1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5847. By Mr. RIVERS: By Mr. SCOTT of Pennsylvania: By Mr. CARNAHAN: H. R. 6952. A bill to authorize the transfer H.J. Res. 311. Joi;nt resolution establish­ H. R. 6963. A bill for the relief of Mr::;. Elba of naval vessels to friendly foreign countries; ing a United States Academy of Foreign Serv­ Haverstick Cash; to the Committee on the to the Committee on Armed Services. ice; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Judiciary. By Mr. SILER: By Mr. FASCELL: H. R. 6953. A bill to amend the Internal H. R. 6964. A bill for the relief of Maria Revenue Code of 1954 to impose an import MEMORIALS Zaharis; to the Committee on the Judici­ tax on natural gas; to the Committee on Under clause 4 of rule XXII, memorials ary. Ways and Means. By Mr. LATHAM: By Mr. SCOTT of Pennsylvania: were presented and referred as follows: H. R. 6965. A bill for the relief of Carmen H . R. 6954. A bill to authorize the United By Mr. ALBERT: Memorial of the State Cruz-Sexton; to the Committee on the Judi­ States Court of Claims by its rules to create Legislature of Oklahoma relative to the de­ ciary. and to prescribe the functions and duties of velopment of the coal industry; to the Com­ By Mr. O'HARA of Illinois: trial and appellate divisions; to the Commit­ mittee on \Vays and Means. H. R. 6966. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Avis tee on the Judiciary. By Mr. PRICE: Memorial of the 70th Gen­ M. Barnard; to the Committee on the Judici­ By Mr. VAN ZANDT: eral Assembly, State of Illinois, approving ary. H. R. 6955. A bill to provide a vitalized and and supporting the decision of the United By Mr. SCRIVNER: equitable reserve program for the Armed States Suprame Court in the school segrega­ H. R. 6967. A bill for the relief of Brani­ Forces, and for other purposes; to the Com­ tion cases; to the Committee on Education slava Jancetovic; to the Committee on the mittee on Armed Serviqes. and Labor. Judiciary. H. R. 6956. A bill to provide for a suitable By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the ·Legis­ By Mr. TEAGUE of California: and distinctive lapel button which may be lature of the State of California, memorializ­ H. R. 6968. A bill for the relief of Velid worn by veterans of the Korean hostilities; ing the President and the Congress of the Mehmed Dag; to the Committee on the Judi­ to the Committee on Armed Services. United States relative to compensation of ciary. By Mr. BOGGS: postal employees; to the Committee on Post By Mr. WILSON of California: H. R. 6957. A bill to amend section 1033 of Office and Civil Service. the Internal Revenue Code of 1954; to the H. R. 6969. A b111 for the relief of Luz Ver­ Committee on Ways and Means. dugo Campbell; to the Committee on the By Mr. BERRY: PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Judiciary. H. R. 6958. A bill to provide that certain By Mr. WILSON of Indiana: lands shall be held in trust for the Oglala Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private H. R. 6970. A bill for the relief of C. A. Sioux Tribe in South Dakota; to the Com­ bills and resolutions were introduced and Nolan; to the Committee on the Judiciary. mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs. severally referred as follows: By Mr. BOYKIN: By Mr. ANFUSO: H. R. 6959. A bill to authorize the Secretary H. R. 6960. A bill for the relief of John PETITIONS, ETC. of the Interior to cooperate with Federal and Baltrusaitis (Baltrusaitieni); to the Com­ non-Federal agencies in the augmentation of .mittee on the Judiciary. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, natural food supplies for migratory water­ By Mr. BRAY: 207. Mr. BRAY presented a petition of Miss fowl; to the Committee on Merchant Marine H. R. 6961. A bill for the relief of Walter Grace A. Wright and 31 others, of the Metho­ and Fisheries. H. Beny; to the Committee on the Judici­ dist Home, Franklin, Ind., in favor of legis­ By Mr. CANNON: ary. lation to prohibit alcoholic beverage adver­ H.J. Res. 310. Joint resolution making ad­ By Mr. BROYHILL (by request): tising over the air or in the channels of in­ ditional appropriations for the fiscal year . H. R. 6962. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Al­ terstate commerce, which was referred to 1957, and for other purposes; to the Commit­ ston P. Coughlin, and others; to the Com­ the Committee on Interstate and Foreign tee on Appropriations. mittee on the Judiciary. Commerce.

E X T E N. S I 0 N S 0 F R E M A R K S

Washington Report by Bruce Alger pay the cost, thus relieving the taxpayer. We ment was already in escrow in a United must decide soon-and the people are con­ States bank, so Britain had the money; (2) cerned-whether in many Government serv­ a just-announced British tax cut of $280 mil­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS ices we pay our way or charge it to Uncle lion suggested they could pay (and we could OF Sam, and like the ostrich with head in sand, cut our taxes); (3) over $8,000 million in pretend it is not costing us, all the while de­ economic aid plus untold billions in military HON. BRUCE ALGER manding budget cuts. aid had earlier gone to Britain; (4) we are in OF TEXAS The House passed the Export-Import Bank effect supporting Britain's welfare programs. Act extending the expiration date 5 years The vote was divided without pattern, but IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES from 1958 to 1963. The bank, financed by it passed 218 to 167. I voted against it. Tuesday, April 16, 1957 United States dollars, has made loans of A trip by our Interstate Committee mem­ $5,277,000,000 to 68 countries as aid to United bers through the United Aircraft plant build­ Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, as a weekly States trade in manufactured and agricul­ ing, the Pratt & Whitney aircraft engine and service to my constituents I report most tural products. Charging interest sufficient Sikorsky helicopter at Hartford and Bridge­ briefly the week's legislative and Con­ to repay the Treasury 2%, percent, the Bank port, Conn., a.dded to our aircraft knowledge. gressional activities in which I partici­ has lost only $500,000 with $9 million in loans The J-57 and J-75 jet engines being teste(i pate. The following is the current past due, and has paid its own expenses, were regular infernos of power (a horsepower report: which are 1.7 percent of gross income, while now roughly requires two ounces of en­ building a reserve of $435 million. This pro­ gine weight, as blades whirl 11,000 revolu­ WASHINGTON REPORT gram has been one of the Government's more ·tions per minute) . The helicopter fiights (By Congressman BRUCE ALGER, Fifth District, businesslike arrangements. were magic carpetlike as we went almost Texas) The a.mendment of Anglo-American finan­ straight up and down in traveling between The Department of Commerce and related cial agreement, the British loan, posed a real airports. Shuttle services will soon be prev­ agencies appropriation bill for 1958 was re­ question. The Great Britain loan of $4,472 alent throughout the country. Igor Si· duced $69 million (9% percent) below 1957 million requires a 50-year annual payment of korsky was as interesting as his fabulous en­ expenditures and $218 million (25 percent) principal and interest of $138 million with gineering reputation would suggest. He en­ below the budget request. Savings thus far an option of canceling the interest portion thusiastically reminisced about his early this year in six appropriations now total (approximately $81 million) if certain trade helicopter, "A fine machine. Its only $1,039,000,000 (7.2 percent of $14,300,000,000). and currency conditions prevail making re­ fault-it wouldn't fly." They fly now-all Really impressive savings-that is, cutting payment difficult. Now Britain wants to sizes and styles. below 1957 expenses-are infinitesimally cancel this year's payment or work out a new The CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of April 8 car­ small. Government is still growing, more agreement, hence this amendment. The ries a Dallas constituent's letter to a fellow than the population increase, most discour­ amendment would set up a new formula per­ Texas Congressman (which be then put in aging. In the CAA portion of the bill air mitting postponement of payment. Argu­ the RECORD), commenting on and approving traffic safety will be increased with more radar ments for: ( 1) A better chance of our being the courage of the Member who opposes Fed­ control and personnel on the airways traffic repaid; (2) A needed ally needs help; (3) _eral handouts when, most tempting of all, lanes. The suggestion bas been made that Secretary Humphrey favored it. Arguments the Federal money is for his own district. those aircraft using the airways could help against: (1) The $81 million interest pay- To this constituent, and many other Dallas 5848 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 16 residents for recognizing the problem and try's great crisis. Neither did rooster In spite of man, it was, anyway. The in­ commending me, my thanks. Yes, it is feathers originate with Paul Revere in fluence of that life thunders through tough, and public understanding and ap­ the early evening of the night of his time. proval are necessary. General Twining; the new head of the famous midnight ride. It could never It might be well for us to review each Joint Chiefs of Staff, joined several of us have been invented by Joan of Arc that year at this time, Mr. Speaker, errors tor breakfast this week. We listened and evening before she rode out to deliver in the trial of Jesus. questioned him concerning defense plans. her people yonder in France in their time It is said that our Bill of Rights, scru­ He stressed the three roads we are simul­ .of great need. These last-named people pulously observed, guaranteed life, lib­ taneously traveling in military preparedness were serious and effective patriots with erty, and the pursuit of happiness, and developing (1) conventional weapons, (2) sober and far-reaching objectives ahead that under our Bill of Rights the tragedy nuclear weapons, and (3) guided missiles of of them. And none saw fit to have all types. No wonder the expense. of 2,000 years ago could not be repeated Several items suggesting further legisla­ rooster feathers in the critical hours of today, or ever. tive squabbles: The Postal Department-Con­ those great undertakings and historic Errors in the trial of Jesus are said gress struggle over increased money needs achievements. to be so well known that they need not versus reduced service; foreign-aid money to Does a Representative or Senator or be repeated here. -be partially put in the military and re­ high governmental official really need moved from congressional scrutiny; Walter rooster feathers to sustain him or enter­ Reuther's "less work for more pay" an.­ tain him in his times of wrestling with nouncement, completely overlooking the need .the problems of his day and age? The for "increased productivity" only making it United States Naval Academy Nutritional all possible (not Federal law or the bargain• correct answer is no, of course. ·Foo.ds for the Brigade of Midshipmen 1ng table.) · Rooster feathers tends to make women silly and men belligerent. Rooster feathers is a friend of frivolity EXTENSION OF REMARKS and failure. OF Rooster Feathers in Washington Rooster feathers is an enemy of all serious endeavor. HON. RICHARD E. LANKFORD Rooster feathers has no ally in heaven OF MARYLAND EXTENSION OF REMARKS but many good friends in hell. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF Rooster feathers in Washington never Tuesday, April 16, 1957 gave America her greatness or strength HON. EUGENE SILER or fame or continuity but is certainly an Mr. LANKFORD. Mr. Speaker, as a OF KENTUCKY member of the Board of Visitors to the effective force to curtail all of these here United States Naval Academy, and as a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES at the very center of our country's heart­ ·Member of a Congress which constantly Tuesday, April 16, 1957 beat. and properly has an ear attuned to econ­ Mr. SILER. Mr. Speaker, the word omy, I feel that Congress should be ap­ ''cocktail" originally meant the rear end Errors in the Trial of Jesus prised of a program now underway at the of a rooster. And the word's basic mean­ Naval Academy which is designed not only to contribute to the welfare of the ing right now could be expressed in the - EXTENSION OF REMARKS phrase, "Rooster feathers," according to midshipmen, but to do so without add­ the makeup of cocktail, rhetorically and OF ing to the costs of operating the Acad­ in literal syllable. HON. ALFRED D. SIEMINSKI emy. Much has been said or written about OF NEW JERSEY It has often been said that an army marches on its stomach; the same holds the Washington cocktail party, or rooster IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTA'I'.IVES _ feathers, as this function has been car­ true, and even more so, for a growing ried out during the past two decades, Tuesday, April 16, 1957 young man being developed into a naval particularly after liquor became legalized Mr. SIEMINSKI. Mr. Speaker, this is officer. and glamorized in President Roosevelt's Easter Week. It is Holy Week. It is Admiral Smedberg, Superintendent of first term. Now when a Congressman is the time of the Passover, too. It is the the Naval Academy, long has been con­ invited out to rooster feathers in Wash­ most solemn week of the year. cerned with the many complex problems ington and the function appears to be People slow down. Strife ebbs. Stores involved in providing 4,000 calories a day tied in with something he should rightly close. People eat less. They think of nutritional foods for the 3,600-man attend, he could always try to get there more. brigade of midshipmen at a daily ration about the time rooster feathers is over. It is a time meant for man to con­ of $1.35. But if he gets in before the tail end of template on the direction of life in rela­ To assist in this problem, General the rooster's tail, then he could very well tion to that of the Lord. Foods Corporation was asked by the hunt for some sparkling ginger ale or Easter Week gives man the time to Academy to loan the services of one of its some good red tomato juice for a little turn back the pages of life and to re­ four institutional dietitians, Miss Gerry honest nourishment while some of the view them in the quiet of his heart, ask­ de Mauro, to create nutritional salads remaining gigglers are closing up on ing strength to a·1oid in the future what and desserts with sufficient eye appeal rooster feathers with manifest evidence might not read too well in the past. and taste appeal that the midshipmen of drooping feathers and minus any re­ Easter means many things to many would eat these dishes with the same rel­ maining crow after too many ounces of people. ish they apply to steak. Old Crow. . The question is, Could it mean more According to Commissary Officer Louis Sometimes a person may wonder about to the Congress and to the courts of the W. Le Forge, Jr., the result has been a the historic background or early origin United States? Could the impact of contented brigade, a great reduction in of rooster feathers. Did Nero start Easter, let us say, cause the Congress the volume of food left on their plates­ rooster feathers as he worked out his and the courts to stay execution of any and lower costs. To cite only one exam­ fiddling technique just before the oc­ death sentence until the week after ple, Miss de Mauro showed the Academy casion of the burning of Rome? Or did Easter? The week after Easter would cooks how to reduce the cost of each Pontius Pilate establish rooster feathers be the only week in which a life could lemon meringue pie by 7 cents, and since as he considered his final order of execu­ be legally snuffed out in our land. 700 pies are devoured at a single sitting, tion against the Saviour? Or did rooster This would give all pause for thought. this represents a substantial saving. feathers start much later, say when The question is, Would it have its The personnel of the Academy cer­ Benedict Arnold got some of his friends proper influence on society, on Congress, tainly deserve commendation for the together during the last week before he and the courts? foresight shown in improving the physi­ carried out his predatory plot? Cer­ Had this idea prevailed in the Holy cal well-being of the midshipmen. Miss tainly George Washington had no rooster Week 2,000 years ago, Pontius Pilate de Mauro and General Foods rate a hand feathers party when he got ready to cross would not have washed his hands and the for donating their services to make this the Delaware in the hour of our coun- life· of the Lord might have been ·spared. accomplishment possible. 