3.3. the Indicator Kriging (IK) Analyses for the Göttingen Test Site

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3.3. the Indicator Kriging (IK) Analyses for the Göttingen Test Site Geostatistical three-dimensional modeling of the subsurface unconsolidated materials in the Göttingen area: The transitional-probability Markov chain versus traditional indicator methods for modeling the geotechnical categories in a test site Dissertation Submitted as a partial fulfilment for obtaining the “Philosophy doctorate (Ph.D.)" degree in graduate program of the Applied Geology department, Faculty of Geosciences and Geography, Georg-August-University School of Science (GAUSS), Göttingen Submitted by (author): Ranjineh Khojasteh, Enayatollah Born in Tehran, Iran Göttingen , Spring 2013 Geostatistical three-dimensional modeling of the subsurface unconsolidated materials in the Göttingen area: The transitional-probability Markov chain versus traditional indicator methods for modeling the geotechnical categories in a test site Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades " Philosophy doctorate (Ph.D.)" der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm Angewandte Geoliogie, Geowissenschaften / Geographie der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von Ranjineh Khojasteh, Enayatollah aus (geboren): Tehran, Iran Göttingen , Frühling 2013 Betreuungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Ing. Thomas Ptak-Fix, Prof. Dr. Martin Sauter, Angewandte Geologie, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Universität Göttingen Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Ing. Thomas Ptak-Fix, Prof. Dr. Martin Sauter, Angewandte Geologie, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Universität Göttingen Referent: Prof. Dr. Ing. Thomas Ptak-Fix Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Martin Sauter ggf. 2. Korreferent: weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: 1- - PD. Dr. Eckehard Holzbecher; 2- - Dr. Raimon Tolosana Delgado; 3- - Dr. Pavel Propastin; 4- - J/Prof. Dr. Sonja Philipp. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27.Juni. 2013 Dedicated to My beloved parents and brothers …and all who devoted their best belongings and loves to my movement, success, and prosperity who all greatly share all my achievements , and to my beautiful land Abstract: Having a plenty of geotechnical records and measurements in Göttingen area, a subsurface three-dimensional model of the unconsolidated sediment classes was required. To avoid the repetition of the long expressions, from this point on, these unconsolidated materials which vary from the loose sediments to the hard rocks has been termed as “soil”, “category”, “soil class” or “soil category”. These sediments which are intermediate between the hard bed-rock and loose sediments (soils) were categorized based on the geotechnical norms of the DIN 18196. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the capabilities of the application of geostatistical estimation and simulation methods in modeling the subsurface heterogeneities, especially about the geotechnical soil classes. Such a heterogeneity modeling is a crucial step in a variety of applications such as geotechnics, mining, petroleum engineering, hydrogeology, and so on. For an accurate modeling of the essential continuous parameters, such as the ore grades, porosity, permeability, and hydraulic conductivity of a porous medium, the precise delineation of the facies or soil category boundaries prior to any modeling step is necessary. The focus of this study is on a three-dimensional modeling and delineation of the unconsolidated materials of the subsurface using the geostatistical methods. The applied geostatistical methods here consisted of the pixel- based conventional and transition-probability Markov chain-based geostatistical methods. After a general statistical evaluation of different parameters, the presence and absence of each category along the sampling boreholes was coded by new parameters called indicators. The indicator of a category in a sampling point is one (1) when the category exists and zero (0) when it is absent. Some intermediate states can also be found. For instance, the indicator of a two categories can be assigned to 0.5 when both the categories probably exist at that location but it is unsure which one exactly presents at that location. Moreover, to increase the stationarity characteristic of the indicator variables, the initial coordinates were transformed into a new system proportional to the top and bottom of the modeled layer as a first modeling step. In the new space, to conduct the conventional geostatistical modeling, the indicator variograms were calculated and modeled for each category in a variety of directions. In this text, for easier reference to the semi- variograms, the term variogram has been applied instead. I Using the indicator kriging, the probability of the occurrence of each category at each modeling node was