gateways for Komodo National Park. manufacturing industry is slow growth. Due to the nature of their physical and institutional environments, Skills of the available workforce are not of direct use to expanding infrastructure development on Komodo and Rinca is necessary for the ecotourism. presentation and protection of natural and cultural resource values. 5.2 Park Visitation However, where options for infrastructure and/or economic development exists, cultural and/or environmental conflict may arise The study area is relatively poor in comparison to IT)any other areas of (Hess, 1990). Areas requiring infrastructure include those associated Indonesia. It relies strongly on tourism for economic growth (Lilley, with grey water and effluent disposal, and the management of solid 1994). There is high potential for ecotourism, hpwever supporting waste. These are major environmental contaminants and without infrastructure at Bima, Sape and Labuan Bajo Is inadequate to service management, will result in the pollution of both terrestrial and marine tourism growth and benefit from an expanding tourist market. Never environments, reducing ecological integrity and aesthetic values. the less, of all national parks within Indonesia, Komodo is the most 5.1.1 Power popular destination for foreign tourists (Lilley, 1994). Visitor numbers to Komodo have risen substantially over the last Electricity is available in both Bima and Labuan Bajo, however 15 years. At the time the Park was officially opened in 1981, 664 electricity is limited on both Komodo and Rinca Islands to several people visited in the first year. However, this number has rapidly hours in the evenings. At Loh Liang (Komodo Is.) PHPA provide 2 x grown to around 30 000 in 1995-96 (Table 5.2(a))·. This represents 220V diesel generator power between 6 am and 10 pm, and Loh an average monthly visitation of 2400. International visitors account Buaya (Rinca Is.) from 6 pm to 10 pm. for over 90% of visitation, growing at a rate of 11% each year over the last 5 years. Peak visitation occurs in July to September (25% of visitation occurs in July and August) with a secondary peak in January. At these times, a daily average visitation of 130 is experienced (Figure 5.2a). Table 5.2a Domestic and International Visitors 1991/92-1995/96 Month 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 Mean 1991/92 ·lo 1995/96 Local Inter Total Local Inter Total Local Inter Total Local Inter Total Local Inter Total Local Inter Total Apr 140 1366 1506 38 1348 1386 90 1199 1289 125 1317 1442 221 2052 2273 123 1456 1579 May 69 1062 1131 82 1381 1463 53 1184 1237 150 1983 2133 242 2050 2292 119 1532 1651 Jun 92 1142 1234 48 1289 1337 105 1307 1412 108 1428 1536 200 1786 1986 110 1390 1501 Jul 107 1784 1891 78 1798 1876 79 1808 1887 511 2633 3144 220 2437 2657 199 2092 22291 Aug 75 2258 2333 125 3084 3209 165 3619 3784 136 3198 3334 218 3822 4040 144 3196 3340 Sep 30 1394 1424 41 1358 1399 117 1892 2009 186 2075 2261 178 2657 2835 110 1875 1986 Oct 69 1283 1352 70 1398 1468 118 1523 1641 136 1780 1916 174 2254 2428 11 ~ 1648 1761 Nov 126 1093 1219 40 935 975 171 2384 2555 139 1653 1792 129 2052 2181 121 1623 1744 Dec 26 981 1007 38 1060 1098 100 939 1039 260 1796 2056 126 1211 1337 110 1197 1707 I Jan 51 1137 1188 39 1268 1307 182 1828 2010 219 2558 2777 161 2399 2560 130 1838 1968 Feb 35 947 982 17 575 592 88 1480 1568 100 1128 1228 112 2391 2503 70: 1305 1376 Mar 32 827 859 52 668 720 142 1369 1511 224 1917 2141 82 1856 1938 10~ 1327 1434 TOTAL 852 15274 16126 668 16162 16830 1410 20532 21942 2294 23466 25760 2063 26967 29030 1457 20482 21939 Mean 71 1272 1343 55 1346 1402 117 1711 1828 191 1955 2146 171 2247 2419 121 1707 1828 UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) PageAlJ Dt>partmcnt ofNaturnl and Ruml Sysl<'ms l\1anag<'m<'nl PKRLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONt-LPARK Department or Fore~t Protection and Nature Co1ucn•ation Appendix 5.0: Touri International tourists are by far the main visitor source, with 5.3 Existing Inbound Service Americans and Australians the main visiting nationalities. Komodo is still attractive to domestic visitors, yet stabilised at around 7%. 5.3.1 Scheduled Sen•ices Komodo National Park experiences around 1BOO visitors each n Visits to the Komodo Region month, peaking during the southern hemisphere winter months of July to September. At these times over 3000 visitors a month can be Merpati Airlines operate regular air services to Sima and Labuan Baja. expected (Figure 5.2a) This is supplemented by launch service from Java (Table 5.3:1a). Table 5.3.1a Transport to the Region Average monthly visitation (1992-1996) Route Mode Status Frequency lenglh of lrip 3500 To labuan Bajo • Domestic II Tourist Surroaya (Java), Denpasar (Ba.i), Plane SuffiCient Regular 5hours 3000 Mataram (Lombok) Sima (Sumbawa) irclJding labuan Bajo (Fbres) Iran sit 2500 Kupang (Timor) -labuan 8ajo Plane SuffiCieol Regular 2hours Banyuwangi (Java)- Labuan Bajo Boat ~ Book at .,, 30 hours availabe harbour 2000 To Sape or Sima ..... 1500 Surabaya (Java)- Denpasar (Ba.i)- Sima Plane Space Regular 4pours Cll (Sumbawa) availatk .a Banyuwangi (Java)- Sima (Sumbawa) Boat Book at § 1000 ~ ~hours availabe harbour I z Sima (Sumbawa)- Sape (Suml)awa) Bus Space Daly 1.5 hours 500 availahll Surabaya (Java)- Sape (Sumbawa) Bus Space Daly ~hours o~-..- availahll >- Cll ...... r::: :c c 2- iii Cll Cll Cll Cll ~ ~ c. :::> -,:::> :::> .Q .Q .Q .Q ~ The only form of inbound service to Komodo National Park is ,the ferry <{ ~"' -, Ol E E E "':::> 2 :::> -§ Cll c "' <{ Cll Cll .Q ~"' from Sape and Labuan Baja. From Sape, the ferry departs at Bam > 0 QJ a. 0 0 Cll -, Cll "' u. every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday. From Labuan Baja, the z 0 (/') ferry departs at Bam but every Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday. Month These ferries can get seriously crowded. (Table 5.3.1 b). Table 5.3.1b Transport to Komodo Island Figure 5.2a: Average monthly visitation Route Transport mode Transport status length of trip Using the average annual increase in visitation for low projections, Labuan Bajo (Fbres) Ferry Space availahll 3 hours 47km visitation can be expected to exceed 40000 by the year 2001. Komodo Charter Boat Space availatk 4hours Applying the compounded percentage increase, visitation can be Sape (Sumbawa) Ferry Space availahll 6 hours 94km expected to double to 60000 by the year 2000 and there-after each 5 Komodo Charter Boal Space availahll 7 hours years (Figure 5.2b). (TNK, 1995) 5.3.2 Non-scheduled Sen•ices to Loh Liang (Komodo Is) Visitation 1991-1996 and projected to 2002 Over 10 operators bring tourists to Loh Liang on Komodo Island using over 20 vessels. Almost 70% originate within the region (25% from 8~ ~------, Labuan Baja and 45% from Sape). The remainder emanate out of Bali ...... t.·· .. ··Domestic lloW (20%) and Lombok (1 0%) (Table 5.3.2a) . 7~ ----.. ----Domestic ~Domestic (High) Table 5.3.2a Tour operator visits to Loh Liang 6~ ---0- •- International (loW Tour operator Boat name Visils Route - -o- -International Koperasi Wardun labuan Bajo-Komod Since 1990 visitor arrivals to Komodo Island (Loh Liang) have been mainly by cruise ships (45%) followed by charters (36%) and the ferries from Sape and Labuan Bajo (19%). In recent years the proportion has changed with a greater number of visitor numbers coming to the Park via charters (40%). UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GA 1TON COLLEGE) P~ge Al4 Department of Natural and Rural Systems 1\lnnng<'lll<'llt PKRLINDUNCAN HUTAN DAN PELF-~TARIAN Al.AM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Con.,en•ntion Appendix 5.0: Tourbm and the Regional Economy Ferry arrivals have been increasing irregularly at a rate of about 20%, while cruise ship arrivals appear to be slowing but still retain a Visitation to Loh Liang by growth of around 15% each year. Most growth is in the charter area, transportation type and though irregular, would appear to be increasing at a rate in 20000 excess of 25% each year (Table 5.3.2b and Figure 5.3.2a). 0 Ferry No. @Charter No. I Table 5.3.2b Annual visitation to Loh Liang by type 15000 rn Cruise No. •rota! · of transport ....en .B 10000 'iii Year Ferry Charter Cruise Total > No. % % of No. % % of No. % % of 5000 incr total incr total incr total 9 4213 49 3657 42 8681 89/90 811 0 90/91 1320 63 11 3794 -10 32 6807 86 57 11921 91/92 2975 125 23 3469 -9 27 6527 -4 50 12971 92/93 3448 16 25 4496 30 33 5786 -11 42 13730 93194 4232 23 23 7856 75 42 6634 15 35 18722 Figure 5.3.2a Visitation by transport type Mean 2557 105 19 4766 22 36 5882 20 45 13205 In 1995, visitation to Komodo Island peaked on Sundays (18%) and Wednesdays (23%), with the least popular days being Thursdays and Fridays (9%). Over half of the visitation arriyed by cruise ship (53%) The ferries contributed only 18% of visitors (14% from Sape), while charters accounted for around 30% of visitors (Figure 5.3.2a and Table 5.3.2c). Table 5.3.2c Total daily visitors by transport and weekday in 1995 Frl Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Total No. %of No. %of No. %of No. %of No. %of No. %of No. %of No weekly weekly weekly weekly weekly weekly weekly visitors visitors visitors visitors visitors visitors visitors Charter Sape 133 10 233 17 195 15 197 15 140 10 333 25 107 8 1338 % of daily visits 13 15 9 14 8 12 10 12 Charter L.Bajo 105 13 90 11 190 24 125 16 96 12 119 15 66 8 791 % of daily visits 10 6 9 9 5 4 6 7 Charter Lombok 309 26 186 16 92 8 370 31 92 8 75 6 68 6 1192 % of daily visits 30 12 4 26 5 3 6 10 Ferry L.Bajo 1 0 147 29 83 16 81 16 54 11 96 19 50 10 512 % of daily visits 0 10 4 6 3 4 5 4 Ferry Sape 21 407 25 203 13 254 16 239 15 324 20 172 11 1620 % of daily vis~s 2 26 10 18 13 12 16 14 Cruise 459 476 8 1305 21 390 6 1178 19 1740 28 626 10 6174 % of daily vis~s 45 31 63 28 65 65 57 53 Total 1028 9 1539 13 2068 18 1417 12 1799 15 2687 23 1089 9 11627 In 1995 cruise ships provided over 50% of visitors to the Park with 5.3.3 Non scheduled Sen'ices to Loh Buaya, Rinca island charters contributing nearly 30%. The ferry services from Lubuan Baja and Sape brought fewer than 20% of visitors (Table 5.3.2c and Over 5 operators bring tourists to Rinca Island using over 23 vessels. Figure 5.3.2b). Again 70% originate within the region with a far greater proportion commencing in Labuan Bajo (69% from Labuan bajo and only 4% from Sape). The remainder emanate out of Bali (2%) and Lombok Mean Daily visitors to Loh Liang Jan95- (25%) (Table 5.3.3a). Feb96 35.00 ,------, 5.3.3 Implications for this Strategy The structuring of Inbound transport services is a key factor in 30.00 ecotourism planning. In the existing situation: ...II) 25.00 cruise ships bring more day visitors than all the other transport 0 ;!:: 20.00 sources put together; ·:;:II) .... 