1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8809 (U. s. C., 1946 ed., title 29, ch. 4), to amend agreed to by the Senate; agreed to the [Mr. HOLLAND] are absent by leave of the Randolph-Sheppard Act (U. S. C., 1946 conference asked by the Senate on the the Senate. en,. title 20, ch. 6A), to authorize grants-in aid to the States for special programs for the disagreeing votes of the two Houses Mr. WHERRY. I announce that' the blind and other severely disabled persons, thereon, and that Mr. SPENCE, Mr. Senator from Maine [Mr. BREWSTER], and for other purposes; to the Committee on BROWN of.Georgia, Mr. PATMAN, Mr. MoN the senior Senator from Massachusetts Education and Labor. RONEY, Mr. WOLCOTT, Mr. GAMBLE, and [Mr. SALTONSTALL]' and the junior Sena By Mrs. NORTON: Mr. SMITH of Ohio were appointed man tor from Massachusetts [Mr. LonGE] are H. Res. 276. Resolution provldlng for the agers on the part of the House at the necessarily au&ent. consideration of H. R. 3199, a bill making conference. The Senator from New Hampshire unlawful the requirement for the payment of [Mr. BRIDGES], the senior Senator from a poll tax as a prerequisite to voting in a The message also announced that the primary or other election for national offi House agreed to the amendments of the Indiana [Mr. CAPEHART], the junior Sen cers, and for other purposes; to the Commit Senate to the bill
I want to emphasize·that the pact WBtS at the outset the new obligations under Article 5 is based upon the f unda not brought to us in final form on a take taken by the United States. mental proposition that an armed attack it-or-leave-it basis. During the negotia- · First. To maintain and develop, sepa against any one of us is to be considered tions, Secretary Acheson met with the rately and jointly and b:· means of con an attack against all. The parties thus Foreign Relations Committee on two oc tinuous and effective self-help and mu publicly underline a basic truth which casions to discuss, article by article, the tual aid, the individual and collective recent history has so vividly demon terms of the treaty. Consultations were capacity of the parties to resist armed strated; an attack in the Nort~ Atlantic also held from time to time with rank attack; ' area places all of us in such grave ing members of the committee ab'out Second. To consult w:tienever, in the jeopardy that it immediately becomes a specific language changes. The com opinion of any of the parties~ the ter matter of collective concern and calls for mittee thus played an important and ef ritorial integrity, political independence, collective action. It is up to the signa fective role in formulating the terms of or security of any of them is threatened; tories to determine whether an attack the treaty. Third. To consider an armed attack has occurred. Internal disorders and I want to linger on this point, Mr. upon any of the parties in the North At revolutions will not ordinarily be con President, for it is highly significant. lantic area an attack against them all; sidered armed attacks-and, Mr. Presi Secretary Acheson and former Under and dent, mark this-unless they are aided Secretary of State Robert A. Lovett were, Fourth. In the event of such an at and abetted by an outside power to such of course, the chief architects for tne tack, to take forthwith, individually and an extent that the parties decide that an United States in building the treaty in concert with the other parties, such armed attack has in fact taken place. structure. But I think it is safe to say action as the United States deems neces Nor will attacks of a minor character that the Foreign Relations Committee sary, including the use of armed force, bring into full play the obligations· con and the Senate furnished some of the to restore and maintain the security of tained in article 5. We did not go to war stone and mixed some of the mortar to the North Atlantic area in 1937 when the Japanese sank our gun complete its symmetry and strength. "Including the use of armed force" boat, the Panay, on the Yangtze River. Surely no member of the Senate can simply means that it is among the things We did not go to war in 1946 when Ameri criticize the President or the Secretary which may be employed-not that it can planes were shot down over .Yugo of State for this kind of exec].ltive-legis has to be employed, but that it is avail slavia. Those incidents were settled lative teamwork. First we give them our able if necessary to be employed. through normal channels of diplomacy. advice as to the course they should pur Article 5 is the heart of the treaty. Article 5 obviously contemplates ag sue. They then negotiate the treaty, If the treaty fails to maintain peace and gressions of a more formidable charac consulting. with us from time to time. security, if the deterrent effects of arti ter. I doubt very much if any state Now they are asking for consent to ratify cles 3, 4, and 5 fail, if an armed attack which is attacked would call upon the the treaty, which is, in effect, our joint against any of us in Europe or North United States for assistance unless the handiwork. America does occur, then article 5 comes attack is of such magnitude and impor This is precisely the way the advice into operation. tance that its independence and integ and consent clause of the Constitution In article 5 the parties have agreed to rity are threatened. ought to work. If this kind of partner meet an armed attack by the exercise Once this original determination is ship were made permanent with respect of the inherent right of individual and made that an armed attack has occurred, to important matters in the field of for collective self-defense recognized by arti then each party must forthwith take eign relations, the hand of the executive cle 51 of the Charter. Let me emphasize such action as it deems necessary in branch would be greatly strengthened that this is an inherent right possessed order to restore and maintain the secu and our ·s::ourse would be a surer and a by every state. · It is not conferred upon rity of the North Atlantic area. How far steadier one. them by the Charter. The Charter sim each state will go and what action it will Mr. President, I desire to pay tribute ply recognizes the inherent right of all take to fulfill its obligations will be deter to the members of the Foreign Relations states .to defend themselves collectively mined by each state in the light of exist Committee for the fine spirit which they or individually. ing circumstances. It is possible that a have displayed throughout our consider Article 51 of the Charter provides: diplomatic protest may suffice. On the ation of the treaty. Their objectivity Nothing in the present Charter shall' lni other hand, in the face of an all-out at and their nonpartisan attitupe have pair the inherent right of individual or col tack, it might be necessary to bring into been an inspiration to me. Their loyalty lective self-defense if an armed attack occurs full play the whole weight of the partner to the high ideals of world peace and against a member of the United Nations. ship and the ultimate decision of war. security should be an· inspiration to all In other words, the Charter recognizes We shall not be neutral in the face of the peoples of the North Atlantic area. that right, and does not invade the juris aggression. I sincerely hope we shall encounter diction of the states with respect thereto. Finally, all measures undertaken under that same nonpartisan objectivity and I repeat, article 51 of the Charter pro article 5 to repel an armed attack and to that same loyalty to high ideals as we vides: restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area must be reported im proceed with the debate here on the Sen- Nothing in the present Charter shall im ate floor. '· · pair the inherent right of individual or col mediately to the Security Council. If and In the course of our deliberations the lective self-defense if an armed attack occurs when the Security Council takes the ·nec committee heard 97 witnesses;_which against a member of the United Nations. essary measures to restore peace, the measures under the treaty shall be ter- almost sets a record for the number of The use of the word "impair" recog witnesses to appear before us on any par minated. . nizes the existence of that right. This I want to emphasize that the serious ticular bill or treaty. We take pride in means that every member of the United the fact that we heard everyone who commitment contained in article 5 is by asked to appear. We concluded from Nations agrees to the right of the mem no means world-wide in scope. It is the hearings that the great majority of bers of the North Atlantic Pact to pro strictly limited by the terms of article 6 the American people strongly support vide for collective self-defense if an to the North Atlantic area. This does the treaty and the principles upon which armed attack occurs. Each and every not include the overseas territories of any it ic: based. member of the United Nations is obli of the signatory states. We would not gated to respect that right. Article 5.1 consider an attack upon these territories WHAT DOES THE TREATY DO? is also assurance that the treaty does not as an attack upon us. The only outlying The treaty seeks peace and security by conflict with the Charter, since it specifi territories covered are Alaska, the Aleu establishing a collective defense arrange cally provides that nothing in the Char tian Islands, the islands of the Canadian ment for the North Atlantic area. It ter shall impair the right of self-defense. Arctic, and the islands in the North At operates within the framework of the Since the treaty is an exercise of this lantic area generally. United Nations Charter and is based right, the Charter makes clear that it Already we see that the treaty is not upon the inherent right of individual or does not interfere with the United Na typical of the ad hoc alliances, used