14 Linguistic Rhythm and Speech Segmentation A. Cutler
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Secondary Stress Is Left Edge Marking Quentin Dabouis, Jean-Michel Fournier, Isabelle Girard
Ternarity is not an issue: Secondary stress is left edge marking Quentin Dabouis, Jean-Michel Fournier, Isabelle Girard To cite this version: Quentin Dabouis, Jean-Michel Fournier, Isabelle Girard. Ternarity is not an issue: Secondary stress is left edge marking. 4ème rencontre du GDRI PTA (Phonological Theory Agora), May 2017, Manch- ester, United Kingdom. halshs-02083607 HAL Id: halshs-02083607 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02083607 Submitted on 29 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. MFM25 Fringe Meeting – PTA Dataset Workshop 24th May 2017, Manchester Suffixal derivatives from free bases, which preserve the stress of their base (see Collie (2007); Dabouis (2016); Hammond (1989); Kiparsky (1979)); e.g. original TERNARITY IS NOT AN ISSUE: SECONDARY STRESS IS LEFT EDGE MARKING > orìginá lity Compounds; e.g. brigadier-general, gender-specific, lady-in-waiting Quentin Dabouis1,2, Jean-Michel Fournier1,2 and Isabelle Girard1,3 ̀ ̀ ́ ̀ ́ ̀ ́ 1Laboratoire Ligérien de Linguistique (UMR 7270) Neoclassical compounds, whose constituents are stress-invariant (Fournier 2010; 2Université de Tours – 3Université du Littoral-Côte d’Opale Guierre 1979); e.g. à goraphó bic, larỳ ngoló gical, ò rthochromá tic Another group of words was left out because they can be related to another form in English, Claim: Secondary stress is only marginally determined by segmental parameters and mainly although they may not be morphologically derived from it (e.g. -
Non-Uniformity in English Secondary Stress: the Role of Ranked and Lexically Specific Constraints* Joe Pater University of Alberta and University of Massachusetts
Phonology 17 (2000) 237–274. Printed in the United Kingdom # 2000 Cambridge University Press Non-uniformity in English secondary stress: the role of ranked and lexically specific constraints* Joe Pater University of Alberta and University of Massachusetts 0 Introduction The principles determining secondary stress placement in English display considerable - (Prince 1993) in their application. While in some contexts a syllable will be stressed if it is heavy, or if it is stressed in the stem of a derived form, in other environments syllable weight and stem stress do not entail secondary stress. To take a relatively straight- forward case, the primary stress of the stems in (1a) is preserved as a secondary stress in the derived forms (cf. monomorphemic TaZ tamagoT uchi with initial stress), but stress preservation systematically fails in words like (1b). Here we have phonologically conditioned non-uniformity; stress preservation on light syllables is blocked in the environment of a following primary stress. (1) a. accre! dit accre' dita! tion b. phone! tic pho' netı!cian ima! gine ima' gina! tion cosme! tic co' smetı!cian orı!ginal orı' gina! lity patho! logy pa' tholo! gical medı!cinal medı' cina! lity tele! pathy te' lepa! thic divı!sible divı' sibı!lity phila! tely phı' late! lic pheno! menon pheno' meno! logy dia! meter dı' ame! tric * Thanks to Eric Bakovic! , Bruce Derwing, Laura Downing, Elan Dresher, Edward Flemming, Heather Goad, Kevin Hynna, Bill Idsardi, Rene! Kager, Greg Lamon- tagne, John McCarthy, Armin Mester, Alan Prince, Doug Pulleyblank, Su Urbanczyk, Wolf Wikeley and the participants in classes at Rutgers University, University of British Columbia, University of Alberta and University of Massa- chusetts, Amherst for help and discussion. -
Prosody – Introductory
THE PHONOLOGY OF RHONDDA VALLEYS ENGLISH. (Rod Walters, University of Glamorgan, 2006) 4. PROSODY – INTRODUCTORY (Readers unfamiliar with the prosodic terms used will find explanations in the Glossary.) 4.1 Aims of RVE Research Prosody (stress, rhythm, intonation etc) contributes strongly towards the ‘melody’ of Welsh English accents. Chapter 5 will attempt to describe the main features of RVE prosody. Like t'Hart, Collier, and Cohen of the Institute for Perception Research in Eindhoven (1990: 2-6), the approach will be primarily ‘from the phonetic level of observation’.35 Comments will be made concerning the functions / meanings of the prosodic forms identified, but the researcher is very aware that the links between meaning and prosody are seldom straightforward: (1) discerning the meaning of an utterance is a matter of pragmatic interpretation in which many factors beside prosody need to be taken into account (propositional content of the lexis-grammar, full context of the situation, speakers’ body language etc) (2) several prosodic features, e.g. voice quality, loudness and intonation, may be operative at the same time and therefore difficult to disentangle (3) the same prosodic feature may be involved in ‘doing’ more than one thing at the same time – for example a given pitch movement may be simultaneously involved in accentuation and demarcation (4) nearly all prosodic features – including pitch level – are subject to gradient variation and can be used to carry signals that many analysts would consider paralinguistic rather than linguistic (cf discussion in Ladd 1996: 33-41). Due to such factors, suggestions as to the meanings of RVE prosodic forms will be tentative and restricted to discourse functions such as the segmenting, structuring and highlighting of information. -