15.00 Sunday, Tuesday and particularly Wednesday are the highest 0 visitor days from cruise ships; 0 10.00 z the ferry from Sape is the next major source of visitors; 5.00 Saturday is the main visiting day from the saP¢ ferry. 0.00 The implications for controlling day visitor numbers and promoting 1 .Q. ecotourism are: .. 0 0. m"' -"' 0 ... ..0. ..J (.)-'>""' .. .. ,\:) (f) m .. modifications to daily cruise ship scheduling ~ould be the logical .<: E ..J (f) -"' (.) 0 starting point; • (.) ..J u: u: 0 there is room for flexibility in scheduling for c111ise ships. Figure 5.3.2b Daily visitors to Loh Liang by transport Hence National Park management should be able: to cooperate with type cruise ship operators to even the distribution of day .visitors. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) PagcAlS Department of Nntuml and Rm"nl Systl·ms Managl'lll~nt PXRUNDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conocrvation Appendix 5.0: Touri Table 5.3.3a Tour operator visits to Loh Buaya Table 5.5.1 Visitor bed nights by month for Loh Liang (LB) March 1996 + Loh Buaya Tour operator Name of boat Visits Route 94/95 Perama tours PeramaOf 6 L. Bajo • LB • Komodo • ? Actual Possible %occ Komodo Sa1Jm03 2 Sape • Komodo • LB • L.Bajo Apr 644 1680 38 Peramaf2 2 Lombok· Komodo -lB. L.Bajo May 546 1736 31 Peramaf4 2 Lombok • Komodo -LB • L.Bajo Jun 585 1680 35 M:lsy. L.Bajo ~Woei 8 L.Bajo • Brondir • LB • L.Bajo Jul 899 1736 52 Can Hidup 4 L.Bajo • Brondir • LB • L.Bajo Aug 864 1736 so Hanler 2 L.Bajo • Brondir • LB • L.Bajo Sep 589 1680 35 Rukun Taja 2 L.Bajo • Brondir • LB • L.Bajo Oct 480 1736 28 Kop.Lombok &i Perdoca f Lombok· Komodo -LB. L.Bajo Nov 394 1680 23 M:lsy. L.Bajo Gus f L.Bajo • LB • Komodo Dec 364 1736 21 Widun 3 L.Bajo • LB • Komodo Jan 490 1736 28 Lombok Nata Dewa f Lombok • Komodo -LB • L.Bajo Feb 1568 30 M:lsy. L. Bajo Komodo Jaya 2 L. Bajo • LB • Komodo 472 Tll!Yel agent Adelarr f Bai • Lombok • Oris? • Komodo?. LB • Mar 656 1736 38 Lombok Merdung Taja f Lombok • Komodo -LB • L.Bajo Year total 6983 20440 34 M:lsy. L.Bajo Toli M:Jn 2 L.Bajo • Bed? • LB • L.Bajo Mean 582 1703 34 Lombok Karya Gersama 1 Lombok • Komodo -LB • L.Bajo Lombok Karya Gubar 1 Lombok • Komodo -LB • L. Bajo L.Bajo Laugsuz Indonesia 2 Lombok • Komodo -LB • L.Bajo M:lsy. L.Bajo Safran 1 L. Bajo • LB • Komodo Bed Nights Loh liang+ Loh Buaya Nagm 1 L.Bajo • LB • Komodo -o-Actual -¢--Possible Write Tress 1 L.Bajo • LB • Komodo Lombok Nur Arafar 1 lombok· Komodo -LB. L.Bajo 2000 5.4 Day Visitors 1500 5.4.1 Day visitors to Loh Liang, Komodo Island ] 1000 E Loh Liang attracts, on average, about 60 visitors a day, peaking on z::J weekends and mid week (Wednesday and Tuesdays) (Figure 5.4.1 a). 500 Mean daily visitors to Loh Liang ... c Ol > 0 a. ::J a. - 0 Q) Jan95- Feb96 ~ ' ~ ~ 0 z 0 120 Month 100 ...II) Figure 5.5.1a Bed nights per month in Komodo 0 80 ~ National Park II) '>.... 60 An average of around 15 people stay overnight in the Park 0 40 accommodation although the actual daily figures remain patchy. Peak 0 overnight stays occurs on Saturdays and Wednesdays, parallelling z 20 the overall-visitation pattern (Figure 5.5.1 b). 0 Visitor Bed Nights • by Day of the Week Figure 5.4.1a Daily visitors to Loh Liang 30 25 5.5 Overnight Visitors ~ 20 .t:l 5.5.1 Loh Liang and Loh Buaya E 15 :::> Parallelling the overall visitor figures, overnight stays at Komodo z 10 National Park peak in July and August . when occupancy exceeds 5 50%. However throughout the year occupancy is around 30% (Table 0 5.5.1 and Figure 5.5.1 a). c c Q) ::J 0 ::J (/) ::2: 1- Day Figure 5.5.1b Visitor bed nights by day of the ,week The number or overnight visitors to the Park remains relatively constant over the year, at 420 per month but with a significant peak in August (Figure 5.5.1 c). This lack or direct parallel with visitor numbers generally and bed nights suggests that there is a group of visitors who will stay longer in the Park, but not at peak visitation times. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page A16 Depalimt'nt of Natural and Rural Systems 1\fauaj!l'llll'lll ft- PERUNDUNCAN JIUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY YOR KoMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Con Number of overnight visitors Visitor Bed Nights 1000 .,------==------, and Projections to 2001 10000 ...------+----.,_ 800 9000 600 8000 .2l~ 400 7000 E Cl) 6000 :::1 200 .:c z ·r:Ol 5000 0 "C C).l 4000 Cl 3000 --o--High 2000 - o- Visitor bed nights Month 1000 · · ·D- · · Low 0 +-~-~~-~~-~~-~~~ N Figure 5.5.1c Overnight visitors per month 5 0 g 5 0 0 After a major increase in visitor numbers in 1993/94, growth in N N overnight visitors has been slight. At current growth rates, overnight occupancy can not be expected to reach 50% even by the year 2002 (Figure 5.5.1 d). This situation is amplified by more detailed analysis Figure 5.5.1d Annual visitor nights and projections of Loh Liang and Loh Buaya visitor stays. to 2001. 5.5.2 Loh Liang, Komodo Island Overnight stays at Loh Liang have remained static since 1991/92. peaking in August in parallel with overall visitation but without the secondary peak in January. Generally annual occupancy has net exceeded 30%. On a monthly basis, occupancy only exceeds 50% in August although on some days through out the year all rooms are occupied (Table 5.5.2 and Figures 5.5.2a and b). Table 5.5.2 Visitor bed nights by month at Loh Liang 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 Actual Possible '!. occ Actual Possible '!. occ Actual Possible '1. occ Actual Possible '!. occ Actual Possible '!. occ Apr 411 1680 24 334 1680 20 347 1680 21 577 1680 34 547 1680 33 May 397 1736 23 286 1736 16 313 1736 18 469 1736 27 463 1736 27 Jun 435 1680 26 296 1680 18 355 1680 21 414 1680 25 301 1680 18 Jut 518 1736 30 453 1736 26 516 1736 30 669 1736 39 536 1736 31 Aug 726 1736 42 802 1736 46 768 1736 44 801 1736 46 968 1736 56 Sep 329 1680 20 405 1680 24 600 1680 36 546 1680 33 475 1680 28 Oct 286 1736 16 456 1736 26 409 1736 24 376 1736 22 468 1736 27 Nov 237 1680 14 359 1680 21 484 1680 29 328 1680 20 462 1680 28 Dec 206 1736 12 236 1736 14 334 1736 19 263 1736 15 370 1736 21 Jan 217 1736 1'3 242 1736 14 630 1736 36 410 1736 24 411 1736 24 Feb 250 1624 15 106 1568 7 517 1568 33 380 1568 24 479 1624 29 Mar 261 1736 15 261 1736 15 586 1736 34 452 1736 26 435 1736 25 Year total 4273 20496 21 4236 20440 21 5859 20440 29 5685 20440 28 5915 20496 29 Mean 356 1708 21 353 1703 21 488 1703 29 474 1703 28 493 1708 29 VIsitor bed nightsatLoh Liang 1991-1996 Visitor bed nights at Loh Liang -•-8 ed niohts --D--P ossible by month (1995/96) 25000 ~------. 2000 20000 o-----~---~---~-----o 1500 !1 .s: -<>-Actual ~"' 15000 Ol ·c: ·c: 1000 -!'--Possible "0 11 10000 Cll III m 500 5000 ----·--· ·----·, 0 +-~--,_~--+-~--+--+~+--+--+-~ ------1· 0 +i------~------~1------~1 c CJ) ~ u > 0 c .0 0.. ...,:l 0 'Cil ..., Cll 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/96 95/96 <( ~ <% 0 z 0 "' u.. Years Month Figure 5.5.2a Visitor bed nights at Loh Liang 1991 - Figure 5.5.2b Monthly visitor bed nights at Loh Liang 1996 UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page Al7 Department of Nntumlnnd Ruml Systems 1\tanngement PKRLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Con. Buaya, 5.5.3 Lob Rinca Island Visitors staying 1 or more nights Overnight stays at Loh Buaya appear to have fallen since 1994/95. at Loh Liang Based on 1994/95 figures, peak occupancy occurs in July and March. This variability in occupancy possibly reflects the recent 600 development of the facility. However, annual occupancy is less than 500 50% (Table 5.5.3 and Figure 5.5.3). 400 300 Table 5.5.3 Visitor bed nights by month for Loh 200 Buaya 100 94/95 95/96 0 Possible % occ Possible '-' occ ·c: Cll Actual Actual lL. ::J Apr 67 240 28 n/a nla • I- May 77 248 31 n/a nla Jun 171 240 71 n/a nla Figure 5.5.4a: Overnight visitors to Loh Liang py day Jul 230 248 93 n/a nla of the week Aug 63 248 25 n/a nla Sep 43 240 18 nla nla Most visitors who stay overnight, in contrast to general visitation, Oct 104 248 42 26 248 10 arrive by ferry from Sape or Labuan Bajo (Figure 5.5.4b). Nov 66 240 28 2 240 248 41 248 2 Dec 101 6 Visitors staying 1 or more nights at Loh Liang Jan 80 248 32 2 248 Feb 92 224 41 10 224 Mar 204 248 82 2 248 1400~------, Yeartotal 1298 2920 44 48 1456 3 1200 1------Mean 108 243 44 8 243 3 ...... "'~000 -t------0 4J ~ lL.~ T------~ ~&0+------CV"' Bed nights at Loh Buaya 0 ~~ +------~=====- 1- .., 200 ---Actual --¢-- A:lssible 0 2~~~~~¢-~~~~~~~~~~ ~ 0 ~ .,.. .Q. ~.<> fJ) m .. ..