so collective self-defense recognized by tions. There can be no cause of com extensively in modern European history, article 51 of the Charter. plaint from any member of the United to meet a particular crisis or to wage a Perhaps we can best understand the Nations at the course outlined in the particular war; nor is it typical of the objectives of the tre~ty by summarizing treaty·. treaties which were designed to achieve _a 8814 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JULY 5 delicate balancing of power. Alliances lated. But they are not Siamese twins; peace, c.nd security. I fail to find any and coalitions have usually been directed they are not inseparable. Each program thing evil or hopeless or objectionable against or have sought protection from should be passed upon separately by the about that kind of status quo. It is vi a definite opponent. The North Atlantic Congress; each should be accepted or re brant, flexible, honorable, giving room Treaty is directed against any armed at jected on its own merits. for the progress of men and nations. It tack within a specified area. My own view is that we should proceed can only offend the most blatantly ag Together we are seeking to increase forthwith to ratify the treaty and im gressive and those dedicated to world the measure of our own security by self plement ft by approving the military-as domination. help and mutual aid pledged in article 3. sistance program during the present ses There is no easy formula for peace. We are determined to knit our separate sion of the Congress. Time is highly Democracy and peace must always be and otherwise isolated strengths into a important in this great enterprise, and dynamic. Nor is there any reason to as single protective cloak capable of resist we must let our partners know, as soon sume that because the members of the ing any aggressive attack. We have a as we can, that not only words but deeds North Atlantic community are dedicated common heritage to defend and a single are a part of our policy. . to peace, they are thereby doomed to be purpose t.o serve. - It is natural that we It is entirely possible, however, that outpaced by a kind of supercharged, to should unite to strengthen our hands to even a strong supporter of the treaty talitarian fanaticism. ward off annihilation through disunity. might find good and legitimate reasons I draw the attention of the Senate now The Canadian Prime l\4·inister put it weJI for opposing the military-assistance to articles 12 and 13 which provide for in. the debate in Parliam_ent, when he . program. That is a matter for each the indefinite duration of the treaty and said: . Senator to decide as he searches his own for its review after 10 years. Review and The pact is based on the belief that we have conscience and exercises his own honest amendment may of course take place in our collective manpower, in our collective judgment. earlier by unanimous consent. A party natural resources, in our collective indus Many partnerships in histo'ry brought may cease to be a member after 20 years. trial potential and industrial know-how that the weaker ally or allies into complete These time periods seem reasonable, since which would make us a very formidable bondage to a greater power. The North . it is impossible to bring security and sta- enemy for any possible aggressor to attack. Atlantic Treaty does not do this. Never bility to the North Atlantic area under It is to be noted that. the man who -in peacetime have signatories to a treaty a·treaty of short duration. said that, the Premier of Canada, was re attempted so extensively and with such Will the· partnership endure that long? cently overwhelmingly approved by the . evidence of good faith in each other's Obviously, the treaty is _not yet in force Canadian people at the polls. intents and interests to strengthen one and has not been tested by time. But 1 I would not wish to underestimate the another through mutual aid. This be think there can be no doubt that the efforts required of all of us to build a suit comes especially noteworthy in that not partnership will fast, resolutely, until the able defense capacity, .nor the difficulty even the weakest nation in the pact has menace of aggr.ession has disappeared of maintaining the priority of economic come under servitude to its stronger and until the United Nations is able to recovery in the face of these intolerable partners or has lost its parity, its inde give adequate assurance of world secu burdens put upon peaceful nations. But pendence, or its sovereignty. rity. This particular document does not I am certain that article 3 will enable Right at this point let me draw atten need to last any longer than that. I am all of us to consider defense measures on tion to article 2 which makes perfectly · confident that the signatories would be a very practical basis, to comprehend clear that the treaty is not exclusively only too willing to permit it to lapse when rational arrangements that will in the military in its implications. The signa that...happy time arrives. long run help to reduce the burdens of tories have recognized, and have demon WHAT THE TREATY DOES NOT DO armaments. In this connection, one strated their conviction, that economic should note the North Atlantic Council collaboration and well-being help to les I should like Senators to give attention and Defense Committee set up by article sen international tensions among them . to what the treaty does not do. Let us 9 on which all members are equally rep selves and with the rest of the world, and consider that point. To make the record resented, the small states and the great help to destroy the seeds of war. This is perfectly clear, it is just as important to states alike. This machinery for collec an exceptionally important element in understand what it does not do as what tive consultation and collective recom the treaty: the existence as well as the it actually does. mendations on our common responsibili cultivation of the prerequisites for peace As I sat through the hearings and lis ties should prove highly helpful on such ful change. tened to 97 different witnesses it seemed matters. Like articles 2 and 3, article 4 under to me the five main criticisms emerged. What obligations does the United lines the preventive character of the Some argued that the treaty involves a States assume under article 3? What treaty. I think that article 4 goes a commitment for the United States to go is the relationship between the treaty long way to eilfphasize that the period to war without congressional approval; and military-assistance program? The of dividing and conquering has come to that it runs counter to our obligations military-assistance program has not yet an end. The consultation provided for under the United Nations Charter; that been submitted to the Congress, but it is in that article addresses itself to the it is an old-fashione<;i military alliance; in the discussions and in the thoughts threatening of the territorial integrity, that it is directed against the Soviet of Senators, no doubt. If a Senator the political independence, or the secu Union; and that it places our stamp of votes for the treaty does that mean he is rity of any of the parties. Consultation approval on the colonial policies of Great obligated to vote for the military-assist is not an unnecessary luxury; it is a log Britain, France, Holland, and the other ance program? These pointed questions· ical requirement to gain the objectives signatory states. have been raised by Members of the Sen of the treaty. For one thing, article 4, Mr. President, the committee exam ate and they deserve a candid reply. without in any way undermining the ined these criticisms very precisely and The United States-like all the other consultative features of the United Na very thoroughly. Our considered answer signatories-has assumed an important tions, rightly faces up to the brutal fact to each one of them is P. categorical "No." obligation under article 3. We have that peaceful peoples have become more The treaty does not involve any com committed ourselves to the principle of and more conscious of a sinister kind of mitment to go to war nor does it change self-help and mutual aid. We have danger-indirect aggression. Let us not the relative authority of the President agreed to work together in building up for get that no bombs were dropped by and the Congress with respect to the use the capacities of all the signatories to de the Soviet Union on Bulgaria, Hungary, of the armed forces. f end themselves against attack. But we or Czechoslovakia. That will, no doubt, be discussed in have not committed ourselves to any One sometimes hears complaints about detail during the progress of the debate, particular type of military-assistance treaties because they seek to guarantee both for and against the treaty. program. There were no secret agree some hopeless kind of status quo or some I am fully aware of the fact that this ments at the negotiation of this pact. particular territorial arrangement. The latter problem might well stir up end There were no undercover commitments. North Atlantic Treaty seeks to protect less days of debate on the Senate floor. Everything that is committed is written the following status quo: The United It is true that the President as Com into the face of the treaty. Nations; a common heritage of civiliza mander in Chief of the Army and Navy It is true that the treaty and the mili tion; freedom; the principles of democ has always possessed considerable au tary-assistance program are closely re- racy; individual liberty; the rule of law; thorit~ to use the armed forces without 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8815 congressfonal approval ; but the line of On the other hand there ·are many ef individual country the hopeless task of authority between the President and fective · measures short of the use- of defending_ itself. If the world is to be · Congress has never been clearly drawn, armed force which might suffice, depend under the constant threat of attack or of except it is clear,- I think, that a state ing upon the circumstances. Whatever absorption, no nation is any longer free of war, which is something more than we do will have to be done in accordance from the shadow of armed might. Are the use of · armies, must be declared by with our established constitutional pro the nations of the world to live in an the Congress of the United States. cedures.