estimated. Based on the estimated probabilities of the existence of each soil category from the previous stage, the most probable category was assigned to each modeling point then. Moreover, the employed indicator variogram models and indicator kriging estimation parameters were validated and improved. The application of a less number of samples were also tested and suggested for similar cases with a comparable precision in the results. To better reflect the fine variations of the categories, the geostatistical simulation methods were applied, evaluated, and compared together. The employed simulation methods consisted of the sequential indicator simulation (SISIM) and the transition probability Markov chain (TP/MC). The conducted study here suggested that the TP/MC method could generate satisfactory results especially compared to those of the SISIM method. Some reasons were also brought and discussed for the inefficiency of the other facies modeling alternatives for this application (and similar cases). Some attempts for improving the TP/MC method were also conducted and a number of results and suggestions for further researches were summarized here. Based on the achieved results, the application of the TP/MC methods was advised for the similar problems. Besides, some simulation selection, tests, and assessment frameworks were proposed for analogous applications. In addition, some instructions for future studies were made. The proposed framework and possibly the improved version of it could be further completed by creating a guided computer code that would contain all of the proposed steps. The results of this study and probably its follow-up surveys could be of an essential importance in a variety of important applications such as geotechnics, hydrogeology, mining, and hydrocarbon reservoirs. II Zusammenfassung: Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Erstellung eines dreidimensionalen Untergrundmodells der Region Göttingen basierend auf einer geotechnischen Klassifikation der unkosolidierten Sedimente. Die untersuchten Materialen reichen von Lockersedimenten bis hin zu Festgesteinen, werden jedoch in der vorliegenden Arbeit als Boden, Bodenklassen bzw. Bodenkategorien bezeichnet. Diese Studie evaluiert verschiedene Möglichkeiten durch geostatistische Methoden und Simulationen heterogene Untergründe zu erfassen. Derartige Modellierungen stellen ein fundamentales Hilfswerkzeug u.a. in der Geotechnik, im Bergbau, der Ölprospektion sowie in der Hydrogeologie dar. Eine detaillierte Modellierung der benötigten kontinuierlichen Parameter wie z. B. der Porosität, der Permeabilität oder hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit des Untergrundes setzt eine exakte Bestimmung der Grenzen von Fazies- und Bodenkategorien voraus. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt auf der dreidimensionalen Modellierung von Lockergesteinen und deren Klassifikation basierend auf entsprechend geostatistisch ermittelten Kennwerten. Als Methoden wurden konventionelle, pixelbasierende sowie übergangswahrscheinlichkei tsbasierende Markov-Ketten Modelle verwendet. Nach einer generellen statistischen Auswertung der Parameter wird das Vorhandensein bzw. Fehlen einer Bodenkategorie entlang der Bohrlöcher durch Indikatorparameter beschrieben. Der Indikator einer Kategorie eines Probepunkts ist eins wenn die Kategorie vorhanden ist bzw. null wenn sie nicht vorhanden ist. Zwischenstadien können ebenfalls definiert werden. Beispielsweise wird ein Wert von 0.5 definiert falls zwei Kategorien vorhanden sind, der genauen Anteil jedoch nicht näher bekannt ist. Um die stationären Eigenschaften der Indikatorvariablen zu verbessern, werden die initialen Koordinaten in ein neues System, proportional zur Ober- bzw. Unterseite der entsprechenden Modellschicht, transformiert. Im neuen Koordinatenraum werden die entsprechenden Indikatorvariogramme für jede Kategorie für verschiedene Raumrichtungen berechnet. Semi-Variogramme werden in dieser Arbeit, zur besseren Übersicht, ebenfalls als Variogramme bezeichnet. III Durch ein Indikatorkriging wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit jeder Kategorie an einem Modellknoten berechnet. Basierend auf den berechneten Wahrscheinlichkeiten für die Existenz einer Modellkategorie im vorherigen Schritt wird die wahrscheinlichste Kategorie dem Knoten zugeordnet. Die verwendeten Indikator-Variogramm Modelle und Indikatorkriging Parameter wurden validiert und optimiert. Die Reduktion der Modellknoten und die Auswirkung auf die Präzision des Modells wurden ebenfalls untersucht. Um kleinskalige Variationen der Kategorien auflösen zu können, wurden die entwickelten Methoden angewendet und verglichen. Als Simulationsmethoden wurden "Sequential Indicator Simulation" (SISIM) und der "Transition Probability Markov Chain" (TP/MC) verwendet. Die durchgeführten Studien zeigen, dass die TP/MC Methode generell gute Ergebnisse liefert, insbesondere im Vergleich
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