1!157 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5849 The Federal Budget nomic position, ·can never hope to be~ ciety this Nation has experienced in come self-supporting and capable of re­ many decades-. It is a solemn reminder EXTENSION OF REMARKS sisting aggression. to legislators and executives alike that OP In much of our foreign economic aid overmanned Government. reckless we are succeeding temporarily only be­ spending, huge national debt, and a con­ HON. WILL E. NEAL cause we have insisted on "upping the fiscatory tax system have reached the OF WEST VIRGINIA ante" and even there, because of the pre­ point of intolerance by the people whose IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ponderance of have-nots, Communist in­ substance is being confiscated without filtraters promising better things are consent and dissipated with little or no Tuesday, April 16, 1957 steadily laying the groundwork for the accounting, Mr.- NEAL. Mr. Speaker, when the eventful day when they can assume­ Little wonder-less tha.n 30 years ago people of America in a nationwide dominant control. the total cost of Federal Government movement spontaneously disapprove a In areas such as these we cannot re­ was less than the yearly interest pay-. Federal budget involving heretofore un­ ject the possibility that aid in the forri ment on the national debt today. Our heard of expenditures, Government ad­ of armaments insufficient in amount and total debt, less than $20 billion. is now ministrators can draw but one conclu- incapable of resisting aggression may in $275 billion, nearly $2,000 for eve~·y man, .sion. The hard-pressed taxpayer is out the end be turned against us in the final woman, and child. Social welfare has to get relief. test of strength. become costly, sure enough, but it takes What the average American does not The time has come when the United only about 15 percent of our taxes. It realize is how the Congress and execu­ States must look well to her own sur­ is the military and foreign aid expendi­ tive departments have over the years, vival. Continued spending of our money tures that create the real burden. And partly at the request of the people and and substance, accompanied by increas­ the deeper we become involved the less largely through their indifference, ing infiation with its cheapening mone­ national security against Communist ag­ legalized far-reaching Government tary system and a breakdown of Federal gression and the nearer we seem to ap­ functions calling for annual increases in and industrial pension systems, can proach dangers of military involvement. employees and salaries as well as. facili­ place the unsuspecting people of the The program is so big, so unwieldly, so ties for administration. United States in the position of the have­ devoid of permanent policy. _ Now that the people have demanded nots, when we, too, may fall to the com­ Only now are we beginning to realize the Congress reduce the budget, the munistic theory that only the state can how futile are our highly humanitarian Congress in turn is face to face with the successfully provide for us. dreams that young America can make embarrassing problem of trying to re­ We cannot reasonably advoeate scrap­ over the world in its own likeness or that duce expenditures for services and agen­ ping either our defense budget of our permanent allies and stanch friends are cies created by its own ill-considered foreign aid economic programs. But developed by bolstering bankrupt, totter­ legislation. To cut out established agen­ there is much waste in our defense oper­ ing ruling cliques in lands where sup­ cies, even though they serve a small mi­ ations which can be recovered. There are pressed individuals have never been nority of our citizens, would severely savings to be accomplished by elimina­ harmless to the world save when under test the judgment of members who di­ tion of duplications. There are untold strong dictatorial governments. rectly represent these favored constitu­ economies to be made by application of Let us ease away from sentiment and ents and must look to them for reelec­ commonsense and frugality in the ad­ turn back to reality. Let us begin now to tion. ministration of each branch of our De­ curtail our foreign aid. So when Government has become so fense Establishment. all-embracing that social and welfare As to foreign economic aid, many im­ benefits, all regularly distributed to- such portant missions have practically com­ a large percent of the population, get so pleted the work originally assigned them. Federal Aid to Education numerous and so large, congressional ef­ Instead of using downright pressure for forts to cut the budget are severely-lim­ new projects in governments to which ited, leaving only two .approaches: first, they have been assigned. they should be EXTENSION OF REMARKS cease hiring more employees, and sec­ ordered home. Aid of this nature should 011' ond, postpone the authorization of agen­ be well plac~d with every assurance on HON. JOHN V. BEAMER cies and projects until they can safely part of the recipient area that their own be executed-after our defense and over­ contributions will be faithfully complied OF INDIANA seas operations become less indispensa­ with. The estimated cost of many of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ble. these projects is often increased many. Tuesday, April 16, 1957 This plan, strictly adhered to, can fold by failure of the contract nation to Mr. BEAMER. Mr. Speaker, under bring about sufficient budget require­ fulfill its pledge. unanimous consent I wish to include in ments to provide a tax cut for all our How unrealistic can a people become? the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the following people. How far must fundamental rules of article which appeared in the April 1957 But the big reductions, the ones that human behavior be sidestepped before issue of the American Legion magazine: count, can come only through a j'Udicious truth and sanity reassert themselves to FEDERAL Am TO EDuCATION reappraisal of our commitments for na­ turn the tide of riotous, self-destroying May I compliment the American Legion tional defense and foreign economic aid. conduct of our national aifairs leading on its stand for sound Americanism. It is In all these years if foreign-aid programs blindly into dissolution and bankruptcy? apparent that veterans, as a group who had succeeded in accomplishing what we The sprawling, spendthrift Federal fought to retain freedom, stand ready to expected, our present relations with na­ Government for the first time in a gen­ fight against any principles that would lose tions of the world should be far more eration is reading in no uncertain terms those f"reedoms. This is the reason that I satisfactory and with much less danger clear evidence that a major proportion am proud to have been a continuous member to world peace than now appears. of thinking Americans aroused over the of the American Legion since our local post was chartered. We have seen former world powers. questionable stability of their future wel­ A symbol of thfs freedom fight ls your our allies, reduced to dependencies. We fare, are voluntarily proclaiming their continuous opposition to Federal aid to edu­ have witnessed formerly impotent na­ conviction that as a nation we have cation. With many others I have been con­ tions, rising to the point of self-expres­ reached the point beyond which it is. cerned about the excessive growth of our sion, assume the attitude of threatening dangerous to tread. Federal Government and its attempts to nations, resorting to blackmail methods Never before has public criticism of a assume too many functions that l'ightfully to throw their self-styled neutralism to peacetime budget been so volatile. and belong to the States and . to local govern­ the Communist cause unless we outdo ments. never before have Members of Congress One such attempted usurpation of author­ their material demands, and we have and department heads been more con.. ity is this repeated effort to authorize the seen the only other major world power scious of reactionary critics among their Federal Government to assume control of successfully infiltrating smaller strug­ constituents. It is the most fortunate the public-school system. If this movement gling nations which, by their very eco- public demonstration of a democratic so- is permitted to grow. then too soon we can CIII--369 5850 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 16 expect Government schools with thought (3) Loans to States for construc- (All groups appear to regard the Hungarian control instead of public schools ~ith free­ tion (33.0 percent)------4, 295 problem as strictly a United Nations affair dom of thought. (4) Scholarships for colleges and uni­ and believe that our assistance should be Equally important would be the effect on versities (15.4 percent)------l, 999 confined to charity and relief supplies.) the several States and on local initiative. (5) Assistance to lower interest rates 9. Do you think we should have stronger Our home State of Indiana (and I understand on school bonds (41.3 percent)_ 5, 379 civil rights legislation on a Federal" basis or this is true of all of the States) has been (6) Nothing (11.6 percent)------1, 514 let the States handl.e their own problems? able to supply all of the necessary classrooms (7) Other (2.6 percent)------332 (1) State (52.2 percent)------6,790 without Federal aid. In doing so, millions (All groups listed numbers 5 and 3 in that (2) Federal (30.7 percent)------3, 996 of dollars have been saved for the taxpayers. order as their first two choices.) (3) Other (2.4 percent)------317 Whenever any of our tax dollars travel from 4. We need the following improvements in (All groups gave a slim majority to the our home State to Washington, and then are our Social Security laws: principle that the question of civil rights is returned back to us, these same dollars primarily a State problem.) have shrunk to a small fraction of the origi­ (1) Lower retirement age for men and 10. If prices and wages continue to rise naL amount. women (46.1 percent)------5, 997 we should: (2) Allow increased outside earnings There are justified complaints on the size (1) Impose price and wage controls of the present proposed Federal budget. The ( 59.8 percent)------7, 784 (3) Increase minimum benefits (43.5 percent)------5, 665 proposal to provide Federal aid to schools (2) Investigate unions and corpora- would add to this burden. Thus, savings (30.9 percent)------4, 019 ( 4) Pay full benefits regardless of tions alike (63.8 percent) ______8,307 to the taxpayers should be a serious consid­ (3) Have tighter credit controls (31.6 eration. other pension income (38.9 percent)------5,059 percent)------4,107 JOHN V. BEAMER, (4) (5) Other (3.8 percent)------499 Do nothing (2.1 percent)------279 Member of Congress from (5) other (2.7 percent)------357 Fifth District, Indiana. (Workers voted 64 percent to lower retire­ ment age but all other groups gave absolute (Almost all groups listed Nos. 2 and 1 in majorities for increases outside earnings. that order as their choices. Workers voted Housewives voted for it 70.5 percent.) 66 percent for No. 2 and 48 percent for No. 1. Business voted 65 percent for No. 2 and 40 Annual Congressional P oil 5. Our immigration laws need tlle follow­ ing changes: percent for No. 1. Only the professional peo­ ple endorsed credit controls over price-wage (1) More immigrants permitted per controls.) EXTENSION OF REMARKS year (4.2 percent)______543 OF Congressman BENTLEY expressed his deep (2) Revise quota system to take care appreciation to all persons replying to his HON. ALVIN M. BENTLEY of oversubscribed countries questionnaire and promised to reply person­ (16.1 percent)------2, 093 ally to all letters and comments which ac­ OF MICHIGAN (3) More liberal provisions for adopted companied the answers even though the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES children (31.3 percent)------4, 078 number might mean a delay oi several (4) Other (6.2 percent)______812 months for some. Tuesday, April 16, 1957 (5) No change in present law (29.0 Mr. BENTLEY. Mr. Speaker, under percent)------3,770 leave to revise and extend my remarks (For the most part, all groups voted evenly in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, I wish to between numbers 3 and 5. Apparently the St. Lawrence Seaway Tends To insert the following press, release dated only change that receives any support is to April 15 regarding the results of my an­ facilitate entry of orphans and adop·ted Increas~ Budget nual Congressional poll taken among the c;:hildren.) residents of my district: 6. The Post Office Department needs: EXTENSION OF REMARKS PRESS RELEASE FROM THE OFFICE OF CON­ (1) Higher postal rates (27.8 percent)_ 3, 618 OF GRESSMAN ALVIN M. BENTLEY, EIGHTH DIS­ (2) Increased salaries for postal work- TRICT, MICHIGAN ers (21.4 percent)------2, 787 HON. WILLIAM G. BRAY (3) To be run on a business basis OF INDIANA Congressman ALVIN M. BENTLEY, Republi­ (50.3 percent)------6, 542 can, of Michigan, today released the results of (4) To be operated only as a public IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES his annual Congressional poll taken among service (27.4 percent)------3, 566 residents of the Eighth Congressional Dis­ Tuesday, April 16, 19 57 (5) Other (3.5 percent)------451 trict of Michigan. This year more than Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, our in­ 13,000 questionnaires were answered and re­ (All groups substantially endorsed the creased budget is caused by a number of turned. Occupations of those replying were principle that the Post Office Department given as follows: Farmers, 2,296; workers, should be run like any other business.) factors, not the least of which is the 3,292; business, 1,323; professional, 1,147; . 