· atmosphere of fear and terror and Moreover, it is neither necessary nor The security of the North Atlantic area anxiety for the safety of their children desirable for us to attempt to draw that and its freedom from armed aggression, and the safety ·of their children's · line during this debate. It would be fool are necessary to the safety and security children? · · hardy for us to assume that we could do of the United States. If the areas at our Whenever freedom is destroyed, free in a few days' time what·our forefathers · very doors are to be invaded by armies dom is weakened in every country. have been unable te> do- in a century and with guns in their harids and by air Whenever · security is increased, the a half of our national eXistence. It is planes with bombs and all of the weapcns safety of every country is increased. . sufficient for our purposes to underline of war, there can be ·no security in the The treaty does not run counter to the basio principle that nothing in the · United States or among its people. War any of our obligations under the United . treaty either increases or decreases the and aggression must be kept beyond the · Nations. Quite the contrary, it has been constitutional powers of either the Presi bounda.ries of the North Atlantt.c area. conceived within the framework of that dent or the Congress with respect to the We cannot tolerate the grabb°ing off of organization and in its preamble the con use of the armed forces. weak or defenseless nations closer and tracting parties solemnly reaffirm their While the treaty was being drafted· closer to the United ·states. Aggressors dedication to the high_ purposes and rumors circulated about Washington that · and conquerors must keep their distance. · principles of the Charter. It is soundly article 5 carried with it a commitment They must not extend their mailed hands and solidly based on article 51 of the which would bind the United States auto into this territory. Charter which specifically recognizes the matically to go to war in the event of an Totalitarian and communistic powers inherent right of states to defend them armed attack. I challenge· anyone to · have publicly announced their policy to selves, either individually- or collectively, find such a commitment. The words of ·be a conquest of the entire globe and its against armed attack. article 11-:-that the provisions of the subjection to their economic and politi- · I am wen aware of the argument, Mr .. treaty will be carried out by the parties cal theory. Will free nations and free President, that article 51 does not en ''in accordance with their respective con men blind their eyes to this hostile visage the establishment of any collective stitutional processes"-are tmequivoeally threat? Will they close their ears to this self-defense arrangements in advance of clear on this point. That nails it down brutal demand· that ·they be doomed to an armed attack. What wollld the ex- . absolutely, Not only must we ratify the slavery? With this bold and' savage an ponents of this theory have -.is do-wait treaty by constitutional processes, but it nouncement, it is fundamental that free until western Europe is overrun and call will · be carried out under the provisions nations of Europe and North America a conference to determine the counter of the Constitution of the United States. · should be determined to preserve the in measures that should }?e taken? Qbvi- • The full authority of the Congress to stitutions of their free governments as ously, both individual and collective self declare war, with all the discretion that against the ambitions and conquest by def ense measures must be prepared in power implies, remains unimpaired. these sinister and ruthless forces. advance if they are to be effective. ~he We have a further important safe The processes by which strong military logic of the case is more than compelling; guard in the phrase "such action as it imperialistic countries hltve in recent it is overwhelming. · deems necessary" found in article 5. years picked off country by country are If any further evidence is necessary to . These words mean that, tn -event of an distinct and clear in the minds of the prove the point, le.t me remind my col armed attack, the United States will be people of the United States. Hitler by leagues of article 1 of the treaty in which free to decide· for itself what measW'es arms seized Austria and incorporated it the signatories reafiirm their solemn it will take to restore the peace and se into the Reich. Sudetenland was an obligations. under t,he Charter to settle . curity of the North Atlantic area. We nexed. When war with all of its blood their disputes by peaceful means. Let will have full opportunity to exercise our and terror burst upon the world, Poland me remind them of article 5 which makes judgment in each case that arises. was subdued, Czechoslovakia fell to the clear that collective action will not be This is not the view of the United arms of Hitler. France was overrun, the taken unless the Security Council has States Government alone; it is the under Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and been unable to prevent an armed attack; standing of all the signatories. The other defenseless and weakened nations that all measures taken as a result of an British white paper on the Atlantic Pact were conquered and placed under the iron attack shall immediately be reported to contains the fallowing reference to arti heel of Hitler. Their institutions were the Council; and that any such action cle 5: overthrown, their liberty was destroyed, must cease whenever the Council is able It leaves the action to be taken to the their territory was violated, and cruel to restore peace and security. judgment of each individual country, there and galling tyranny was inflicted upon Finally, let me remind the Senate of by fully safeguarding the constitutional them. Such a riot of arms and blood right of Parliament in all democratic coun article 7. This article sweeps away any must not occur aga~n . . The united possible doubt by underlining once more tries to decid~ the issue of· peace and strength of peaceful and 'peace-loving war. • • • the overriding authority of the Charter peoples can prevent the violation of their and assuring us all that the provisions Some of our people may not und,er rights and the dismemberment o:f their of the Charter will govern, wherever they stand that clause, but the British under nations, if their strength is united and are applicable, all activities undertaken stood it, as was indicated in their white made effective against aggressors and under the treaty.· paper. But let us- not avoid. cold reality despots. Nor shc:.uld the consultations provided by searching for escape clauses. We This area is dedicated to peace and to for in article 4 impair in a.ny way the would be doing a great disservice to our security. It must not become the lair eftectiveness of United Nations machin country and to the cause of world peace of the armies o.f greedy nations anxious ery, In practice such consultation if we were to minimize the im:Portance for conquest. It must not become the should rarely take place. of the obligation we are assuming under nest of totalitarian powers who seek to the treaty. ' subvert. not alone the peace-and security, It is the opinion of the committee- It might be well to repeat at this but the traditions of this magnificent Read the committee report- point the far-reaching nature oI those territory. These things all shine through that consultation under article 4 should not obligations. If an armed attack should the treaty and give it life and vitality and be sought unless the United Nations for some occur in the North Atlantic area the ac vigor.· reason is prevented from dealing with the tion we would take would depend, of Liberty is without price. It is pur situation giving rise to consultation. The course, upon the location, ·nature, and chased in blood. Its preservation is the committee wishes to emphasize this view since it ha& consistently ~upported the United scale of the attack. In the face of an highest duty of a government. The Nations. as the cornerstone of American for all-out attack we might decide that war Atlantic Pact is an effort to coordinate eign relations, and wouM.- be loath to see any would be necessary to restore the peace and consolidate that duty upon the group action taken not Pntirely 1n harmony with and security of the North Atlantic area. as a whole rather than to leave each this policy. 