The Significance of Dorine in Revealing Moral Values In

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DORINE IN REVEALING MORAL MESSAGES IN MOLIERE’S TARTUFFE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

BONDAN ADHI WIBOWO

Student Number: 024214040

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008

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“Carpe diem, Seize the Day”

This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to My Beloved Family, My Friends, And those who love me

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The first and foremost, I would like to bestow my deepest gratitude to

Jesus Christ for giving me his blessing, strength, chance, and patience. Thanks for always guiding me every second in my life.

Secondly, my greatest appreciation goes to my beloved parents, Heru

Pramono and Pudjiningtyas, who always give me love, encouragement, and motivation to finish my study. I thank my brother Ivan Adi Prabowo for his love and support in many ways. My gratitude is also for my big family, I thank them.

A special thank for my advisor, Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari, S.S., M.Ed., who has always give me her precious time in guiding me to finish this thesis. I thank her for correcting my thesis so that I could complete this thesis. Big thanks, for helping me to realize my ideas. I also would like to thank to my Co. advisor,

Paulus Sarwoto, S.S., M.A for his suggestions and ideas. I thank to all lecture in

Sanata Dharma University for teaching me many things.

My gratitude also goes to all my best friends; Yabes, Sigit Nugraha, Fitra,

Leo, David, Dimas, D N G, Yere, Jeff, Maynard, Koh Abun, Garry, Alfa, Parjo,

Steva, Wawik. I thanks to all my friends at class 2002 and all my friends in

English Literature department. I am proud to know them all. I thank to all

Panggung Boneka’s crews.I thank Dodi, Koh Yuan, Surya, and Cipoo. I thank them for our precious moments together. I thank Priska, Saras, Angga, Wawan,

Eka, Dietha, Kasdu XiX, Mas Yunus, Om Ponco, Om Sasongko, Mbak Ratna and all Plengkung Youth Community. I thank to all “Woyo” team in GKJ Plengkung

Magelang. I thank for those whom I cannot mention one by one, for their fun lives and ideas.

Last but not least is my gratitude for “Adek” a thousand thanks for love, laugh, strength, and support. I love her.

Bondan Adhi Wibowo

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL PAGE ……………….………………………………………. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………… iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………….. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….. viii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………. x ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………... xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………. 1 A. Background of the Study ……………………………………….. 1 B. Problem Formulation …………………………………………….. 4 C. Objectives of the study……..…………………………………….. 5 D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………… 5

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ……………………………. 7 A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………. 7 B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………... 10 1. Theories on Character and Characterization ……………. 10 2. Theories on Message ……………………………………. 14 3. Theories on Moral ………………………………………. 16 4. Theory on Moral Teaching……………………………….. 17 5. The Relation Between Literature and Moral ……………. 18 C. Theoretical Framework …...... 19

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY …………………………………….. 20 A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………… 20 B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………… 21 C. Method of the Study ……………………………………………... 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………………... 24 A. Dorine’s Characteristics ………………………...... 24 B. The Moral Message Through Dorine’s Character ………………. 39

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………….. 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………... 57

ABSTRACT

BONDAN ADHI WIBOWO. The Significant of Dorine in revealing moral messages in Moliere’s Tartuffe. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.

Tartuffe tells about a family in a kingdom where the king has been blinded by someone whom he considers a saint. He lost everything he has because of this. However, a lady-maid was able to save this family from destruction. The writer tries to analyze the characters of this lady-maid and conclude some things which can be taken as moral messages. In this thesis, the writer would try to analyze (1) how are Dorine’s personalities portrayed in Tartuffe,and (2) how are the moral messages portrayed through the character of Dorine. To do the analysis, the writer did several steps. First, the writer conducted close reading on the novel in getting deeper understanding about it especially concerned with the problems stated above. Next, the writer examined the secondary data. After getting all the selected data, the writer would start to analyze the problems and apply those related theories in the analysis. The writer would start by describing the characters of Dorine in the novel. Then, after analyzed Dorine’s characters the writer tries to analyze what are the moral messages can be taken from the characters of Dorine by applying significant theories. Then, in the last step, the writer drew a conclusion as the result of the analysis. The result of the analysis shows that the writer found five Dorine’s characters. In the play Tartuffe, Dorine is described as a brave, unselfish, calm, wise and caring to the family. Those characteristics are the characters which make Dorine able to help this kingdom family save from destruction. While the messages which can be concluded after analyzed Dorine’s characteristics are; firstly, people should have bravery so that people will firm and steady, especially when they have to defend for the truth. Secondly, people should be unselfish so that people can have a passion of belonging a family and growing the feeling of togetherness. Thirdly, people are taught to be calm in everything people do so that people will able to think clearly in solving problems. Forth, people are taught to be wise so that people will know how to do and to act. Fifth, People should care to their family so that people understand the essence of a family. From these messages, the writer concludes that the moral message of this play is that people must tell the truth in every situation and condition.

ABSTRAK

BONDAN ADHI WIBOWO. The Significant of Dorine in revealing moral messages in Moliere’s Tartuffe. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.

Tartuffe menceritakan tentang sebuah keluarga kerajaan dimana sang raja telah dibuat buta oleh seseorang yang dianggapnya orang suci. Dia kehilangan segalanya karena hal ini. Namun seorang pembantu raja tersebut mampu menyelamatkan keluarga tersebut dari kehancuran. Penulis mencoba menganalisa karakter dari pembantu tersebut dan menyimplkan beberapa hal yang dapat diambil sebagai pesan moral. Dalam thesis ini, penulis akan menanalisa (1) bagaimana karakter Dorine digambarkan di dalam Tartuffe, dan (2) apa saja pesan moral yang disampaikan lewat karakter Dorine tersebut. Dalam menganalisa, penulis melakukan beberapa langkah. Pertama, penulis melakukan pembacaan seksama agar diperoleh pemahaman lebih mendalam mengenai drama tersebut, khususnya berkenaan dengan masalah yang diungkap di atas. Lalu, penulis akan memeriksa data-data sekunder. Setelah memperoleh seluruh data, penulis akan memulai menganalisa dan menerapkan seluruh teori yang berkaitan. Penulis akan mulai mendeskripsikan karakter Dorine dalam novel. Kemudian, setelah menganalisa karakter Dorine, penulis mencoba menganalisa pesan-pesan moral apa saja yang bisa diambil dari karakter Dorine dengan mengaplikasikan teori yang berkaitan. Kemudian, langkah terakhir adalah menarik kesimpulan dari hasil analisa. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa penulis menemukan lima karakter tokoh Dorine. Dalam drama Tartuffe, tokoh Dorine digambarkan sebagai karakter yang berani, tidak egois, kalem, bijaksana dan peduli terhadap keluarga. Karakter- karakter inilah yang memampukan Dorine menolong keluarga kerajaan ini dapat selamat dari kehancuran. Sedangkan pesan yang dapat disimpulkan setelah menganalisa karakter-karakter dari Dorine adalah; pertama, orang-orang diajar untuk menjadi pribadi yang berani supaya mereka dapat tetap teguh berdiri, terkhusus dalam membela kebenaran. Kedua, orang-orang diajar untuk tidak egois supaya mempunyai rasa memiliki akan keluarga dan menumbuhkan rasa kebersamaan. Ketiga, orang-orang juga diajar untuk menjadi pribadi yang kalem agar mereka mampu berpikir secara tenang dalam menghadapi masalah. Keempat, orang-orang juga diajar untuk mampu menjadi pribadi yang bijaksana supaya mereka tahu bagaimana bertindak dan bertingkahlaku secara benar. Dan yang kelima, orang-orang diajar untuk bisa peduli terhadap keluarga supaya orang- orang mengerti akan arti penting sebuah keluarga. Dari pesan-pesan tersebut, penulis dapat menyimpulkan pesan moral dari drama ini adalah orang-orang harus mampu mengatakan kebenaran dalam situasi dan kondisi apapun.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

”Literature is a social institution that uses a social creation, i.e. language as its medium. It is the representation which is in a large measure, a social reality”

(Wellek and Warren, 1956: 94). A literary work is created by using social creations to represent the social reality. Moreover, literature can contain social aspects such as social relationship or social values in which particular social circumstances rule the way of life of certain group of people. Literature can also be regarded as a means of communication with certain society or even a nation by composing a particular piece of literary works. For some people, literary work is something precious that gives knowledge and pleasure for those who read it.

According to Wellek and Warren, a literary work does not only please the readers, but also gives them a kind of knowledge (1956: 30-31). From this idea, the writer thinks that the audiences can get knowledge by reading a literary work. Literature can also be regarded as human being’s manifestation of his own life. It usually describes human being’s experiences of life. Therefore, it can give a kind of lesson of life by understanding and learning the content of literary works the readers read. It was stated by Moody in the following quotation:

And all of us who read literary work will find our knowledge broadened and deepened, whether in the individual, the social, the racial, or in the internal sphere; we shall understand the possibilities of human life, both for good and evil; we shall understand how we come to live at particular time and place, with all its pleasure and vexations and problems we shall

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understand the ways onwards which are open to us, and we shall perhaps be able to make right rather than wrong choices (1968: 2-3)

It is obvious that the audiences can get experiences from the activity of reading a piece of literary work. Literary work can also enrich their knowledge and give them a kind of guidance to endure their life in a better way. It can make the audiences wiser to decide something related to their choices. It helps them face the world with its problems realistically. Therefore, when the audiences can learn many things from literature, it can be a very good teacher of human’s life.

