Secondary Stress Is Left Edge Marking Quentin Dabouis, Jean-Michel Fournier, Isabelle Girard

Ternarity is not an issue: Secondary stress is left edge marking Quentin Dabouis, Jean-Michel Fournier, Isabelle Girard

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Quentin Dabouis, Jean-Michel Fournier, Isabelle Girard. Ternarity is not an issue: Secondary stress is left edge marking. 4ème rencontre du GDRI PTA (Phonological Theory Agora), May 2017, Manch- ester, United Kingdom. halshs-02083607

HAL Id: halshs-02083607 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02083607 Submitted on 29 Mar 2019

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. MFM25 Fringe Meeting – PTA Dataset Workshop 24th May 2017, Manchester  Suffixal derivatives from free bases, which preserve the stress of their base (see Collie (2007); Dabouis (2016); Hammond (1989); Kiparsky (1979)); e.g. original TERNARITY IS NOT AN ISSUE: SECONDARY STRESS IS LEFT EDGE MARKING > orìginá lity  Compounds; e.g. brigadier-general, gender-specific, lady-in-waiting Quentin Dabouis1,2, Jean-Michel Fournier1,2 and Isabelle Girard1,3 ̀ ̀ ́ ̀ ́ ̀ ́ 1Laboratoire Ligérien de Linguistique (UMR 7270)  Neoclassical compounds, whose constituents are stress-invariant (Fournier 2010; 2Université de Tours – 3Université du Littoral-Côte d’Opale Guierre 1979); e.g. à goraphó bic, larỳ ngoló gical, ò rthochromá tic

Another group of words was left out because they can be related to another form in English, Claim: Secondary stress is only marginally determined by segmental parameters and mainly although they may not be morphologically derived from it (e.g. comè dié nne ↔ comé dian, marks the left edge of the word. Illù miná ti ↔ illú minate; see full list in Appendix 1). 1. SECONDARY STRESS: TWO APPROACHES Some with rather obscure morphology, which could potentially be accessed by speakers,

were also left out (e.g. Guàdaljá ra, Guàdalcaná l, Hà rdicanú te (< Canú te); see Appendix 2 In the approach adopted here, stressed syllables are those indicated in pronouncing for the full list). In these words, whenever the leftmost constituent is dissyllabic, stress is on dictionaries such as Wells (2008) or Jones (2006). These are syllables which generally the first syllable (e.g. Guà dalquivir, Hà rdicanú te, Fuè rteventú ra). receive pitch accents in discourse and all full vowels can be stressed or unstressed.1 ́

The position of secondary stress is: 3. RELEVANT DATA  determined by segmental, moraic and/or foot structures (Burzio 1994; Hammond 1999; Pater 2000) The final set is composed of 142 words, including 85 proper names (see Appendix 3 for the  left edge marking, which is consistent with: full list). o the fact that English words generally begin with a stressed syllable (Cutler Six words have two secondary stresses: & Carter 1987) o the history of English: preservation of Germanic root-initial stress /(2)2-/: condottiere, chinoiserie, aggiornamento (Fournier 2007) /22-/: Constantinople, Rhosllanerchrugog o the concept of Edge Prominence in van der Hulst (2012) /2020-/: Antananarivo The remaining 136 words are stressed as follows: 2. THE DATA

First syllable only 100 (74%) Many studies on English phonology are based on limited samples whose representativeness 119 First or second syllable (87%) of the whole empirical record could be questioned. 19 (14%) 36 We constituted an exhaustive set of words with at least three pre-tonic syllables, free from Second syllable only 17 (13%) (26%) morphological biases: Overall: left edge marking.  Semantically transparent prefixes, which can have their own phonological domain, Question: What can account for the cases which may have /02-/? (Kaye 1995; Raffelsiefen 1999; Szpyra 1989); e.g. interrelá te, misà pprehé nd, ̀ ̀ rè ìntrodú ce