The Pronunciation of Vowels with Secondary Stress in English Quentin Dabouis
The pronunciation of vowels with secondary stress in English Quentin Dabouis To cite this version: Quentin Dabouis. The pronunciation of vowels with secondary stress in English. CORELA - COgni- tion, REprésentation, LAngage, CERLICO-Cercle Linguistique du Centre et de l’Ouest (France), In press, pp.16 - 18. halshs-01924966 HAL Id: halshs-01924966 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01924966 Submitted on 18 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Published in Corela [Online], 16-2 | 2018, Online since 18 December 2018. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/corela/7153 The pronunciation of vowels with secondary stress in English Quentin Dabouis Université Clermont Auvergne – LRL (EA 999) RESUME Peu d’études se sont concentrées sur la prononciation des voyelles sous accent secondaire en anglais. Dans le cadre de l’approche introduite par Guierre (1979), cet article propose une étude empirique large de ces voyelles et se concentre sur trois catégories clés de mots : les mots non-dérivés, les constructions contenant un préfixe sémantiquement transparent et les dérivés suffixaux. Dans leur ensemble, les analyses précédentes fondées sur le rang, les domaines phonologiques et l’isomorphisme dérivationnel sont confirmées mais certains phénomènes mis à jour par cette étude rendent nécessaires quelques révisions des modèles existants. -
2 Mora and Syllable
2 Mora and Syllable HARUO KUBOZONO 0 Introduction In his classical typological study Trubetzkoy (1969) proposed that natural languages fall into two groups, “mora languages” and “syllable languages,” according to the smallest prosodic unit that is used productively in that lan- guage. Tokyo Japanese is classified as a “mora” language whereas Modern English is supposed to be a “syllable” language. The mora is generally defined as a unit of duration in Japanese (Bloch 1950), where it is used to measure the length of words and utterances. The three words in (1), for example, are felt by native speakers of Tokyo Japanese as having the same length despite the different number of syllables involved. In (1) and the rest of this chapter, mora boundaries are marked by hyphens /-/, whereas syllable boundaries are marked by dots /./. All syllable boundaries are mora boundaries, too, although not vice versa.1 (1) a. to-o-kyo-o “Tokyo” b. a-ma-zo-n “Amazon” too.kyoo a.ma.zon c. a-me-ri-ka “America” a.me.ri.ka The notion of “mora” as defined in (1) is equivalent to what Pike (1947) called a “phonemic syllable,” whereas “syllable” in (1) corresponds to what he referred to as a “phonetic syllable.” Pike’s choice of terminology as well as Trubetzkoy’s classification may be taken as implying that only the mora is relevant in Japanese phonology and morphology. Indeed, the majority of the literature emphasizes the importance of the mora while essentially downplaying the syllable (e.g. Sugito 1989, Poser 1990, Tsujimura 1996b). This symbolizes the importance of the mora in Japanese, but it remains an open question whether the syllable is in fact irrelevant in Japanese and, if not, what role this second unit actually plays in the language. -
Phonetic Correlates of Stress & Prosodic Hierarchy in Estonian
1 PHONETIC CORRELATES OF STRESS AND THE PROSODIC HIERARCHY IN ESTONIAN MATTHEW GORDON University of California, Los Angeles This paper presents results of several experiments designed to examine some of the phonetic properties associated with stress and the prosodic hierarchy in Estonian. Peak nasal flow, amplitude and duration were measured for /n/ in initial position of four domains: the syllable, the word, the phrase and the utterance. These four prosodic positions were cross-classified by two stress levels: stressed and unstressed. To test the importance of the foot as a prosodic constituent in determining segmental durations in Estonian, two types of data were examined. First, the duration of vowels in different positions within the foot and the word were examined to test the hypothesis that feet are isochronously timed in Estonian. A second experiment tested the hypothesis that the longest type of syllable (the overlong syllable) may, under some conditions, constitute a monosyllabic foot, another manifestation of isochrony. Several results emerged from the experiments. First, data from the nasals provided phonetic evidence for the view that utterances in Estonian consist of progressively larger domains or constituents: the syllable, the word, and the phrase. Not all of these domains, however, are equally well differentiated in terms of the phonetic properties examined in this paper. Second, tentative results suggest that certain durational properties are determined by the foot, while others appear to be a function of domains larger than the foot, in particular the word. Finally, stressed syllables are differentiated from unstressed syllables along subtle and typologically unusual, but nevertheless consistent, acoustic and articulatory parameters.* 1. -