There are many genres of literary works in the world. The examples of genres of literary works are poetry, prose, and drama. In this thesis, the writer tries to analyze one of the genres of literary works, which is drama. Drama is an interesting media which is easy to be enjoyed because the audiences just need to sit and watch the drama. Everything in it has been set up including the characters and the setting of the drama, so that the audiences do not need to imagine a certain condition or a certain character just like when they read a literary work. When they have to read a literary work, they have to imagine certain condition or character which is presented by the author. Inside drama there are many elements that can be analyzed such as; character, society, and even philosophical idea. In this thesis, the writer tries to analyze one of the elements of drama which is character. An appearance of character is very important in a literary work.

Through the character, a theme, a moral message, and other intrinsic elements of a literary work can be revealed. A character can be used to describe something or to symbolize something.

In this thesis the writer is interested in one of Moliere’s (1622-1673) plays

Tartuffe, because the play is a satiric comedy, which for some people is pleasurable, and can be easily understood. From this satiric comedy, the writer thinks that the audiences can get knowledge by reading or watching the play.

Molière is known to be one of the greatest playwrights in the history of France.

Born in 1622, his given name was Jean Baptiste Poquelin. He has written many satiric comedies. “His plays were what we call "satirical", which basically means he poked fun at everything and everyone! And example of this is in the play

Tartuffe.” (Orlando Shakespeare Theater, 2002)

The writer in this thesis will focus on moral message which is seen in the play Tartuffe, because the writer believes that Moliere, through Dorine, states some moral messages. The writer believes that the moral messages can give knowledge for the audiences which can be used by the audiences as a kind of guidance in their life. In the play Moliere tries to show the moral message from the behaviors of the lady-maid Dorine. Dorine as a minor character in Tartuffe portrays a symbol of roman dramatic comedy. She is a lady maid of Orgon’s family. Even she is just a minor character and a lady-maid, she is used by Moliere to reveal the moral messages in this play. This is shown by many acts given to the character of Dorine and her dialogues with other characters. She is shown in almost every scene. In the play, she is described as a clever lady maid that helps the family overcome all the problems.

In order to support the study, the writer chooses Tartuffe to be analyzed because it is suitable with the writer’s topic. Tartuffe is very much a play of the

world, a satiric comedy. The play is actually a criticism toward the relation between religion and kings in that particular time. Religion had a very strong effect/influence to the authority of a king. The play is set in an urban landscape.

The play is about tragedy and romantic comedy-love, honor, loyalty, and of course hypocrisy, and betrayal. Tartuffe tells about a man named Tartuffe that affects the life of a family through Orgon, a king in that particular time. Tartuffe is described as a hypocritical, and Orgon is obsessed with him. It is Orgon’s obsession of Tartuffe which is used by Tartuffe to take over all Orgon’s properties. Moreover, Tartuffe uses Orgon to fulfill his own fantasy of autonomy and authority. It is because Tartuffe realizes that Orgon always do what he said.

Tartuffe transforms him into a kind of monster. Orgon comes near to selling his daughter, disinheriting his son, allowing his wife to be raped, and losing his family’s property and fortune. Orgon does not realize that what he did is advantages Tartuffe and makes him suffer a loss. When he realizes that, he lost all that he has. However, through the cleverness of Dorine, he can get back everything he has lost.

The writer chooses Tartuffe because Moliere tends to draw the moral messages through the character of Dorine.

B. Problem Formulation

Referring to the background of study in the previous part, there are two questions formulated as follows.

1. How are Dorine’s characters portrayed in Moliere’s Tartuffe?

2. How are the moral messages portrayed through the character of

Dorine?

C. Objectives of the Study

The aim of this thesis is to present a discussion about moral messages on

Moliere’s Tartuffe. The discussion is mainly to answer the two questions in the problem formulation. The objectives of the study are presented as follows.

Firstly, the writer tries to describe the characteristics of Dorine in the play.

In this discussion, the writer will analyze the characteristics of Dorine as a minor character in the play. Secondly, the writer tries to know how the moral messages are revealed through Dorine’s characteristics as seen through the behaviors and the dialogues of Dorine from the beginning of the play until the end of the play.

D. Definition of Terms

In this part, the writer tries to explain some terms in order to help the readers understand this thesis and to avoid misunderstanding in meaning. Some words will be defined to guide the readers in understanding this thesis. The writer gets definition of the specific terms mostly from books, which are considered well

- qualified.

1. Character and Characterization

Character means personality; it is the mental and moral quality of a figure, as when we say that X’s character is strong, weak or immoral (Barnet, Berman,

and Burto, 1988: 71). The writer can conclude that there is a mental and a moral quality inside someone’s personality.

According Rohrberger and Woods, characterization is the process by which an author creates a character, the devices by which he makes us believe a character is the particular type of person he is (1971: 80). It means that characterization was aimed to help the readers to understand the character that have been described by the author.

2. Message

Message is defined as an idea that someone tries to communicate to people. It also the meaning, thought or idea that is intended to express (Sinclair,

1988: 490). The writer concludes that a message is an idea or thought which is expressed through a literary work. According to Jerome Beaty and J Paul Hudson in New World of Literature (1989: 899), message is the real "meaning" inside that leads to oversimplification and give the illusion that a work of literature exists for its statement. In this study, the message revealed by character is focused.

3. Moral

According to John K. Roth's book entitled Encyclopedia of Ethics "moral" is concerned with personally held ethical beliefs, theories of obligation, and the social elements that reinforce ethical decisions. (1978: 367). The writer can conclude that moral is an attitude of someone that able to judge or differentiate between right or wrong. According to “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary”, moral means concerned with principles of right and wrong behaviours. Moral also means teaching or illustrating right behaviours (1995: 755).

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

Born in the 1622, Moliere, whose given name was Jean Baptiste Poquelin, was one of the famous French playwrights. Beside a playwright, he is also known as a great dramatist and a fine comic actor as well and he performed in his own plays. He became an important playwright and both acted and wrote in a splendid series of plays that satirized the manners and morals of elegant society. Those were Les Precieuses Ridicules (1659), Sganarelle (1660), School For Husbands

(1661), School For Wives (1662), Don Juan (1665), The Misanthrope (1666), The

Doctor In Spite Of Himself (1666), The Miser (1668), The Learned Ladies (1672), and The Imaginary Invalid (1673). Among above, Tartuffe is the best-known work that the writer is interested in.

Basically, the play Tartuffe is criticism about the relation between the religion and the king in French under Louis XIV. The play is about authority and power. The religion and the king had absolute power in the society. Particularly religion and politics were bound together. Through the idea of Moliere, Tartuffe was created in the form of comedy. Although the comedy pleased the king, the

Catholic Church banned it for the strong criticism shown in it.

However, in this thesis, the writer does not focus on the criticism of the relation between religion and the king, but in the moral messages shown by the character of Dorine. The play does not explicitly offer moral, however, the writer

tries to draw the moral messages. It is why the writer attempts to explore moral issues in this play rather than focusing on the criticism the relation between the religion and the king in French under Louis XIV.

The character of Dorine and the way she acts are the main idea of the writer to make this thesis. The writer wants to analyze Dorine’s characteristics through her behaviours. Most of actions and dialogues from Dorine will be analyzed to find the moral messages inside the characteristics of Dorine.

The play of Tartuffe tells the reader about the character Dorine, who has characteristics through the way she acts and from her dialogues with other characters. From these characteristics, she also brings some moral message for the reader. Dorine is a stock character found in many Molière’s comedies, and in fact, has become a type of character found in comedies of all periods. She is a wise servant who sees through all pretence, and while being the inferior. She lives under the absolutism of Orgon and the hypocrisy of Tartuffe. Dorine’s directness and her simple honesty make her interesting to be analyzed. (Alex Went, 2000)

A lady-maid is a female servant to another female. Typically the lady- maid would help the woman with her bath, do laundry, help with dinner, and other household chores. But in Tartuffe Dorine is not such typical maid. Instead, she is very outspoken and tends to always give her opinion, whether needed or not. She not only does this with her lady, Mariane, but with other family members. For example, in Act I, Scene I, Orgon is trying to convince Damis how wonderful

Tartuffe is and that he is not the person that everyone else sees him being. This

Tartuffe, however, is not fooling Damis nor Dorine. Dorine is surely giving more

opinions than the others about Tartuffe. She frequently satires the man named

Tartuffe right in front of Orgon. Later in Scene II, Dorine confronts Orgon about his plans to insist that Mariane must leave Valere and marry Tartuffe. Dorine knows that Mariane loves Valere and that the two should be together, instead of sacrificing their happiness. Dorine is making a mockery of Orgon’s appalling idea. (Gerard Lucas, 2006)

Dorine is not simply just a minor character as in other literary works have.

In Tartuffe, she has a significant role. Her character is depicted as a rational character outside the family. She is the representation of truth. She is an honest lady-maid who is not afraid to point out what is right and what is not. From the beginning of the play to the end, Dorine is there to point out the inconsistencies and the flaws within the characters in the play. Dorine is the actual focal point of the author’s views. She herself is not a hypocrite nor is she blinded by any of

Tartuffe’s hypocrisy. Her vision and ability to see the trickery of Tartuffe, and the foolishness of the actions of the family are valuable to the understanding of the play itself. From the explanation above, it can be summed up that through the character and characterization of Dorine, the writer sees that the role of Dorine can reveal the moral message that Moliere want to show. (Mega Essays LLC,

2001)

Based on these opinions, it is seen that the characteristics of Dorine is interesting to be analyzed. Dorine is a calm thinker, brave, wise, unselfish and caring to Orgon’s family. The writer tries to reveal the message that the readers can achieve from this play through some of Dorine’s characteristics.

Then the writer has mentioned already that even though the play is about the strong criticism religion and absolute authority in the society, the story of

Tartuffe has other purpose to be revealed. It is to reveal messages or moral values from a character by analyzing her characteristics.