8816 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 'JULY 5 The treaty thus scrupulously avoids military alliances. They knew that some Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, I am any conflict with the United Nations. It of them, o~ten secret in character, were asking for information as to whether the will not duplicate in any way the ma designed to further the personal ambi Senator includes Portugal in that list? chinery or the procedures established tions of individual monarchs. They , Mr. CONNALLY. Very well; we will under the Charter. It will not compete knew full well that many of them were talk about that later. with the United Nations but will serve as aimed at national aggrandizement and It is unthinkable that 12 nations, who a valuable complement to its activities. were aggressive in spirit, if not in letter. have traditionally supported democratic Mr. President, I stand second to none They knew, too, that such alliances might principles, could ever conspire together in my desire to preserve the vitality and well engulf our country in the maelstrom to negotiate any of the notorious secret the integrity of the United Nations. I of power politics. deals which were often associated with firmly believe the treaty is entirely con That is why Washington advised the traditional bilateral alliances. There is sistent with the Charter and will greatly United States in his Farewell Address aJways a reassuring safety in numbers in assist in maintaining peace and secu not to "entangle our peace and pros such an enterprise and the very size of rity-which is the primary purpose of perity in the toils of European ambitions, the membership of the Atlantic Pact is in the United Nations. rival interests, humor, or caprice." And itself an adequate guaranty that the pact The treaty is ~ot directed against the that is why Jefferson in his first inau-. means exactly what it says. , Soviet Union nor its satellite states. gural warned us against entangling I repeat what I said during the hear What a splendid thing it would be if the alliances. ings. If the Atlantic Pact is an alliance, millions of people behind the iron cur The Napoleonic wars were raging in then it is an alliance only against war it tain had the same opportunity as the Europe. The- Continent was enmeshed self. people of the free world to read the com in alliances which had for their pur- Finally, the treaty does not constitute, mittee report on the Atlantic Pact. They poses not peace but war. , in any fashion, any endorsement on the would see that the pact is not aimed at But the kind of alliances Washington part of the United States of the colonial them or any other group of states; it is and Jefferson had in mind were vastly policies of any of the signatory states. aimed only against. aggression and war. different from the Atlantic Pact. They Mr. President, I think I can dispose of They would find, many of them to their were individual partnerships for power this point in short order. I agree 100 surprise no doubt, that the 12 signatories rather than a general partnership for percent with those who argue that this to the treaty are willing and anxious to peace. · treaty should not be either the front door, cooperate in every way to keep the peace. Let us look for a moment at the other the side door, or the back door through But they would find, also, that these 12 side of the balance sheet. The Atlantic which the United States might be drawn sta,tes are equally determined, if their Pact is not aggressive; it is purely de into family quarrels between the signa efforts to keep the peace are frustrated, fensive in character. It is not the de tory parties and their overseas territories to stand resolutely together to safeguard sign of a few monarchs, but has the in Africa, the Far East, or other parts of their freedom and their civilization popular support of the nearly 300,000,- the world. against aggression. 000 people of the North Atlantic area. In my view these two matters are Mr. President, no person in the United It does not contain any commitment to wholly unrelated. Let us not forget that States need fear our laws f:gainst bur go to war. It is not aimed at aggran this treaty is limited in scope. rts·main glary unless he is a burglar or is getting dizement and is surrounded by all the purpose is to maintain the peace and se ready to commit burgl:::try. By the same solemn obligations against aggression curity of the north Atlantic area. We do token no state need fear this treaty un which the United Nations Charter im not propose to stretch its terms to cover less it is planning an aggressive act or poses upon its members. It comes into the entire globe. has aggressive designs in its t.eart. As operation only when a nation has com When we ratify this treaty, therefore, Secretary Acheson reminded us during mitted a criminal act by launching an we do not by that act, indicate either our the hearings, "the guilty flee when no attack against a party to the treaty. It approval or our disapproval of the colo man pursueth." does · not carry with it any secret addi nial nolicy of the other signatory powers. Certainly no one has any grounds· tional protocols. When. such questions arise-and I have whatsoever for accusing the United It may be stated authoritatively, with no doubt they will-we shall have to States of any aggressive intent. Our out any equivocation whatever-and the formulate our policy in the light of the rapid and extensive demobilization fol Secretary of State and his assistants and situation existing at the time and the lowing World War II and our persistent all connected with the treaty give us the merits of the particular case. most solemn assurances to that effect efforts to bring about world peace make WHY DO WE NEED THE TREATY? that perfectly clear. that no commitments, no promises, no If the Soviet Union really believes the secret agreements were made; and, Mr. The answer to the question,_Why do pact is aimed at her, then I suggest that President, if they had been made they we need the treaty? can be found in the she demonstrate her peaceful intentions would have no effect, because the Con history of our times. I recall vividly the and embrace a policy of full cooperation gress stands here on guard. There is no San Francisco Conference where the vic with the North Atlantic countries within obligation of any kind except what is torious powers with unbounded faith and the framework of the United Nations. written in the treaty itself. hope signed the Charter of the United Such a course would return rich divi Upon reflection it is unthinkable that Nations. We signed that document with dends to the Soviet people and to the 12 nations, who have traditionally sup the hope that it gave us at least the foun rest of the world, both in terms of ported democratic principles, could ever dations upon which to buUtl a future of increased security and general well conspire together to negotiate any of peace, freedom, and human happiness. being. the notorious secret deals which were No international document was ever The treaty is not an old-fashioned often associated with traditional bilat endowed by the people of the world with military alliance comparable to those eral alliances. greater promise of security and prosper which characterized European power Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, will ity. In the ·very first article the signa politics in bygone centuries. the Senator from Texas yield, or does tories pledged themselves to maintain Mr. President, I do not want to quibble he prefer not to yield at this time? international peace and security, and to over terms. I am well aware of the fact Mr. CONNALLY. I would prefer to that end "to take effective collective that many types of alliances have ex wait until I am through, and then I shall measures for the prevention and removal isted in the past, some of them purely be glad to answer any questions. of threats to the peace, and for the sup defensive in nature. But it would be Mr. DONNELL. I should like to ask pression of aggression or other breaches highly unfortunate if the treaty were to a question. Would the Senator object of the peace. * * *" be tagged with a misleading label, thus if I were to ask the question at this time? The significance of this commitment casting doubt upon the motives of the The question is whether the Senator in cannot be overestimated, because it was signatories, when, in fact, it differs from cluded Portugal among the democratic taken after a decade and a half of ag the traditional military alliances of the nations to which he has referred.? · gressions by Hitler, Mussolini, Hirohito, past both in letter and in spirit. Mr. CONNALLY~ When I finish my and other Fascist dictators. Fresh in Both George Washington and Thomas main address I shall be glad to talk everybody's mind were the cynical con Jefferson were fully aware of the un about that. I am sure the Senator from quests of Manchuria, Ethiopia, Austria, savory aspects· of the old-fashioned Missouri is asking for information only, Czachoslovakia, Poland, and th0 Baltic 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8817 Republics. The world to its sorrow had It is now perfectly obvious that there is Monroe Doctrine. I digress to observe learned the aggressor's technique of only one way to peace and security for the that in this Chamber the Senate of that dividing and conquering those upon remaining free states of the world, and time, 1823, had presented to it and had whom his aggression was to be visited. that is through cooperation. Only read the stirring lines of the Monroe Potential allies had been enticed apart, through determined and cooperative ac Doctrine. In 1823, when President Mon and fifth columns had been used to tion can we maintain our independence roe made his famous proclamation, he soften the victim from within. Fear and freedom. To the end that we may did so in order to arrest the scheming of and terror had been unhesitatingly re preserve these hard-won and treasured Spain and the Holy Alliance. The Holy sorted to whenever they promised de heritages we have volu~tarily and mu Alliance, composed of the sovereigns of sired results. To end all this the United tually entered into the North Atlantic Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1823 Nations had fought a bitter, bloody war. Treaty. plotted the destruction of the republics Yet here we stand, 4 years away from Mr. President, I am completely con in South and Central America and the San Francisco, with undiminished belief vinced that if the Kaiser had known in reinstatement of monarchies in those in the Charter, in the correctness of its 1914 that his ruthless attack upon Bel lands. Their designs upon Spain's work and spirit, and in the fundamental gium and France would have led Great former colonies in the New -world were need for a universal