• "' U E ..... fJ) :; 200 ~ 0 u ...J u: u: u > Transport Services g 150 • Ill g. 100 () Figure 5.5.4b Overnight visitors to Loh Liang by () 0 50 type of transport used 0 +--+--+--r~r-1--+--r-~~--~~ Overnight \'isitors Q_iQ'§"S O)CL() f; :rl One-night-only visitors make up over 80% of the overnight visitors and ~ ~ ' ' ~ ~ 0 z 0 hence influence the overall trend in the more popular days for stays. Month Thursdays and Fridays are the least popular days for these visitors (Table 5.5.4b and Figure 5.5.4c). Figure 5.5.3 Monthly visitor bed nights at Loh Table 5.5.4b Total visitors staying 1 night only Buaya Fri Sat sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Total Char1er Sape 54 62 20 23 37 18 29 243 5.5.4 Length of Stay Char1er L.Bajo 6 8 0 13 21 3 7 58 Char1er Lombok 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 4 Peak occupancy at Loh Liang occurs on Saturdays. Fridays are the Ferry. L.Bajo 0 107 69 66 50 75 .15 382 least popular (Table 5.5.4a and Figure 5.5.4a). Ferry. Sape 17 332 165 186 190 198 47 1135 Cruise 0 0 0 Table 5.5.4a Total visitors staying one or more 0 0 0 0 0 Total 77 509 256 288 298 294 100 1822 nights at Loh Liang Frl Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Total Visitors staying 1 night only Charter Sape 54 62 20 23 37 18 29 243 Charter L.Bajo 31 11 2 13 27 3 9 96 at Loh Liang Charter Lombok 0 2 2 2 0 0 3 9 600 .------, Ferry. L.Bajo 0 107 69 66 50 77 15 384 500 Ferry.Sape 17 353 179 200 193 203 82 1227 400 Cruise 4 51 38 52 35 14 113 307 300 Tolal 106 586 310 356 342 315 251 2266 200 100 0 c: Cll • ::J ::J en I- Figure 5.5.4c Overnight visitors by day of the! week UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GAITON COLLEGE) Page A18 Department of Natural and Ruml Systl'IIIS ManaJ!l'llll'llt PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELF-~TARIAN AL.'M ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Departmen(- of Forest Protection and Nnture C.ons(,.•n•ation Arrcndix 5,0: Touri•m and the Re~lonal Economy Visitors who stay overnight at Loh Liang for one night only are almost usually from Sape and arrive on the ferry service (Figure 5.5.4d). Visitors staying 2+ nights at Loh Liang 350 Visitors staying 1 night only at Loh 300 ... "'(7) 250 Liana ::; .0 w 1ZOO ,------, ~ IL"' 200 <7l ·:; .D ltl 150 .f 1000 iU (7) 0 c: 100 . I- ...,.. 10 50 <7l 800 c: 0 ..., 0 "' 600 ~ .Q. 40 Ill ..<: 0 .., 0...... 6~__. ro__. .., .s u'E (J) ·~ u; 400 0 u: u.: a > Trans port Services iii 200 • 0 I- 0 Figure 5.5.4( Visitors to Loh Liang staying more .Q. ~ than one night, by transport 4> ro"' .8 0 0.. E .,.. 4> -' 0.. ..<: 0 VI (J) ro "' "' u -' ..J (I)"' '5 5.5.5 Room Preference ..<:u u..<: u.: u: u Overnighting visitors to Loh Liang tend to be equally divided between Transport Services single persons and couples, based on the preference for rooms • (Table 5.5.5 and Figure 5.5.5). At peak times, couples predominate, while the January period seems to be the most important time for Figure 5.5.4d Overnight visitors by transport families. Given the apparent preference for single rooms, it may be Visitors who stay two nights or longer that the current room price is not market sensitive - visitors are prepared to pay for a single room rather than 'double up'. This Ironically, visitors who stay greater than one night tend to be present suggests that an accommodation price increases would not affect on Thursdays when 'overnighters' are largely absent (Table 5.5.4c visitor stays. and Figure 5.5.4e). That is, the visitors who stay more than one night appear to be a distinct visitor sector. Table 5.5.5 Room occupancy at Loh Liang by type Table 5.5.4c Total visitors staying 2+ nights Month Single room Double room Triple room Visitors o'night 1995/96 Frl Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Total Jan.95 146 105 0 410 0 0 0 0 0 Charter Sape 0 0 0 Feb.95 143 81 0 380 Charter L.Bajo 25 3 2 0 6 0 2 38 Mar.95 175 87 0 452 Charter Lombok 0 2 0 2 0 0 5 Apr.95 216 111 0 547 Ferry. L.Bajo 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 May.95 172 62 12 463 Ferry. Sape 0 21 14 14 3 5 35 92 Jun.95 112 46 9 301 Cruise 4 51 38 52 35 14 113 307 Jul.95 175 104 20 536 Total 29 77 54 68 44 21 151 444 Aug.95 300 252 21 968 Sep.95 183 66 13 475 Oct.95 173 68 14 468 Nov.95 161 78 20 462 Visitors staying 2+ nights Dec.95 137 55 13 370 at Loh Liang Jan.96 153 58 116 411 160 Feb.96 172 52 27 479 140 w Total 2418 1225 265 6722 ~ ~ 120 ~ ~ 100 ·:; 80 iU ~ 60 Bed occupancy by month 0 I- ...,~ 40 20 600 E!l Triple 0 500 ·r: c c • D:>uble IL :;J 0 "':;J (/) ~ I- .. 400 • Ql .D 300 Figure 5.5.4e Visitors to Loh Liang staying more E ~ 200 than one night, by day of the week 100 The distinct market sector Is brought by cruise ships (Figure 5.5.4f). Given that ihe cruise ship overnight market provides almost 0 ltl ltl (i) all of the visitors who stay more than one night, and yet is such a "' Figure 5.5.5a Room type occupancy by month UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) PageAI9 Department of Natm"nl and Ruml Syst~ms 1\tannj!<'lll~nl PERUNDUNCAN HUTAN DAN PELE.HARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRA TECY FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conscn•ation Appendix 5.0: Tourinn and the Regional Economy 5.6 Costs and Returns Table 5.6.2 Number of guides hired mont~ly and income generated To visit Komodo, there is a national park entrance fee of Rp2000 which also covers visitation to Rinca Island. The hiring fee for a guide Month Guide Rp Corp. Rp Total Rp No. of' is Rp3000 for up to five people for three hours. However, longer treks Guides can be organised at the PHPA office. Jan.95 483 750 161 250 645 000 205 5.6.1 Income from Accommodation Feb.95 324 75D 108 250 433 OOD 132 Mar.95 403 5DD 134 5DO 538 000 152 Accommodation at the camp at Loh Liang is charged at Rp8500 per Apr.ss 396 375 132 125 528 5DO 164 person in a room with two beds and Rp12 500 per couple in a room May.95 861 DDO 16D 90D 247 000 258 with double bed. Based on 1995/96 accommodation returned just Jun.95 759 000 1 236 000 1 995 000 223 over Rp63m (Table 5.6.1) from nearly 7000 visitors nights of around Jul.95 1 000 000 1 638 000 2 639 000 296 4000 room nights. As to be expected, income from accommodation Aug.95 1 462 500 2 783 000 4 246000 407 I parallels occupancy (Figure 5.6.1) Sep.95 1 08DOOO 1 923 000 3003 000 398 Oct.95 942 000 1 708 000 2 650 000 2~9 Table 5.6.1 Returns from accommodation at Loh Nov.95 837 000 1 521 000 2 358 000 214 Liang Oec.95 772 500 791 500 1 564 000 217 Jan.96 1 051 500 1 057 2 649000 326 Month Visitors Income Feb.96 1 066 500 1496500 2 563 000 1995/96 o'nlght Rp Average/month 817 170 985 363 1 861 321 245 Jan.95 410 Rp 3 494 000 Average/week 22D 007 265 290 501 125 61 Feb.95 380 Rp 3 460 ooo Average/day 32 257 4D D53 74 726 9 Mar.95 452 Rp 3 914 500 Apr.95 547 Rp 4 650 ODO May.95 463 Rp 4 066 500 Income by month Jun.95 301 Rp 3 040 000 Jul.95 536 Rp 4 945 000 Rp 4,500,000 ,.------, R p 4,000,000 Aug.95 968 Rp 10 525 ODD Rp 3,500,000 Sep.95 475 Rp 4 655 ODO C!l R p 3,000,000 Oct.95 468 Rp 4 555 DOO E R p 2,500,000 R p 2,000,000 Nov.95 462 Rp 4 265 000 8 E R p \500,000 Dec.95 370 Rp 3 385 DOO Rp \000.000 Jan.96 411 Rp 3 74D 000 R p 500,000 ..... Feb.96 479 Rp 4 6D5 DOD RpO -Ji1 LO 10 L() LO R p 6,000,000 Guides used Rp 4,000,000· • R p 2,000,000 500 RpO ~ 400 • 'C g 300 ...... 0 200 Month (!) .c 100 E :I Figure 5.6.1 Income from accommodation by month z 0 I{) I{) I{) I{) ~ "' "';, '1 "''1 "? "' "? "?"' "' "' "':) "' 5.6.2 Income from other Activities "'c. ., 0. ...., ~ :; 0'1 6. "'c. ., 4o ::1 ":> ::1 4o 0 ~ ":> u. 2: UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATION COLLEGE) Depat1nt('nt of Natural and Rum) Sysf('(IIS 1\fanag('IJI('Ilf PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN l'ELKSTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoM900 NATIONAL PARK Department' or Forest Protection and Nature Como('n'ation Appendix 5.0: Tourbm and the Regional Economy 5.7 Summary Visitor numbers to Komodo National Park are increasing rapidly. Using conservative estimates of recent growth rates, the current annual visitation Is set to double by the year 2001 As visitor numbers increase further, planning should aim to: 1. control the daily distribution of day visitor entry 2. increase the number of visitors seeking ecotourism activities and staying overnight The structuring of inbound transport services is a key factor in ecotourism planning. In the existing situation: • cruise ships bring more day visitors than all the other transport sources put together; • the ferry from Sape is the next major source of visitors; • For the period 1989 to 1994, cruise ships were the favoured mode of transport, ahead of charter boats. However in 1989 and 1993, charter boats did bring more people to Loh Liang there is room for nexibility in scheduling for cruise ships; plans exist to restructure the ferry system to better cater for Komodo tourism. The implications for controlling day visitor numbers and promoting ecotourism are: modification to cruise ship scheduling to even the distribution of visitors through the week; • scheduling and planning for ecotourism should target the current Sape-Labuan Bajo ferry and also charter boats from regional centres. Restructuring of the ferry system should provide greater opportunities for scheduling to suit ecotourism in Komodo National Park. As visitor numbers increase, planning should aim to: 1. control the daily distribution of day visitor entry; 2. increase the number of visitors seeking ecotourism activities and staying overnight. Generally overnight visitors to Loh Liang come mainly from the Sape ferry, and a smaller number from the ferry departing Labuan Bajo. The current plan of management has suggested changes be made to the existing ferry system so that: • the ferry no longer stops at Komodo • the National Park runs a separate ferry service from Labuan Bajo direct to Komodo Visitors choosing to stay overnight can be viewed as ecotourists. It follows that scheduling and marketing for ecotourism should target transport that is able to provide the most ecotourists; which evidently is the Sape ferry. Charter boats also may be a viable source; however, cruise ships will not provide as many ecotourists as the other forms of transport. There are some anomalies in the data: • 307 people stayed 2+ nights from cruise ships. • great numbers staying 1 night from Sape charter boats, but absolutely none stayed a further night. These seem highly irregular, and thus little may be concluded from the 2+ night visitor data, save that the Sape ferry brings the most visitors who stay more than one night. For the period 1989 to 1994, cruise ships were the favoured mode of transport, ahead of charter boats. However in 1989 and 1993, charter boats did bring more people to Loh Liang. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATfON COLLE(: E) Page A21 Dt'partment ofNatuml and Rural Sy~tt•ms l\1auaj!t'111Cilt PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLI!STARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY f'OR KOMODO NATION~LPARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Consen•ation Appendix 6.0: Consultation APPENDIX 6.0: CONSULTATION 6.1 Discussion with Mr Subianto, Head of Komodo National Park Entry fees: Corporation (Koperasi) • 70% go to Local Government Income: • 15% go to Ministry of Forestry • %of guides • 15% go to general revenue • meals 2 years ago submitted request for access fee on reef- Rp1 0000- still • accommodation being considered • carvings • Rp 2000 to go to Government Expenditure: • Rp 8000 to go to park management • salaries of Koperasi personnel and some guides Park budget Rp 500m - may not get all of ill • cafeteria supplies • capital30% • maintenance of accommodation • mostly wages • disbursement to all members at end of year Emergencies occasionally happen - snakebite, broken limbs - return to Labuan Bajo by ranger speed-boat or any available charters - • outside park ventures- souvenir shops, visitor info centres, food snakebite antivenene available. shop Labuan Bajo Management structure of the co-operative (Koperasi) ______A_d_v_l_s~o-ry_c_o~m~m-lt-te_e------~' Rapal anggola _ l______s_u_p_erv--ls_o_r_(_P_e_m_b_in_a_J ______~ L. Checking (3) (Pengawas] Chief Secretary (handles reports) (Sekrelaris] Supplies (Seksi pengadaan] Manager Finances (3) (Bendahara] Coordinator Loh Buaya Coordinator Loh Liang Coordinator Labuan Bajo Restaurant Restaurant Restaurant Guest houses Souvenirs Souvenirs Guest houses Shopping (toko) Other 6.2 Ranger staff (Jagawana) workshop 6.2.1 Visitor characteristics Visitors were differentiated into 2 types: • day visitors or those desiring to see the dragon in a quick, comfortable manner; and • overnight visitors or ecotourists seeking an 'experience' . Table 6.2.1: Characteristics of visitor types Wants Day visitor: quick visit overnight visitor: experience motivated To see Komodo dragon +++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++ Interpretation about dragon ++++++++++++++ ++++++ Information about Komodo NP and conservation ++++ ++++++ To lake home art or postcard +++++++++++++ +++++ To lake photos +++++++++++++ ++++ To see views and panoramas ++++++++++++ ++++++ Experience preferred To swim or snorkel +++++++++++ ++++++ To see/experience reef/diving/snorkel + +++++++++++ To experience Indonesian food ++++++++++ +++++++ Value for Rp +++++++++ ++++++++++ To see endemic nora and fauna ++++++++ ++++++ Experience preferred To experience wildlife ++ ++++++++++++++ Long distance walks to experience nature + ++++++++ Experience in a natural context + +++++++++++++ Interpretation about Komodo National Park +++++++ ++++++ Experience based Guide services ++++ ++++++++ Relaxation ++++++ + To relax/solitude/immersion in nature + +++++++++ To learn about local culture +++++ ++++++ Interaction with culture preferred To meet and visitors/other people ++++ + Interaction preferred UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAI'ID (GATTON COLLEGE) P~ge A22 Department ofNaturnl and Rurnl Syst<'ms l\[anagNH<'Ill I PERLINDUNCAN HUTAN DAN PF.LI!.~TARIAN ALAM ECOTOURISM STRATEGY fOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department ·or Forest Protection and Nature Con.lliiil'n·ution Appendlx 6.0: Consultation ! 6.2.2 Goals Corporation 1. Increased revenue and disbursement (Wish list for park in 5 years time) 2. A warehouse in Labuan Baja for stock' Community 3. Increase communication with community 1. Increase in water supply 2. Electricity 4. Develop joint industry with village (soap, paper manufacture) 3. Training/education for 5. Self sustainability through providing accommodation, cleanliness. servicing, good income ; • diving 6. Strong business =Growth =More Rp =More censervation = • guides More tourists J • visitor service The Park itself i 1 conservation I quality environment I • improved high school participation & completion rate 2 security (no poaching, staff trained in the use ~f weapons) • skill development (public works, environmental health, etc) 3 ecology (fire and weed management) 4. Improved standard of living 4 landscape protection • maintain traditional economy (fishing based) 5 marine conservation • diversify new employment opportunities - guides, cultural 6 research station on Padar in 10 years exchange activities The tourist activities • cultural exchange activity like diving set up 1 Increased interpretation information • tourists start coming to the village - little by little 'tourist traps' • TV /video are established where tourists frequent- can this be planned • books and magazines for? • postcards • village harmony & contentment • merchandise Park Service • ranger guide interactions 1. Increased consuliation with community 2. Diversify recreation opportunities • walks diving • stories fishing 2 Water - based activities hiking • diving I snorkelling • snorkelling • fishing • swimming • swimming • flying fox viewing 3 Community based activities • unaccompanied short walks Cultural interpretation community focused tourist activity bird watching (wildlife viewing) • in situ I in the community 3. Good interpretation • story-telling (fishing seasons) • story telling • village homestays signs Nature based activities information brochures • hikes walks (dragon vegetation, communiti,es, view'S) improved information service 4 More leaflets • tourists more guiding to different areas films and television interpretation • places 4. Training • visitors overnight English • activities • Service, cooking, guiding, interpretation Infrastructure 5. Improved facilities and services • Big generator for power • cafeteria • Power to the village • more guest houses (rooms) • 24 hour electricity • A harbour • increased service and supplies • Sealed paths a professional chef • Interpretation signs • increased staff for hospitality • Good water for community • a larger building (central) • Septic toilet system • pontoons I floating platforms new speedboats for diving and access Oointly purchased with • Improved kitchen I coldroom community and appropriate training) • More guesthouses visitor research station on Padar in 10 years • Computerised park management • Improved capacity for transfer from boat to shore • Boats -diving I between communities 1 • Improved land and sea access between Loh Liang and Kampung Komodo j .. Radio communication between boats (ranger/di,ving and guides) • Phone to Loh Liang, Loh Buaya, Loh Rinca I • Computer/information technology- GIS, GPS. i UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page A23 D"partm"nt of Natuml and Rnml SystNus l\lanag<'m<'nf I PERLINDUNGAN IIUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM ECOTOURJSM STRATEGY FOR KOMOOO NATIONfLPARK Department or Fore•t Protection and Nature Con 6.2.3 Problems I issues associated with 6.3 Village chief consultation achievement of the goals 6.3.1 Comments made during discussion wit~ The Park itself village members from Kampung Komopo lack of English • Villagers happy about Komodo National Park: ' lack of communication skills with tourist • use of villagers as guides, adverse effects of fire on environment • Komodo National Park has paid for guide training, inappropriate fishing techniques such as bombing and • Komodo National Park has paid for training hospitality. cyanide poisoning Conservation: poaching I hunting ecological effects • interested in conservation of Komodo National Park as the village lack of communication between park staff • benefits from the park's existence; : lack of water • • willing to give Information to other village members about ~omodo • danger from komodo dragon National Park and conservation; · • danger of getting lost - park homogeneity • training of new conservation ethic amongst villagers. 