B. Review of Related Theories

There are some theories that the writer wants to apply, such as theory on character and characterization, theory on message, and theory on moral. These theories will support the analysis of the play Tartuffe.

1. Theories on Character and Characterization

Character in a literary work is very important. It is needed so that the readers can understand the story. A character plays an important role in a literary work. Without a character, the story will not run well. Therefore, the theories of character and characterization are needed.

According to Murphy (1972: 161-173), there are nine ways that an author can apply to present the characterization of characters in a literary work. They are: a. Personal description

The author can describe a character’s appearance and clothes. The readers will get only a visible look of a character. b. Characters as seen by another

The author can describe a character through the eyes and opinions of other characters. The readers get, as it were, a reflected image.

c. Speech

The author describes a character by giving readers an insight into the characteristics through what he says. Here the readers are able to analyze a character from the sentences he uses. d. Past life

The author can provide a clue to events that help to shape a person’s characteristics by giving the readers the character’s past life. This is quite helpful to analyze the motives that a character has when he has a particular characteristic or does something special. e. Conversation of others

The author can also provide a clue to a person’s characteristics through the conversation of other people and what they say about him or her. Readers will learn that what others say about a character may reveal some of his characteristics. f. Reactions

The author can describe a person’s characteristics by showing how a character responds to various situations and events. The reaction may give a clue to what characteristics a character has. g. Direct comment

The author may describe a person’s characteristics by directly giving readers comments on the character. This is somehow the best way for the readers to find out any characteristics because they know what exactly the author wants to reveal.

h. Thoughts

The author gives readers direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. Here the author is able to do what people cannot do in a real life. He can tell readers what different people are thinking of. In a literary work, it is acceptable. The readers then are in a privileged position; they have a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a character in a novel. i. Mannerism

The author can characterize a character through the mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies. It may tell readers something about his characteristics.

Abrams says that

Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what they do – the action. The grounds in a character’s temperament and moral nature for his speech and actions constitute his motivation (1981: 20).

The quotation means that characters in literary works are understood by readers as persons whose behavior and individuality are observed through their speeches and actions. Later, their dialogues and actions can serve as clues to their motivations for committing some particular events. This is what is expected for the readers to recognize when they read literary works. They do not only enjoy the aesthetic value of the stories but also identify the reasons for any events.

Definition of character based Stanton’s A Introduction to Fiction, stated that the term “character” refers to the mixtures of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that form the individuals.

In this study the writer agrees with Barnet, Berman, and Burto’s opinion that the mental and moral quality of a figure can be seen through a figure’s character (Barnet, et al, 1988: 71). A characteristic shows the mental and moral quality of a figure. Based on this theory, the writer tries to reveal the moral from a figure in the story.

Perrine in his book states that character can be seen through their actions, from what a character thinks or says or does (1974: 68). It means that all the actions can show the character. We can analyze the character from the way they speak with another character or what they think about another character.

The writer also agrees with Murphy in his book Understanding Unseens that a character can be described through the eyes and opinion of another characters, from the other characters say, from conversation of other people and the things they say about a character or from the reaction of the characters to various situations and events (1988: 161- 173). Based on this theory, a character can be described through the other characters opinion, the other characters say and through the reaction of the characters to various situations and events.

In the book entitled Approach to Literature (1981: 91) Graham explains that a character can be studied from some aspects. The first is the person basic characteristic which can be seen through the physical condition of the character; including his or her age, the social relationship between other characters or wider relationship a social class and occupation, and the mental qualities, that is typical ways of thinking, feeling and acting. The second is analyzing a person’s appearance from various point view, including how the character sees himself or

herself, how various other character see him or her, how she develops or fails to develop during the story.

Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods in Reading and Writing about

Literature said that “characterization is the process by which an author creates character; the devices by which he makes us believe a character is the particular type of person he is” (1971: 80). From the statement the writer can conclude that characterization has strong relationship with the author, because the author itself creates characterization. Those theories are needed in order to help the writer draws the characteristics and characterization on the play.

2. Theories on Message

Every work of literature consists of and offer moral message. Of course there are moral lesson conveyed. Fiction, especially play, sometimes may have more than message. More over the interpretations come from many other readers may have not involved them. The types of message occurs in literary work depends on the author’s belief, wish, and interest.

Henry Hudson in his book “An Introduction to the Study of Literature” states that a good message is a message that discloses new a large possibility they do not realize, most writers would try to tell and to show those possibilities by using their work. In fact, he even tries to create those possibilities themselves. A good message does not tend to follow general pattern or norm but it creates new pattern based on human values (1958: 23).

John Sinclair in Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary defines messages as an idea that someone tries to communicate to people, for example in a play,

speech, or the meaning, the thought of idea, that is intended, to express (1988:

490). The example of message can be in form of valuable of words, advice, and

God’s commandment as guidance to give advice and the like.

According to Beaty and Hunter in New World of Literature, message is the real meaning or some easy conclusion that can be simply stated or summarized inside a work of art (1988: 899). This means that inside a work of art there is something that an author wants to give which is can be summarized or found through a work of art.

The model of literary communication is the author encodes a message that the readers receive or the author sees a great truth that he reaches the readers by example. Usually, message seeks to inform or conceive even though it is possible that it seeks to have the readers comprehend and empathize so that the ideas are more broadly accessible.

Sometimes, message has a relationship with moral. It means that talking about message also discussing moral. It can be said that, in general, moral means a teaching of good and bad (Kenny, 1966:89). However, people’s point of view about moral and values from one place to another is not always the same. Usually their point of view is influenced by their way of life.

Every work of literature may offer a moral message and there are many types of moral lesson conveyed. The type of message occurring in a literary work depends on the author’s belief, wish, and interest. Moreover the messages have not been involved by the interpretations that come from the readers. Message in a work of art usually reflects the way of the related author. He wants to convey his

option about the values of truth. Message in a story is intended as a suggestion related to practical lesson that can be taken by the readers through the story. They are closely related to problems in life, such as attitude, behavior, and the like. The readers can find them in a real life, in the same manners as they are reflected in the story through its characters.

The message is distributed through those various ways. By contrast, if the readers want to understand or interpret the message, they should do it based on the story and the character’s life.

3. Theories on Moral

Morality comes from Latin word moralis which means customs or manners. Morality is about the relationship between human being. Thiroux in his book Ethic Theory and Practice states that the area of morality concentrates on human conduct and human values (Thiroux, 1995: 3). The morality of a person depends on their action and their relationship between one and another in the society.

Another theory is taken from Gardner’s book On Moral Fiction, which is appropriate in this thesis. Gardner says that art is essentially and primarily moral – that is, life-giving-moral in its process of creation and moral in what it says.

Gardner also says that the “Good for man, which rightly understood cannot be divorced from what is good for his society and environment, is by another formulation (whenever action is called for) the moral.” Morality is the body, or engine, of the Good. The Good is form: morality is function or at any rate form

can no more exist independent of function than time can exist without a natural or man made clock (1933:134)

Still from Gardner, he says that morality is definitely complex to be reduced to any code, which is why it is suitable matter for fiction, which deals in understanding, not knowledge (1933: 135)

Daniel C. Maguire in his book The Moral Choice stated that morality is relational. It means that morality depends on the relation between people. He also said that what is moral for one person may be immoral for another because of the diversity of circumstances (1978: 63). From that statement we can see that people may see morality in different perspectives.

In the book Norms of The Novel, Harold C. Gardiner stated that:

In Aristotle’s concept, art is essentially, if indirectly, a moral activity-the individual act captured in the creative activity always implies a relationship towards ends and purposes. Such a relationship is a moral fact and the portrayal of such relationship is a moral activity (1953:121)

From the quotation, we can conclude that moral found in art is different from each person’s perspective. It depends on the relationship among people, and the circumstances in which the character lives in the play, or if related to the audiences, then it will depend on the circumstances in which the audiences live.

4. Theory on Moral Teaching

Every literary work contains and offers moral teaching. There are many types of moral teaching conveyed. Fiction, like plays, sometimes may have more than one moral teaching. Roth states that moral teaching is "a learning that results advancement in thought and emotions from a self-centered orientation to socially responsible and ethically mature" (1998: 571). In this analysis, the writer analyzed

the moral teaching based on one of the character from the play. Then the writer finds out the messages in the play to conclude the moral teaching. As we know, not all messages are a kind of moral teaching, however, moral teaching in literary work can be in the form of message. Therefore, the writer also uses theories of message to analyze the moral teaching inside the play.

5. The Relation between Literature and Moral

According to Guerin, the function of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophy issues. The reader would interpret literature within a context of the philosophical thought in a period of group existence. (1979: 29)

Matthew and Arnold, quoting from Guerin’s The Victorian Ethic, state that a great literary work must possess “high seriousness”, in each instance. The critic, working from a moral bent is not unaware of firm, figurative language, and other purely aesthetic considerations but they also added that the important thing is the moral or the philosophical. (1979: 30)

Gardner says in his book On Moral Nature of Human that literature as an art is essentially and primary moral that is life giving (1978: 15). Gardner wants to say that literary works, such as a novel, may contain moral values reflected from human life and experiences.

Gardner also states that a work of art, which contains moral lesson, provides values and rouse trustworthy feeling about the best and the worst in human action (1978: 19). This means that throughout literary works, the reader can obtain moral messages as the lesson by understanding the context; in consequence, it is meaningful for human beings.

C. Theoretical Framework

In this study the writer uses some theories that the writer have explained previously to draw the topic above. The theories have their own contribution to the analysis.