United Nations. Britain and the United States to hurl forestalled by Monroe's firm declaration But no sincere and realistic person can their armed might against him, he never that the United States would "consider blind himself to the fact that peace is would have crossed the Belgian frontier. any attempt on their part to extend their still remote and the security we long for I am completely convinced, too, that if system to any portion of this hemi is yet to be attained. The long catalog Hitler had known in 1939 that the United sphere as dangerous to our peace and of 30 Soviet vetoes and the frustrated States and the other United Nations safety." In the face of those stirring efforts to write a peace treaty with Ger w0uld have stood together against his words, the Holy Alliance abandoned its many bear eloquent witness of how eff ec marching millions, he never would have designs, and the Western Hemisphere tively the peace and security machinery launched World War II. was saved. of the world has been hampered. The unwillingness on the part of the While the United States was involved We have become painfully aware that free nations of the world to make clear in in the War Between the States in 1861, the technique of "divide and conquer" advance their determination effectively imperialists in France conceived an en is not a thing of the past but a part of to oppose aggression was in large meas terprise against the integrity and sov the insecure present. It has been given ure responsible for the two great wars of ereignty of Mexico. The United States fresh life and application during the past our time. registered its opposition. French forces 4 years in country after· country. The All during the 1930's the League of invaded Mexico and captured the capitol catalog of its victims is even more impos Nations was plagued with this same on June 7, 1863. The French proclaimed ing than that compiled by aggressor na doubt and uncertainty. Manchuria, Mexico a monarchy and installed Maxi tions before World War II. Ethiopia, Austria, Czechoslovakia-all milian as emperor with the support of There was once a Republic of Estonia. were victories for the aggressor because French troops. Where now is Estonia? Its soil remains, League members failed to stand united The United States had to content itself but its democracy has been ruthlessly in defense of the Covenant. with sending diplomatic notes since she destroyed. ·n has been transformed into Last year this committee in its report could neitber drive out the French nor a police state. on Senate Resolution 239 commented as help Juarez to do so. Upon the termina There was once a Lithuania. Where is follows: tion of the War Between the States, that nation today? The basic freedoms The committee is convinced that the hor the attitude of the United States toward of its people have been brutally usurped. rors of another world war can be avoided the French in Mexico became firm It has been absorbed into a vast commu with certainty only by preventing war from and determined. Secretary of State nistic system. starting. The experience of World War I Seward, whose portrait looks down upon There was once a Latvia. Where now and World War l:I suggest that the best de us in this Chamber, warned France is the fair land we knew as Latvia? Its terrent to aggression is the certainty that against any permanent occupation of boundaries have disappeared. · It has immediate and effective countermeasures Mexico. been incorporated into the totalitarian will be taken against those who violate the peace. The War Between the States having network of eastern Europe. come to an end, the United States was There was once a democratic Czecho President Truman has this same lesson free to dislodge the French from Mexico. slovakia. Over the centuries its people in-mind when he delivered his inaugural In 1867, Napoleon III withdrew his have stood for freedom and self-govern address last January. "If we can make troops from Mexico, and abandoned ment. All the world knows what has it sufficiently clear, in advance," he said, MaXimilian to the fury of Juarez. happened in that unhappy land. De "tpat any armed attack affecting our na 'The mere announcement of the Mon mocracy has been routed. Tyranny has tional security would be met with over roe Doctrine deterred the Holy Alliance been enthroned. Free government has whelming force, the armed attack might in its plans of conquest. The announce been banished. never occur." ment that the United States would main The same tragedy has taken place in The main objective of the North At tain the Monroe Doctrine in Mexico differing degree in other countries. laptic Treaty is to erase any possible ousted the French from Mexico and de Where is the freedom of the so-called doubt and uncertainty that may be lurk throned the usurper Maximilian. Not a liberated peoples of Rumania, Bulgaria, ing in the minds of potential aggres gun was fired, not a cannon was dis Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Al sors. We must provide unmistakable charged, not an act of the military was bania? Overshadowed by the might of proof this time that the free nations will necessary to invoke the principles and theit eastern neighbor, and alone, one by stand together to resist armed attack precepts of the Monroe Doctrine. one,. they have been subjugated by ag from any quarter. History must not be Through more than a century of dy gression from within and from without. allowed to repeat itself. War is not in namic application the Monroe Doctrine Let us be perfectly frank. Such a sit evitable. uation, which breeds fear and suspicion kept aggression from the doorstep of and distrust, is a constant threat to It is confidently believed that the rati the New World and preserved the terri world peace. It is a threat to the secu fication of the treaty will exert a tre torial integrity of that entire area. Not rity of peaceful peoples who desire to lead mendous deterrent in preventing armed a gun was fired in maintaining that their own lives and to direct their own attack. The knowledge of any . nation Doctrine---not even when it was applied future, free from the destructive impact with criminal designs to absorb or con in bringing to an end the ill-starred of infiltration, and free froi:n the menac quer a small or weak nation that an empire of Maximilian in Mexico. For ing arms of a hostile power. armed attack by it upon sucb nation almost a century and a quarter, it grew The security of the North Atlantic area would meet with united resistance of the in strength and power and played an is· necessary to the security of the United signatories to the pact would discourage important role in assuring peace and se States. I emphasize that statement. that nation and probably prevent its curity in the New World. No clearer Iceland, Greenland, and Canada are our criminal enterprise. proof exists that security lies in letting front door. That door must be guarded The deterring effect of a warning in the aggressor know in advance that re ~g_defended. advance is clearly illustrated by the sistance a waits his criminal act. 8818 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JULY 5
WHA'.£' ARE THE BENEFITS TO THE UNITED STATES? people want no more Normandy beach At this point let me digress for a Every citizen of this country, and es heads, and abroad, where men must work few moments to speak of the German pecially every elected representative of and live in the sinister shadow of ag- problem. Germany lies at the heart of the people, must ask himself this funda gression. . world peace. Clearly no viable settle mental question: How does the treaty The treaty, in thus encouraging a feel ment can be devised for Europe unless benefit my country? There is nothing ing of confidence and security, will pro this question is approached in a con mean, narrow, or ignoble in using this vide an atmosphere in which the Euro structive and statesmanlike fashion. yardstick-a yardstick that all the signa pean recovery prog:ram can move for As one of the occupying powers we tory powers also use--because in this ward with new vitality. We know that must insist, of course, that the new Ger treaty, the advantages gained by the encouraging progress has already been man state should never be permitted to other members are also our benefits, and made. We know, too, that a momentum develop in such a way as to menace the our gains coincide with their own. I will of confidence has been building up in peace of the world again. On the other go even further: The benefits of this pact Europe as a direct result of our assist hand, we must use our influence to pro will be reaped by peace-loving nations ance. vide for the German people a hopeful everywhere. But that is not enough. The greatest future as an integral part of free Europe. The principal benefit to the United obstacle that stands in the way of com Unless this is done we face the dismal States is the great promise this treaty plete recovery is the pervading and prospect of driving them into the waiting holds for an enduring world peace. Cer paralyzing sense of insecurity. The arms of communism. taillly the United States, as much as any treaty is a powerful antidote to this poi Thus far a constructive integration of other country, has a tremendously high son. It will go far in dispelling the fear Germany into· western Europe has been stake in the kind of peace and security that has plagued Europe since the war. made extremely difficult because of the which give opportunity for the full ap With this protection afforded by the fear that Germany would become too plication of our vast energies for the Atlantic Pact,· western Europe can strong for the comfort of our European promotion of greater well-being, strong breathe easier again. It can plan its alUes. The increased unity and sacurity democratic institutions and principles, future with renewed hope. New business which the· pact will assure our North and the