1 It may be more appropriate to talk about “accented” syllables (see Dabouis 2016: §3.1 and Fox 2000: §3 for discussion). 1

4. THE ROLE OF SEGMENTAL STRUCTURE 4.3. Initial onset A number of segmental variables were tested. Three turned out to be related to the position If we consider only the words for which both syllables are open: of secondary stress. With Without /02-/ possible /20-/ only /02-/ possible /20-/ only 4.1. Closed second syllable Initial onset 12 (15%) 66 (85%) 11 (17%) 53 (83%) Onsetless When the second syllable is closed, /02-/ is possible in all 9 cases: 13 (48%) 14 (52%) 11 (44%) 14 (56%) Total 25 (24%) 80 (76%) 22 (25%) 67 (75%) amontillado, Anaximander, Balenciaga, conquistador, Monongahela, Seringapatam, There is a significant difference between words with an onset and those without, whether we Ticonderoga, Valenciennes, Vientiane include orthographic geminates (χ²=10.131, p<0.002) or not (χ²=5.5791, p<0.05).

Examples: 4.2. Closed first syllable /02-/ possible /20-/ only The effect of syllable closure can also be observed in the first syllable: when it is closed, we Initial onset chiaroscuro Coriololanus cabriolet caricature have /20-/ in 19/20 words (95%): Navratilova taramasalata Peloponnese Tarahumara Antofagasta, Bandaranaike, Calvocoressi, consigliere, entrepreneur, Escorial, espionage, Onsetless aficionado Eleonora abracadabra Arimathaea fanfaronade, intrapreneur, Ordzhonikidze, Pantagruel, Pantelleria, Penthesilea, Epaminondas inamorata Eleanora elecampane prestidigitation, Quetzalcoatl, Trincomalee, tsutsugamushi, Valpolicella, Yoknapatawpha, Ystalyfera 5. CONCLUSION One exception: Pantelleria (but see below on orthographic geminates) Once morphologically questionable items are excluded, initial stress is predominant as it is Only one case for which both syllables are closed: conquistador /0100/ ~ /0201/ ~ /2001/ the only possible pattern for 74% of words and it is a possible pattern for 87% of words.

A closed second syllable opens the possibility of having /02-/. Orthographic geminates A closed first syllable stabilizes stress on the first syllable. Orthographic geminates behave like consonant clusters:

 /02-/ with in the second syllable: Pantelleria, boutonniere, appoggiatura,  Cf. the systematic role of consonant clusters in primary stress placement in acciaccatura Modern Latin words and borrowings (Fournier 2010a,b)  /20-/ with in the first syllable: Ballymacarrett, Carriacou, Cassiopeia, Cassivelaunus, didgeridoo, hullabaloo, millefiori, mulligatawny, Passamaquoddy, Small effect of onsetlessness. Tippecanoe, Torremolinos, Valladolid, Winnipesaukee This is not the first time orthographic geminates have been reported to influence phonology (see Burzio 1994: 56-57; Chomsky & Halle 1968:148; Giegerich 1999: 231; Guierre 1979: 285-286; Liberman & Prince 1977; Stockwell & Minkova 2001: 173).

