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Savana Taman Nasional Baluran

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Savana Taman Nasional Baluran B I O D I V E R S I T A S ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 3, Nomor 1 Januari 2002 Halaman: 207-212 Savana Taman Nasional Baluran Baluran Nasional Park Savanna M. YUSUF SABARNO Balai Taman Nasional Baluran, Jawa Timur Diterima: 20 Pebruari 2001. Disetujui: 23 Juni 2001 ABSTRACT One of the biodiversity richness in Indonesia is ecosystem of Baluran National Park savanna. This type of savanna is similar to African savanna that is included in tropical savanna. There are two types of savanna, namely flat and undulating savanna. The savanna ecosystem that covers about 40% of the total area of Baluran National Park has important role on supporting herbivore animals such as wild cattle (Bos javanicus), deer (Cervus timorensis) and wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The variety of grasses and other vegetation provide food for those animals, therefore, the reduction of the reduction of quality and quantity of the savanna would reduce in the population of the herbivores. The savanna in the Baluran National Park is about 10.000 ha, however, due to invasion of Acacia nilotica has resulted in the reduction of the savanna reaching about 50%. Moreover, illegal grassing inside the Park has brought negative impact to the quality of the area and the wild fauna. Overgrazing may influence on the reduction of the population of wild fauna. Pressure to the savanna has a great impact on the balance and preservation of whole ecosystem in Baluran. Efforts have been made in order to restore the Baluran ecosystem such as preventing the expansion of A. nilotica as well as preventing illegal grazing. The Baluran National Park is still looking for the most effective and efficient way of preserving savanna ecosystem in Baluran. © 2001 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta Keywords: Baluran National Park, savanna, Acacia nilotica. PENDAHULUAN 1996), kawasan savana pada umumnya kurang terancam oleh eksploitasi ekonomi Kekayaan dan keanekaragaman hayati dibandingkan hutan hujan, meskipun demikian Indonesia sangat melimpah, sehingga tidak savana kadang-kadang mendapat tekanan mengherankan apabila negeri ini disebut berupa penggembalaan ternak dan sebagai negara dengan kekayaan penggunaan pertanian lainnya. biodiversitas terbesar di dunia, setelah Brasil. Savana Baluran sebagai salah satu ciri Salah satunya adalah ekosistem savana di khas dan identitas TN Baluran mempunyai arti Taman Nasional (TN) Baluran. Keadaan iklim sangat penting yang apabila kelestariannya dan geografi tempat ini mendukung terganggu akan berpengaruh terhadap terbentuknya savana yang dapat dikatakan ekosistem-ekosistem lainnya. Oleh karena itu sebagai replika dari savana-savana di Afrika. setiap tekanan atau gangguan terhadap Savana merupakan padang rumput dan kelestarian ekosistem ini harus ditangani semak yang terpencar di antara rerumputan, secara sungguh-sungguh. Salah satu serta merupakan daerah peralihan antara gangguan yang cukup mengkhawatirkan dan hutan dan padang rumput. Di beberapa merupakan ancaman terbesar bagi kelestarian daerah yang tidak begitu kering, savana ekosistem ini adalah semakin luasnya invasi mungkin terjadi karena keadaan tanah dan Acacia nilotica, yang semula didatangkan dari atau kebakaran yang berulang. Menurut Afrika sebagai tumbuhan penyekat kebakaran. Mackinnon (1991, dalam Gunaryadi dkk., Kecepatan tumbuh dan penyebaran tanaman 208 BIODIVERSITAS Vol. 3, No. 1, Januari 2002, hal. 207-212 eksotik ini telah mengakibatkan penurunan berbatu-batu dan lereng gunung yang tinggi kualitas dan kuantitas savana Baluran, serta dan curam, sampai tanah aluvial yang dalam merubah pola perilaku satwa liar herbivora di dataran rendah. Tanah dasar laut terbatas yang salah satu komponen habitatnya adalah di dataran pasir sepanjang hutan mangrove. padang rumput atau savana. Rumput sebagai Tanah hitam meliputi kira-kira setengah luas sumber pakan utama satwa tersebut tergeser dataran rendah, ditumbuhi rumput savana. keberadaannya oleh A. nilotica, sehingga Tanah ini membentuk daerah subur, kaya satwa mencari alternatif pakan lain, salah mineral tetapi miskin bahan organik, dengan satunya daun dan biji A. nilotica. Akan tetapi kondisi fisik yang kurang baik dan porous. sebagai sumber pakan utama, rumput tetap Savana merupakan ekosistem yang kurang tidak tergantikan. stabil, keseimbangannya tergantung iklim, api, Selain invasi A. nilotica, hal lain yang penggunaan oleh margasatwa dan lain-lain. merupakan tantangan pelestarian savana TN Untuk melestarikan ekosistem savana Baluran adalah tingginya intensitas diperlukan kegiatan manipulatif seperti penggembalaan liar di kawasan taman pembakaran terkendali, pengaturan populasi nasional. Walaupun hal ini telah berlangsung satwa, penebangan vegetasi dan lain-lain. lama, akan