2 Tourists Financial input into local community: • lack of tourist awareness over 20 people from local community trained as guides; • disregard of park rules • village receives money from boat connecting ferry and Ko,modo • limited access to additional activities Island; • impact of tourist numbers on ecosystem tourists buy products from village (economic input); • impact of tourist in community have positive social relations -cultural exchange, bring new • impact of tourist on rubbish and waste disposal products eg. pens; I 3 Infrastructure good income from carving. ! • difficulty in transporting materials to Komodo Would not approve the development of building for tourists to pay • cost I expense of new infrastructure - buildings, toilet to stay in village, but would accept tourists to stay in houses Within the disposal · village , that is must stay as friends because this is an accept~ble· · • inability of buildings to exclude pests - mosquito, rats, snakes social practice. Major problem with lack of water. Desire the! • lack of transport capacity -boats to reef etc construction of pipe from spring in mountains to village. Community willing to provide labour. Concerns expressed about fire • no storage area for products for Komodo in Labuan Baja wood availability and harvesting of tamarinds. Agreed flexibility and; permit General 4 system. Desire increased level of schooling · • decline in ecosystem integrity Desire higher fees to be charged or boat linking ferry and;cruise • decline in local village culture ships to Komodo Island. This is to help pay for local commodities. • decline in tourism and associated income Desired increased interaction of village with tourists, including 5 Park Service ceremonies (associated with weddings and death) and holy days, • lack of English and skills in communication however expressed concern on dress standards. • lack of education in technical info- tree names, biology, Expressed desire for increased contact with park management, geology especially Mr Subianto. Currently consulted three times a year by • lack of service for recreational diversity park staff. • lack of food diversity 6.3.2 Comments made during discussion with • lack of coordinated effort to transport food and other village members from Kampung Rinca necessities to Komodo Want increase in contact with visitors. Biggest concern with lack of 6 Community water. Water must be imported from Labuan Baja by October insufficient consultation with park staff November. Expressed desire for training in English and use of village lack of. general cleanliness members as guides. Occasionally have village stays and can offer a • community using beach as toilet variety of tourism experiences: Dutch cannon, ora viewing, • community wants new pipe constructed from spring water snorkelling. source in mountains down to a tank in village centre- cost, Potential for improved access to Dutch cannon, with expeditions practicalness guided by community members. Also introduction of live-in tYPe • no exclusive fishing rights tourism accommodation where tourists become involved in co,mmunity • local communities learn about conservation from workshops activities, eg fishing, corking boats, agriculture, etc. Expansion in with PHPA, but are not involved in conservation measures diving, snorkelling activities desirable however no compressor for • community gets insufficient income from tourists diving tanks or decomposer for diving accidents. Expressed desire to establish drop off I pick up camping style 7 Corporation accommodation on small local islands with all services provided. • business management needs improving in some areas Unique opportunity for village. Also the development of a short • income of corporation is not high or diverse enough to boardwalk by the Kampung Rinca community for access to ~ngrove adequately support its expenditure communities and flying fox colony. Access to board walk by • staff cooperation community boat service. i • understaffed Park management has resulted in the reduction of agricultural • rostering land. Currently, the village is consulted by park management :three • low staff wages times a year. Desire consultations with park staff once a mo~th after • too much time required to record I analyse visitor data every full moon. Desire a meeting between the chief from Kampung • long working hours for cafeteria staff Komodo and the head of the National Park once a year. • staff manpower shortfall when high numbers of tourists arrive, eg in cafeteria • supply of food tends to be erratic • when high numbers arrive, visitors often react angrily when staff shortfall occurs- lack of service, delays in food service, food quality, lack of back-up staff. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATfON COLLEGE) P~geA24 Departmrnt of Natural and Ru1~1l Sysf('IIIS 1\lanag(•nu•nt ~- PKRLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLESTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR KoMC!DO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Con.e1-vatlon Appendix 7: The ecotouri•m concept Appendix 7.0: The Ecotourism Concept Environment includes all aspects of the surroundings of people 7.1 Ecotourism Tenets (natural, cultural and constructed) affecting thern as indMduals or a People are linked to and are part of the environment. social groupings. b Whenever a resource is used or managed for a particular An ecotourism development, service or operation will be one that purpose, including preservation, impacts result. is characterised by: c The creative and rewarding use of leisure time is vital to human focusing on environment rather than the facility or service itself; well-being. being of low impact, using design and technology to reduce or d People have a right to experience environments at their leisure avoid impact; and in a way desired by personal motivations, provided they do offering services which increase environment appreciation and not irreparably damage those environments or deny the which are matched by management and ·Operations which opportunity for others to fulfil their needs. exemplify a corporate appreciation; e People seek a variety of leisure settings for recreation; these and being appropriate and concordant with the environment. opportunities sought vary with individuals and social groupings. In this study ecotourism is considered to consist of two elements: Maximising the diversity of recreational settings and opportunities nature dependent tourism and culture dependent tourism. Nature will best satisfy human, social and cultural needs for leisure dependent tourism relies on the availability and interaction with activity. natural envirorments for rewarding experiences. !Activities such as g Part of the tourism industry's role is to provide access to natural bush walking and nature study depend on the presence of a natural or created leisure settings. The main inducement to the provision setting for their success. Culture dependent tourism relies on the of such access is profitability or expected profitability. The availability and interaction with local cultures for rewarding industry has an obligation to conserve the integrity and quality of experiences. Activities such as village stays depend on the presence visited settings as well as providing diversity of built settings to of an authentic setting and a community that is cognitively satisfy consumer needs. determining their future for their success. The experience gained h Tourist facilities and services associated with a natural or cultural from snorkelling, swimming, boating, scenic driving and short village environment will be appropriate, provided they respect or are visits may be improved by the presence of natural and traditional congruent with the values and significance of the environment in settings but are not totally dependent on nature, or local cultures. which they are located. Such activities can be described as nature or culture enhanced. 7.2 Ecotourism Tourist activities such as dining and shopping are normally unrelated to a natural or authentic cultural setting and hence can be termed Ecotourism offers enjoyment from an experiential, educational and nature incidental. All types of activities and related facilities have sensitive interaction with of an area. It has the potential to maximise relevance to ecotourism and tourist needs. However this strategy economic benefits and minimise environmental costs. Ecotourism in emphasises nature dependent and culture dependent activities. Komodo National Park has the potential to: • facilitate experiences and appreciation of the natural and cultural 7.3 Cultural Heritage environment; Cultural heritage is an anthropomorphic term that can be applied to • act as an incentive to conserve nature and protect the integrity of anything that is passed from one generation to another. Cultural local cultures and customs; artefacts are material manifestations of culture, such as monuments, buildings, natural resources, speech and ideologies. The terms • increase cross-cultural understanding; natural heritage and historic heritage are often applied to cultural • bring the benefits of foreign exchange and employment, without artefacts such as inherited physical items that are valued by a group negative social and environmental impacts; of people. Culture is a distinctive body of customs, beliefs and social • support conservation by strengthening environmental awareness, institutions that characterise societies. Culture is learnt. It is also concern and commitment through increased understanding and used when referring to human behavioural characteristics which stem appreciation of nature; from familial, social, racial, national and other groupings of humanity. • increase social interaction with local communities as well as In this Strategy, culture refers to historic features, structures, sites of enhanced and sustainable development; and significance, land use and community practices valued by one or more groups within the community. • diversify the economic base of local communities. The main elements of ecotourism 1 are: 7.4 Ecotourism Segments • the natural and cultural environment, Many tourist facilities and services within the Region of Komodo • ecological and cultural sustainability, National Park (or elsewhere) do not fully meet the definition of ecotourism and inherent responsibilities or practices inferred by it. • education and interpretation, However most are moving towards embracing the requirements, • provision of local and regional benefits. within the constraints of resources, knowledge and the interests of the Ecotourism can improve the viability of regional tourism and act as a existing market. The extent to which a tourist operation embraces the model for sustainable development. It is part of the overall industry principles of the definition, ultimately defines whether a facility or and not the antithesis of high-volume tourism. It has been defined as service is 'ecotourism'. nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of Three tourist industry segments require consideration. Those natural and cultural environments and is managed to be ecologically providing and managing: 1 sustainable • The definition recognises that natural environment ecotourism facilities and services; includes cultural components and that 'ecologically sustainable' ecotourism resources; and involves an appropriate return to the local community and long term ecotourism support facilities and services. conservation of the resource. Ecotourism facility and service providers are those in the In this study however ecotourism is defined as: tourist industry that provide experiences that link visitors with ecologically sustainable tourism that is sensitive and natural/cultural resources. Included are tour operators and responsive to environmental characteristics and fosters accommodations within or closely associated with a natural or cultural environmental and cultural understanding and appreciation. resource. Generally, local operators and entrepreneurs provide this, although PHPA offers a variety of ecotourism services in Komodo 1 Modified from the Australian National Ecolourism Strategy (1994) National Park. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) Page A25 Department of Naturnl and Rur:JI sy.tem• l\lHU:II(Cill<'nt PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELESTARIAN ALAM EcOTOURISM STRATEGY Ji'OR KOMODO NATION~LPARK Department or Forest Protection and Nature Con.cn•ation Appendix 7: The ecotourism concept Ecotourism resource managers are those that have the prime Ecotourist expectations will be met if they have a rewarding responsibility for the care and management of the resource. In the experience in a natural environment. The experience must be study area this largely falls on PHPA. However, provincial intellectually and often physically stimulating. The rewarding and government and the private sector also manage parks and cultural enjoyable experience results from the environment visited, the activity sites. undertaken, learning opportunities, facilities provided as well as the Ecotourism support facility and service providers are a cultural and social context within which the activity is undertaken. diverse segment of the industry and include those who offer facilities Ecotourists are more targeted in the environment and experiences and servi.;es upon which the other sectors depend. Included are they seek than other tourist groups. That is, they rarely divert from educational institutions which foster and enhance quality service; target destinations until they have fulfilled their expectations of that government agencies which provide planning infrastructure and experience. public utilities; non-government organisations which provide regional 7.5.2Resource Managers marketing and co-ordination as well as the private sector which offers transport, accommodation, catering and a myriad of other necessities The primary function of resource managers in ecotourism is to for a viable industry. Support can of course be positive and available, provide for and sustain the range of values and uses that a particular or negative and absent. If the latter exists, then the potential for an resource provides. This includes the facilitation of ecotourism ecotourism venture to prosper is severely hampered. opportunities but also the protection and realisation of other values such as conservation and water catchment protection. · Positive 7.5 Ecotourism Stakeholders facilitation and management, based on sound planning, are far more effective in achieving the primary function than a negative or 7.5.1Ecotourists reactionary approach to ecotourism impacts. · An ecotourist is a visitor seeking to experience, appreciate and understand a visited environment and who contributes to protection of 7.5.3Sen'ice and Facility Providers the resource. Ecotourists also have a contribution to make to strategy The primary function of. those who provide ecotourism services is to success. Apart from exhibiting resource protecting behaviour, the facilitate and safeguard the enjoyment of the ecotourism experience. ecotourist must realise that ecotourism facilities and management are This will be achieved by: a cost to managers and the community, and that these costs are, in • protecting and conserving the ecotourism experience through the Komodo context, not totally passed on to the user. While tourists supporting sustainable interaction with the resource; usually pay for facility and service use, an ecotourist should also • maximising client enjoyment of ecotourism experiences through contribute to the protective management of the resource. resource protection measures and the facilitation of learning Ecotourism targets a more mature and educated tourist who opportunities; seeks a closer relationship between the location and its people. Many ecotourists come from urban settings and may want to get back in • providing access, facilities and services which enable ecotourism touch with the natural environment and its cultural significance. opportunities and are appropriate to the setting; The typical ecotourist: • generating such profit or investment to remain solvent and • seeks a more educative and comprehensive experience; adequately compensate investors. • is concerned for nature and has an interest in the natural or 7.5.4 Ecotou rism 0 perators cultural aspects of the destination; Ecotourism operators, as the major supporters and beneficiaries of is content with (more) modest tourism infrastructure; the ecotourism industry, have an important role to play in providing • is not motivated by accommodation quality per se; quality experiences that are culturally and environmentally responsible seeks new, authentic experiences - not content with the mass for ecotourists. Ecotourism operators are expected to (modified from tourism product (eg. package tours and fully integrated resorts); Figgis, 1993): and • contribute to the conservation of the environment (promote is attracted to (more) culturally distinctive accommodation. conservation and respect for local cultural traditions); Eagles (1991) investigating the motives of ecotourists identified the • conform to the principles of ecologically sustainable development following characteristics. and be sensitive to environmental characteristics· (avoiding Ecotourists have distinct travel motivations. These are held more environmental damage or culturally inappropriate action); strongly than those of the general population. Ecotourists are most interested in attractions of wilderness, • be pro-active in encouraging environmental and cultural water, mountains, parks and rural areas. understanding and appreciation (educate and inspire visitors, through participation, to appreciate the importance of • Ecotourists are interested in social perspectives, being physically conservation and the protection of cultural integrity). active, experiencing new lifestyles, meeting people of similar interests, adventure and undertaking the maximum range of 7.5.5 Community activities in the time available. The community includes all people who dwell within the Region and • Ecotourists are especially interested in living features such as are likely to be influenced by ecotourism activity. The local community tropical forests, trees, wildflowers, birds and mammals. is of prime importance because ecotourism expansion may :alter the Ecotourists are least interested in attractions such as gambling, permanent living environment and social fabric. rhe community may amusement parks, night life, big cities, watching sports, doing be required to meet the cost of necessary infrastructure and forgo or nothing, indoor sports, shopping and resorts. share lifestyle opportunities previously solely its domain. Considered Motivations acceptance by the community of the benefits, as well as any Ecotourists are interested in a range of natural environment features. negatives, an expanded ecotourism segment of the tourist· industry They prefer to experience nature within a context of an undisturbed can bring, is essential for success of the strategy. It is also the local state, usually in protected areas. They desire to learn about natural community, as business and individuals, which can benefit from a features and maximise the range of experiences and learning successful ecotourism strategy as well as contribute to its success. opportunities in the time available to them. There is a motivation 7.6 Ecotourism Product towards obtaining contact with the environment and physical activity. Enjoyment or having 'fun' is important. Ecotourists require environmentally compatible recreational opportunities and the chance to experience places where nature While primarily focused on nature, the ecotourist seeks to place rather than humanity predominates (Kerr, 1991 ). It is equally natural features within a historical and cultural framework. Hence important to recognise that virtually no wilderness is pristine or they are more likely to visit museums and attend cultural events and 'untouched' by humans (Ross, 1991). Many indigenous peoples, local festivals than tourists visiting for other purposes. Ecotourists including those in Komodo National Park (Hitchcock, 1990), assert will substitute human comfort for an environmental experience, deep links with the areas they have traditionally managed. · though this does not mean that comfort is not desired. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) PageA26 Department or Natural and Rural Sy. Each destination has a product or many products to offer the 7. 7 Potential Impact of Ecotourisi," tourist. These products may be consciously developed to appeal to particular types of travellers or they may develop without direction. If 7. 