The first theory that the writer used is theory character and characterization. This theory is used to analyze Dorine’s attitude and behavior from the beginning to the end of the play and to understand how Dorine’s character develops during the story. After analyzing the description of Dorine’s character, it can be seen that her character bring moral messages for the readers.

The second theory is theory of message. The theory is used as the basic to reveal the message of the story. The theory is needed to analyze the message that described from Dorine’s character. Through what Dorine’s action, the writer sees that Dorine did what she has to do. She has done the right things. From this point the writer is able to see the lessons given by the character of Dorine through her action. The lessons given by Dorine become the moral messages of the play.

The next theory is the theory of the relation between literature and moral.

The moral message obtained from the play is shown that literature and moral are related each other. Literature, through the play, literature can give moral values to the reader or the audience.

Based on the writer explanation above it can be seen that those theories are related to each other, one theory supports the others. The writer needs those theories to support the process of analysis.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The writer uses Tartuffe, a 17th century satirical comedy which has five parts of act. Tartuffe was first performed in a private production for King Louis

XIV of France in 1664.

Tartuffe is a contemporary play that mirrors the religious struggles of the seventeenth century. This is a play about authority and power, and the reality is that “Orgon himself is largely responsible for Tartuffe's imposture” (Gossman,

112). Religion and politics were inextricably bound together, with the way to temporal power being ecclesiastical. It also has to do with the family and its potential destruction by an intruder.

This play Tartuffe is written by Moliere. Born in 1622, his given name was

Jean Baptiste Poquelin. The play was criticized by Catholic churches for its portrait of hypocritical piety. The church was so upset by this, so that the play has been banned for three times before King Louis the XIV, a big fan of Molière's work, allowed it to be performed. Molière had almost as many enemies as he had friends. In fact, his plays were banned in the cities all over France, including in his hometown.

Molière is known to be one of the greatest playwrights in the history of

France. However, his life was far from glamorous. He took up the pen name

"Molière" to protect his family's name, because in those times, theatre people had

little respect in the social structure of France. (Orlando Shakespeare Theater,

2002)

Tartuffe by Moliere is about a life of a family under the hypocrisy. In

Tartuffe, Orgon, a wealthy family man, takes in a stranger by the name of Tartuffe to stay in his home. Tartuffe appears to be an extremely pious and devout man of religion, and Orgon regards him almost as a saint. Orgon offers Tartuffe his best food and drink and places the needs of his guest above those of his wife, Elmire, and children. He plans to force his daughter, Mariane, to marry Tartuffe and to disinherit his son, Damis, in order to make Tartuffe the sole heir to his fortune. All of Orgon’s friends and family regard Tartuffe as a con man who only pretends to be of the highest moral authority but who does not practice what he preaches.

Orgon has been warned that Tartuffe may be deceiving him in order to gain both financially and socially, but Orgon is blind to these warnings. Orgon finally learns that he has been betrayed by his guest when he overhears Tartuffe trying to seduce his wife. However, when he orders Tartuffe to leave his house, Tartuffe seeks revenge by trying to seize all of Orgon’s property and to have Orgon arrested. In the end, through the intervention of the King and the help of the lady-maid,

Dorine, Tartuffe is arrested, and harmony is restored to Orgon’s household.

(Thomson Gale, 2005)

B. Approach of the Study

In order to obtain a deep understanding about literary work, the writer needs a certain approach to analyze it. Since the analysis deals with morality, the

writer will use moral-philosophical approach. The writer chooses moral- philosophical approach because the approach will help the writer in analyzing how the main character reflects moral values. As stated in the story, the characters show some moral values. Guerin states that moral-philosophical approach is approach which insists on ascertaining and stating what is exposed and taught

(1979: 39). The statement here means that the moral-philosophical approach achieve the moral quality through what is seen and learnt from a character.

Another theory from Wilbur that the study of the technique of literature is a study of mean, whereas it concerned with the end of literature as affecting man, with literature as it takes place in the human forum of ideas and attitudes (1962:

123-125). The proponent of this approach emphasize that moral lesson beneath the story is needed to govern human attitude and behavior. Moral attitude of individual is confined by the personal circumstances. Therefore, the writer analyzed the person’s character development that revealed moral lesson. In that case, it is reasonable to apply the moral- philosophical approach.

C. Method of the Study

In this study the writer used literary research in analyzing Moliere’s

Tartuffe. This literary study employed library research, meaning that books are most important sources in it. There were two kinds of resources used in this study.

The primary source of the research was obtained from the novel Tartuffe written by Moliere. The secondary sources were obtained books on literature related to theories of character, plot, the relation between plot and character

development, the relation between literature and moral, and message, such as

Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms, Mary Rohrberger and Samuel

H. Woods in Reading and Writing about Literature, An Introduction to Fiction by

Stanton, Forster in Aspect of the Novel and Related Writing, Beaty and Hunter in

New World of Literature, An Introduction to the Study of Literature by Henry

Hudson, Gadner in On Moral Nature of Human, Meredith and Fizgreald in their book Structuring Your Novel: From Basic Idea to Finished Manuscript and

Perrine in his book Literature, Structure, Sound and Sense.

This literary study also employed internet in order to get complete knowledge in analyzing the novel, the writer did search by browsing in the internet. There are many data that can be found by the writer in supporting the study in some websites.

The next step was starting to analyze the play. The analysis focused on obtaining the answers of two questions stated in the problem formulation. In this part, firstly, the writer tried to answer the first problem by finding what Dorine’s personalities are. In this case, the writer tried to pay attention to the whole text focusing on the Dorine’s attitudes. The next step, I tried to answer the second problem by finding out the moral messages portrayed through the character of

Dorine. Finally, the writer drew conclusion.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer tries to answer the question above which has been mentioned in the problem formulation. The writer uses some theories that have been discussed in previous chapter to find out the characteristics of Dorine, and the moral message through the character of Dorine.

A. Dorine’s characteristics

Dorine as a minor character in Tartuffe portrayed a symbol of roman dramatic comedy. She is a lady’s maid of Orgon’s family. In the play she is described as a very clever lady’s maid that helps to overcome all the problems.

Dorine as a neutral side in the play tries to reveal the hypocrisy presented by

Tartuffe and Dorine help unite Orgon’s family. Dorine is described as a brave, unselfish, calm, and wise person. She cares for the Orgon’s family, and Dorine is also a clever lady-maid.

Dorine’s characteristics as seen in the play are important to the writer to support the process of the analysis. The writer tries to describe the characteristics of Dorine through her dialogues to others characters and through her actions in the play.

Based on the theory of character and characterization, the writer analyzes

Dorine’s characteristics. One theory given by Murphy is that seeing a character based on the speech. (1972: 161-173). In this play, Dorine is described as a brave

character. It can be seen from some of her dialogues or her speech with some of the characters in the play. In one of the scenes, she shows her argument with the king, Orgon. She argues with her king, Orgon, to defend Mariane from her father’s plan. This shows Dorine’s characteristic who is brave to fight for truth.

She defends Mariane from her father’s plan to marry her to Tartuffe. In this occasion, the scene is a dialogue between Orgon and Mariane. Orgon tries to persuade Mariane to marry Tartuffe. However, Mariane has already engaged to

Valere. She does not want to marry Tartuffe because she is in love with Valere.

She also reminds her father that her father has already given his blessing to them.

Dorine, then, quietly join the conversation between the two. She heard Orgon’s plan about the marriage. She disagrees with Orgon’s plan. She believes that

Mariane should be with the man she loves. She shows her bravery by interrupting

Orgon’s words when he had the conversation with his daughter. Then it becomes a hard conversation between Orgon and Dorine. Instead of continuing his words to Mariane, Orgon is arguing with Dorine. Once Orgon has a chance to speak, she always replies to him. Actually Orgon is speaking to his daughter, but Dorine is always giving the response before Mariane has a chance to speak. Even though she is not the member of the family she confidently does that. She interrupts

Orgon’s words by giving him satirical words about Tartuffe, the man Orgon’s want Mariane to marry. She does not fear Orgon, even when Orgon threaten her with his words. She is ready with anything that could possibly risk her. She could loose her job as a lady-maid or even she could loose her life for opposing her

king. She stands firm on her words because she believes that Mariane deserves get the best.

Dorine: If I didn’t protest this sinful marriage, my conscience couldn’t rest Orgon: If you don’t hold your tongue, you little shrew… Dorine: What, lost your temper? A pious man like you? Orgon: Yes! Yes! You talk and talk. I’m maddened by it. Once for all, I tell you to be quiet. Dorine: Well, I’ll be quiet . But I’ll be thinking hard. (Act II, scene 2, 94)

Another Dorine’s bravery against Orgon is when she is asked by Orgon about the condition of the family when Orgon left the house. Dorine answers all his questions with satire words when she is asked about the condition of Tartuffe while she is telling the health of Elmire. In the conversation between the two, it is very obvious that Dorine does put herself to defend Elmire. Her bravery is shown by mocking Tartuffe in front of her master. Dorine strongly disagreed with

Orgon’s attitude which more concern to Tartuffe rather than his own wife. She shows it by stating unfriendly words when she tells him about the condition of

Tartuffe. At the same time she bravely tells the condition of Elmire even though

Orgon unserious asking about the condition of his wife. Orgon always repeat his question on Tartuffe. “Ah, and Tartuffe?”. It shows that Orgon is more concern to

Tartuffe rather than his wife. In this occasion, Dorine is showing her bravery by showing her responsibility to take care her lady. Even though Orgon does not care with the condition of his wife, still Dorine believe that she has to do the report as it must be done by a lady-maid. Even, she strongly disagrees with what Orgon does by showing mocking words to Tartuffe.