maintenance of our way of life. enterprises, increased trade, and plan Atlantic partners will do much to alle Perhaps we do not yet have the same ning for long-range recovery should be viate this fear and to pave the way for haunting sense of · insecurity that the direct results. fuller participation of Germany in west hampers many other nations. But we, The treaty is thus a logical and neces ern European affairs. There is indeed too, can make use of the added confi sary complement to the recovery pro already encouraging evidence that this dence flowing from this treaty, so that gram. Through it we shall protect our will happen. this citadel of freemen may continue to past and future investments in that This leads me to mention yet another give encouragement to the dynamic, con famous calculated risk which already has great advantage to this country: I refer structive values and energies inherent in paid remarkable dividends. · We might to the pledge of self-help and mutual mankind throughout the world. even look forward to· the time when we aid to maintain and develop the indi By now, every student of elementary can anticipate rather substantial savings vidual and collective capacities of the history knows that in strengthening the in our ECA expenditures, once ·the full member states to resist armed attack. security of the North Atlantic area, the impact of the treaty has been felt in We must never forget that in this col treaty greatly increases the national se Europe. lective .enterprise their strength is our curity of the United States. Our fron The Economic Cooperation Adminis strength. Their weakness is our weak tier is no longer Texas. That· word tration was the most g-igantic and gen ness. It would be inimical to our own "frontier", so rich with glorious memo erous act of its kind ever undertaken by national interest and to the cause of ries of our national history, has been any government. It has had a mar wo·rld peace if the· free countries of altered by the realities of modern times. velous success toward rehabilitating the Europe were to become so weak and de We now have a frontier of collective economies of western Europe which were fenseless as to invite disaster, one by one. security and defense in Europe. shattered and mutilated by the· tragedy That.wbuld indeed be the road to war. It is obvious that the United States of war. We all know that the neighborhood gains much by declaring now, in this However, it deals with material things, bu1Iy is not likely to pick a fight with the written pact, the course of action we with food and clothing, with production boy across the street if he knows there would fallow even if the treaty did not and transportation and business activi are both the strength and the will to exist. Without a treaty, we were drawn ties. All these things are absolutely es resist. By the same token potential ag into two world wars to preserve the se sential to the well-being of the broken gressors can best be deterred by the curity of the North Atlantic community. economies of these lands. united efforts of determined allies, who, Can anyone doubt that we would become Of even more importance, however, is by working together each in his most involved in a third world conflict if it the rehabilitation of the morale of the effective way, achieve maximum defense should ever come? peoples of western Europe; of the revival benefits with minimum-costs. After the United States is involved in of their s·3nse of hope and the quicken I hasten to assure the Senate that this war, it cooperates with and coordinates ing of their desire and ability to preserve is ·no 'one-way street.· We shall all profit its activities with its allies. A joint en their freedoms and their forms of gov from the· principle 'that each.participant terp1ise to win the war and defend its ernment and the willingness to resist the mµst do its utmost to help itself and its cause in union with its associates is invasion of their territory or assaults fair share to help the others. I am con launched with all of its power and might. upon their institutions. · The North At vinced that in time our own defense If it is wise and desirable to cooperate lantic Treaty-is designed to give encour capacity will be increased markedly by with our partners after we shall have agement and a tougher and more endur the determined efforts of our partneri. been involved in a war, why should it be ing quality to the morale of the people of wrong or unwise to cooperate with them these lands. Its purpose is to rehabili .There is one final benefit which, in all prior to the outbreak of war for the pur tate their courage and strength and candor, should not be overlooked. If pose of preventing war? their determination to preserve their our efforts for peace fail and war is From now on, no one will misread our traditional attachment to the institu thrust upon us we shall not stand alone. motives or underestimate our determina tions of liberty and to the basic principles Our strategic positions will be greatly ation to stand in defense of our freedom. and civilizations of their peoples. These improved and we shall have a much bet By letting the world know exactly where are the mighty fore.es which the pact is ter opportunity to make effective use. of we stand, we erect a fundamental policy intended to_invigorate and tevive. our armed strength. Eleven friendly that outlasts the daily fluctuations of In th~s great area, liberty and parlia nations, with a vigorous population and diplomacy, and the twists and turns of mentary government have flourished as vast industrial production, pledge to psychological warfare which the Soviet in no other area on the globe. These stand with us and to resist the attack UBion has chosen to wage against us. noble objectives must be preserved. from whatever quarter it may come. This public preview of our intentions has They must continue to.inspire the civili This means for all parties a greater con a steadying effect upon the course of zation and guide the destiny of the free fidence that any international criminal, human events both at home, whez:e our world. who violates· the charter and us·es armed 1949· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8819 force against us,· can be successfully re rather than narrow · it. · We are on the threat of grim force behind-them. We sisted and ultimately defeated. right road. · We shall 'move firmly and do covet peace. We do covet security. • I said at the outset that we are making resolutely toward our goal. We do covet freedom. We do covet the a momentous decision in the develop In some totalitarian quarters the right of free nations and freemen to live ment of the foreign relations of the charge is made that the United States without the fear of conquest or subju United States. But certainly there is seeks to employ the North Atlantic gation. nothing . very novel in saying we- shall Treaty as an instrument of imperialist Under the Atlantic Pact no sword leaps def end ourselves . in case of attack. policy. The United States is assailed as from its scabbard; no plane drops its / That has always been our policy. What the symbol of imperialism with the pur bombs; no soldier marches with a gun is more, tRe Nor.th Atlantic treaty is the pose of subordinating the signatories to in· his hand, until an armed attack, in logical outgrowth of the policies which the treaty to its will and to control their violation of international law, is made we have evolved during the last few affairs and policy. A more false charge upon a peaceful member of the pact. years. It follows naturally upon the was never advanced in modern history. As Senators drive around Washington, commitments of mutual aid-and collec The course of the United States in the they may observe at the entrance to cer tive self-defense undertaken by the Dec field of foreign policy is well-known in tain streets and areaways a sign.ereeted laration of Chapultepec, the. United Na ev·ery country in the world. They ·are by the police, reading "Do not enter." tions Charter, and the Rio Pact, which aware of our power and resources; of our ·The North Atlantic Treaty is a flam put into treaty .form ·the Monroe Doc industrial preeminence; of our naval and ing sign to any aggressor, to any nation trine. military command of the oceans and the that contemplates armed attack upon a The Monroe Doctrine was the founda air. They know that these superb re peaceful and law-abiding nation-"Do tion upon which the Act of Chapultepec sources have not been employed to es not enter''.the North Atlantic area. The was erected by representatives of the tablish an empire. They respect our North Atlantic area must be a sanctuary American States at a conference in the world influence and leadership in the against armed attack, against the viola city of Mexico. Later, on September 2, cause of peace and international coop tion of the security of peaceful nations. 