Chapter 1 Theoretical Issues
Chapter 1 Theoretical issues —… no language has a rule stressing the penultimate syllable unless it begins with a voiced consonant, in which case one stresses the antepenultimate syllable“ (Hyman 1985: 96) —(Karo) stress can be predicted by the onset of the last syllable: if it is a voiced stop consonant, then the stress shifts one syllable to the left“ (Gabas 1999: 39) 1.1 Syllable weight The notion of syllable weight is pervasive in phonology. Everywhere we look there are data that make reference to it. The idea behind syllable weight is that depending on their structure, syllables are treated in a different way; thus if a syllable contains a long vowel or - in some languages - a short vowel followed by a coda consonant, then it is heavier than one including a short vowel, i.e. VV, VC > V. The effects of this distinction are most prominently seen in stress, where in many languages heavy syllables attract stress more than light ones. Importantly, VC is heavy in some languages, e.g. Hopi, but light in others, e.g. Lenakel (see below). In Hopi (Gussenhoven and Jacobs 2005: 145), the first syllable is stressed if it is heavy (C)VV or (C)VC [(1a)], but if it is (C)V light, then the second gets stress [(1b)]1. (1) Hopi: VV/VC=heavy; V=light a. q1q .t1.som.pi ‘headbands’ soÂ9.ja ‘planting stick’ b. q1.t1. som.pi ‘headband’ ko.jo. Mo ‘turkey’ 1 In this chapter, unless stated otherwise, the acute accent marks primary stress, the grave accent means secondary stress, and underlining denotes the reduplicated portion. -
A Contrastive Study Farah Hafedh Ibrahim College of Arts,Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Email : [email protected]
36 Syllables in English and Arabic : A contrastive Study Farah Hafedh Ibrahim College of Arts,Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Email : [email protected] Abstract The present study investigates syllables in both English and Arabic for the sake of revealing the similarities and differences between them in these two languages. The syllable is regarded as the basic unit or the building block of speech that has attracted the attention of English and Arab phoneticians. The present study tackles the nature of English and Arabic syllables, sheds light on some of the theories that described them as well as classifying them into types and describing their structure. The study arrives at the conclusion that there are many differences between syllables in English and syllables in Arabic. These differences concern the way syllables are viewed, their types and their structure. However, both languages consider the syllable to be the basic unit of speech. Phonetically, syllables are described in English as consisting of a centre which has little or no obstruction to airflow preceded and followed by great obstruction; whereas in Arabic, syllables are phonetically described as chest pulses. Keywords: Syllable; Syllable Nature; Syllable Type; Structure Introduction The term syllable, in English language, is not easy to define since it can be defined phonetically, or phonologically or both phonetically and phonologically. Starting with Ladefoged (2006:242) who describes the syllable as “the smallest unit of speech. Every utterance must contain at least one syllable”. He (ibid.) further states that speech is composed of segments such as vowels or consonants and these segments are considered to be aspects of the syllable. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
An Instrumental Study of Vowel Reduction and Stress Placement in Spanish-Accented English