Dorine: Well, the pains continued strong, and so she tossed and tossed the whole night long, now icy cold, now burning like a flame. We sat beside her bed till morning came Orgon: Ah, and Tartuffe? Dorine: Why, having eaten, he rose, and sought into his room, already in a doze, got into his warm bed, and snored away in perfect peace until the break of the day. (Act I, Scene 4)

Dorine is also brave in facing Madam Pernelle. Madam Pernelle is Orgon’s mother. She is very powerful in Orgon’s house. However, Dorine is not afraid to states her opinion. In this play Madam Pernelle has the same opinion about

Tartuffe with Orgon. She believes that Tartuffe is a saint. Still, Dorine is stating truth and disagrees with Madam Pernelle’s opinion about Tartuffe. Later, Dorine and Madam Pernelle is having a debate on Tartuffe. Madam Pernelle thinks the way Orgon thinks, that Tartuffe is a good man. She does not like Tartuffe being mocked by the family, especially by Dorine who is just a lady-maid. She defends him by telling the family that Tartuffe is a man send by God. Dorine, in the other hand thinks that Tartuffe is just a hypocrite, and she believes it is true. Here,

Dorine showing her bravery by arguing Madam Pernelle’s word and firmly believes that Tartuffe is a hypocrite. She bravely mocks Tartuffe in front of

Madam Pernelle straight away.

Madam Pernelle: And practices precisely what he preaches. He’s a fine man, should be listened to. I will not hear him mocked by fools like you. (Act I, Scene 1, 43)

Dorine: You see him as a saint, I’m fear less awed; in fact, I see right through him. He’s a fraud. (Act I, Scene 1, 70)

Another scene which shows that Dorine is brave is when Monsieur Loyal comes

to the Orgon’s house and command he and his family to leave the house because

the house has now belong to Tartuffe. Dorine also shows up. She does not run

away or doing nothing. This proves that she is a brave lady-maid. She is there to

defend the family. She bravely uses satirical words to argue with Monsieur Loyal

even though it dangers herself and put herself in a trouble.

Dorine: Monsieur Loyal, I’d love to hear the whack of a stout stick across your fine broad back. Monsieur Loyal: Take care: a woman too may go to jail is she uses threatening language to a bailiff. (Act V, scene 7, 88)

Dorine is described as an unselfish character. According to Abrams, a character can be recognized through his or her actions. In this section, the writer observes Dorine’s behavior and actions to get her characteristic. Many people in this modern era are closing their eyes to the difficulty that others have. Even, they will help whenever there are some advantages that they can get. The common thing that frequently happens now is that a help which is given must be followed by a reward, gift, or prize. However in this play, Dorine tries to offer something which is more valuable than a gift, money, or reward. Dorine sacrifices herself for the sake of others, in this play, Orgon’s family. She is more concern with other people needs than her self ego. A selfish person is a person who always wants a justice, beneficially, condition for himself or herself. Even a person like this will take happiness from other to make that kind of condition. In this play, Dorine never be the character stated above. Dorine is the only major character in this play that does not do materialistic importance for herself to gain her goal. The only

thing that becomes Dorine’s need is her moral responsibility to herself. However, this is different from the other characters.

Every character in this play has his or her goal. First character who has his own goal is Orgon. In this play there are two private needs which become Orgon’s goal. Firstly, he wants his daughter, Mariane, marry Tartuffe. Orgon’s second importance is when he finally knew that Tartuffe betrays him. The result is that he must defend his existence as a nobleman by not losing his wealth. In the play, he tries to escape and left his family. Second character who has his own goal is

Tartuffe. He is hypocrite and he is willing to sacrifice others’ needs to gain what he wants. Firstly, he wants Elmire. He does not care with her status as the wife of

Orgon. Secondly, Tartuffe wants all that Orgon’s have including power and wealth. This is all just for his ambition to own power and richness. Other characters who have their own goal Mariane and Valere. Their goal is just to be together united in love. Another character who has her own goal Damis. In the play, it is stated that Damis is strongly disagree with the plan that Orgon has. He refuses Tartuffe to marry Mariane. He realizes with the fact that Tartuffe is a hypocrite. He does not want his sister has this kind of husband. He is afraid that

Mariane will suffer by the marriage because she will not be happy. However, in the first act it is stated that Damis told Cleante that if the marriage between

Mariane and Valere is failed that his need to marry Valere’s sister would also failed. In short he protects the love relationship between Mariane and Valere because he also has his own need.

All the characters above have their own needs which are themselves as the central. Dorine is the only one who is defends for other people needs and put herself into a danger position for the sake of others’ happiness. Losing her job would be one of the risks when she tries to wake Orgon up from his blindness of

Tartuffe’s behaviour. She still does this because she wants Orgon realize that what he do is wrong. She does not care if she loses her job, or probably her life, but the main goal is that she must realize him that he must do the right thing. This is all for the sake of him and all the member of the family. Logically, Dorine is not a member of the family and she can act as a neutral side and do nothing. She does not need to do such thing because she is just a lady-maid in the family. In fact, if she is a selfish person, she could do anything for herself. She could do nothing because it is not her business. She would rather think about herself. However,

Dorine is not that kind of person. She never does a treacherous because she knows that other people happiness is more important than her own.

Dorine is described as a calm person. In this point, calm means Dorine is

able to put herself into certain different conditions, especially the conditions in

the play which are many of them placed her into a difficult condition. The theory

given by Murphy is used by the writer to analyze Dorine’s calmness. Murphy

said that a character can be analyzed by seeing through her or his mannerism.

(1972: 161-173). In this part, the writer sees Dorine’s action and speech. Dorine

is able to remain calm so that she can think and uses her conscience in that

difficult condition. Probably it is not completely wrong when people use their

feeling in considering a choice, but the use of feeling without using our

conscience will result in a less good decision. In this play, Dorine can use her

feeling as a consideration to live her conscience and prove her existentialism as a

human being who uses her conscience to think. When Dorine is calm in thinking

a something, she uses a concept of rationality. It can be seen in some acts when

she dealing with problems; such as Mariane and Valere’s problem. This concept

of rationality is put together with her conscience creating a good way of thinking.

She also does not run away from her moral responsibility but she tries to realize

it with full of consideration so she can express her idea wisely.

Dorine also can show her calmness even though in the play she is

described as a talkative character. She is able to show to the audience that she

can be relaxed in dealing with the other characters. Probably it is clear that

Dorine is a lady-maid who likes to talk and never think, even in this play, Dorine

has a huge portion in every dialogue. She appears in almost every scene and

frequently gives some empty talks which are sound irresponsible. However, if it

is noticed, Dorine’s wise words frequently come from these empty talks. Mostly

when she does this, her opposites will use their power which Dorine does not

have. In the first act when Dorine has a conversation with Madam Pernelle with

all the member of the family, except Orgon, she succeeds to cornered Madam

Pernelle by her words. In this occasion, Madam Pernelle uses her position as an

employer of Dorine.

In the second act when Dorine tries to give advices to Orgon that he has to think first before he takes a decision for his daughter Mariane, Orgon is also cornered. He is forced to uses her status to close up his arrogance. He said to

Dorine that she is just a lady-maid. As like the writer wrote above that Dorine frequently speak some empty talks. However, these empty talks are satires which contain truth and it makes Orgon mad hearing those satires.

Dorine: Oh, he’s a man of destiny; He’s made for horns, and hat the stars demand. Your daughter’s virtue surely can’t withstand. Orgon: Don’t interrupt me further. Why can’t you learn that certain things are none of your concern? (Act II, scene 2, 86)

With her calmness Dorine is able to change a condition into a controllable situation. In the second act, Orgon said that Dorine is always treats his orders as jokes. In this point, Dorine does not mean to vile her master, but she tries to keep calm and relax so that she would be able to think and not put herself into an anger or emotion. In the act two, scene three, when Mariane is asking Dorine’s words about the problem she has, it is clearly seen that Dorine is a person who calm enough in thinking and considering everything to do. Dorine is able to keep calm.

It can be seen if it is compared to Mariane. Mariane looks confused and cannot be able to control herself. On the other hand, Dorine remains calm and she is able to show jokes to Mariane. However in this relaxing condition, Dorine is also thinking to solve the problem. She says to Mariane not to straight oppose her father’s will, but by more logic way because she believes that Orgon’s arrogance which is supported by his authority and power as a leader in the family. She believes that by doing sporadic fighting, Mariane will get nothing. This is showing that even in the difficult situation, Dorine can think calmly and can get a solution by thinking calmly.

Mariane: Dorine, if Father makes me undergo this dreadful martyrdom, I’ll die, I know Dorine: Don’t fret, it won’t be difficult to discover some plan of action…(Act II, scene 4, 97)

Dorine is also wise. It can be seen in many things that she does. The writer uses one of Murphy’s theories on character and characterization which is said that a character can be seen from his or her reactions (1972: 161-173). First, she is wise in convincing Mariane that she must marry Valere. Second she is wise in fixing Mariane and Valere’s relationship when they argued before. Third, she is also wise in making a solution for Mariane and Valere dealing with their problem.

She knows exactly what to do after seeing the problems.

Dorine is a talkative character and frequently satires her opposite by using her words and forced her opposite into a difficult situation. However, her satires are aimed to show truth to people. This is showing that she is a wise person. She uses satire but she uses it for a specific purpose. And when there is somebody like

Mariane who trust that she is wise, she tries her best to help her considering every possibility in other to do a wise and right thing.

In the play, in the 2nd act, it is stated that Dorine and Mariane are left by

Orgon. Orgon left, because he wants to refresh his mind after he has a debate with

Dorine. This debate makes Orgon sick and he does not want to see Dorine, so he goes outside to refresh his mind. This moment is used by Dorine to talk to

Mariane concerning her father’s plan. Mariane is confused because she loves

Valere, while her father wants her marry to Tartuffe. Mariane does not want to marry Tartuffe, but in the other hand she also afraid to refuse her father’s words.