7.1 Potential Positive Impacts 2 consciously developed, certain features will be chosen for physical Ecotourism can: enhancement, and through publicity an image of the area will be be a justification for conserving landscapes and cultural created in the minds of potential visitors (Medik & Burkhart, 1981). environments; The tourist product consists of all elements involved in the tourist's visit. It includes their expectations (influenced by the region's protect sites subject to more destructive forms of land use; projected image), their journey to and from the destination, their stay preserve and revitalise cultural practices and c~fts; at the destination, as well as the other services and facilities used help provide resources (both financial ahd physical) for (Medik & Burkhart, 1978, 1981 ). The four broad product elements environmental conservation and management; ; considered by the tourist are: attractions, amenities, activities, and provide an incentive to restore degraded ;ecosystems frcm accessibility. previous land use practices. 7.6.1Attractions Through ecotourism services, visitors can: Attractions are the factor which draws tourists to a destination. They be encouraged to become more pro-conservation in attitude and behaviour; are the physical resources or developments that provide the setting for recreation experiences. Ecotourist's main drive to visit an area extend a conservation ethic beyond the ecotourism setting to stems from the scenic or cultural value of an area. However, it is other environments. Important to realise that the attraction may not necessarily be the sole Through providing ecotourism services, local comrT)unities can:. focus of Interest when on site. For example, people are attracted to be encouraged to become more pro-conservation in attitude and Komodo National Park to see the Dragon and although they may view behaviour; Varanus komodoensis for less than 10 minutes, they will be more acquire increased empowerment and responsibility for their satisfied if other nature and culture experiences accompany the environment and future; primary objective. This gives considerable flexibility to the ecotourism be encouraged to sustain and express their cultural traditions; industry. increase their well-being; and 7.6.2Amcnitics enhance a sense of cultural pride in their community.· However attractive a destination, its potential for tourism is limited 7. 7.2 Economic Benefits of Ecotourism unless the basic amenities required by tourist are provided Ecotourism can bring the following benefits to Komodo National Par'< (accommodation and sustenance), but will include local transport and facilities at the site (Holloway, 1989). It is believed that ecotourists, • the distribution of income into regional and local econom;es because of their primary concern for nature, desire more modest through demand for local goods and services (this income may infrastructure and more culturally distinctive accommodation. This then be re-spent to provide indirect benefits); may describe the adventure tourist but not necessarily apply to all • greater expentliture and length of stay by ecotourists (compared ecotourists. to tourists generally); Ecotourism, in all its forms and with the range of constructed • the potential to generate income for the conservation and items used, must fit into the physical and cultural landscape in which management of protected areas and other public land throu9h it occurs. It should not imitate tourism development from other charges and permit systems; locations, but reflect, complement and be sensitive to local values and environmental attributes. • the provision of skilled employment opportunities, utilising local knowledge; 7.6.3 Activities • the initiation of local infrastructure development. The ecotourism product must also involve activities, facilities and services that cater to the education and experiential expectations of 7. 7.3 Potential Negative Impacts the visitor, as well as, allowing visitors to interact with the natural Ecotourism can: attributes of the area. Whereas attractions are the initial drawcard for • have direct physical attrition or cause loss of specific species of tourists to a destination, activities are the critical components for flora and fauna, geological or cultural elements; promoting and encouraging extended stays. Activities help to transform the visitor's perception of the infrastructure from, just • have indirect impacts on resources through pollution, weed a:1d another bed in the wilderness to an enjoyable nature experience feral animal introduction; worthy of a return visit or recommendation to others (Kerr, 1991 ). • alter aesthetic qualities of an area; 7.6.4Accessibility • create competition beiween local communities and visitors for The fourth factor that must be presented to attract ecotourists is ease favoured sites; of access to the destination. In a tourism system, access is the result • bring a greater degree of disempowerment to indigenous of physical transportation linkages as well as the accessibility communities; provided by ease of purchase. For ecotourism, the remoteness or the • cause a shift in the environmental setting as a result of use and perceived remoteness and undeveloped state of the environment facility development; contribute to the appeal of the destination. Access to the destination needs to be easily achieved; accessibility of the resource, once at the • bring new customers, customs and industry to an area; destination, should range from easy to difficult to match the • create additional community costs (greater. need for visitor capabilities of tourists. facilities, services and infrastructure). 2 Modified from the Australian National Ecotourism Strategy (1994) UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAJ\'D (GATTON CO LLF.G E) PageA27 Department of Naturnl nnd Rm·nl s~·stran< 1\l:anni( APPENDIX 8.0: KOMODO NATIONAL PARK IN THE CONTEXT OF INDONESIA 8.1 Indonesia 8.2 Indonesian tourism 8.1.1 Location 8.2.1 Nntional trends Indonesia stretches almost 5120 km between two continents, Asia The tourism industry has faced continual growth since WW II. This and Australia, and two oceans, the Indian and the Pacific. Forming has been partly due to advances in communication, the • level of the largest archipelago in the world, Indonesia consists of five main mobility, transport infrastructure, increases in leisure time and islands: Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Irian Jaya and community affluence. Although the region receives less than 11 per about 30 small archipelagoes, making up a total of more than 13677 cent of the world's international trade, the members of the Association islands. It shares land borders with Malaysia, Brunei, Darusalam and of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) are experiencing a boom in Papua New Guinea. Its land area totals 2 027 094 km 2 with its sea foreign and domestic tourism. During the last decade, foreign visitor 2 territory taking up another 3166 175 km • numbers have doubled, receipts from tourism have tripled and tourism has become the leading source of foreign exchange in some 8.1.2 Climate ASEAN countries (Hitchcock, 1993). Tourism arrivals in the Asia Indonesia has a relatively uniform equatorial tropical climate tempered Pacific region are projected to increase at 7 per cent annually until the by trade winds. It is hot and humid during the wet season (November end of the century, a much higher rate than the global average of to April) and hot and dry during the dry season (May to October). The around 8.5 per cent per annum. area between Flores and Sumbawa is a transitional area between the Many believe that tourism will continue to grow and expand west and east monsoons and is interposed by occasional showers. indefinitely, providing access to wealth for increasingly local people 8.1.3 Geology (Mickler, 1994). This view is encouraged and often promulgated by Most of Indonesia's islands are mountainous; in Irian Jaya there are Governments. However, tourism is an extremely sensitive industry. snowcapped peaks all year. North-central Kalimantan and much of This was clearly demonstrated in the first half of 1991 when central Sulawesi are also mountainous, but in most other parts of international air travel declined because of the uncertainties of the Indonesia, volcanos dominate. Stretching like a backbone down the Gulf War. These events impacted heavily on tourism and its western coast of Sumatra is a line of active and extinct volcanos. promotion in Indonesia, and utterly obliterated the marketing of 'Visit These continue through Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara and then through Indonesia 1991' which was a promotional strategy to be released by the Banda Islands of Maluku to north-eastern Sulawesi. ASEAN. Tourism did recover later in the year and the Indonesian authorities were able to record an increase on the previous year. 8.1.4 Flora and Fauna The impacts of tourism About 90% of the worlds terrestrial species inhabit tropical moist The gradual shift of mass tourism away from the longer-established forests on 6-7% of the worlds land surface (Lovejoy, 1988; in Botkin destinations towards Asia and elsewhere is partly a reaction to the and Talbot, 1992). These forests is largely confined to developing over-development of major tourism centres. The movement in countries near the equator. Rapid population growth and low international tourism towards south-east Asia, also reflects changing economic productivity has had a substantial influence on the consumer preferences: the search for something 'different' '!Vith new destruction of these natural resources (Wardhana, 1995). and cultural environments and other fo(ms of 'special • interest' Indonesia has one of the world's richest natural environments, tourism, particularly wildlife tourism. This is of relevant to the with an incredible diversity of plants and animals. Its flora ranges Republic of Indonesia as it maintains more wildlife reserves than any from minute orchids to the giant 'Rafflesia' of Sumatra, which has a other south-east Asian country. bloom of almost a meter in diameter: the largest flower in the world. As a developing nation, Indonesia has limited funds to devote to Because tropical rain forests cover about 75 % of the land, Indonesia its conservation effort, although it is responsible for internationally