References Appendices

BURZIO, L. (1994). Principles of English Stress. New York: Cambridge University Press. CHOMSKY, N. & HALLE, M. (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. Cambridge, MA, London, England: Appendix 1: Words related to a free form MIT Press. cò nversazió ne ↔ cò nversá tion extravagá nza /02-/ ~ /22-/ ↔ extrá vagant COLLIE, S. (2007). English Stress Preservation and Stratal Optimality Theory. Ph.D. dissertation. incommunicado ↔ incommunicative restaurateur2 ↔ restaurant University of Edinburgh. ̀ ̀ ́ ̀ ́ ̀ ́ ́ comedienne ↔ comedian equestrienne ↔ equestrian CUTLER, A. & CARTER, D. M. (1987). The Predominance of Strong Initial Syllables in the English ̀ ́ ́ ̀ ́ ́ Vocabulary. Computer Speech & Language, 2(3–4), 133–142. intelligé ntsia /02-/ ~ /22-/ ↔ inté lligence lìtteraté ur ↔ líterate DABOUIS, Q. (2016). L’accent secondaire en anglais britannique contemporain. Ph.D. dissertation. matè rié l (~ /0100/) ↔ material rà tioná le ↔ rá tional Université François-Rabelais de Tours. tragè dié nne ↔ tragé dian FOURNIER, J.-M. (2007). From a Latin syllable-driven stress system to a Romance versus Germanic Antonioni /20-/ ~ /02-/ ↔ Antonio Ecclesiastes, Ecclesiasticus ↔ ecclesia morphology-driven dynamics: in honour of Lionel Guierre. Language Sciences, 29, 218–236. ́ ̀ ́ ̀ ́ ́ Illuminati ↔ illuminate Louisiana /02-/ ~ /20-/ ↔ Louis, Louise FOURNIER, J.-M. (2010a). Accentuation lexicale et poids syllabique en anglais : l’analyse erronée de ̀ ́ ́ ́ ́ ́ Chomsky et Halle. Paper presented at the 8th RFP conference at the University of Orléans (july). Thè odorá kis ↔ Thé odore Trìpolitá nia ↔ Trípoli URL: Hispanió la /20-/ ~ /02-/ ↔ Hispá nic (Hispano- /010/ ~ /100/) http://www.jeanmichelfournier.com/Files/Other/2010%20PP%20RFP%20Accent%20et%20poids%20syllabiq ue.pdf FOURNIER, J.-M. (2010b). Manuel d’anglais oral. Paris: Ophrys. Apò lliná ire, Apò lliná ris, Apò llodó rus ↔ Apó llo FOX, A. (2000). Prosodic Features and Prosodic Structure. New York: Oxford University Press. Àlamogó rdo ↔ Álamo Chà teaubriá nd (US /02-/) ↔ chá teau (US /01/) GIEGERICH, H. J. (1999). Lexical Strata in English: Morphological Causes, Phonological Effects. Afghanistan /0100/ ~ /0201/ ~ /2001/ ↔ Áfghan, afghá ni Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Balù chistá n ~ /0100/ ↔ Balú chi Tadzhìkistá n ↔ Tadzhik /01/ ~ /10/ GUIERRE, L. (1979). Essai sur l’accentuation en anglais contemporain : Eléments pour une synthèse. Turkmenistan /20-/ ~ /02-/ ↔ Turkmen Ù zbekistan ↔ Ú zbek Ph.D. dissertation. Université Paris-VII. ́ ́ ́ Waziristan ↔ Wazir3 HAMMOND, M. (1989). Cyclic Secondary Stresses in English. In Proceedings of the annual meeting of ̀ ́ ́ the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (Vol. 8, pp. 139–153). Stanford, California: Stanford Linguistics Association, Stanford University. Àllahabá d ↔ Allah /10/ ~ /01/ Hỳ derabá d ↔ Hý der ?? HAMMOND, M. (1999). The Phonology of English: A Prosodic Optimality-Theoretic Approach. (J. Jallà labá d ↔ Jalá l4 Durand, Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. JONES, D. (2006). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (17th ed). Cambridge: Cambridge Mè diterrá nean ↔ mé di(o)- cf. mé difixed, mè dio-dó rsal University Press. Mesopotamia ↔ meso- cf. mesolect, meso-dorsal KAYE, J. (1995). Derivations and interfaces. Frontiers of Phonology, 289–332. ̀ ́ ́ ́ ̀ ́ KIPARSKY, P. (1979). Metrical Structure Assignment is Cyclic. Linguistic Inquiry, 10(3), 421–441. Mò ntefió re, Mò ntevidé o (~ /20100/) ↔ Mó nte LIBERMAN, M. & PRINCE, A. (1977). On Stress and Linguistic Rhythm. Linguistic Inquiry, 8(2), 249– 336. Appendix 2: Words with obscure morphology PATER, J. (2000). Non-uniformity in English Secondary Stress: the Role of Ranked and Lexically Àbergavé nny, Àbertillé ry cf. Ábercrò mbie (~ /2010/), Àberdé en, Àberné thy Specific Constraints. Phonology, 17, 237–274. Guà daljá ra, Guà dalcaná l, Guà dalquivír RAFFELSIEFEN, R. (1999). Diagnostics for Prosodic Words Revisited: The Case of Historically Prefixed Words in English. In T. A. Hall & U. Kleinhenz (Eds.), Studies on the Phonological Word (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 174) (pp. 133–201). Amsterdam: John Benjjamins Publishing. Ahè nobá rbus Bophuthatswá na /20-/ ~ /02-/ (< Tswá na) STOCKWELL, R. & MINKOVA, D. (2001). English Words: History and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge Dnè propetró vsk (< Petró vsk) Fuè rteventú ra (< Ventú ra) University Press. Hà rdicanú te (< Canú te) Risò rgimé nto SZPYRA, J. (1989). The Morphology-Phonology Interface: Cycles, Levels and Words. London & New York: Routledge.