1947, there was signed, in Rio de Janeiro, eration. They remember our part in The great English historian Buckle the International Treaty of Mutual establishing the United Nations and ad once said of the American Declaration of Assistance, which transformed the Act vancing its objectives of preventing war Independence: of Chapultepec into a regional collective and the settlement of international dis In 1776 the Americans laid before Europe defense arrangement and placed.it on a putes by peaceful means rather than by that noble . declaration which ought to be permanent treaty basis within the the swprd. They know that ambition hung up in the nursery of every .king and framework of the United Nations. . In for dominion is not the motive of our blazoned on the porch of every royal palace. that treaty, it was agreed that an armed policy. ·The free nations of the North Atlantic attack upon any party to the treaty The Spanish-American War thrust the area lay before the nations of the world would be regarded as ari attack upon all destiny of Cuba and the Philippines into a ·noble declaration that no armed· ag the signatories. - our keeping. . . The United States guar gressor, no swaggering conqueror, no President Monroe warned the aggres anteed the freedom and indenendence of military despot shall invade the North sor that an attack upon any state in the Cuba and aided her. in the establishment Atlantic area. That challenge shall be New World would be considered an attack of and znaint~nanc~ of her government, hung up in the nursery of every aggressor against us and would meet with our de and through the years has manifested and blazoned on the porch of every .total termin.ed resistance. Let me repeat, for her friendship and support. The United itarian master. · The North Atlantic area over a century this doctrine has re States generously aided the Philippines is dedicated to peace. "Do not enter:" mained a source of great security to us in improving· their educational ·and eco -Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, and to our southern neighbors. It kept noiniC systems and granted them free if it meets with the approval of the Spain -from embarking upon a recon dom and independence. We pulled down Senate majority leader, the senior Sen quest of her lost South American colonies the Stars and Stripes and lifted high the ator from . Michigan would prefer to and prevented Russia from extending banner of the Philippines. In World speak tomorrow, although he is very her domain to California. It drove the War II, the United States fought in de anxious to facilitate the proceedings. Erpperor Maximilian from the throne of fense of the Philippines and aided their However, if the majority leader so re Mexico, and it turned the German Navy reconstruction from the ravages of war. quests, I shall proceed at this time. from Venezuela's door. The treaty After our victory in World War I, we ·Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I realize which the Committee on Foreign Rela claimed no added territory, we demanded the position in which the Senator from tions now presents for favorable Senate no reparations nor indemnity nor tribute. Michigan finds himself. I desire very action is but the logical extension of the In World War II we poured out our treas much to afford him any opportunity he principle of the Monroe Doctrine to the u:t:e and the blood of our gallant sons on may· desire in· connection with the state North Atlantic area. the seas and ori the land and in the skies ment he will make, because I know it is 'Finally, we do not. lightly disregard t6 defend liberty and to crush tyranny important not only to' this Nation, but the past, nor shirk the present, nor and military mastery of the world. to the world. prophesy the future. But in ratifying _Though World War II has not yet been There are nominations on the Execu this treaty, ·the Senate of the· United terminated by treaties of peace, the tive Calendar which we might consider. states needs the voice and successfµl United States,. in a noble endeavor to It is my understanding that there will statesmanship of our glorious past. The gu,arap.tee a peaceful world and to ban be objections to some of the nomina Senate realistically and courageously ap ish war, has not followed the course of tions. It will probably require some little plies to · the present the force of our selfish gain. The United States has ex time to discuss them. I · feel that they ·matured responsibility and world leader tended aid and assistance to many na are important enough to be considered ship. By this· action, the Senate does tiCms through the -Marshall plan and as soon as is possible. I had hoped, how not prophesy the future; it guarantees othe~· measures. The North Atlantic ever, that some Senator in opposition there is one for free nations; Treaty is in harmony with that high might have something to say in reply to Recent developments, including the p~rpose. : · the excellent speech of the Senator from results of· the Paris meeting of the We stand before the bar of history. Texas. Council of Foreign Ministers; convince .We shall face its jud.gment without fear. .Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will me that our present foreign policy is We strive tel stren·gth~n liqerty and se_cu the Senator yield? based on sound principles. The Soviet rity to the free nations of the world. We Mr. LUCAS. I yield to the Senator Union understands firmness; - they un await the verdict of the" years with su from Texas. derstand what we mean when we say preme confidence. Our motives a!l."d our Mr. CONNALLY. I suggest that the with conviction that we · are going to conduct· will be vindicated and will re wishes of the Senator from Michigan be stand on what is right and what is just. ceive the ·plaudits of grateful nations and observed. A wide chasm of differences still yawns of their people. Mr. LUCAS. I appreciate the sugges between the east. and the west. Any -we do' not covet empire. We do not ti.on of the Senator from Texas, and of weakness or vacillation on our part will cove't control of any' other nation. We course I intend to do so. But if any Sen be thoroughly exploited by the Soviet abhor tyranny, 'whether by arms or by ator desires to speak with reference to Union and will broaden the chasm, devious and se2!et pressure, with the the North Atlantic Pact_ <_?_~ t.2_ proP._~_un~- ~QV-556 8820 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JULY 5 any inquiries to the Senator from Texas, Mr. CONNALLY.- Probably I cannot Further on I find the following state- it should be·done at·this time. The Sen satisfy the Senator on that point or on ment: · ator from Missouri [Mr. DoNNELL] indi any other point he may raise; but Portu The survival of democracy ln Korea ·is of • cated a moment ago that he might have gal evidently has quite the kind of gov crucial importance also to the maintenance and further development of democracy in some inquiries to make. ernment she wants. It is in existence. Japan, Mr. DONNEIL. Mr. Preside:µt, will Portugal has had no serious difficulties the Senator yield? with any of her neighbors. Portugal has -I might say, parenthetically, Mr. Pres. Mr. LUCAS. I yield. not interfered in any international af ident, that if the words ''China (the non Mr. DONNEIL. In response to the fairs, so far as I know. The people of Communist areas of China)" were sub Senator from Illinois, I do not desire to Portugal are peaceful. They want law stituted in each place in which the De enter into any extended discussion. The and order. That is what the North At partment of State has mentioned Korea, Senator from Texas made reference to lantic Treaty is intended to secure. If I believe it would also be very much in 12 signatories and their democratic tend we can have Portugal as a party to the point. enGies, or words to that e:fiect. My only treaty helping us to do that, Portugal The document goes on to say: question was whether he meant to in may ultimately tend more nearly to ap The attainment of this goal requires, for a clude Portugal within that list. That is proach the democratic ideal the Senator period, continuing understanding, moral sup the question I desire to ask at this time. port, and economic help from the United I understood the Senator from Texas from Missouri has in mind. States. to state at the conclusion of liis remarks Mr. DONNELL. I thank the Senator for his observation. On page 2 the importance of aid by 'the that he would respond to the inquiry United .States to the Republic ·of Korea which I made. I cannot from memory EXECUTIVE MESSAGE REFERRED quote his precise remarks with exacti is pointed out for the reasons stated. The ·PRESIDING OFFICER Thesis of the Revolutionary Movement in be paid by democratic countries in the future NO NEGOTIATED PEACE Colonies and Semi-Colonies adopted at the will be beyond comprehension. If commu Question. "Is there even the slightest pos• sixth world congress of the Communist in nism .is not checked in China it will spread sibility now of a negotiated peace with the ternational December 12, 1928. over the whole of Asia. Should that occur, Communists?" BLUEPRINT REALIZED another world war would be inevitable. Answer. "From our experience with dealing "This is a blueprint of Communist revolu "In view of this and of the responsibility with Communists for 25 years we have tionary activities in all Asia, now being re of democratic countries toward all peace learned that it is impossible for any one to alized step by step," Chiang continued. loving peoples, I must point out that further reach a settlement with Communists. On "Lenin stated that the road to the conquest loss of time in checking communism in this question there is no difference of opin of Europe lies through Asia. This policy of China is. dangerous." ion among members of the Kuomintang or of the founder of international communism is REIGN OF TERROR the government. I shall do my utmost to now being pursued by his faithful followers," Question. "Have the Communists won, or strengthen the solidarity of the Kuomintang he added. can they ever win, mass support of the Chi in the fight against communism." Question. "Is there any chance in your nese people in the areas of their military opinion that Chinese communism can or CHIANG'S ROLE control? Do you believe that the nationalist Question. "How do you construe your own will develop along separatist nationalist government commands popular support lines, irresponsive to the main currents of present or · future role in this struggle for there or in areas still beyond Communist China? Under what condition, if any, the international Communist drive toward conquest? If the Communists do not have world revolution? Is : ~ao Tzetung a puppet would you return to active leadership of the popular support, what are the chief causes nation?" or a free agent? Can he be another Tito?" of the government's set-back?" Answer. "By the very pronouncement of Answer. "A reign of terror