7. In the field of labor legislation, I favor: tendency of cost estimates to be unreal­ housewives, 88; office workers, 1,796; others, istic and unreliable. The St. Lawrence ( 1) Government-supervised s e c r e t 3,070. The results of the poll are listed be­ strike ballots (38.1 percent)---- 4, 959 Seaway project offers a good example of low: (2) Permission for secondary boycotts how estimates on multimillion dollar 1. I favor the following in a farm program: (3.5 percent)------460 projects often prove untrustworthy. (1) High price supports (9.3 percent)_ 1, 213 (3) Antimonopoly legislation against For more than a half century there has (2) Flexible supports (37.6 percent) __ 4, 896 unions (39.9 percent)------5, 186 been a strong demand by many groups for (3) Soil bank program (32.6 percent)- 4, 241 ( 4) Investigation of union trust funds the construction of canals and locks (4) No supports (24.4 percent)------3, 174 (58.0 percent)------7,542 (5) Other (3 percent)------390 which would open the St. Lawrence River (5) Repeal of Taft-Hartley Act (11.7 and the Great Lakes to more shipping. (Farmers voted 37 percent for a soil bank percent)------1,517 program and 30 percent for no supports as (6) Compulsory union shop in all During my first term in Congress I was their first choices.) States (7.2 percent)------931 a member of the Public Works Committee 2. The following items in our national (7) Other (3.3 percent)------430 which for several months heard testi­ budget could best be reduced for more econ­ mony on the St. Lawrence seaway proj­ omy: (Workers voted as follows: (1) 35.3 per­ c;:ent; (2) 4.5 percent; (3) 31 percent; (4) 55.1 ect. Groups favorable to it naturally ( 1) National defense ( 12 percent)---- 1, 559 percent; (5) 19.7 percent; (6) 13.5 percent. mag·nifled its value and minimized its (2) Foreign aid (70.6 percent)------9, 188 (The vote for No. 4 might have been larger cost. Both political parties sponsored it. (3) Veterans' benefits ( 18 percent) ___ 2, 346 if answered after the recent teamster inves­ It was apparent to me that the cost would (4) Farm payments (31 percent) ____ 4,037 tigations in Washington.) I (5) Health and welfare program (14.5 far exceed the estimate, and stated this 8. We should have helped the Hungarian publicly. Lobbyists for this project, who percent)------1,887 uprising as follows: (6) Other (4.8 percent)------621 were many and well paid and expei:ienced (1) Send troops (3.7 percent)------480 in their profession, attacked me for my (All groups put foreign aid first and farm (2) Send weapons (11.9 percent) ____ 1, 546 statements. payments second. Farmers voted 27.3 per­ (3) Send food and clothing only (37.2 cent for cuts in their own payments.) During the 2 years I was on the Public percent)------4,840 3. The Federal Government should help (4) Admit all refugees (5.1 percent)-- 664 Works Committee, the bill was not re­ our schools as follows: · ( 5) Press for U. N. police force or ported out of that committee. It became ( 1) Direct subsidies for teaching sal- other U. N. action (60.4 per- law, however, in 1954. The cost of those aries (11.9 percent)------1, 545 cent) ------7,861 parts of the project which the United (2) Grants to States for school con­ (6) Nothing (6.5 percent)------849 States will build was estimated to be struction (27.3 percent)------3, 556 (7) Other (2.1 percent)------278 $66,815,000. Now the cost is estimated 1957 CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD - HOUSE 5851 to be $133 million and an additional au­ annual requirements, an increase of some 75 and confirmed by the Senate. Authorization thorization is being asked of Congress. percent over 1954 estimates. to administrator for establishment of local Frankly, it is going to cost far more than and regional commfttees. Yes, the cold facts are now coming to 2. Assistance to industrial areas which this. The cities on the Great Lakes ports the American people. The St. Lawrence have had unemployment of not less than (1) are requesting Government authoriz~tion seaway will only directly benefit a small 12 percent of labor force for preceding !­ to the extent of hundreds of millions of area. Its costs will be many times its year period, (2) 8 percent for 15 months in dollars for the deepening of their har­ original estimate. Its tolls will not pay preceding 18-month period, or (3) 6 percent bors in order to accommodate ships of for its construction and maintenance. for 8 months in each of preceding 2 years. deeper draft. 3. Assistance to rural areas having largest I do not question that the seaway will number and percentage of low-income fami· At the time of the drive to get public be beneficial to some. Perhaps the sea­ lies and a condition of substantial and per­ backing for the building of the seaway, it way is even worth its cost. Perhaps the sistent unemployment or underemployment. was represented that Indiana and most American people would have backed this 4. Loans; Administrator to make loans for of the other States would be greatly and project even if they bad known the true :financing (a) purchase or development of directly benefited by this project. It was facts. but the sad part is that the esti­ land for industrial usage; (b) construction also stated that the toll charges would mated cost was misleading. Incidentally, or rehabilitation of plants or facilities; (c) pay for the canal and so the St. Lawrence purchase of machinery or equipment. Loans cost estimates for the Canadian share shall bear Interest at 0.5 percent per annum, seaway would cost the American people of the project have also risen sharply. shall not exceed 75 percent of total project nothing. It is now admitted that ii tolls Why have the costs risen? Partly, con­ cost, or extend beyond 40 years. Authori· are set high enough to pay for the project struction costs are higher than they were. zation of $100 million for industrial rede­ they will discourage traffic and be self­ a few years ago. Partly, the increase is velopment loans and $100 million for projects defeating. We can have high tolls and due to changes and additions made in the in rural redevelopment areas. little traffic, or low tolls and heavy traffic; plans. Nevertheless, it is typical of bow 5. Public facility loans and grants; but the total revenue, in either case, will (a) Authorization of $75 million to ad· projects once approved expand and be­ mintstrator for public facility loans. Such not ineet the yearly costs if the seaway is come more costly and force increases in loans shall not exceed 75 percent of aggre· to be self-liquidating as it was app~oved. Gove1·nment spending. gate cost with interest equal to rate paid by Funds to make up any deficit can only administrator on funds obtained from the come from one source-the Federal Gov .. Secretary of Treasury, plus 0.5 percent per ernment. annum. The person in charge of the drive to Statement of Hon. Robert C. Byrd Before (b) Authorization of $50 million to ad- get the authorization of the St. Lawrence ministrator for making grants for public Senate Committee on Banking and facilities if funds not otherwise available. seaway was N. R. Danielian, a bard 6. Authorization of $4.5 million to admin­ worker and one of the most capable lob­ Currency istrator for technical assistance to redevel· byists I have known. During the time opment areas. I was a member, great pressure was EXTENSION OF REMARKS . • 7. Declaration. of policy to be followed by brought to bear on the Public Works OF governmental agencies to award procure· Committee to approve this project. In­ ment contracts to redevelopment areas. 8. Housing and Home Finance Agency terested parties held meetings in the HON. ROBERT C. BYRD authorized to use slum clearance and urban Seventh District to create support for it. OF WEST VIRGINlA renewal projects in redevelopment areas for They told Seventh District voters how IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES industrial and commercial rebuilding with­ cheap this project would. be, the great Tuesday,. April 16, 1957 out regard to existing residential require· benefits the .district would derive from ments for such projects. it, and how it would pay for itself. Now Mr. BYRD. Mr. Speaker, I wish to The necessity and need for legislation to the people are realizing the cold facts. I call to the attention of our colleagues carry out the program outlined above hi:ts will now quote ·Mr. N. R. Danielian, presi­ the following statement which I pre­ been succinctly stated by the Senate Com· mittee •on Labor and Public Welfare in re­ dent, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Associa­ sented on April 12~ 1957. to the Subcom­ porting out similar legislation during the tion, and chairman, Users Committee on mittee on Production and Stabilization 84th Congress. That committee, in its re· st. Lawrence Seaway Tolls. This is the of the Senate Committee on Banking and port on July 12, 1956. stated (S. Rept. No. same man who was the chief lobbyist for Currency curing the recent hearings on 2555, p. 2); the project. I am quoting from a speech area assistance and redevelopment: ''More than 10 years ago· Congress recog­ nized the continuing responsibility of the made by Mr. Danielian in Cleveland, STATEMENT OF HON. ROBERT C. BYRD, PRE• Federal Government to utilize its resources Ohio, on April 5, 1957: SENTED TO THE SUBCOMMI.TTEE ON PRODUC­ in order to establish conditions which would Thus, one of the first misconceptions we TION AND STABILIZATION OF THE SENATE COM­ assure that maximum employment, produc­ must set aside is that this new waterway will MITTEE ON BANKING AND CURRENCY tion, and purchasing power would · prevail bring a bonanza to everybody by and of 1t· Mr. Chairman and honorable members of throughout the United States. It did so self, just because it is there. It will bring the Subcommittee on Production and Sta­ through the enactment of the Employment great advantages if and to the extent that it bilization, I appreciate and am grateful for Act of 1946 (Public Law 304, 79th Cong.). lowers transportation costs. wm it do that? the opportunity to appear before this sub· "'Nevertheless, a large number of com~ The answer should be definitely "Yes" in committee to present testimony in support munlties within the United States have failed the Great Lakes coastal areas, such as the of the bill, S. 964, which has been introduced to share in the prosperity that has generally north shore of Ohio • • • for most goods, by the distinguished Senator from Illinois, prevailed throughout the country during Pittsburgh, as of now, would still find it for the purpose of establishing an effective recent years. Regardless of the cause, the cheaper to trade via Baltimore; Cincinnati program to alleviate conditions of substan­ fact is that many labor market areas have probably so. Columbus and Dayton and tial and persistent unemployment and un· been classified as suJlering from substantial Youngstown may be marginal. deremployment in certain economically de­ labor surpluses continuously sfnce 1951, Because such a wide belt across New York, pressed areas. Specifically. the areas to be when the Labor Department stated its cur­ western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michi­ benefited are those urban and rural areas rent labor market classification system. gan and Illinois is marginal as between the that have been experiencing continuing low During most of this time the rest of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence tributary area and income, and continuing unemployment and Nation enjoyed econom1c growth, prosperity, east and gulf coasts, the level of tolls will underemployment-areas in which local ini· and stability." have a definite effect upon amount of traffic tiative and enterprise cannot be drawn upon The findings made by the committee are through the seaway and commercial activity to alleviate the economic distress. reflected in many areas within my State of in the Great Lakes ports. As the Representative to Congress from West Virg:l:nla. Because today our Nation as West Virginia's Sixth District, I can vouch a whole is experiencing full employment and As for the tolls from the seaway pay­ for the urgency a.nd justification of the pro­ economic prosperity, we are prone to dis­ ing its costs, he stated: gram of assistance proposed under the Doug­ regard or to be indifferent to the fact that las bill. In my opinion, the measures pro­ If any attempt is made to set tolls so high some areas of our country have been facing posed in this bill will displace the despair, the problem of continuous unemployment as to collect $28 million a year from the users the want, and the suffering overtaking the because of the loss or decline of a major right off the bat it ·will as surely dry up many unemployed areas in my State. industry. While the term. "depressed local traffic as I stand here, and there will be The bill, in brier. would accomplish the labor market," is comparatively new, the ne~ther traffic nor revenues commensurate following: existence o~ such markets. however, has with expectations. . 1. Creation of an area redevelopment ad· been a problem recurring many times in our On the basis of present-day cost estimates, ministration, under the supervision of an American economy. For ex.ample, the ghost it will require over $28 million to_meet the administrator, appointed by the Eresident towns arising from abandoned mines are a 5852 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 16 well-known part o! the history o! our West. Although the figures on employment in ment areas. So far as farming in West Vir­ The plain and simple difference, however, is West Virginia's coal mining areas show an in­ ginia is concerned, for the most part the that today there are so many factors that crease for 1956, the employment picture is farms are too small to provide a satisfactory go to make up the economic climate of each not bright. The seriousness of West Vir­ family income. Insufficient capital and the and every labor-market area. The local ginia's employment problem is emphasized topography of the State make impractical methods resorted to in the past cannot al­ by the fact that from 1950 to 1954 while the the use of many labor-saving devices, and ways be employed today to resuscitate an population of the United States increased many farm families are necessarily depend­ economically distressed area. by an estimated 6.3 percent the population ent upon some off-farm employment. I re­ Since the early days of World War II, the of West Virginia declined by an estimated ceive many letters f.rom constituents in rural Department o! Labor's Bureau of Employ­ 2.9 percent. areas who are not able to take advantage ment Security has been studying labor-sur­ As of June 30, 1956, the total number of of the existing farm-loan programs because plus areas. As you know, the Bureau surveys persons in West Virginia receiving commodi­ their farms are not large enough or are not at bimonthly intervals 149 major labor­ ties on welfare, as certified by the State de­ sufficiently productive to provide the neces­ market areas-each consisting of a central partment of public assistance, was 250,136, sary security for such loans. The Douglas city or cities and the surrounding territory exclusive of school lunches, institutions, and bill will overcome many problems in these within a reasonable commuting distance. summer camps. In January of this year the areas, and it will permit the needed economic The area takes its name from the central city number of persons eligible for such commodi­ improvements so long necessary in the many or cities, but may have many other commu­ ties was 209,556. In February the number in­ small rural communities of my State. nities within its boundaries. Each major creased to 214,526. In other words, almost I might also direct your attention to the labor-market area has at least a central city 11 percent of the population of my State is disheartening experiences of other persons with a population of 50,000 or more. These keeping body and soul together by means of who have written to me concerning their 149 areas account for about 33 million non­ Government surplus food. applications for small-business loans to un­ agricultural wage and salaried workers­ In my opinion, these facts are convincing dertake new business ventures aimed at im­ nearly 70 percent of the Nation's total. The proof that the methods and practices em­ proving the local economic situation. Their Bureau also reports on smaller areas in a ployed thus far have failed to alter the requests have been turned down simply be­ special listing. These are the areas with a continuing economic distress prevalent in cause an unemployed mining town is not the labor force of not less than 15,000, of which the areas that will be reached if the legisla­ kind of security upon which money is loaned. the nonagricultural employment must be at tion here under consideration is enacted. ~ I am in favor of the proposed provision least 8,000. I am not unmindful o.f the objections to urging Federal procurement agencies to Since May 1955 the 149 major areas sur­ this proposed legislation-a principal one award contracts in redevelopment areas. veyed by the Bureau have been grouped into being that the measure characterizes an act The Senate Committee on Education and 6 major labor-supply categories, according to of the welfare state. Such objections are Public Welfare called attention in its re­ the relative adequacy of labor supply. Nine­ without merit. Do we not have many Fed­ port of July 12, 1956, to the effectiveness of teen of the major labor-market areas are to­ eral domestic program with economic