tetapi dampak dari kegiatan ini Pada proses pembakaran, api sering banyak mempengaruhi ekosistem savana. membinasakan tumbuhan berkayu, tumbuhan Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan dalam dikotil dan palma lain, tanpa menimbulkan pemberantasan A. nilotica dan mencegah kerusakan berarti pada rimpang rerumputan di penggembalaan liar di dalam kawasan, tetapi bawah tanah. Hal ini berbeda dengan kondisi hingga saat ini belum berhasil optimal. hutan hujan pada umumnya yang Keterlibatan pihak-pihak lain yang mempunyai menghendaki sesedikit mungkin campur perhatian besar terhadap permasalahan tangan manusia untuk menjaga klimaks lingkungan dan keanekaragaman hayati, ekologi dan memungkinkan berlangsungnya sangat diperlukan untuk merumuskan upaya regenerasi. yang tepat dan efektif dalam penyelesaian Topografi TN Baluran dapat dibagi dalam masalah tersebut. Kelestarian suatu ekosistem kategori: datar dengan ketinggian 0-124 m dpl, tergantung kepada pengelolanya, karena bergelombang dengan ketinggian 125-900 m keberadaan manusia tidak dapat dipisahkan dpl, dan terjal pada ketinggian lebih dari 900 m dari sistem alam, dimana manusia diberi dpl. Pada garis pantai di Mesigit, Balanan dan kemampuan mengelola alam ini. Begitu juga Montor terdapat hamparan batu karang yang dengan pengelolaan TN Baluran, kebijakan terjal. Adapun ekosistem savana TN Baluran pihak pengelola akan mempengaruhi sendiri, secara topografi dibedakan menjadi ekosistem alami di kawasan ini. savana datar (flat savanna) dengan tanah TN Baluran terletak di Kecamatan endapan (aluvial) dan savana datar sampai Banyuputih, Kabupaten Situbondo, Jawa bergelombang (undulating savanna) dengan Timur. Secara geografis terletak antara 7o45’- tanah berwarna hitam dan berbatu (Wind dan 7o15’ LS, serta antara 114o18’-114o27’ BT, Amir, 1977). Sebelum invasi A. nilotica luas sebelah timur laut Pulau Jawa. Sebelah utara savana datar kira-kira 1.500-2.000 ha di berbatasan dengan Selat Madura, sebelah bagian tenggara, yaitu savana Bekol, Semiang barat berbatasan dengan Sungai Bajulmati, dan sekitarnya. Di bagian lain, savana datar sebelah timur berbatasan dengan Selat Bali sampai bergelombang mencakup daerah dan sebelah barat laut berbatasan dengan seluas kira-kira 8000 ha, yaitu; savana Sungai Klokoran. Kawasan konservasi sumber Balanan, Kramat, Talpat, Labuhan Merak, Air daya alam tersebut pada mulanya dikenal Tawar, Karangtekok dan sekitarnya. sebagai suaka margasatwa, kemudian Pada umumnya savana mengalami masa ditetapkan secara definitif sebagai taman kekeringan lebih panjang dari pada hutan. nasional berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Savana Baluran mempunyai jenis tanah Kehutanan No: 096/Kpts-II/1984 tanggal 12 aluvial yang kadar liatnya tinggi, sifat fisik Mei 1984. tanah sangat porous, tidak mampu Secara geologi TN Baluran memiliki dua menyimpan air, mempunyai kembang susut jenis tanah, yaitu tanah pegunungan dan tinggi dan merekah pada musim kemarau. tanah dasar laut. Tanah pengunungan terdiri Tanah ini memiliki kandungan mineral tinggi dari tanah vulkanik dengan kondisi tanah tetapi miskin bahan organik. SABARNO – Savana Taman Nasional Baluran 209 Salah satu adaptasi khas vegetasi savana PERMASALAHAN DAN UPAYA adalah banyaknya pohon dan semak berduri. PEMECAHANNYA Hal ini diasumsikan untuk mengurangi eksploitasi dari herbivora. Savana di Kegiatan pelestarian TN Baluran meliputi Indonesia, termasuk yang terdapat di TN upaya mempertahankan keanekaragaman Baluran, sama tipenya dengan savana di hayati baik flora, fauna maupun ekosistemnya. Afrika, yaitu tipe savana tropika yang produksi Salah satu kegiatan prioritas adalah menjaga hijauannya melimpah di musim penghujan dan kelestarian ekosistem savana. Savana di TN berkurang pada musim kemarau. Baluran pada awalnya termasuk padang Berdasarkan interpretasi hasil foto udara, rumput alami, yang diduga merupakan klimaks savana di TN Baluran pada mulanya memiliki karena api. Api sebagai salah satu faktor luas yang sempit dan terpisah-pisah. penting yang berpengaruh terhadap kuantitas Kebakaran hutan menyebabkan luas areal dan kualitas padang rumput, mempunyai savana terus bertambah. Salah satu upaya peranan yang menguntungkan dan merugikan. untuk membatasi bertambah luasnya savana Kebakaran memungkinkan rumput-rumput akibat kebakaran dilakukan dengan pakan satwa lebih tersebar dan lebih produktif. mengintroduksi tanaman A. nilotica, yang Api juga mengontrol biji-biji tumbuhan berkayu dapat dijadikan sekat bakar. Akan tetapi, yaitu dengan memusnahkan dan menghambat introduksi tanaman eksotik ini menimbulkan pertumbuhannya, sehingga vegetasi rumput masalah baru dalam pengelolaan TN Baluran bebas dari pengaruh naungan dan persaingan (Gunaryadi, 1996) dengan vegetasi lain. Jenis-jenis vegetasi yang dapat dijumpai di Kebakaran di kawasan TN Baluran dapat savana Baluran dan melimpah di beberapa terjadi secara
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