has been referred to as 'the lungs of the earth'. Along the east coast renown parks such as Ujung Kulon in Java and Komodo in eastern of Sumatra, the south coast of Kalimantan, Irian Jaya, and much of Indonesia, as well as a large number of less well-known reserves. the north coast of Java, there are swampy, low-lying lands covered in Ecotourism has played an important part in these devek>pments, mangroves. In many places, clearing has led to erosion, as topsoil is largely because Indonesia's natural environment is especially washed down the rivers by heavy rains. attractive to the country's high spending visitors. There are more than 500 mammal species and about 200 are Land resources are severely limited. As a result, many resources endemic. Notable mammals are the orangutan of Sumatra and are exploited. Previously the use of terrestrial and marine r~sources Kalimantan, one-horned rhinoceros of Java, banteng and tiger. There has been limited to meeting subsistence and ceremonial needs. are about 1500 bird species and 1000 reptiles and amphibians. However, under population pressure and the demands placed on British naturalist A.R. Wallace (1823-1913) postulated an imaginary natural resources by expanding tourism, concern has grown, for their line (Wallace's Line), passing between Bali and Lombok islands, sustainability. Migration and tourism have increased pressur~ on land dividing the Asiatic and Australian fauna. Scientists have also shown and placed additional strain on existing water and sewage systems. distinct breaks between the ecology of Sulawesi and Maluku, as well In Bali, an increase in social differentiation has occurred,! with an as between Maluku and Irian Jaya. emerging middle class hegemony reinforcing a pro-dev~lopment 8.1.5 Population philosophy. It is increasingly this class of Balinese who use shopping centres and restaurants established for international tourism :(Mickler, Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous nation. In 1995 the 1994). The polarisation of wealth and economic and social population was over 203 583 000. The growth rate is about 1.6% and disadvantage experienced by those maintaining a traditional lifestyle over 64% of the population are between the age range of 15-64 years. has stimulated growing social disparity and potential connie!. Life expectancy is 61 years, with females living longer than males. Ethnically, 45% of the population are Javanese, 14% Sundanese, with The dilemma exists to provide for the economic and infra1>tructure the remainder (26%) mainly made up of Chinese and Caucasians. development required for an increased standard of living, while Most Indonesians follow the Islam faith, and Bahasa Indonesian is the maintaining environmental and cultural integrity. The ~otion of official language. There are around 300 ethnic groups and promoting culture as a tradeable good is often demoralising for the subgroups, speaking a variety of 250 languages and having separate indigenous people (Francillon, 1990). The mass production and sale traditions. More than half of the 67 million Indonesians in the labour of items of cultural or spiritual significance are often viewed negatively force are involved in agriculture . with respect to cultural and social integrity. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GA ITON COLLEGE) P~geA28 Department of Natural and Ruml Sysft•ms l'vlanagement ! i PERLIN DUNGAN HUTAN DAN PELI!STARIAN ALA~ I ECOTOURISM STRATEGY I'OR KOM900 NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Natu1·e Consen•allon Arrendix 8.0: Komodo National Park In the Context of Indon<>ia Cultural artefacts are highly regarded by the international visitor. Table 8.3a: Protected areas within Indonesia Mass production of copies usually has the effect of reducing the Name or Marine Protected Area Location I Regiona National integrity of cultural identity and symbolic worth of artefacts. The I priority priority social cohesion and resilience of Balinese culture has enabled them Sulawesi to endure and absorb mass tourism. This may not be so for Arakan Wowonlulap Strict Marine Nature North communities In and around Komodo National Park. Reserve Sulawesi Marine Bunaken Menado Tua National Park North 8.2.2 Range of accommodation Sulawesi Generally, accommodation in Indonesia is cheap and is limited to Marine Kepulauan Take Bone Rate Marine North + hotels, hostels and 'home stay' with villagers. In Jakarta, Nature Reserve Sulawesi accommodation can be expensive and a number of cheap dormitory Java style accommodation places have been established in response. Bali Barat (Bali) National Park East Java There are some hostels in places, like Surabaya and Kupang, but it is Baluran National Park East Java possible to travel cheaply without the need of staying at a hostel. leuwang Sancang Nature Reserve West Java Hotels In Indonesia come in different grades and thus price. A hotel Marine Kepulauan Karimun Jawa National Central Java + + Park can be either a flower hotel which is a relatively low standard, or a star Marine Kepulauan Seribu National Park West Java hotel, which is more luxurious. Most star hotels post signs Indicating Pananjung Pangandaran National Park West Java star rating as set by the government and are required to pay a 10 % Perairan Kangean Game Reserve East Java tax. This tax is normally passed on to the customer and can be as Pulau Dua Nalure Reserve West Java high as 21 at the highest standard places. % Pulau Rambul Nature Reserve West Java Budget hotels have shared bathrooms and can cost as little as Pulau Sangiang Game Reserve West Java ; Rp2500 per person. Mid-range hotels come with a bath and cost Ujung Kulon Nalional Park West Java about Rp15,000 for a single. Five-star hotels can match the best in Samatra the world, and set their prices around Rp200 000. In Indonesia, what Bukit Barisan Selalan National Park lampung, one pays for accommodation varies across the archipelago. Samatra Indonesia can be considered to be one of the cheapest places in Pulau Weh Marine Park Aceh, south-east Asia, providing good value for food and accommodation. Sumatra An alternative form of accommodation in rural areas is to stay in the Kepuluan Krakalau Strict Marine Nature lampung, villages: a cultural experience that is really enriching. Depending on Reserve Samatra what the kepala desa wants to charge, a usual price is about Rp5000 Kalimantan a night. Camping grounds are relatively rare but there are numerous Kepulauan Karimata Strict Marine Nature West opportunities for back country camping. Reserve Kalimantan. Pulau Semama Marine Wildlife Reserve East 8.2.3 Intensification of resource usc Kalimantan Development of commercial fishing operations following WW II and Sangalaki Marine Park East Kalimantan growing coastal populations has increased pressure on coastal and Tanjong Keluang Marine Recreation Park Central marine resources. Harvesting of marine resources for export and to Klimanlan support local tourism has had an adverse impact on coastal and Maluku marine ecosystems. Increased shipping traffic, and development of Kepuluan Aru Baggian Tenggara Marine Maluku coastal roads and marinas has resulted in coastal pollution and Park destruction of environment. laut Banda Marine Park Maluku + + Agricultural produce includes rubber, coconut, coffee, tea, cocoa, Pulau Pombo Marine Park Maluku corn, kapok, tobacco, rice and an abundance of vegetable and fruits. Pulau Kasa Marine Recreation Park Maluku Indonesia has some of the richest timber resources in the world and Irian Jaya the largest concentration of tropical hardwoods with state-controlled Marine Teluk Cendrawasih National Park Irian Jaya + + forests covering around 12.9 million hectares. Teluk Binluni Nalure Reserve Irian Jaya Traditionally, Indonesian communities in and around Komodo lesser Sunda Islands National Park are conscious of the relationship which exists between Pulau Mayo Marine Recreation Reserve Sumbawa people and their environment. This relationship has been expressed Marine Wildlife Reserve West Nusa through myth, religious beliefs and harvesting practices. While Tengarra traditional belief systems provide many local communities with an Teluk Maumere Marine Park East Nusa Tengarra : understanding of their relationship with their environment, the Tujuh Belas Pulau Nature Reserve North Flore.! potential impact of new technologies and development is not widely appreciated. Few local community members are trained in I- environmental management. Table 8.3b Additional Reserves 8.3 Protected areas in Indonesia Name or area Protection status The islands of Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Sumatra Berbak Protected Area Intertidal Ramsar have internationally recognised national parks. With rare plants and Tubbataha Reer National Marine WHA Marine Park animals, Komodo National Park has a unique ecosystem and is of Ujong Kulon National Park Marine WHA . considerable scientific interest. Komodo is best known for the giant Komodo National Park Coastal WHA/Man ~nd Biosphere Res monitor lizard, Varanus komodoensis, which is popularly referred to Tanjung Puling National Park WHA/Man ~nd Biosphere Res as the 'Komodo dragon'. According to Kelleher, Bleakley & Wells Gunung Leuser National Park WHA/Man and Biosphere Res (1995), 30 marine protected areas exist within Indonesia. Siberut Nature Reserve WHA!Man ~nd Biosphere Res UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) PageA29 Department of Natural and Rnml Syst(•flls l\1anag(•nu·nt PKRLINDUNGAN HUTAN DAN PKLKSTARIAN Au.M EcOTOURISM STRATEGY I"OR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Department of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation Appendix 8.0: Komodo National Park In the Context of Indonesia UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (GATTON COLLEGE) PageA30 Department of Natural and Rural Systems Management View publication stats