or the ODM manpower policy No. 4, which was day confronted with labor surpluses, and 57 social objectives, for which we make pro­ announced in 1952 for the purpose of focus­ smaller areas at the beginning of the year vision each year in our appropriations? Per­ ing attention on the desirability of awarding were classified as having a relatively sub­ mit me to name a few: the price-support contracts in surplus-labor areas. The report stantial labor surplus. program; the agricultural-conservation pro- points out that for the first 9 months of the In my State of West Virginia, our capital, •gram under which farmers are paid for com­ fiscal year 1956 the total volume of supply Charleston, is classified as a major area of pliance with specified practices; the Sugar procurement contracts placed in areas with substantial labor surplus, and classified as Act program-most of the cost of which con­ surplus manpower totaled $2,700,000-not smaller areas are Beckley, Fairmont, Logan, sists in payments to cane and beet pro­ even 1 percent of the total volume of supply Point Pleasant-Gallipolis, Ronceverte-White ducers who meet specified conditions; the procurement contracts. Sulphur Springs, and Welch. The popula­ rural-electrification program; farm owner­ The facts -set out above are some of the tion of West Virginia in these labor-surplus ship loans. There are aids to business, such reasons why I feel that the Douglas bill or areas numbers 787,400-0r 39 percent of the as assistance to air navigation, grants-in-aid similar legislation must be enacted now if entire population of the State. The 1 major for airports, airmail subsidy payments, the we are to meet the problem of labor-surplus and 6 smaller labor-surplus areas in the President's fund under the Defense Produc­ areas. I sincerely hope that this subcom­ State cover 15 of its 55 counties. All these tion Act of 1950 for loans and other costs in mittee will consider the matter favorably. areas have been continuously included in the financing an expansion of productive ca­ Department of Labor's labor-surplus classi­ pacity for strategic metals. There are aids to fication since March 1954 and some, since veterans in the form of compensation and March 1952. Over and above these specified pensions, education and training, and hos­ areas, there are many other areas of labor pital and medical care. There are loans and The U. S. S. "Randolph" surplus in West Virginia. The labor force in grants for housing construction and for slum these areas does not come within the classifi­ clearance and urban renewal projects. There EXTENSION OF REMARKS are grants to the States for public assistance cation set by the Department and, therefore, OF such areas are not surveyed by the Bureau of and administrative costs; for maternal and Employment Security.' The reason for the child welfare; for programs of public health HON. ALFRED -E. SANTANGELO labor surplus in West Virginia can be traced service; for highways; for school-lunch pro:­ to the long-depressed coal-mining industry. grams. OF NEW YORK The facts responsible for the decline of the The direct beneficiaa-ies under many of the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES above economic and social programs are coal industry are well known, and since World Tuesday,_ April 16, 1957 War II various Congressional bodies have limited iii number and small in comparison made studies of the condition of the industry. to our entire population. This fact has not Mr. SANTANGELO. Mr. Speaker, on The findings and reports of these studies served to lessen or obscure the responsibility April 11, 12, 13, 1957, in connection with have only confirmed the known existence of of the Federal Government to provide these Congressional duties, I, together with 8 the factors responsible for the industry's de­ necessary forms of assistance. The legisla­ tion here under consideration is no less im­ Congressmen, inspected the aircraft car­ cline. The important factors, for example, rier U. S. S. Randolph and observed air have been the d1eselization by the railroads, portant than any of the above programs. the imports of huge quantities of residual In my opinion, the problem is one of such operations. The trip was very informa­ oil, and mechanization in the coal industry importance as to warrant the establishment tive, illuminating, and inspiring. It left itself. The following tabulation shows pro­ of a single agency to coordinate all the Fed­ us with the feeling that our naval de­ duction and employment in West Virginia's eral aids that may be called upon to assist fenses are in competent hands and that bituminous coal industry since 1947, the and support local efforts. A single agency our future is being provided for. peak year in coal production: will encourage, strengthen, and assist local The orientation cruise began on Thurs­ efforts. The needs of the distressed area can be better evaluated through a si:agle agency, day evening after Congress recessed when Average we were conducted by Capt. Robert Mc­ munber with the result that the necessary assistance Year Short tons of men will be coordinated so as to effectuate the Elroy and Comdr. F. A. Manson to the working greater national interest, in keeping with the Anacostia Airport and traveled by Con­ daily Employment Act of 1946, which states: "It vair to Jacksonville, Fla: After an in­ is the continuing pol'icy and responsibility spection of the naval airbase there, we ThO!b8. of the Federal Government to coordinate were flown on Friday morning by a COD 1948_------168, 8G2 131. 7 and utilize all of its plans, functions, and aircraft to the U. S. S. Randolph about 1949_------122, 610 120. 0 resources for the purpose of creating and 1950_------144, 116 117. 5 maintaining maximum employment." 70 miles off the coast. Landing on a car­ 1951_ ___ ------163, 310 118. 9 rier with a sudden stop was a new expe­ 1952_ ------141, 713 108. 9 It appears to me that the comprehensive 1953_------134, 105 92. 1 program envisaged under the Douglas bill rience. 1954.. _------116, 251 71. 3 will do much to stimulate local efforts. I believe that a history of one of our 1955 _------139, 168 70.4 195()_ _------155, 507 75. 8 I particularly give my endorsement to the aircraft carriers, a description of what I provisions for assistance to rural redevelop- observed and my reactions may give the 1957, . ' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5853 same-pleasure to my colleagues and our within a distance of 500 feet is breath­ The work being done on the U. s. s. citizenry as I received. taking. If it is -a difficult task in day­ Randolph which thrilled me and earned . The U. S. s. Randolph i~ a recently light, it is more so in darkness. The my admiration· is not unrecognized by niodernized 31,000-ton aircraft carrier cadet fliers demonstrated their skill not the Navy. In 1955, this carrier won two with a new angled flight deck, enclosed only in the daytime but also at night. of the Navy's highest honors: one, the hurricane bow, new deck-edge eleva- As a plane approaches the deck, hearts Atlantic Fleet's coveted battle ef­ tors and other improvements. The car- beat as fast as the moving jets. The ficiency E, and the other the Chief of rier possesses almost unlimited range question in the spectator's mind is will Naval Operations aviation safety award. and enormous striking power. Her air he land or will he overshoot? If he ap­ The latter award was for the ship's out­ group is capable of seeking out and de- proaches too ·high or too low, the pilot standing safety record and commend­ stroying any force which a potential is warned off by the signalman and the able efforts in preventing aircraft acci­ enemy can muster in the air, on or under plane roars by. If he is within range dents. This is a record that the Ran­ the sea. The chief function of the Ran- and the landing hooks are down, the dolph can justly be proud of. dolph is to carry, launch, and handle pilot makes his attempt to lay her down. All I can say after this ,3-day in­ aircraft quickly and effectively. Capa- Nerves of steel and pinpoint precision spection tour is "Hail to the U. s. S. ble of achieving speeds in excess of 33 are needed. As the speedy Cougar or Randolph, its men, and its command." knots and carrying between 80 and 100 the twin.:.engined 50-foot-wide A. J: Sav­ aircraft, the Randolph is a forceful ar- age settles on the angled deck, I breathed gument against aggression of war. a sigh of relief and satisfaction. After The carrier with a length of 895 feet the arresting cable brings the plane to The Landmarks We Def end and breadth of 199 feet with its comple- a screeching halt, the plane is guided ment of 2,500 men and officers is under to the catapult, shot off into the blue EXTENSION OF REMARKS the experienced command of Capt. Dan- and the process is repeated until the flier OF iel F. Smith, Jr., of Pittsburg, Tex. The has completed at least 6 successful day officers are courteous, experienced, and landings. Upon completion of the final HON. HERMAN E. TALMADGE efficient. The men, sailors, and mechan- landing, everyone knows that another OF GEORGIA ics with whom I had the opportunity to boy had become a man and joined the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES mingle and talk admire their captain legion of qualified Navy pilots in Ameri­ Tuesday, April 16, 1957 and they enjoy good morale. Their only ca's defense. As night fell, these fliers ~'beef" at this Congressional inspection were required to prove that they were Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, it is tour was the requirement to exercise ex- skilled enough to land their planes on a privilege for me to ask unanimous con­ traordinary care to keep themselves and the angled deck under these conditions. sent that the masterful address delivered the ship spotless and neat. My talk with No· signalman was there to guide. The by my honored and distinguished col­ several of the enlisted men and officers only help that these men had were the league [Mr. RussELL], before the 66th revealed a high regard for their supe- lights outlining the deck, their training, Continental Congress of the National So­ i·iors and a satisfaction with their daily and their God. The only way to believe ciety of the Daughters of the·American chow. What they missed most of all this performance is to see the operation. Revolution in Washington last night, was their absence from their families It baffies the imagination. Coordination April 15, be printed in the CONGRESSIONAL and loved ones. In addition, they com- and expert handling are required of the RECORD. Entitled "The Landmarks We plained that to deny them the benefits pilot, flight crew, and signalmen. A sin­ Defend," this address is a forceful sum­ of the GI bill upon separation from serv- gle mistake may bring disaster, death, mation of our cherished American herit~ ice was unfair.. or destruction. No serious accident took age which should be read by every This carrier bears a great name which place and all cadets qualified except two citizen of our country. dates back to the Continental Navy and who were · overanxious and as a result There being no objection, the address Revolutionary War. Named after Pey- were directed to fly back to Pensacola was ordered to be printed in the RECORD; ton Randolph, patriot and statesman Airbase for further training and a new as follows: from Virginia, this present flattop was tomorrow. THE LANDMARKS WE DEFEND constructed in Newport News, Va. She As a safety measure in event of an (Address of Senator RICHARD B. RUSSELL, was launched in 1944. Her speed was accident, we had as a constant overseer 66th Continental Congress, the National the keynote. The Randolph was a helicopter called "the Angel" and one Society of the Daughters of the American launching planes only 4 months after destroyer. In the evening, two destroy­ Revolution, April 15, 1957) being commissioned, a feat believed to be ers stood ready to do rescue work. They Madam president general, delegates to the 66th Continental Congress of the National without precedent in big carrier history. were almost called into action when one Society of the Daughters of the American During World War II, the Randolph of the heavy planes after an apparently Revolution, ladies and gentlemen: joined Adm. Marc Mitscher's famed task successful landing went a little too far It is indeed a high privilege to be per­ force in the Pacific and supported ·the and its left wheel toppled in the catwalk mitted to address this distinguished gath­ landing of troops on Iwo Jima. The nets. A hundred Lilliputians tugging ering. The Daughters of the American Rev­ Randolph also saw action as a unit. of and pulling finally lifted the Gulliver on­ olution stand in the very forefront of this Admiral Halsey's 3d Fleet in the final to the deck once again with very little Nation's great patriotic organizations. Their contributions to the preservation of our battle against the Japanese. damage to its structure. It was a close ideals and institutions are valuable beyond Since 1953, when she was modernized, one. computation. she has conducted operations through- Whatever questions we visiting Con­ You have recognized the fact that a people out the world, in Gibraltar, in Salonika, gressmen asked were supplied quickly without sentiment are poor indeed. In pe­ Greece, in Genoa and Naples, Italy, and and if not known, answers were ob­ riods when some have considered it fashion­ in July of 1956 when the state of Israel tained. To Lt. Comdr. Robert Reeve of able to scoff at pride as a venal sin, you have was forced to invade Egypt to protect New Jersey who spent numberless hours courageously sought to create and instill pride of our heritage in our youth, indeed in herself, the U. s. s. Randolph stood ready answering my naive questions and those all of our people. You have realized that and her aircraft provided air cover and of my colleagues and who pointed out the our country would be safe so long as our surface and air reconnaisance for the features of the angled deck, the arrest­ increasing population revere and respect the evacuation of United states nationals ing wires, the catapults, the twin-engine works of those men whose vision, efforts, and from Alexandria. She patrolled the A. J. Savage, the Cougar, the control sacrifices enable us to enjoy the richest area for 30 days to protect the United tower called the Pri-Fly, the radar sys­ legacy of freedom the world has ever known. States interest. tern, and the "meatball," I can express Those who have insisted that our Con­ only my appreciation and thanks. His stitution is outmoded or that this sacred · Now the U. ·s. S. Randolph is off the attention and guidance will never be for­ document is a sort of political accordion to Florida ·. coast providing the training gotten. With men like Lieutenant 'be expanded or contracted with the chang­ ing moods of men who temporarily hold grounds for pilots of jet planes, the Navy commander Reeve, Captain McElroy, power have met with unrelenting opposition Cougars and of twin--engine A. J. Savage. commanders Manson and McNella who :from your great organization. To see these young cadets qualify by possess the practical, technical, and tac­ : The numerous resolves that you have ap­ bringing down these fast and big planes tical knowledge, our cowitry has very proved over the span of many years demon­ on an angled _deck of a moving carrier~ little to fear. strate that you are confirmed in the faith 5854 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 16 that our national charter, the Constitution effort to reveal and stamp out this Commu­ The exercise of the powers over the people of the United States, means exactly what it nist threat. The Federal Bureau of Investi· allotted to the Federal Government were fur· says and that no man nor set of m~n can gation works ceaselessly to ferret out agents ther divided. They were distributed between ever twist or distort it for theil' purposes and traitors who seek to sell this country to the executive, the legislative, and the judicial without endangering all that we hold dear. our enemies. The