Dorine is wisely teasing Mariane. She is asking Mariane regarding her doubt to refuse her father’s plan. At first, she pushes Mariane to marry Valere, but Mariane is afraid of her father, even though she loves Valere. Dorine tries to convince

Mariane that she loves Valere. She teases her by saying that Mariane is going to be Madam Tartuffe. Dorine says that it would be wonderful to be Madam

Tartuffe. She teases Mariane again and again until Mariane believes that marrying

Tartuffe is a false. Mariane is finally convinced that she better dies than marries

Tartuffe. Here, it can be seen that Dorine does the right thing and she does it by using the wise way, which is teasing Mariane to marry Tartuffe. She says it in satirical way that Mariane would be the happiest woman if she has a saint as her husband. This make Mariane thinks that marrying Tartuffe is not a good idea.

Mariane: Not Tartuffe, you know I think if him… Dorine: Tartuffe’s your cup of tea, and you shall drink him. Mariane: I’ve always told you everything and relied… Dorine: No. You deserved to be Tartuffiffied. (Act II, Scene 3, 90)

Dorine is also wise in fixing the relationship between Mariane and Valere after they argued before. They argued because Valere thinks that Mariane does not love him anymore and he says that Mariane would be Madam Tartuffe. However,

Mariane thinks that Valere does not fight for her love by letting her to be Madam

Tartuffe. This makes a great debate between the two. After the conversation between Dorine and Mariane, Valere comes. He has heard the news that Mariane is going to marry Tartuffe. She comes to ask directly to Mariane. Mariane told him that her father wants her to marry Tartuffe. However, she is confused because she afraid to refuse her father’s plan. Mariane ask Valere’s opinion about the

problem. Valere then is not convincing that Mariane loves him. He thinks that

Mariane must refuse her father’s plan and marry the man she loves, in this case

Valere. It is clear for him that if Mariane loves him, she must do so. He is disappointed with the question given by Mariane. Because of his disappointing, he says that Mariane should marry Tartuffe. This advice of course makes the situation getting worse. Mariane is angry with Valere because of it. In the other hand, Valere is disappointed with Mariane for her doubt in rejecting her father’s plan. They quarrelling and arguing. At some point they want to break their relationship. Dorine sees something wrong and fast fixing the broken couple. She wisely fixes the couple by using her words to persuade them. She realises that they have already angry one another and it is difficult to discuss in the anger atmosphere. However, she sees that the couple is still in love each other and this is just a matter of miscommunication. She takes Valere by the hand, and then

Mariane, and draws them together.

Dorine: (To Valere) You’re both great fools. Her sole desire, Valere, is to be yours in marriage. To that I’ll swear. (To Mariane) He loves you only, and he wants no wife but you, Mariane. On that I’ll stake my life. (Act II, Scene 4, 91)

Given the words above, the couple are getting soften. They start to understand each other. The atmosphere is also getting better. After some moment, Dorine reminds them that they still have a problem to deal with. Dorine believes that

Mariane still must marry the man she loves. After success in unifying the couple,

Dorine is asked by the couple to give them advice. Now the problem is clear for everyone since Valere understand and know the situation. Dorine’s plan is to set

Tartuffe up in front of Orgon. This is to make Orgon sees that Tartuffe is just a hypocrite. This will automatically make the marriage between Mariane and

Tartuffe is cancelled. She asks Mariane pretending to be sick for some time. This can delay the marriage between her and Tartuffe. The delayed time id used to prepare the set up. Dorine also need Elmire’s help to unveil the hypocrisy of

Tartuffe. This is because Tartuffe is in love with Elmire and wants her to be his wife. Dorine then gives an advice to solve the problem faced by the couple.

Dorine: We’ll use all the manner of means, and all at once. (To Mariane) Your father’s addled; he is acting like a dunce. Therefore you’d better humour the old fossil. Pretend to yield to him, be sweet and docile. And then postpone, as often as necessary. The day on which you have agreed to marry. You’ll thus gain time, and time will turn the trick. Sometimes, for instance, you’ll be taken sick, and that will seem good reason to delay; or some bad omen will make you change the day. You’ll dream of muddy water, or you’ll pass. A dead man’s hearse, or break a looking glass. If all else fails, no man can marry you. Unless you take his ring and say “I do”. But now lets separate. If they should find us talking here, our plot might be divined. (To Valere) Go to your friends, and tell them what’s occurred, and have them urge her father to keep his word. Meanwhile, we’ll stir her brother into action, and get Elmire, as well, to join our faction. Good-bye. (Act II, Scene 4, 110)

Dorine is also described as a caring lady-maid to Orgon’s family. This can be seen by using Murphy’s theory. He said that a character can be seen through her mannerism and speech (1972: 161-173). Dorine cares to Mariane, Elmire, and to also Orgon. Dorine shows her caring to Mariane when Mariane is faced to the choice between marrying Valere, the one she loves or to Tartuffe, the one her father chooses for her. In the scene, Orgon, Mariane, and Dorine are in deep conversation and debate. Orgon wants her daughter marry Tartuffe, while Dorine

disagree with Orgon’s plan. Mariane is also disagreeing with the plan. However,

Mariane as Orgon’s daughter feels that she afraid to refuse her father’s words, because she thinks that her father is very absolute. Dorine, in this case, helps

Mariane to fight for what the best and the right for herself. Mariane loves Valere, and Dorine thinks that she deserves to get the best. She defends her from her father’s will by making plans for her.

Dorine: (Returning) Well, have you lost your tongue, girl? Must I play your part, and say the lines you ought to say? Faced with a fate so hideous and absurd. Can you not utter one dissenting word? Mariane: What good would it do? A father’s power is great. Dorine: Resist him now, or it will be too late. (Act II, Scene 3, 1)

From the conversation between Dorine and Mariane above, the writer sees that

Dorine is convincing Mariane that she must brave to refuse her father’s plan and choose the best for her by marrying Valere. Dorine believes that Orgon’s plan for

Mariane is not the best for Mariane. Dorine is also cares to Elmire. It is shown in the conversation between Dorine and Orgon in the first act, scene IV. It is stated that Orgon is back from other country. He went out for two days. He calls Dorine and asking about the condition of the family. However, Orgon more cares for

Tartuffe than for his wife, Elmire. Dorine first tells Orgon that his wife was sick and she took care of her. She reported that to Orgon that his wife had a bad headache. She tells Orgon about the condition of Elmire in details. Dorine knows that Elmire had a bad headache. She also knows that Elmire could not sleep. She was with Elmire, took care of her within the two days. From this point, the writer sees that Dorine is care to Elmire.

Dorine: Well, the pains continued strong, and so she tossed and tossed the whole night long, now icy cold, now burning like a flame. We sat beside her till morning came. (Act I, Scene 4)

However, Orgon does not really care to the reports given by Dorine, He then asking the condition of Tartuffe. She still tries to tell Elmire’s condition to Orgon, but Orgon is more paying attention to Tartuffe. These make Dorine angry and she mocks Tartuffe and satires Orgon.

Dorine: Both are doing well, in short. I’ll go and tell Madame that you’ve expressed keen sympathy and anxious interest. (Act I, Scene 4, 35)

Dorine is also cares to Orgon. In most of the conversation between Dorine and

Orgon, they always do argue and debate. They seem like an enemy. However, indirectly, Dorine is also reminds Orgon through her satirical words about

Tartuffe that he is not like what Orgon’s has in mind. Orgon sees Tartuffe as a saint, while Dorine knows that Orgon is a hypocrite.

Dorine: It is for your own sake that I interfere. (Act II, Scene 2, 88)

In the scene, Orgon is trying to persuade Mariane to marry Tartuffe. Dorine does not agree and thinks that she must interfere the plan. She believes that it is for the sake of the family. She believes that Tartuffe is not a good man and she tries to remind Orgon.

Dorine: Do let’s discuss this calmly; don’t be upset. You can’t be serious, Sir, about this plan. What should that bigot want with Mariane? Praying and fasting ought to keep him busy. And then, in terms of wealth and rank, what is he? Why should a man of property like you pick out a beggar son-in-law? (Act II, Scene 2, 24)

Dorine also teach Orgon about moral value, that everything has cause and effect relation.

Dorine: It’s your turn now, Sir, not to be listened to. You’d not trust us, and now she won’t trust you. (Act V, Scene 4, 55)

From the quotation, the writer sees that Orgon is only believe in Tartuffe and himself rather than listening to other members of the family. The effect is that now no one believes in his words. From Dorine’s words, the writer sees that

Dorine give a moral value to Orgon.

B. The Moral Message Through Dorine’s Character

After describing and analyzing the characteristics of Dorine, in this part, the writer will discuss the moral message seen from the character of Dorine. In analyzing moral messages in this play, the writer uses theories of message and moral from several sources.

John Sinclair in Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary defines messages as an idea that someone tries to communicate to people, for example in a play, speech, or the meaning, the thought of idea, that is intended, to express (1988:

490). According to Beaty and Hunter in New World of Literature, message is the real meaning or some easy conclusion that can be simply stated or summarized inside a work of art (1988: 899). Message can be used to convey about the values of truth given by the author. Message in a story is intended as a suggestion related to practical lesson that can be taken by the readers through the story. They are closely related to problems in life, such as attitude, behavior, and the like. The

readers can find them in a real life, in the same manners as they are reflected in the story through its characters. In summary, the writer sees message as an idea given by the author to communicate to people which can convey about the values of truth through a work of art as a representation of human life.

