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A Corpus-Based Study of N1-N2 Words in Archaic Chinese

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A Corpus-Based Study of N1-N2 Words in Archaic Chinese A Corpus-Based Study of N1-N2 Words in Archaic Chinese By Jane Chanell 17970091 Supervisor: Associate Professor Robert Mailhammer Western Sydney University School of Humanities and Communication Arts June 2019 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilments of the requirements for the degree of Master of Research Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Associate Professor Robert Mailhammer, for his whole-hearted support of my Master’s study and research, for his patience, immense knowledge, invaluable assistance and for providing valuable guidance along every step of the way. Without his unwavering support and constant encouragement, I would never have been able to complete this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr Chong Han for being kind enough to provide details of the Chinese online corpus used for this linguistic research. A special thank you to Weicong Li, for providing all the essential technical support for working with the online corpus. I am very grateful to Dr Geoff Hyde for his invaluable advice on my writing. STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICATION The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. …………J…an…e…C…h…an…e…ll …………….. (Name) ………………………………………….. (Signature) ……………2…0…/0…6/…20…1…9………………. (Date) ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................i Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................i List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... iv Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. v 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 2. Review of Related Literature .......................................................................................................6 2.1 The use of Mandarin throughout Chinese history ................................................................6 2.2 Discrepancy between character and word in Mandarin ..................................................... 10 2.3 History of disyllabic words, and compounding, in Mandarin .............................................. 13 2.3.1 The increase in using compounds ............................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Sound simplification accounts .................................................................................... 14 2.3.3 The appearance of Compounding .............................................................................. 23 2.3.4 Review of the criteria for identification of compunds ................................................. 28 2.3.5 Motivation ................................................................................................................. 31 3. Research Methods .................................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Sources of data .................................................................................................................. 34 3.2 Criteria for identifying compounds .................................................................................... 37 3.3 Problems in collecting data ................................................................................................ 41 3.4 Data collection and analysis procedures ............................................................................ 44 4. Results ...................................................................................................................................... 46 4. 1 Distribution of N1-N2 combinations in early Archaic Chinese .............................................. 46 4. 2 Distribution of word formation patterns in early Archaic Chinese ...................................... 48 4. 3 The diachronic development of N1-N2 disyllables ............................................................... 49 4.3.1 Distribution of N1-N2 disyllabic words in the SCC ........................................................ 51 4.3.2 Distribution of N1-N2 derivatives and compounds in the SCC ...................................... 51 4.3.3 Distribution of suffixes –zi and –zhe in the SCC ........................................................... 52 4.3.4 Distribution of N1-N2 compounds in the SCC ............................................................... 53 4. 4 Summary of the results ...................................................................................................... 55 5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 56 5.1 The existence of N1-N2 disyllables in early Archaic Chinese ................................................ 56 5.2 The existence of various compounding patterns ................................................................ 58 5.3 Diachronic investigations of N1-N2 disyllabic words ............................................................ 61 5.3.1 Explaining the declining tendency in N1-N2 words ...................................................... 61 i 5.3.2 More frequent use of N1-N2 compounds and N-zhe derivatives .................................. 63 5.3.3 Changes in the occurrence patterns of sub-N1-N2 and coor-N1-N2 compounds ........... 64 5.4 Summary of discussions ..................................................................................................... 70 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 71 6. 1 Summary of findings and conclusions ................................................................................ 71 6.1.1 On the occurrence of the N1-N2 combination ............................................................. 72 6.1.2 On the distribution of N1-N2 word patterns ................................................................ 72 6.1.3 On the diachronic development of N1-N2 words ......................................................... 73 6. 2 Implications of this study ................................................................................................... 74 6. 3 Limitations and future research ......................................................................................... 75 7. References ................................................................................................................................ 77 Appendix 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 84 Appendix 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 89 Appendix 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 104 ii List of Tables Table 1: Pan’s (1989) division of Mandarin’s timeline, based on historical periods ......................................... 9 Table 2: Hu and McLaughlin’s (2007) division, based on lexical changes ......................................................... 9 Table 3: N1-N2 combination for lexical periodisation in the history of Chinese ............................................. 10 Table 4: Occurrence of compounds (data from Li 1993:130) ........................................................................ 14 Table 5: Appearance of compounds before Pre-Qin (Wu 2001:363) ............................................................. 26 Table 6: Number of disyllabic compounds in GRC (Huang 1997: 264) ........................................................... 31 Table 7: Texts and text types in early Archaic Chinese (from Hu & McLaughlin 2007) ................................... 36 Table 8: Distribution of the nominal N1-N2 combinations occurring in seven periods in the SCC .................... 44 Table 9: Distribution of 299 N1-N2 forms in early Archaic Chinese................................................................. 46 Table 10: Distribution of different patterns of N1-N2 disyllabic words in early Archaic Chinese...................... 48 Table 11: Distribution of N1-N2 disyllables and patterns in all time periods in the SCC .................................. 50 Table 12: Distribution of N1-N2 derivatives by word formation structures across all time periods in the SCC . 52 Table 13: Distribution of N1-N2 compounds by word formation structures across all time periods in the SCC 54 Table 14: Historical decline of certain N1-N2 words that occurred less frequently after Archaic Chinese ....... 63 Table 15: N1-N2 compounds that occurred more frequently after the middle Medieval Chinese period ........ 65 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Usage of varieties of Chinese languages (data from Ramsey 1987:87) .............................................
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