prosecutions following branches of the Federal Government. To As the years have come and gone you have these exposures have brought about an assure the perpetuity of American liberty, consistently rallied to protect the landmarks awareness of the insidious nature of this they established the most marvelous system our fathers have set, whether they were un­ danger. -Of checks and balances ever brought forth der direct attack or threatened with under­ We recognize that the diabolical forces in from the minds of men. mining by a cunning process of nibbling and the Kremlin constantly conspire to find ways Those wise patriots realized that the prob­ erosion. In short, you have worked at citi­ and means to plant its agents upon us. The lems of government confronting each of the zenship. Congress, through legislative enactments, has States would not be exactly the same. They The system we have evolved under a Con­ demanded a careful screening of all aliens knew that as the several States in their own stitution which guarantees the rights and who seek admittance to our land. We have way approached theil' own solution for any liberties of every American citizen has sought to make sure that our generosity* in problem, each State would serve as a labora­ brought us greater blessings than any peo­ making our country a sanctuary for the op­ tory of goveTnment. In the processes of trial ple have ever enjoyed. We ·call it the Ameri­ pressed shall not be abused. and error or trial and cure, the experiences of can way of life. It has enabled us to pro­ The heart of America goes out to every one State would serve as a guide to the others gress and go forward-to develop-to in­ victim of tyranny and oppression in foreign without the danger of injury that simulta­ vent-and to accumulate--to such a degree lands. However, we will never be able to neous application to all might bring. that the civilization we enjoy has become overthrow the Communist conspiracy by the So great was the faith of the ·Founders in the envy of the world. process of admitting to our country all of the system of divided powers that each of This priceless heritage was not easily won. those who seek to escape Red tyranny. Com­ the Original Thirteen States likewise em­ It cannot be cheaply defended. It will not mon prudence also dictates that we take every braced this system. The State functions be easily preserved. precaution to make sure that our national were divided between the executive, legisla­ These are dangerous days that demand compassion for those in distress is not de­ tive, and judicial branches. To keep the that those who love liberty recognize and veloped into a gateway for a Communist government close to the governed, counties prepare against any force that is likely to Trojan horse. and other subdivisions were vested with those destroy that heritage. Most of our fellow citizens are fully awake functions which most directly affected the The most obvious threat to the security to the danger posed from without by armed people in their everyday life. All placed of the United States ls the armed might of Soviet might and from within by Communist their faith in a government of law and the Communist conspiracy with its nerve­ subversion. At great cost we seek to main­ sought to eliminate any possibility of a gov­ center located in the Kremlin. Cracks may tain the means to protect -our way of life ernment of men. appear in the ll'on Curtain. Rulers may and our institutions of rree government. We It has been a long time since those who come and go, deified today and denounced seek to keep loyal Americans on guard to de­ live on American soil have felt the chafe of tomorrow, but the ultimate objective of the f end us against both of these dangers. the chains of tyranny. So many generations Communist conspiracy remains unchanged.• Let me speak to you about a third threat have enjoyed the blessings of unchallenged They still seek to dominate and rule the en­ to our constitutional system and to the liberty that we have become prone to take tire world. We know enough about this rights and liberties it seeks to assure. There them as much for granted as the ail' we ugly system to realize that this would mean is another danger confronting us which is far breathe or the wateT that we drink. the destruction of every element of human more insidious than even the Communist Millions of loyal American citizens have dignity. No amount of wishful thinking conspiracy of subversion. This danger is ever been so engaged in the everyday business can alter this brutal fact. present but always difficult to recognize. It of making a living for their families that We know that without regard to the needs often comes in appealing guise, confusing they do not realize how far down the road or wishes of the masses of their people, that and deceiving many whose love of country is to centralization we have already traveled. a despotic power is largely devoting the unquestioned. It is a creeping disease which, The approach to one big government has not great resources of the Soviet controlled if not arrested, will surely result in the death been made by spectacular leaps. The process world to the building of military might. of the system which has enabled us to achieve has been insidious, but it has gone a long They maintain vast armies. They have built our greatness. ways. The whittling process has gone so the second largest navy of the world with in­ I refer to the grave threat which ls posed far that it threatens to reduce the several comparably the largest :fleet of submarines by big government, undue concentration of States to mere geographical boundaries or afloat. Only the foolish would blind them­ power. We must arrest the prevailing trend administrative areas of Federal departments. selves to the fact that the Soviet has made towards shifting all of the functions and The transferral of the proper functions of the disconcerting progress in fashioning the new powers of the States into the control of a States or their subdivisions to the adminis­ and effective vehicles designed to deliver completely centralized, all-powerful Federal trative control of Federal bureaucrats in terrible nuclear weapons. Shamefully we Government. The rights filched from the Washington has been done 1n many ways. must admit that the Soviet developments in several States must be restored~ A series of decisions by FedeTal courts have the atomic field were greatly expedited by the The Founding Fathers well knew the cor­ wiped out a numbe;r of rights and privileges treason of those who either partook of our rupting and tyrannous effects of highly cen­ which the States have exercised since the hospitality or enjoyed our citizenship. The tralized government. They were not only birth of our Republic. They do much to unprecedented peacetime efforts by the So­ students of history. They had endured tyr­ extend the process of centralization. viet Union have done much to close the gap anny. They knew that the shore:; of history Cooperation between the Federal Govern-· of our leadership in these engines of vast were littered with the wrecks of great civili­ ment and the States and their subdivisions destruction. For many years we have re­ zations that had risen to greatness but had has long been a part of our system. In re­ lied on our preeminence in this field for the deteriorated and crumbled to dust when all cent years, however, some of the legislative maintenance of world peace. of the power of government over the people proposals that are called Federal aid are We must constantly recognize that we are became concentrated in one pair of hands. almost a sort of bribery to tempt local gov­ confronted by a foe who knows little and They were familiar with the axiom which ernment to surrender their control over local cares less about the principles of honor and history had proved before Lord Acton, that functions in return for money from the decency we have been taught to respect. all power corrupts, and absolute power cor­ National Treasury. The only language that he understands is rupts absolutely. Knowing that individual A small but active group of self-styled in­ the language of strength. The only way to liberty could not be maintained in a govern­ tellectuals have dedicated themselves to the prevent a war so destructive as to stagger the ment of men, they sought with a wisdom task of centralization. Most of them honest­ human imagination ls to maintain American almost beyond human understanding to as­ ly believe that national state socialism ls military might. Come what may, cost what sure that the liberties of their descendants better for us than the system devised by our it must, the United States must maintain would be forever protected by a government fathers. They abhor a free enterprise econ­ superiority in atomic weapons and in the of law. Thomas Jefferson expressed this de­ omy and would have the Government of the ability to deli~er them. If our people are. termination when he declared, "In questions United States possess the power to control informed as to the magnitude of the stakes, of power let no more be said of confidence in the activities and the lives of all of our peo­ I do not for a moment doubt that they are man, but bind him down from mischief by ple. Unmindful of the lessons of history, willing to make any sacrifice necessary to the chains of the Constitution." they would place America's future in a sup­ maintain superior strength in this field. The very genius of our system of govern­ posedly benign and all-powerful Federal 'Ihere is no other way to salvation. ment is found in the careful dlvisioh of Government. Another constant threat to our institu­ power to rule our people. The Founders be­ This group is too small to be effective were tions of freedom is the Communist-directed lieved that the exercise of the functions of it not for the carelessness and indifference of effort to undermine those institutions by in­ government should be kept as close as possi­ unthinking millions. Mankind has ever been filtration and internal subversion. Some of ble to those who were governed. They there­ plagued by the chimerical illusion that it the committees of the Congress have exposed fore fashioned a Federal Government of 1s possible to get something for nothing. many of the ramifications of this phase of limited powers, with the rights of the several We have our millions who seek and accept the Communist conspiracy. Your great or­ States and of the people fully reserved and alleged free benefits for their States and ganization has consistently supported every protected by the National Charter. communities from a generous ~hite Father 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5855 in Washington in return for ,the surrender The right of trial by jury before being sen­ Address by Hdn. William F. Knowland, of the priceless right of local self-govern­ tenced and punished is the proudest boast ment. It is understandable that the people of Anglo-Saxon justice. It is considered the of California, Before Daughters of the of foreign countries who have seen how shield and buckler of the liberties of free prodigal we are with our expeditures on the men wherever the English language is American Revolution foreign-aid program would believe that dol­ spoken. Even before Magna Charta was lars grow on trees in the District of Colum­ wrung from an unwilling King John at EXTENSION OF REMARKS bia. However, the most obtruse American Runnymeade, men of our race had spilled OF tax:payer on this day which is the last day for their blood for the right of a public jury trial the payment of Federal income taxes must by their peers. For many centuries Lord HON. WILLIAM .F. KNOWLAND be painfully aware that this is a foreign Jeffreys and his Star Chamber have been OF CALIFORNIA illusion. held in odium for perverting judicial power Any money that the Federal Government into an instrument of oppression and IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES spends on functions which properly belong tyranny. If free born American citizens can Tuesday, April 16, 1957 to the States and their communities must be thrown in jail for indefinite or unlimited come in the first instance from the people terms by this perversion of. process at the Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I of these States and communities. Federal caprice of a Federal judge enjoying life ten­ ask unanimous consent to have printed bureaucracy takes a toll from every tax ure by appointment, we will no longer have in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the ad­ dollar it touches. Those who are enticed a government of law. Our most sacred rights dress I delivered last night before the with the idea of free money from Washing­ will be the plaything of a government of men. ton will eventually find to their sorrow that 66th Continental Congress of the Daugh­ Let no lover of liberty anywhere be de­ ters of the American Revolution. they are paying yearly increasing costs in ceived by the specious argument that the dollars and cents for the privilege of giv­ unprecedented powers of this bill will be There being no objection, the address ing away the right to govern themselves. applied only in one section of the country. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, The 9th and 10th amendments to the as follows: Constitution, designed to limit the powers If enacted, they will be a threat to the most of the Federal Government and protect the sacred constitutional rights of every Ameri- ADDRESS BY UNITED STATES S·ENATOR WILLIAM rights of the States and the people, were can citizen. Such proposals are repugnant F. KNOWLAND, 66TH CONTINENTAL CONGRESS once considered the keystone of our system. to the system which has brought us to great- OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVO- Due to a series of recent decisions by the ness. They would employ the methods of LUTION, CONSTITUTION HALL, WASHINGTON, Federal judiciary, they have now been ren­ the despised police state of totalitarian D. c., APRIL 15, 1957 dered almost ineffective. regimes. The Daughters of the American Revolu- It would have been impossible to have There is no condition in this land of ours tion have notably contributed to the preser­ convinced the authors of the Constitution that can conceivably justify the wholesale vation of our spirit of patriotism without or of the Bill of Rights that a Federal court sweeping aside of constitutional rights. Our which our Nation would not have arisen from would ever hold that a sovereign State was Constitution wisely provides that the United the flames of the revolutionary war nor sur­ powerless to enac'; and enforce laws against States shall guarantee to every State of this vived the intervening years. Communist subversion which occurred Union a republican form of government. If In this year 1957 we need to rededicate our­ within its borders. Those men would have tt.ere be a single State where a republican selves to the American constitution and our been shocked by the mere contention that form of government is denied, the Federal , free way of life. any local subdivision of government was po~er may be legally applied. There is no America is still the authentic revolution. without power to rid themselves of a teacher, valld reason for general Federal legislation The flame of freedom which was struck at chosen locally to instruct and guide their that will ~urther degrade all the States and Concord and Lexington still is an inspiration children, paid with local tax funds, because State institutions. There is no cause what- to the enslaved behind the Iron Curtain. he sought the refuge of the fifth amendment. ever to IJ?peach the laws, the procedures, and But it is also an ageless lesson that no out­ These decisions, as well as others that the officials ~f all of the States and in the siders can win independence for a people could be enumerated, are destructive of local process so twist our system as to eliminate though they may give material assistance. self-government. Such crippling attacks the guarantee of due process of law which The subjugated must be willing