Moral means a teaching of good and bad (Kenny, 1966:89). Gardner says,

“Good for man, which rightly understood cannot be divorced from what is good for his society and environment, is by another formulation (whenever action is called for) the moral.” (1933:134). Daniel C. Maguire in his book The Moral

Choice stated that morality is relational. It means that morality depends on the relation between people.

The writer sees moral as a teaching of good and bad, and morality is depends on the relation between people.

The writer concludes that a moral message is a teaching of good or bad about the values of truth which is given by the author through his idea inside the work of art to communicate to people.

There are some messages that the writer wants to state from the story.

First, people should be brave so that they will be firm and steady. Using the theory given by John Sinclair, the writer sees that the author gives guidance for people through the character of Dorine. A social phenomenon which frequently happens in this time is that the silence of the voice of those who think that they do not have a high social status, richness, and a high education. There are many unstable condition appear just because the differences of social status, for example those who are poor sometimes agree and nod their head for the order of those who

are rich even though the order torture their feeling. Another example is those who think that they have a lower social status sometimes try to please those who have a higher social status even though it means they lie to themselves.

In this case, Dorine is showing a different thing. Dorine is brave to fight for the truth by arguing with Orgon who has a higher status compared to her.

Dorine is never felt inferior in every attribute that she wears. She is always consistent to her self to have bravery to reveal her point of view which is right and she thinks as a truth. Dorine understands the definition of bravery which can be said as an action to face a danger with full of confidence and faith even though she knows that everything that she got could have lost because of it. Dorine is really aware of her existence and status, her bravery is not haphazardly, but a bravery which is full of moral responsibility to reveal the truth even it can danger her life. Dorine is realizing every risk that she has when she tries to oppose the argument of people who have a higher status than she is which against her lustrous. This is the reason why Dorine can be said as a brave character, not as an unrealistic one. The difference between the two is that a brave character has calculated all the possibilities and the risks in doing something. On the other hand an unrealistic character will not calculate any risk or possibility in doing something.

Dorine is just a lady-maid. This is considered as a lower status. It is never be higher than a boss. This status is also frequently considered as a poor and uneducated. However, Dorine is never silent to all the things which in contrast with her heart. Dorine has the bravery which is steady and she threw away all of

her worthless social status influences. Her bravery is come from her caring to

Orgon’s family and her responsibility to her heart.

Second, people should be unselfish so that people can have a passion belonging of a family and growing the feeling of togetherness. Nowadays, selfishness becomes an easy thing we can see in our daily life. Selfish is a nature where one only thing about him or herself and consider that he or she must get better than anyone else or get the best. This is become the trigger people to compete to get the best for themselves and do not think for anyone else.

Sometimes competition in positive way brings a good result, for example in sport.

However, now many people will do anything to get what the best for themselves.

People will do whatever way they can do and use everything they can use to reach their goal. Even, they will use other people or kill other people for their own sake.

In the play, the writer has given an explanation that every character in this play has their own ambition in their life.

According o Kenny (1966: 89), sometimes, message has a relationship with moral. It means talking about message also discussing moral. It can be said; in general, moral means a teaching of good and bad. In this section, Dorine gives us a teaching of good and bad. From this character, the writer thinks that people can be taught to act and thinks the way Dorine act ad think. Dorine shows a positive manner that can be a good lesson for people. It can be seen in this modern era that selfishness also appears in the family life. Fights between brothers or sisters or even between parents sometimes happen. One possible reason is a feeling of selfish which cannot be pulling aside. Moliere through

Dorine teach us that people should be able to pull aside this selfish and together build a comfortable live in a family and strength the feel of belonging. This will make a relationship between one and another member of a family becomes stronger. Moreover if people are able to do this in the larger environment, like in the society. If this thing can be realized in the daily life, then a better living can be enjoyed by all human beings.

Third, people are taught to be calm so that they will able to think clearly in solving problems. It is frequently happen people uses their emotion or angry when they are wedged in dealing a problem. However, emotion or anger does not help people in dealing people. In fact, it can cause more problems. Anger or emotion is one thing that can disturb people’s mind, especially when people are thinking.

People will not be able to think clearly when their mind is controlled by this emotion. This can cause a bad result. In this era, people are easily gone angry just because a simple cause. This kind of action is easily found everywhere. The worst thing that could happen is that people could kill each other just because a simple problem.

John Sinclair in Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary defines messages as an idea that someone tries to communicate to people (1988: 490). The example of message can be in a form of valuable of words, advice, and God’s commandment as a guidance to give advice and the like. In this part, the writer sees that from the character of Dorine, the author wants to give an advice as guidance for people. In the play, it is described that Orgon’s mind once controlled by anger and he decided to expel Damis, his own son. However, Dorine is offering something

different. Dorine is living in a family where there are many problems. In that family, she is demanded to think clearly and does not involved her emotion. In the play it is stated that Dorine becomes the one who can solve the problems in the family and keep the family survive.

This is because Dorine is able to think calmly and does not involve her emotion or anger so that she can find a best solution for every different problem.

One of the examples is when she is able to find the solution for Mariane and

Valere. In that scene, it is clear that the couple is arguing and cannot find a solution because their minds are filled up with emotion. However, Dorine can find a way, because she is using her common sense and does not using her emotion in thinking. Dorine is not involved her emotion when she is facing Orgon or when she is arguing with Madam Pernelle. She tries to keep calm even though she is arguing with her master. She keeps calm so that she can control the situation and worse things can be avoided. Dorine is a calm thinker, even though she is a person who talks a lot, especially with her satire words.

Forth, people are taught to be wise so that they will know how to do and to act. In this part, the writer still uses the theory given by John Sinclair’s above to analyze the message. Like the other messages, wise also becomes a rare thing to find in this era. Every person certainly is able to think, but not many of them are able to think wisely. Wise means the ability to think using logic and considering all aspects or possibilities before deciding on doing something. Wise usually can be gained from life experiences. People can learn thing from their life. They can learn something, especially when people made mistake. They can know what they

should and should not do by learning from mistakes. People will be able to think first and considering what they should do so that they are not making mistakes.

This habit will bring a positive aspect in people’s life. This can bring people to be a wise man. In the other hand, people who usually too fast in deciding something without considering his or her options will have a least result than those who have a wise personality. Thinking wisely also make people act precisely. And when people can act precisely, people will have a maximal result for what they want to reach or get what his or her goals.

In this play, Dorine is able to show to the people that she can think wisely.

She shows that she can think clearly and sees the situation and condition which she is involved in. She is able to think and give the best solution when she is demanded to think fast. One example that can be seen is when Mariane and

Valere arguing. Dorine sees that it is not a good thing for both Valere and

Mariane. Then, Dorine does something wisely. First, she is still calm, even though she is in the middle of an anger debate between Mariane and Valere. Then she splits them so that they stop their debate. She makes them calm by her words and listen to her every words. Dorine also makes them to think optimistic that they can be together in a marriage.

Trough the character of Dorine, the writer thinks that people should also act and think wisely. Many things people can learn from this attitude. One for sure is that wise brings people into a better individual and a better living. Another positive aspect is; people are enabled to act precisely to get the best goal or

whatever they want maximally. Wise also enable us to use our common sense rightly.

Fifth, people should care to their family so that they understand the essence of a family. Many people think that the problems occurred in a family are just an individual concern, for example a parent’s problem is not a problem for the children or vice versa. Even, sometimes in a family, conversation is spoken if it is needed only and there is rare conversation which aimed for a deeper understanding of one’s character. Or even sometimes, people more believe to others rather than his or her family. For example, a kid would tell his problem to his friends rather than to his mother or his family. This can be happen because the kid is not really comfortable talking his story to his parents. This is the example why sometimes people do not realize the importance of a family. Rather than a friend, a mother would love her sons and give the best for her sons. However, frequently people do not realize this.

According to Henry Hudson in his book “An Introduction to the Study of

Literature” states that a good message is a message that discloses new a large possibility they do not realize, most writers would try to tell and to show those possibilities by using their work. In fact, he even tries to create those possibilities themselves. A good message does not tend to follow general pattern or norm but it creates new pattern based on human values (1958: 23).

In this play, Dorine shows an attitude which might has been considered old-fashioned and not followed by the youth in this modern time, where many youth do not care to their environment or else, to their family. Many

phenomenons which had happened in society about the destruction of a family which might be started from a member of a family who is not care to others and the absence of understanding between the family members. Dorine is a lady-maid who is very care for the family and has a huge moral responsibility for the whole of the family which she shows in her every words and actions.

Dorine shows something different. She tries to care for the family even though Orgon is always trifling her of her status. However, she is always to prove her caring. Dorine is also tries to understand Mariane’s feeling by keep on doing a personal approach. Dorine is always has a feeling that she is the part of the family, even though many things blocking her to do so.

Dorine probably is just a lady-maid of a nobleman named Orgon, but,

Dorine has considered herself a part of the family, which she thinks that everything that happens to the family is also her responsibility. And Dorine is a person who understands the essence of an ideal family. Here, Dorine gives everything she has in herself to give protection, companionship and socialization to show her caring to the family.

Protection is given by Dorine in some cases in the play. For example are when Elmire was sick and when she convinces Mariane not to marry Tartuffe. In

Act 1, there is an action where Orgon is came home and asked what had happened in his home in time he left the home. In this scene, it is clearly seen that Orgon is only care to Tartuffe instead of Elmire who was sick. He keeps on asking the condition of Tartuffe, while in the other hand Dorine intentionally informs Orgon that Elmire was sick. In this conversation, it can be assumed that Dorine is a fussy

person because she is not giving informative answers when Orgon asked her. She is giving information about his wife which is not needed by Orgon. However, what Dorine’s did is just a kind of protection to keep the unity of the family.