SSLA. 11. 35-62. Printed in the United States of America. -------- -.- AN INSTRUMENTAL STUDY OF VOWEL REDUCTION AND STRESS PLACEMENT IN SPANISH-ACCENTED ENGLISH James Emil Flege Ocke-Schwen Bohn University of Alabama, Birmingham Morphophonological alternations in English words such as able versus ability involve changes in both stress and vowel quality. This study examined how native speakers of Spanish and English produced four such morphologically related English word pairs. Degree of stress and vowel quality was assessed auditorily and instrumentally. Stress placement generally seemed to constitute less of a learning problem for the native Spanish speakers than vowel reduction. The results suggest that Englishlike stress placement is acquired earlier than vowel reduction and that the ability to unstress vowels is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for vowel reduction. The magnitude of stress and vowel quality differences for the four word pairs suggests that L2 learners acquire stress placement and vowel reduction in English on a word-by-word basis. INTRODUCTION Many second language (12) learners retain a foreign accent long after achieving proficiency in other aspects of 12 production. A foreign accent may result from segmental substitutions of replica for model sounds as well as non-12-like rhythmic, intonational, and stress patterns (Flege, )984). Even though it is generally agreed that This study was supported by NIH grant NS20963-04. The authors would like to thank Sherry Sutphin for fabricating the pseudopalates and for data analysis. ~ 1969 Cambridge Univenity Press OZ7Z·Z63 1/69 $5.00 + .00 3S 36 James Emil Flege and Ocke-Schwen Bohn the use of full instead of reduced vowels in unstressed syllables may contribute impor• tantly to foreign accent and this phenomenon "is extremely typical" (Hammond, 1986) in Spanish-accented English, to our knowledge it has never been examined empirically. -
Morphological Sources of Phonological Length
Morphological Sources of Phonological Length by Anne Pycha B.A. (Brown University) 1993 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2004 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Sharon Inkelas (chair) Professor Larry Hyman Professor Keith Johnson Professor Johanna Nichols Spring 2008 Abstract Morphological Sources of Phonological Length by Anne Pycha Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Sharon Inkelas, Chair This study presents and defends Resizing Theory, whose claim is that the overall size of a morpheme can serve as a basic unit of analysis for phonological alternations. Morphemes can increase their size by any number of strategies -- epenthesizing new segments, for example, or devoicing an existing segment (and thereby increasing its phonetic duration) -- but it is the fact of an increase, and not the particular strategy used to implement it, which is linguistically significant. Resizing Theory has some overlap with theories of fortition and lenition, but differs in that it uses the independently- verifiable parameter of size in place of an ad-hoc concept of “strength” and thereby encompasses a much greater range of phonological alternations. The theory makes three major predictions, each of which is supported with cross-linguistic evidence. First, seemingly disparate phonological alternations can achieve identical morphological effects, but only if they trigger the same direction of change in a morpheme’s size. Second, morpheme interactions can take complete control over phonological outputs, determining surface outputs when traditional features and segments fail to do so. -
English Vowels Basic Vowel Description Tense And
Main vowel symbols of GA and WCE Front Central Back* Height [i] ‘beat’ [u] ‘boot’ higher high English vowels [I] ‘bit’ [U] ‘book’ lower high [e] ‘bait’ [o] ‘boat’ higher mid [E] ‘bet’ [´] ‘sofa’ [ç] ‘ bought, GA’ lower mid Narrow transcription [! ] ‘but’ [Å] ‘Bob, bought WCE’ higher low [Q] ‘bat’ [A] ‘Bob, GA’ lower low •Back vowels except [A] are rounded; the rest are unrounded • [Å] is described as lower low in your text and IPA. I’ll take either. It is ROUNDED • [e] and [o] are the first part (nucleus) of the diphthongs [ej] and [ow] 1 3 Basic vowel description Tense and Lax • The basic descriptors for vowels are HAR • English phonology traditionally makes the – Height distinction between tense and lax vowels – Advancement – This is not phonetically well-defined as a single – Rounding characteristic • It is useful to subdivide each height class into a – You just need to learn which vowels are classed as tense and lax ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ subdivision – You should learn all the heights in the next chart • This distinction based mainly on phonotactics – Phonotactics is the description of which sounds can occur together in a legal word or syllable of a language 2 4 Duration patterns tense and lax Occurrence of TENSE Vs vowels • Vowels called ‘tense’ occur freely at the ends of • Tense vowels are longer than lax vowels of the one syllable words same general height class i, ej, u, ow, Å ( A and ç in GA) /i/ longer than /I/ /u/ longer than /U/ • Also tense : aj, aw, çj /ej/ longer than /E/ • Examples : • The tense back vowels /ow/ and /Å/ (both /A/ and – ‘bee’, ‘bay’, ‘too’, ‘tow’ , ‘law’ ( ‘spa’ and ‘law’ in GA) /ç/ in GA) are longer than the lax central /! / • An exception to the ‘lax vowels shorter than tense’ is /Q/ – It is often as long as any other vowel 5 7 Length of tense v.