to pay the upon the rights of the States make meaning­ h_a~ heretofore protected every one of ~mr price in blood and resources to gain their less our once proud boasts of an indissoluble c1t1zens. If this be done in the name of civil own freedom. Union of indestructible States. State power rights, it will be a. crime more heinous than We do recognize, however, that when free­ cannot survive many more such disastrous any ever committed in the name of liberty. dom is destroyed anywhere in the world a and degrading blows. If our dual s'ystem The President of the United States is duly bit of freedom is destroyed everywhere. is once destroyed, how long will the indi­ chosen by the people to serve in the most Other nations. have been or now are larger vidual rights and liberties of the American exalted office of the earth. No President of in land area, in population, and in natural people survive? the United States, even in time of dangerous resources. Yet they have not been able to There is considerable national agitation crisis, has ever possessed any such powers give to their people the freedom and the today over . measures pending in the Con­ over the lives and liberties of the American standard of living Americans have enjoyed. gress that are euphoniously labeled civil­ people as these bills propose to vest in an As important as is the productive capacity rights bills. The titles of these bills appeal appointed Attorney General. of our Nation and its military strength, these to the American people. Every American is The American system rejects the idea that are not the factors which alone could preserve in favor of more and bigger and better civil any one man, however wise or impartial, our freedom or enable us to maintain a free rights. An examination of what these meas­ should be permitted to govern by intimida- world of free men. The inner strength of ures really do immediately raises the ques­ tion and injunction and jailing his fellow America has not been its great cities, its huge tion as to whose civil rights and what con­ citizens for contempt. What self-respecting industrial plants, its extended transportation stitutional rights are involved. They raise patriot will willingly agree that any official systems, or its variety of natural resources. the issue of how far you may go in infring­ under any circumstances could designate The factor which made America an inspi­ ing upon the civil rights of all'of our people him to be the first to be stripped of his con- ration to the rest of the world grew out of our in the attempt to establish doubtful civil stitutional rights to a fair trial before being Declaration of Independence, the Constitu­ rights ·for the benefit of one group by force jailed? Our forebears did not endure Valley tion of the United StE.tes, and the spiritual bills. High-handed and drastic legislative Forge or face death on a hundred battle- values which the founders of our Republic action in this field must be weighed well in fields in the war for independence for any recognized and by which they were guided. the light of its effect upon the rights of the such tortured concept of freedom. We have recognized that there was a higher States and upon the sum total of the liber­ The heart of our country is still sound, and moral law to which governments were also ties of all of the American people. the spirit of patriotism still lives. American accountable. We have humbly acknowledged Some of these bills are destructive of the youth have again and again shown the hero- the divine inspiration which made and pre­ integrity and rights of the several States ism of old in their country's service. We served us as a nation. as entities of government. They could be still have the genius and capacity to meet We have read of and been inspired by the used to deny the elemental rights of indi­ and overcome any threat to our freedom and action of George Washington kneeling in vidual American citizens guaranteed by the to our institutions. prayer during the dark days of Valley Forge Constitution. By a cunning plan to. make the All of us must work harder in the discharge and of ·Lincoln doing the same during his Federal Government a party to civil causes of every duty of citizenship. Our age is lonely vigil in the White House during the growing out of acts now punishable as complex and requires greater vigilance as the darkest days of the Civil War. crimes against either State or Federal law, price of liberty. We must constantly This Nation of ours has grown from a weak these bills would deliberately bypass and guard against the evil consequences of care- colony of 3 million on the Atlantic coast to a annul sacred and inherent individual rights lessness and indifference. We can seek no great power of 170 million people, the most specifically spelled out in the Constitution. greater reward than to have another genera- productive nation the world has ever known. American citizens could be punished and tion study and consider the period in which The priceless ingredient for our people has jailed without due process by resorting to we live and say, "Our American heritage and been our constitutional form of government, civil proceedings and contempt citations the landmarks of our Fathers were safe in which guarantees our religious, personal, and tried in star chamber sessions. their hands." economic freedom. 5856 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 16 The incentives furnished have constantly to strlke a. blow for freedom? Will the sional men in the tri-State area of which opened new horizons. United Nations be pr,epared to do more than Pittsburgh is the center. Eaich year it In this atmosphere Americans of each gen­ talk and pass 10 resolutions? holds a dinner with a program devoted to eration have sought to leave to their children It may come this year or next in Bulgaria., a better land than they themselves found, not Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany, the dL~ussion of matters affecting the just better in a material way but in the edu­ Albani.a, North Korea, China, Poland, or in national welfare. Saturday night, April cational and cultural developments that Hungary again. 6, 1957, the 31st of such meetings was make for better family and community life. Indeed it may even come in the Soviet held. New inventions in various industrial fields Union where the people of Russia were the This annual dinner also honors the and the tremendous potentials of the peace­ first victims of the godless Communist retiring president of the organization. t ime developments of atomic power are bound tyranny. This year the president, Mr. Walter to challenge us for many years into the During the week Nagy was the legal head of the Hungarian Government what a differ­ Schulten, an outstanding industrialist future. and civic leader of Pittsburgh, was Instinctively we know that human free­ ence it might have made if the United Na­ so dom is a greater force than tyranny. tions had sent in observers; if based on the honored. We also instinctively know, though at first United Nations resolution the friends of The speakers this year were the dis­ times our allies and our own Government freedom abroad had sent the Freedom Fight­ tinguished Senator from Kansas [Mr. may for expediency forget, that there are ers bazookas and grenades rather than more SCHOEPPEL], the distinguished Senator some things in life which cannot be com­ resolutions of sympathy. from Ohio [Mr. LAuscHE], and myself. promised. Or is the policy of the United Nations and All of the addresses placed emphasis on Nations can die while delegates talk. Last the free world now to be that we wlll throw year the General Assembly of the United water on the embers of freedom and revolt the high cost of government and the Nations passed 10 resolutions in 76 days of against tyranny and that we will finance course we must take to maintain the debate. All that while freedom was being Communist economic and political systems economic stability or" the United States. strangled to death in Hungary. With cal­ so that the slaves will be more content with Unfortunately, we cannot have printed lous indifference the Soviet Union placed their masters? the speech of the able Senator from itself above the higher moral law of God as For several years the United Nations has Ohio, because he spoke from notes and well as above its obligations under the United t discussed the freedom of colonial people in did not have a written address. Nations Charter. Asia and in Africa. These are and will con­ I feel that these speeches are of inter­ No international organization can long tinue to be important questions until equi­ endure with a double standard of interna­ table solutions have been reached. The est to the general public, and I ask tional morality. Asian-African bloc of neutrals shows great unanimous consent to haive printed in Are the obligations and the mandates of solicitude. the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the Genesis the United Nations to be applicable to the Why, however, has there been a strange of the Amen Corner, the address of the democratic nations but not to the totali­ silence in the United Nations relative to the :Senator from Kansas [Mr. SCHOEPPEL], tarian powers? To the law abiding but not destruction of freedom in Latvia, Lithuania, and my remarks on that occasion. to the ·outlaw nations? To the small and and Estonia? Here is a clear-cut prima facie There being no objection, the Genesis weak -eountties but not to the big and strong? case of the violation of its international What kind of justice is this? Are we build­ treaties of friendship and nonaggression by 1tnd addresses were ordered to be printed ing on quicksand? What kind of a foun­ the Soviet Union. Here ls a clear case of the in the RECORD, as follows: dation is· this for constructing a system of unilateral incorporation of three independ­ GENESIS international law and order based on jus­ ent nations as provinces within the The Amen Corner is not a club. Don't tice? U. S. S. R. Here we find three nations that iorget that. We serve no useful purpose if we hide the were once free which are now in Communist It is something that just happened, and, facts. To the contrary by ignoring them captivity. Yet here the silence is .almost without rhyme or reason, might happen in and failing to seek remedies, we may en­ deafening. any well-regulated wide-awake, self-respect­ danger the safety of this Republic and free Will the General Assembly take further men everywhere. ing urban community. action in the Hungarian case to back up its . It happened to Pittsburgh in 18-let me For many decades the men in the Krem­ 10 resolutions or will an effort be made to lin have preached the doctrine that the free see-well, as far back as the memory of this create a zone of silence so that relations scrivner runs, debates to the contrary not­ world contains the seeds of its own destruc­ with the Soviet Union will not be embar­ tion. withstanding, there has been about town a rassed? Is justice for Hungary to be blinded coterie of boon companions, men of many It is far more likely, I believe, that the and gagged as well? Is the conscience of Communist world contains the seeds of its minds, without regard to race, creed, politics the world that was so thoroughly aroused in or previous condition, who have gathered own destruction. October and November to be complacent and ::Iungary was but the latest in the indi­ nocturnally, quite haphazardly, at some place satisfied in April and May? If the Security of convenient rendezvous, to discuss as the cations that, even under totalitarian police Council meets on the Mid-E-ast question this rule and the brainwashing of a whole gen­ spirit moved them, any subject under the month or next will the Hungarian issue be -rising or the setting sun, and, without let eration, the spark of freedom still lived and raised or be forgotten? was capable of lighting a fire that endan­ or hindrance, apply to the arts f-Orensic any These are questions which free men will system of logic or reason, which, the individ­ gered the whole monolithic structure of be asking and enslaved people who want to Communist tyranny. ual in his sovereign right, might elect. be free will be waiting for the answers. Membership in the Amen Corner ls -0ne of After the Hungarian experience how much It was Lincoln who said: "Fellow citizens, reliance can the Soviet Union place in the ·the difficult mysteries of the day. There is we cannot escape history. The fiery trial no set formula and no rules of procedure are armed forces of the other captive nations if through which we pass will light us down freedom is ever within their reach? How made to guide the ambitious tyro who would in honor or dishonor to the latest genera­ have his name inscribed on the roster of can they have faith in Communist indoc­ tion. • • • We, even we here, have the trination when young students were the lead­ membership. Indeed, the only information power and bear the responsib111ty. In giv­ on this head which is available is that to ers of the Hungarian rebellion? ing freedom to the slave we assure freedom Within the past 10 days, the rulers in the gain the open sesame one must be a one to the free. • • • We shall nobly save or hundred percent man. In truth manhood is Kremlin have sought to intimidate Norway, meanly lost the last, best hope of earth." Denmark, Greece, and Iceland. "the acid test which the Corner prescribes, The Soviet Union has not changed its apparently in secret, for one never knows long-term strategic objective: the destruc­ when, if, or how, he is to become a member tion of human freedom everywhere. until some day he is slapped on the back, They will be relentless in seeking to de­ Annual Dinner of the Amen Corner of hale fellow-like, and is told that he ls an stroy our institutions. Fortified by our "Amener." faith in God, we must be determined that Pittsburgh, Pa. That's the simple, frank process, but, like our way of life will be preserved. the higher degrees in some of the fraternities, Hungary has also taught the world that EXTENSION OF REMARKS the reason why one has been elected is never unless an independent government or revo­ OF disclosed. lutionary movement can function for several "Many are called but few are chosen" weeks or months it is dlftlcult for outside HON. EDWARD MARTIN seems to be quit.e literally the maxim of this ~riends to assist. OF PENNSYLVANIA unique fraternity of good fellows. Had the British redcoats crushed the The progenitor of "The Corner" was called first American rebellion in a week and cap­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES "'The Steps" and !ts place of concourse then tured the leaders (as happened in Budapest) Tuesday, April 16, 1957 was at Liberty Avenue and Sixth Street. there would have been no time for France One dark night some scalawags, out of and our other friends abroad t.o come to our Mr. MARTIN of Pennsylvania. Mr. tune with that splendid spirit which pre­ aid. President, the Amen Comer of Pitts­ serves the best traditions and usages of .an Sooner or later there will be another Hun­ burgh, Pa., includes in its membership epoch, wantonly and Without Tuth, moved gary. Will the free world be better prepared many of the leading business and profes- .. The Steps" to make room for the ignoble 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5857 and sordid march of progreSS-fllOVed them tion-enjoy the highest standard of living for private property. This amendment, a no one knew whither. of any country on earth. part of our great Bill of Rights, provides Up to Grant Street to the offices of one of We have only 6 percent of its land area, that private property cannot be confiscated the group, the fathers of the Amen Corner yet we account for 40 percent of its produc­ without due process of law, nor can it be trekked and metaphorically pitched their tion of goods. acquired for public use without just com­ tent. We generate 45 percent of its electric pensation. Not long thereafter this same iconoclastic power. From our earliest days as an independent march of progress-to be exact, in the