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A Formal Study of Syllable, Tone, Stress and Domain in Chinese Languages

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A Formal Study of Syllable, Tone, Stress and Domain in Chinese Languages A FORMAL STUDY OF SYLLABLE, TONE, STRESS AND DOMAIN IN CHINESE LANGUAGES by San Duanmu Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September, 1990 © San Duanmu, 1990 The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author _________________________________________________ Department of Linguistics and Philosophy August 29, 1990 Certified by _______________________________________________________ Professor Morris Halle Thesis Supervisor Accepted by ______________________________________________________ Professor Wayne O'Neil Chairman, Departmental Committee A FORMAL STUDY OF SYLLABLE, TONE, STRESS AND DOMAIN IN CHINESE LANGUAGES by SAN DUANMU Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy on August 29, 1990 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics ABSTRACT This thesis makes a close examination of syllable, tone and stress in Chinese languages, in order to find out general properties that are shared by all natural languages. It offers the following related claims (1) All Chinese syllables have the following uniform underlying structure σ /\ O R | /\ X X X (2) The general tonal model is as follows Laryngeal Root / \ / \ V/R Pitch Laryn ... / \ / \ [st] [sl] [above] [below] where the tonal structure is part of the segmental feature geometry under a Root node. The V/R node represents both consonant voicing and tonal register. The Pitch node is specified for tone bearing segments only. (3) The tone bearing unit is the moraic segment, or equivalently, the segment in the rime, whether it is a vowel or any consonant. A geminate has two Roots and may serve as two tone bearing units. (4) Contour segments do not exist. Their absence is attributed to a universal principle, the No Contour Principle (NCP), which is given as follows *X /\ [αF][-αF] (5) The tonal domain is the stress domain. Most syntax-phonology mismatches are due to lack of stress in some constituents. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Morris Halle Title: Institute Professor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude goes to Morris Halle, who has influenced me most in my years at MIT, and whose help goes well beyond teaching me phonology. My gratitude also goes to the other members of my committee: Ken Hale, whose knowledge of numerous human languages made me think twice in making a general claim, Jay Keyser, who gave me so many lightening encouragements and whose idea of 'enhancement' (with Ken Stevens) has become a crucial part in my tonal theory, and Moira Yip, whose rigorous comments and extensive knowledge of Chinese phonology have led to significant revisions in my thesis. I am grateful to Francois Dell and Jim Harris, who contributed as much to my thesis as my official committee members. Both are great teachers and I enjoyed all the conversations with them. I have benefited from many others, and I would like to thank them all: my teachers in the Linguistics Department: Sylvain Bromberger, Noam Chomsky, Jim Higginbotham, Richard Kayne, Micheal Kenstowicz, Richard Larson, Wayne O'Neil, and Donca Steriade, my teachers outside the Linguistics Department: Robert Berwick, Dennis Klatt, Marvin Minsky, and Ken Stevens, my class: Micheal Hegarty, Lori Holmes, Kate Kearns, Peter Kipka, Itziar Laka, Anoop Mahajan, and Scott Meredith, other linguistic schoolmates and visitors, Corine Bickley, John Kingston, Sharon Manual and Joseph Perkell for discussing phonetics, Lowis Goldstein and Andors Löfgvist for a long and sobering discussion on laryngeal mechanisms, Benjamin X.P. Ao, Zhiming Bao, Lisa Cheng, Jingqi Fu, Yafei Li, Yenhwei Lin, Bingfu Lu, Tong Shen, and Jane S.J. Tsay for exchanges in data and theories, Professor Xu Liejiong and Professor Cheng Yumin at Fudan University, Professor Henry Rosemont and Professor Robert Ware, and those I happen not to mention. Thanks to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy at MIT for supporting me for four carefree years of research, 4 Special thanks to Noam Chomsky, for providing the driving force in an endeavor that has brought so many inquiring minds together. In the past months, I have fully devoted myself to the writing of this thesis, in the hope of getting closer to what the above people and I have been looking for, so as to partly repay them for their help. This thesis is dedicated to Fu Yan, Youyou and my parents. 5 NOTES ON REFORMATING The dissertation was reformatted in summer 2005 mainly to correct typographic errors and update the phonetic fonts. Although most page numbers have changed, little other re-writing was made. San Duanmu August 22, 2005. FOREWORD This is a slightly revised version of my Ph.D. dissertation. Most corrections are stylistic, and the page numbers have almost remained unchanged. I would like to have made more extensive revisions, added more illustrations and expanded Chapters 4 and 5. However, this has to be left for another occasion. San Duanmu October 15, 1990. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................ 3 NOTES ON REFORMATING ....................................................................................................... 5 FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. 5 NOTATIONS.................................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 16 2.0. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 16 2.1. The Syllabic Structure of Chinese Languages................................................................... 16 2.1.1. Mandarin..................................................................................................................... 17 2.1.2. Shanghai...................................................................................................................... 32 2.1.3. Meixian (Moi-yan)................................................................................................... 34 2.1.4. Xiamen (Amoy) .......................................................................................................... 35 2.1.5. Fuzhou......................................................................................................................... 36 2.1.6. Cantonese.................................................................................................................... 40 2.1.7. Changsha..................................................................................................................... 43 2.1.8. Nanchang .................................................................................................................... 44 2.1.9. Summary..................................................................................................................... 44 2.2. Suffixation and Rime Changes .......................................................................................... 45 2.2.1. The Mandarin [r] Suffix.............................................................................................. 45 2.2.2. Chengdu ...................................................................................................................... 50 2.2.3. Jiyuan .......................................................................................................................... 50 2.2.4. Yanggu (Dong 1985) .................................................................................................. 55 2.2.5. Heshun ........................................................................................................................ 57 2.2.6. Summary..................................................................................................................... 58 2.3. Language Games (Fanqie Languages)............................................................................... 59 2.3.1. Na-ma.......................................................................................................................... 60 2.3.2. Mai-ka......................................................................................................................... 61 2.3.3. Mo-pa.......................................................................................................................... 62 2.3.4. Summary..................................................................................................................... 64 2.4. Cooccurrence Restrictions on Labials ............................................................................... 64 2.4.1. Mandarin..................................................................................................................... 66 2.4.2. Cantonese...................................................................................................................
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