VAN DER HULST, H. (2012). Deconstructing Stress. Lingua, 122(13), 1494–1521. WELLS, J. C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed). London: Longman.

2 The relationship with restaurant is supported by the alternative pronunciation [ˌrestərɒnˈtɜː]. 4 Source: http://www.pronouncenames.com/pronounce/Jalal 3 Source: OED [online] 3

Appendix 3: Relevant data Words with stress on the first syllable only Words with stress on the second syllable only abracadabra Cunobelinus Machiavelli Popocatepetl acciaccatura chiaroscuro Mpumalanga aguardiente didgeridoo mademoiselle prestidigitation aficionado divertimento Scheherazade Antofagasta Donaghadee Magherafelt profiterole amanuensis Epaminondas Seringapatam Aotearoa Ediacaran marchioness Quetzalcoatl aperitif Idomeneo Tegucigalpa appoggiatura lavaliere Vientiane Apalachicola Eleanora marihuana rodomontade Balenciaga Monongahela Arimathaea elecampane marionette Sacajawea asarabacca eleemosynary millefiori Sardanapalus Words with variable stress Azerbaijan entrepreneur mujaheddin sarsaparilla Ahasuerus egalitarian repetiteur Ballymacarrett Escorial mulligatawny Savonarola amontillado Eleonora taramasalata Bandaranaike espionage Nakhichevan Semipalatinsk Anaximander inamorata Tiananmen Bartolommeo inamorato Ticonderoga Birobidzhan Fanagalo Nebuchadnezzar Shijiazhuang boutonniere Iphigenia Valenciennes Boadicea fanfaronade Novosibirsk tagliatelle conquistador Navratilova cabriolet Haleakala Nukuʻalofa Tarahumara Coriolanus Pantelleria cafetière Halicarnassus Okefenokee Tippecanoe Calvocoressi Hercegovina Ordzhonikidze tiramisu carabinieri hullabaloo Pantagruel Torremolinos caricature intrapreneur Papiamento Trincomalee Carriacou ipecacuanha Paraburdoo tsutsugamushi Cassiopeia jaborandi Passamaquoddy Valladolid Cassivelaunus jardiniere Peloponnese Valpolicella casuarina Kalamazoo Peloponnesus Winnipesaukee catamaran Kilimanjaro Penthesilea Woolloomooloo certiorari Laodamia pichiciago/pichiciego Ynysybwl consigliere Laodicea Pitjantjatjara Yoknapatawpha Copacabana Liliburlero pococurante Ystalyfera