fall of We have 60 percent of all the telephones country, we have believed in private enter­ 1915-the William Penn Hotel offered a ren­ in use, and more than 75 percent of the prise. dezvous whfoh the dispossessed members of automobiles. It is an article of faith that every indi­ "The Steps" grasped with an appreciation of The other side of the coin is, of course, vidual should be free to develop his God­ the hospitality extended, in a way that the fact that 93 percent of the world's popu­ given talents and to enjoy the fruits of his warmed the cockles of the heart of the genial lation has far less of the good things of life own labor. Boniface. than do our own citizens. Our country has prospered greatly because "Come over to the William Penn," said he, With the bulk of the world's resources of these basic fundamental beliefs. "and meet in a corner of the lobby." available to them, they should be able to do Our Constitution protects freedom of con­ So, they came, and out of "The Steps" more for their own people without depend­ science, freedom of speech, freedom of as­ there evoluted The Amen Corner. ing on the American taxpayer. ·sembly, and the freedom to petition one's On its roster, as active or honorary mem­ People from many lands visit America to Government. bers, are ambassadors to and from the Old see our factories, our farms, and to study These freedoms have fostered intellectual World, Governors, Senators, Judges of all the our productive processes. Our Government development, the spirit of scientific inquiry, courts, clergymen, lawyers, business men, fosters these exchanges, as we believe that and the willingness to explore the unknown, politicians, literatti, artists, actors, musi­ others can benefit through the application which underlie our great scientific and in­ cians, and notables in greater or lesser degree of our advanced technology and scientific de­ dustrial accomplishments. in nearly every profession, vocation, and velopments to raise their own living stand­ Let me remind you that our scientific de­ avocation. ards. velopments come from the efforts of indi­ I support these efforts. However, I am Many brilliant prandial functions have viduals. We believe in the dignity. and im­ disturbed that so many who visit our indus­ portance of every individual. marked the history of The Amen Corner. trial plants leave our shores without finding Annually the president is honored with a Let me discuss our current concern with the key to America's well-being and strength. lobbying in terms of the freedom guaranteed testimonial dinner. That's why we are here They believe that our progress can be trans­ tonight. in the Constitution to petition one's Gov­ planted to other lands by capital grants and ernment. But nightly, and now daily since it has its the application of technical know-how. own spacious quarters on the club floor of I am reminded of an article written in They have failed to grasp the· fact that 1935 by Raymond Moley, who is truly an the Wm. Penn Hotel-the real zest of mem­ the accumulation of capital in the United bership in The; Amen Corner may be judged .elder statesman in the field of political jour­ States, as well as our technical superiority, nalism. Mr. Moley wrote: from the casual gatherings and the open dis­ is based on a unique system of relationships cussions that animate them. "Lobbies about which we are hearing so between private citizens and their govern­ much these days are an inevitable aspect of Controversies rage on every conceivable ments. These relationships are derived from subject. Questions are never settled. That's republican government: They fill a need the spiritual and moral concepts which our created by modern economic life, which is a too much to expect from "men of many Founding Fathers wrote into our Constitu­ mesh of many interests. If we recognize minds." tion. But though the disputation may work it­ They are the basis for a competitive capi­ these interests as legitimate, we speak of self into the velocity of a typhoon-or the heat talistic system, which today protects the free .them as interests. of argument may rise to the temperature of world from atheistic communism. "If we do not like them, we call them in Hades, and, the end of the day may leave I believe in this system, and none of us an italicized voice interests. If we hate them some sorely tried tempers and furniture may should hesitate to voice our belief that this and are fighting them, we call them big, be a bit awry, the day after dawns with the is the most productive system man has de­ special, or vested interests. But interests they are, and they multiply, overlap, and same sunny skies breaking through Pitts- vised. . burgh's changeful atmosphere, and the same The United States Information Agency conflict." happy, smiling faces and the same warmth has sent an exhibit to many countries to ex­ It is the admitt~d responsibility of the of handclasps all around, that prevailed be­ plain our American system described as "the Congress and the Senate to prepare and pass fore the last argument. people's capitalism." This is a good phrase. upon the ground rules under which these We have no classes in America. overlapping and conflicting interests com­ Here in Pittsburgh your industrial society pete with each other. THE ROLE OF THE CONGRESS IN THE PRESERVA­ We should run no risk that our delibera­ TION OF FREE ENTERPRISE provides one of the best exhibits in the world to show the success of this system. Many tion turn into a Roman holiday for the (Address by United States Senator ANDREW of your neighbors are at one and the same benefit of sensational journalism, and re­ F. SCHOEPPEL, Republican, of Kansas, at time workers for, investors in, and custom­ ferring to the general area of the activities the 31st annual dinner of the Amen Cor­ ers of the same firm. which we call lobbying, I would like to again ner, Pittsburgh, Pa., on April 6, 1957) The distinguishing feature of each of these quote Mr. Moley: "It is di11lcult to indict a It is a pleasure to be with you in Pitts­ relationships is the fact that they are based method which in its essence is the ancient burgh tonight-the city aptly referred to on the voluntary decisions of individuals. right of petition in a modern dress." as the Renaissance City of America, the We in the Senate must make sure that its Regarding this right of petition, there great metropolis with the Golden Triangle. growth is fostered by the development of is a traditional policy in Washington which Many of your fine leaders, from all walks sound fiscal and monetary policy. every American citizen critical of lobbying of life, have contributed to this great en­ Any one can buy or sell a share of stock _should know and understand. terprise, prominent among them being Wal­ in any listed American corporation. On nearly every entrance door in the Sen­ ter F. Schulten, one of the outstanding in­ You can seek any job for which your abil­ ate Office Building there is a sign which dustrialists. ities qualify you. reads, in effect: "Come in. You are wel­ He has interested himself, as ·you know, You are free to spend your income as con­ come." In the great civic advancement of your city, sumers to satisfy your personal wants and Were the sign ever to be removed, dicta­ and is to be congratulated for his splendid express your individual preferences. torshlp would get its first toehold on the accomplishments. This voluntary system based on free indi­ Republic of the United States of America. It is always a pleasure for me to meet vidual choice is the unique featm·e of "the Those among our population who in their with business leaders to discuss some of people's capitalism." lack of information condemn the practice the problems which confront the Congress The Congress of the United States, your of business lobbying as a sinister influence of the United States in preserving the free board of directors, promises to protect in our public life would be astonished to enterprise system which you represent and these rights for all our citizens, which rights discover that the widely-publicized groups symbolize. have been handed down to us by our fore­ referred to as the power lobby, the oil and The 531 Individuals who constitute the fathers. gas lobby, the steel and chemical lobbies, Congress, 96 Senators and 435 Representa­ These freedoms are possible only because . etc., are relatively unimportant compared to tives, are the board of directors for the Amer­ individuals have the right to own private other groups. ican people. We are responsible for deter­ property. The productive tools in America These other groups are the farmers, the mining the policies of what has become the belong to the people and not to their veterans, the labor unions, and others whose biggest business on earth. Government. activities are usually considered to be exclu­ As in most corporations, boards of direc­ In recent years we have heard a great deal sively in the public interest, instead of in tors have no administrative responsibilities. about the fifth amendment. Every one here the private interest. In the Federal Government, executive re­ is familiar with the fact that it protects in­ These citizens would be still more aston­ sponsibility is the province of the President. dividuals from self-incrimination. ished to make the discovery that the biggest The American people-1 70 million of us, Some of you perhaps are not aware of the of all lobbies are the departments of the with only 7 percent of the world's popula- fact that it also provides the basic security Federal administration: The Army, the Navy, 5858 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 16 the Air Force, the Post Office, the State De­ Until the right to own private property is should be given primarily to those countries partment, the Treasury Department, Foreign established as a human right, every citizen which are willing to take the necessary politi­ Aid, and its associated lobbies. · will always be subject to the arbitrary ac­ cal, economic, and military measures to safe­ As to the actual day-to-day operation of tions of those who control the economies of guard their own freedom against the only Washington lobbies, I do not kno~ a single countries where the people are not free to aggres'sive force in existence in the world to­ Senator or Representative who does not express their own wishes. day-international communism. value the data and information emanating Furthering respect for private property The second school of thought, which has from these offices. will advance the economic well-being of many supporters, believes that foreign eco­ The public which, unfortunately, is pre­ other countries. What is even more impor­ nomic development financed by the Ameri­ occupied with the more sensational aspects tant, it will enable us to reduce our own can taxpayer is a noble end in itself. The of lobbying, does not know that one single, military burdens. adherents to this philosophy believe that we well-written, time-saving analysis is more In the months ahead the Congress of the should support the establishment of a new influential over Congressional action than a United States must determine the character specialized agency within the United Nations, dozen offers of special favors, free dinners, of our foreign-aid program. Its size, dura­ to be called SUNFED. or elaborate cocktail parties. tion, and method of operation will affect the The initials stand for Special United Na­ Our system of government is founded on future of our own economy. tions Fund for Economic Development. the concept that those who govern do so Because of the impact foreign-aid expendi­ The reasons for adding the word "Special" with the consent of the governed. This con­ tures have on the Federal budget and, hence, to the title of this agency are that without cept, in turn, rests on the fact that our on industries' tax burden, the Congress will the "S" the initials would read "UNFED," citizens own private property, not only give this program careful scrutiny. and this is not an appealing word. homes and personal possessions, but the Last year the Senate authorized an ex­ Walter Reuther is one of the strongest ad­ tools of industrial production. tensive study of the present program. The vocates of SUNFED. He has suggested that They can live and support their families Committee on Foreign Relations has secured our Gover,nment pledge an annual contribu­ regardless of whether their political views are assistance from a number of private groups tion of 2 percent of our gross national prod­ attractive to those in power. · representing different points of view. Their uct to such a fund. This would mean ad­ When the United Nations was established work is now being published by the commit­ ditional expenditures of more than $8 bil­ in 1945, one of its first acts was to establish tee in a series of reports to guide the Con­ lion of tax dollars. a Commtssion on Human Rights. gress in its deliberations. Establishment of SU'NFED would encour­ our Government supported the work of President Eisenhower al.so established a age underdeveloped countries to· develop this Commission, as we .wished to foster uni­ committee to examine this problem. He along socialistic lines, as they would not versal recognition of the guaranties enumer­ appointed Benjamin Fairless, one of your feel ·any compulsion to create the necessary ated in our Bill of Rights, including the right most distinguished citizens, to serve as internal conditions to attract the funds of to own private property. chairman. private investors. I am, of course, opposed to You will be interested to know that your Last month the committee's unanimous such an increase in our foreign-aid expendi­ Government, in the councils of the United report was made public by the President. It tures. However, I am even more concerned Nations, has attempted unsuccessfully f?r 11 _ strongly urges that we stimulate private in­ with the direction'the program would take, if years to secure recognition of the private vestment, rather than depend on Govern­ the funds were contributed to such an ownership of property as a basic human ment grant aid. Let me quote from the agency. right. , report: Any such international organization sup­ What is even more disturbing is that fact "Foreign investment of private capital ls plying grant aid would be directed and oper­ that in 1952 a resolution was adopted by the far more desirable than investment by Gov­ ated by individuals from nm.ny countries in United Nations General Assembly which, ernment; and during the past fiscal year it the United Nations whose economic philos­ in effect, condoned the right of countries to appears that there was approximately $3.7 ·Ophy would range from an adherence to our nationalize private property without com­ billion of new, private United States invest­ system of private competitive enterprise to peru;ation. Only four countries, including ment abroad. Such investments provide socialism, communism, and every form of the United States, voted against the adoption much more than capital to the cause of eco­ economic organization which· might lie be­ of this resolution. nomic development, for they carry with them tween t'he two extremes. As we turn the pages of history we can find the initiative, the managerial skill, and the Experts and technicians who are exponents no instance in which a war of aggression was technical aptitude which have proven of of socialism and communism would be sent started through the legislative actions of a great worth to the American economy. into many underdeveloped countries. Yes, free people. Under our Constitution, only "Moreover, private capital does not consti­ they would bring capital and technical train­ Congress can declare war. tute a drain on the taxpayer. Indeed, to the ing, but I am sure they would not bring the It is inconceivable that we would ever de­ extent that private capital can proceed, the one priceless gift we could give these coun­ bate a program for an aggressive attack on burden on the American taxpayer can be re­ tries-namely, an understanding of the basic anyone. duced without impairment