is holding people Answer. "Since my succession to the revo the Chinese Communist leaders, as well as in submission in Communist-held areas. In lutionary leadership of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, upon his death, I have dedicated my life to by the history of their party. there is nothing ~tead of popular support, hatred of people to indicate whatsoever that the Communist for the Communists is increasing. The Com the cause of the freedom and independence Party in China may break with the center of munists themselves have openly admitted of the Chinese people. In that role I shall international communism, the Cominform, that peasant uprisings have occurred and re continue to carry out this important trust. as Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia apparently curred in all areas under their control. With world communism threatening to con did. "People under Communist rule are all quer China and destroy her independence "The Communist Party in China has on hoping for early restoration of the authority and historic civilization, I consider it my many occasions placed on record its full sup of the national government. It is a matter duty to do everything I can in rallying all port of the Cominform against Marshal Tito. of record that large numbers of teachers, forces to fight against it. By resolution of the whole party it approved students, peasants, and others have fled into "Regardless of whether I hold any political the expulsion of Yugoslavia by the Comin government areas despite the difficulties and office, I cannot give up my revolutionary form. The latest proof is to be found in dangers attending such flights. With the ex leadership. That is to say, as long as inde published articles by Liu Shao-chi, chief of ception of a small number of political op pendence of the nation and freedom of the the organization department, and often portunists, no one cares to live under the people are not achieved, I cannot shirk my called the second in· command of the Com Communist regime. responsibility of carrying on the struggle." munist Party in China. These articles de "As regards the causes for the set-back of Chiang received us in the mountainside nounced Tito as a 'traitor' who joined the the government, other than military, there guest house of the Formosa provincial gov capitalist camp. FurtJ;ier, in all those arti are two: First, nonfulfillment by the ernment at Tsaoshan, about 10 miles from cles, Liu Shao-chi called on the proletariat U. S. S. R. of her obligations under the Chi Taipeh. He asked us to convey his earnest in all countries to unite and join forces with nese-Russian Treaty of 1945, which was based best wishes to President Truman, and as one the Soviet Union and eastern Europe 'to in upon the Yalta agreement. In spite of this of the correspondents was from Tokio, he flict defeat on the plans of the American sacrifice on our part, Russia hasn't observed asked that his felicitations also be passed imperialists.' her treaty obligations. This hasn't only pre on to Gen. Douglas MacArthur. NO BREAK WITH MOSCOW vented restoration of Manchuria to China "Any suggestion that the Chinese Com but has also enabled the Chinese Commu Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, will munists might break with Moscow is insid nists to develop ·a tremendous military force the Senator from California yield? ious propaganda, designed to confuse. Many there. Mr. KNOWLAND. I yield to the Sen years ago, Communists used to say that the "The second cause is economic. After the ator from Michigan. sufferings and tribulations sustained by the Communists in China weren't real Commu Mr. FERGUSON. Does the Senator nists at all but merely agrarian reformers. Chinese people in 8 years of war against ag They succeeded in confusing and misleading gression, the country has been further im from California believe that if all China many people to . their own advantage. poverished by the rebellion of the Commu goes under the communistic rule and the "This talk of Chinese Communists possibly nists. northern part of Korea stays under the taking a Tito turn is just one more of their "As a result all the Chinese people, such as communistic rule, it will be possible for propaganda tricks designed to mislead and teachers, public servants, and soldiers have the southern part of Korea to remain a will prove as false and unfounded as their been compelled to live many years below the subsistence line. Many political ills have republic, or to practice the principles of previous efforts to confuse. democracy as we understand them? "If Communists are permitted to domi arisen out ·of this deteriorating economic nate China, her relations with the outside situation. Mr. KNOWLAND. I not only believe world would be the sams as those of other HOW CAN CHINA WIN? that it will not be possible for the south countries now behind the iron curtain. Question. "How can China win this new ern half of Korea, which is the Korean They couldn't possibly be any different." war of resistanc'e? What help does she re- Government recognized by the United NOT TOO LATE quire? Can . the national government sur States and by the other western powers, Question. "There has been recently a great vive without foreign help? Do you expect a set up under the general auspices of the growth of concern abroad over the trend of third world war?" United Nations, to retain its freedom, events in China but with it also has grown Answer. "The first step, it seems to me, is but very likely it will not ~e possible for a fatalistic conviction among many that the for the United States to reactivate its policy any other nation, not even excepting situation in China already is beyond repair of giving moral support to the Chinese Gov and that Communist conquest of China and ernment in its fight against communism. India, permanently to maintain itself perhaps all Asia must run its course. Is it "This fight against communism in China outside of the Communist orbit if all of already too late for the United States to isn't only a fight for Chinese freedom from China goes behind the iron curtain. help? Will it ever be too late?" · the present Communist menace. It is a fight Furthermore, it is the belief of the Answer. "The area and population under for the peace and security of the free world, junior Senator from California that, be Japanese occupation after 1 year of the war which doubtless is the very principle pur cause of the normal economic ties of the of resistance in 1938. That war, as you know, sued by the United States in other parts islands of Japan and the other island went on for seven more years until victory of the world. was won. "The present Communst menace to China nations in the far Pacific, if all the con "The erroneous impression that the pres is a legacy of the last world war. I take tinent of Asia goes behind the iron cur ent situation is beyond repair has been cre it that the United States with which we tain it will be very difficult for these ated by Communist propaganda in dissemi fought together and bled together in that island nations to maintain themselves. nating defeatism. It is my conviction that war will not be indifferent to what ls going So far as Japan is concerned, her normal all struggles for human freedom and na on in China. ties of commerce and trade are with the tional independence as against the tyranny "Nor by her assumption of world leader continent of Asia, and unless the Govern of foreign domination must succeed. I do ship in the fight against communism will not believe that efforts-either our own ef the United States exclude China from the ment of the United States is prepared forts or efforts of friendly countries-to save scop~ of her aid. Otherwise the future of to underwrite permanently its economic the situation in China will be too late. the fight by the democratic countries against and military support, Japan will probably "However, if timely help is not given in commu·nlsm will be gloomy indeed and a. ultimately be forced into the Communist China's anti-Communist fight, the price to calamity for mankind will be irretrievable." orbit. 8822 ' CONGRESSIONAL-RECORn-;.SENATE JULY 5 : Mr. FERGUSON. ·!s not the last an- mission ·which this country has in Greece _ that approximafoly- 90 percent of the swer fa line with what General ·Mac- today. · American aid which ha·s been furnished Arthur has indicated in his request for Mr. KNOWLAND. That is correct. to China since VJ-day has fallen into further troops, even at the present time, , Mr. PEPPER. Did we not at one time Communist ha.nds~ · I say that 'statement to maintain the situation in Japan? have a military mission in China sup- cannot be supported by the record, in Mr. KNOWLAND. I think it is not porting the Nationalist Government, and fact. it is not correct. and can be demon only indicative of what has been ex- did that prove adequate to resist the strated as not being correct on the basis pressed by the Supreme Commander in Communist a:o.oroach? And. if I may ask of the State Department's own figures. Japan, but what has been indicated by another question along with that, did Mr. PEPPER. I desired to ascertain · other competent military officials who ' the Nationalist" armies take the advice what the Senator had in mind, and I have had access to information as to of the American military mission?' thank him for the information he has conditions in the Far East. Mr. KNOWLAND. The subject is given. Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, will the one which would entail a great deal more CALL OF THE ROLL Senator from California yield, ·in order discussion than we have time for this that we might understand a little better afternoon, but we ·have had a number Mr. LUCAS. I suggest the absence of a what the Senator has in mind by our un- of military missions in China. During quorum. derwriting the military forces in China? part of the war we had General Stil- · The PRESIDING OFFICER