Dorine is concern to Orgon who is more interested to Tartuffe rather to his wife.

In Act IV, Dorine is also triess to give protection to the unity of the family when she asks Cleante to stay for a while to helps Mariane convinces her father,

Orgon, that she does not want to be forced to marry Tartuffe. Even though Dorine just do a little thing, but she has did what she can do to protect the unity of the family.

This is one thing that we can get in a family. Protection is needed by every member of a family. By caring to the family will help us understanding the family needs, including protection. Every member in a family is taught to be act in this way. Like Dorine who gives protection, people are also taught to give protection.

Dorine shows how are families should be. She is a lady-maid, not a member of

Orgon’s family, but she is the one who understand what family is.

Companionship is also given by Dorine to Orgon’s family. In Act III, when Dorine realizes the problem faced by Mariane, that she is forced to marry the man she is not in love with, Dorine understands Mariane’s feeling that she is confused and does not know what to do. Dorine tries to support Mariane by giving her her advices which probably can help her to solve her problem. In this scene,

Dorine has put herself to be her friend and companion in time Mariane feels sad and need someone to talk to. Dorine becomes a place for Mariane to talk about her

heart feeling, and she helps with whatever she has. This companionship will bring people into togetherness. This is what people can get from what Dorine’s did.

Socialization is shown by Dorine in the play. In the beginning of the play when all of the family members are gathered beside Orgon, Dorine, who are just a lady-maid, is also there. Dorine loves to gather with the member of the family.

She loves to shows her socialization to the family. She does not care whether it is in a joy or sadness atmosphere, she loves to celebrate her socialization with the family. Dorine is not the main character in the play, but she almost exists in all acts of the play. In her acts, it is shown that she rarely alone. She is always together with the other members of the family. She is there whether it is in an important situation for her or not. In the last act, when Orgon is going to put to jail by Tartuffe, Dorine is also there. Actually, Dorine’s presence is not really needed if it is seen from her social status, but Dorine is showing her socialization to the family as the member of the family instead of her social status as a lady-maid.

The three things above are some proves that Dorine understands the essence of a family. She is showing that she is always loyal to the family even though the family is a good or bad situation. She is showing that she always do her best to the family no matter that her actual social status as a lady-maid.

From this point, the writer sees that Moliere tries to give a moral value from Dorine’s characteristic. She cares to every members of Orgon’s family.

Dorine is not the member of the family, but she is able to act as if she is a member of that family. Caring to each other is a very important thing in human life. Caring will show how much you love to your environment, especially in your family life.

When one cares to others, others will also care to him or her. People are taught to care to their family and understand the essence of a family. Caring is one key to keep the life of a family. Caring can also make ones feel that they are a part of the family life. Family is the place where we live and family is an important part of human life. Family is also the first place where we can get care, love, protection, companionship and socialization. Caring and loving the family will make us understand the essence of the family. We will be able to know more about our family. We also will be able to familiarize more to the members of the family personally. Caring each other will also build a harmony family with a strong foundation in it. Protection will give a safe feeling to the members of the family.

A comfortable atmosphere will be the result then. Companionship will give a calm feeling to the members of the family. Emotionally, when we have someone beside us, we will have someone to lean on. We do not have to stand alone to face the world. Socialization will make us more know about our family. Togetherness makes us understand the important of the family. Without family, ones might not live in this world. Because family is the place where you can be trusted and hold on to each other. Dorine’s love to Orgon’s family was not because she was a lady- maid, but because she was really felt that she was a part of Orgon’s family.

After analzying the messages found in the play, the writer could conclude a moral message given by the author in the play. The moral message is that people should tell the truth in every situation and condition. According to Thiroux in his book Ethic Theory and Practice states that the area of morality concentrates on hman conduct and human values (thiroux, 1995: 3). The morality of a person

depends on their action and their relationship between one and another in the society. It means that morality is relational. Moral is about teaching of good and bad. If it is related to the society, it says about good and bad in the society. In a society, people are expected to act rightly. If they act bad, they will get a social ban in the society. For example; those who always lies will be alineated by the society. From this point, the writer connect it with the moral message in the play.

In the society, when people are not telling the truth, they will also get a social ban from the society. When people know about truth but they are not tell it, they will get a social ban from the society. By analyzing Dorine’s characteristic, Dorine is also categorized as a character who tells the truth. In the analysis, the writer has stated it. When Dorine tells the truth it means that she is brave, she is unselfish, she is wise and she is caring. When Dorine tells the truth she is brave because it means that she is considering all aspects that could danger her. She knows that when she tells the truth she can face danger for herself. However, she is still tell the truth because it is what she has to do. When Dorine tell the truth means she is unselfish because she puts herself in the situation where she could danger herself.

However, she does not care about it. She believes that she must tell the truth. She puts herself in the situation where truth is above her. This is showing that she is not unselfish. When Dorine tells the truth it means that she is wise. The writer sees that this is absolutetely right. Dorine absolutetely knows what to do. The writer believes that once people tell lies, it will take people to another lies. In this point, Dorine shows that she is wise. She knows what to do rightly. And last,

when Dorine tells the truth it means that she is caring. Her unselfishness shows that she is a caring person.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Tartuffe is one of many interesting French play. Written by a famous

French writer, Moliere, Tartuffe is a play which was banned because it contained a strong criticism on the relationship between religion and kingdom. However, the writer of this thesis is more concern on one of the characters in the play whom bring a great change during the play. Rather than talk about the relationship between religion and kingdom, the writer brings Dorine, the lady-maid, into the analysis. This character is serving the kingdom’s family. Before the writer concludes the analysis that has been made, it is better the writer rewrite the two problems formulation; 1. How are Dorine’s personalities portrayed in Moliere’s

Tartuffe? 2. How are the moral messages portrayed through the characters of

Dorine? The writer uses some steps to answer the two problems formulation.

The first problem formulation is about the characters of Dorine. In analysis the writer could find some characters of Dorine through her dialogue and her action. Dorine is described as a brave, unselfish, calm, and wise person. She also cares for the Orgon’s family. Like what has been discussed in the analysis, Dorine is described as a brae character. In this point, brave means the effort to do something right. Dorine is brave to argue with her maters, both Orgon and Madam

Pernelle who considers that Tartuffe is a saint. While, Dorine in the other hand thinks that Tartuffe is a hypocrite because she knows exactly who Tartuffe is.

Dorine believes that what she does is right. She keep trying to warn and realize

Orgon that Tartuffe will bring a shattered condition into the family. One thing to be remembered is that, Dorine is still respecting her masters no matter what her masters did. Dorine is also described as an unselfish character. In the play, it is only Dorine who is not having an own ambition in her life compared to the other characters. She just serves the family. Dorine is not always thinking of herself.

Dorine believes that she lives in the family and responsible for the family. She also believes that a selfish act would bring a shattered condition to the family.

Dorine is also a calm character. She is able to perform and show that her calm personality makes her thinking maximally and makes her can find solutions for the problems inside the family. One thing to be remembered is that it is Dorine who became the saviour of the family. She protects the family from shattered.

Dorine is also a wise person. A wise person will considering everything before he or she takes an action or takes a decision. In the play, Dorine is able to show the audiences that she is considering every condition and situation before she takes an action. Dorine is also a caring person, especially to the Orgon’s family where she works. Even though sometimes she is frequently arguing with Orgon, but actually what she does is to realize Orgon from his mistakes. She also does not want to see

Orgon tricked by Tartuffe.

The second problem formulation is the moral messages portrayed through the characters of Dorine. In order to get the moral message, the writer found the messages first. The messages in the play are; First, people should have bravery so that people will firm and steady. Dorine has shown that bravery is very important thing in dealing with problem. In this case bravery does not mean ready to take

serious risks without thinking, but brave to defend the truth with full awareness considering many aspects. Second, people should be unselfish so that people can have a passion belonging of a family and growing the feeling of togetherness.

Like Dorine who does not have an own ambition, people are expect to be unselfish. It does not mean that having an own ambition is false, but it is important to be remembered that people should not act selfish by thinking what the best for themselves. Especially when people are using any way to get what they want and not thinking the other people’s need. People living in this world are as a social creature. They cannot live by themselves. They need other people to live with, especially in the family. People are expected to help each other, because they need each other. Dorine, in this play, has shown that she could reach her happiness by helping Orgon’s family. People are also expected to get the same happiness as Dorine by having the passion belonging of a family and growing the feeling of togetherness. Third, people are taught to be calm in everything people do so that people will able to think clearly in solving problems. Dorine in this case has shown that calmness makes people think better. Calmness makes people to think clearer. Dorine also show that as a talkative character, calmness is not always oriented to a quiet person. However, she is showing that as a talkative character, she is using her calmness in thinking. She is able to stay relax and using her satire words even in the difficult situation. Forth, people are taught to be wise so that people will know how to do and to act. Dorine’s wise makes the Orgon’s family freed from troubles. Wise becomes a rare thing in this case in the play.

Fifth, people should care to their family so that people understand the essence of a

family. In this point, Moliere showed an interesting thing, because it is Dorine, who actually is not the member of the family, who is able caring to the Orgon’s family. She is more caring than the other member of the family. In this point, the writer comparing with the members of the family which in contrary does not have high affection and caring feeling as Dorine has. Through this character, the writer sees that Dorine is giving a moral message which can be a learning thing for the audiences. The moral message is that people must tell the truth in whatever condition in the society. When people tell the truth, they are considered as a brave, unselfish, wise, and caring person. Moral is teaching between good and bad, and morality is relational, it means that it is depends on the relational between people in the society. When people are not do right thing, they will get a social ban in the society.

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