of that economic principles of human ·organization which un­ The danger to world peace arises from the development of the free world which is so derlie not only our material well-being, but fact that in so many countries decisions essential to the realization of American aspi­ are responsible for the political freedom which determine the course of history do not rations. which makes each of us rejoice in our United rest with the elected representatives of free "Beyond that, private American capital can States citizenship. people, but are in the control of individuals join more easily with private capital in other I am very happy that the Fairless commit­ who have dictatorial powers over the man­ countries than can Government investment. tee in its report to President Eisenhower power and resources of their countries. "We believe, therefore, that the United unequivocally said, and I am again quoting: Permanent progress toward achieving a States Government should increase its efforts "The contributions of other economically ad­ world in which more of our energies can be to make known, both at home and abroad, vanced nations to the task of providing ex­ directed toward fulfilling the desires of our the productive contributions and possibili­ ternal assistance to nations in need should own people for a mo~e satisfying l~fe, rather ties of private capital. This can and should be actively sought. But it does not ·appear than in colossal military expenditures, re­ be done by our diplomatic missions and by that there is need for yet another worldwide quires that other countries achieve systems friendship and commerce treaties. In our bureau, such as the Special United Nations of government in which the aspirations of opinion, this effort has not been pursued, Fund for Economic Development, for the individual citizens will have a more impor­ thus far, with the vigor that the obvious distribution of grant· econoniic assistance" tant place. benefits of such an undertaking would jus­ (p. 11). . ' The people living behind the Iron Curtain, tify" (p. 8). Mr. Fairless, as the chairman of this pres­ if they understood our way of life and if they Obviously, private investors are not going idential commission, has performed a great controlled their own destinies, would never to send their money abroad unless they feel service for the United States and toward the vote to make war on us. Our danger lies that the countries receiving their capital will advancement of the private enterprise sys­ in the actions of their leaders who have kept not arbitrarily nationalize it or discriminate tem to which he contributed so much in his the truth about our economic system from against it because of its foreign origin. work as a business leader here in Pittsburgh, their own citizens. However, in spite of all that we can do to Let us now turn our attention to some It is because I believe so strongly that the further private investment, the Fairless com­ of the domestic concerns which confront spread of our system of private competitive mittee realizes that our Government must your board of directors, the Congress of the capitalism would not only help others to continue to make some direct grants and United States. raise their living standards, but would re­ loans for many years into the future. I have stressed the necessity of preserving move the threat of nuclear warfare, that I The Congress must decide whether grant freedom for every individual to express his feel we must further a better understanding aid should be administered by our own Gov­ views, and to live his life according to his of our economic system throughout the ernment or through the United Nations. own dictates as long as he does not infringe world. There are two schools of thought on the on the similar rights of others. Every foreign study group which visits the subject of foreign grant aid. The first, which In our present industrial society, there ls a United States must learn that the real secret , is · supported by the Fairless committee, and definite need for free labor unions. The of our progress lies in the fundamental free­ which I endorse, believes that governmental labor movement can play an important part doms which we enjoy. assistance financed with your tax dollars in advancing ou1· concepts of freedom. 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 5859 The Labor-Management Relations Act 'of they earned large profits, but these profits see to it that demands are not made upon the 1947 provides that a union, which is certi­ are small in comparison with the benefits Federal Government for services which couid fied as a bargaining agent for a majority of the consumers of our country received from be better performed either by private enter­ the employees in any establishment, ·shall their purchase 6f the products created by prise or by the States and local communities. represent all the employees in collective bar:" their efforts. The Atomic Energy Act was amended in gaining n_egotiations and in the handling of Under our system, the consumer of America 1954 so as to make it possible for private en­ any grievances with the employer. really receives the profits from any indus­ terprise to devote its resources to the de­ The Congress provided that uni<;m-shop trial endeavor. velopment of this new great force. Here agreements not prohibited by State or Ter­ In recent years it bas been more difficult for in Pennsylvania at Shippingport you will ritorial law could be executed by unions and small busilless to succeed and move forward. shortly be producing electrical energy from employers. Unions contend, with some justi­ I have been disturbed that so much of the the atom on a commercial basis. ficatimi, that they want all members of the work of our Small Business Committees has I can see no reason for the Federal Gov­ bargaining unit to contribute toward the been directed to attacks on big business ernment to compete with private industry benefits all the employees receive from the rather than to the development of measures in the developmen1; of peaceful uses for activities of the union working as their to further the growth of our smaller firms. atomic energy. Yet, proposals are repeatedly agent. One proposal advanced to assist small made which would ultimately require spend­ The Congress in 1947, when the Taft­ corporations is to reduce the normal tax on ing billions of tax dollars to place the Gov­ Hartley Act was written, regarded the rights the first $23,000 of corporate profits. ernment in the utility business in competi­ and obligations of labor unions in terms of It has great merit, and I support it. How­ tion with private industry. We must resist their traditional function as representing ever, it only partially solves the problem. these measures which would not only tend to their members in dealing with their employ­ We must remember that many of our smaller produce a collectivist economy, but would ers and not as political parties. Recently it firms are either individual proprietorships add ever-increasing burdens on our tax- has become obvious that in some respects or partnerships. They will only be helped by payers. . some unions regard themselves as political reducing our personal income tax rates. The 83d Congress authorized the disposal parties. If a small business shows a profit of $25,000 of the Government's investment in synthetic I would never infringe on the political and this profit represents a return of 5 per­ rubber plants to private industry. This rights of any group. I do not object to cent on invested capital, the stockholders transfer has been completed. unions engaging in politics. However, I do must have invested a half-m1llion dollars. The Government is out of this business, feel that any political action by a union must Most small businesses are owned by only a and properties valued at hundreds of mil­ be truly voluntary. No union which partici­ few stockholders. lions of dollars have been added to the tax pates in politics should be allowed to nego­ A family, or two or three individuals, have rolls of our States and local communities. tiate a union shop agreement and force a.n rislted all their assets in a venture. There is much more to be done in getting its members to contribute to a political I wonder whether those who speak with the Government out of business. The Gov­ campaign. feeling about the small business concern ernment is still the country's largest insurer, The results of the last.election clearly show whose profits total only $25,000 have the same its largest lender, its largest tenant, its that many union members did not carry out solicitude for the stockholders with assets largest holder o! grazing land, its largest the wishes of their union leaders in the pri­ of at least $500,000. Yet, we are talking warehouse operator, its largest shipowner. vacy of the polling place. These members, in about the same people. Under our present personal income tax and its largest truck-fleet operator. effect, were forced to contribute dues under laws rates in the top bracket reach 91 per­ If the Government withdraws from busi­ a union shop agreement to pay for a political cent, and it is becoming more and more dif­ nesses which can be undertaken by private campaign in opposition to their· own politi.:. ficult for individuals to accumulate funds industry, we will place billions of dollars of cal beliefs. · for investment. We can do a great deal to additional property on State and local tax More recently, the select committee in­ help small business by making it possible for rolls and at the same time we will increase vestigating.racketeering under the ch.airman­ individuals to once again save capital from the revenue of the Federal Government by ship of my . friend and colleague, Senator their current income. their sale of these properties. McCLELLAN, bas revealed t.hat funds collected This will accomplish more than attacks on All funds realized from the sale of these on a compulsory basis through union shop big business or the establishment of new Gov­ properties should be dedicated to a reduc­ agreements, allegedly for political purposes, ernment programs to loan funds to small tion of the national debt. The increased actually were used for the private gain of ~ business. Loans cannot be repaid unless local revenues will make it easier for the few unscrupulous and, I am sure, unrepre- equity capital can be substituted for Gov­ States and local governments to build sentative union officials. , ernment debt. schools and perform other necessary com­ One task which this Congress must under­ munity services themselves, instead of seek­ take is the amendment of the Labor Man­ The Congress must reexamine our tax structure so that it will produce the maxi­ ing Federal assistance in Washington. agement Relations Act so that every union As an illustration of how we can apply may be given the choice of whether it wishes mum possible revenue without depriving in­ new approaches to complex economic prob­ ti.) operate as a political party or as a trade dividuals of the incentive to establish and expand new businesses. Present tax rates lems, let me mention briefly Public Law 480 'Union. were established under the previous adminis­ of the 83d Congress, providing for the sale If it chooses to become a political party it of our agricultural surpluses for foreign trations, and many of them are designed to should enjoy the immunities of the. first currency. amendment, but lose the right to negotiate punish success rather than to raise revenue. This is a luxury we can no longer afford. This law also permits bartering surplus union shop agreements. agricultural commodities for strategic ma­ On the other hand, if it wishes to confine In view of the large·expenditures which our terials which are placed in our military stock­ Itself to acting as a bargaining agent for its Government must make for years to come it pile where they add to our national security. member,s and not engage in any political is essential that taxes be levied with due re­ The foreign exchange derived from these gard to the fundamental economic principle activity, it should be permitted to negotiate transactions is used to pay necessary ~x­ union shop agreements under State and Ter­ of diminishing returns. Any tax rate which penses of our Government in foreign coun­ ritorial law. I know we cannot continue our is set so high that it discourages new invest­ tries. Some of the funds have been lent pre.sent cour!)e of fostering compulsory mem­ ment and hence produces a smaller net reve­ back to the countries purchasing these com­ bership in political parties. This was the nue for the Government than would a lower modities for economic developroerit. technique of Mussolini and Hitler. It is rate is completely indefensible. This program has two features of interest fascism, and not Americanism. The subject of taxes invariably requires an to all taxpayers. For many years I have been a member of examination of appropriations. The Congress First, it disposes of surplus agricultural the Select Committee on Small Business. I is considering the budget for the fiscal year products. Appropriations for agricultural sought this assignment as I believe that if 1958 which will start July 1. President Eisen­ programs, a large domestic item in the our economy is to prosper, today's small hower has recommended the largest peace­ budget, can be reduced drastically when we businesses must be encouraged to grow into time budget in our history. The greater por­ are no longer burdened by surpluses which the big business units of tomorrow. tion of this budget is dedicated to our defense overhang the market and depress agricul­ We must constantly revitalize the ranks of and foreign-aid activities. tural prices. our business leaders with newcomers of I can assure you that the Congress will The second feature of this program of in­ ability and energy. Every American glories examine these items closely, and we will en­ terest to you is that it does not require cur­ in the achievements of your pioneer indus­ deavor to effect every possible economy with­ rent funds from the taxpayers. The money trialists-Andrew Carnegie, Henry Frick, and out jeopardizing the security of our country. for the acquisition of these commodities has Andrew Mellon. In the last analysis the domestic items in­ already been spent. .. They started with nothing but new ideas cluded in the bud.get reflect the demands In .disposing of them we reduce storage and a few dollars, which they had saved upon the President and. the Congress by the charges, we secure needed foreign currency before the. tax collector made saving so people . of America. We must reverse the for Government . purposes, we acquire stra­ difficult. trend to ever-larg.er Federal budgets i! we are tegic materials, and we contribute to our They gave this community new industries, to preserve our system of private enterprise. foreign-aid program, which would again supplying employment to hundreds of This can only be done if every community otherwise probably involve the expenditure thousands of your fellow citizens. To be sure. leader assumes a personal responsibility to of additional tax dollars. 5860 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 16 This Congress will undoubtedly extend this to slip from their hands. The great powers o! The time has come when each level of program for an additional year. Programs of the past failed when the people started to government must stand on its own feet. this type can be utilized to maximize the depend upon government and not upon Otherwise it will not be long before all gov­ benefits to all our people from every tax themselves. The result has always been ex­ ernment will be controlled at the nation al dollar spent. travagant spending, a crushing burden o! level. Each grant of Federal funds carries As a former governor, as well as a legis­ taxes and debt and eventually the loss o! with it a measure of Federal control. That lator, I am concerned with the problems of freedom. They passed out of history as com­ control never lessens. It always increases. education. pletely as if they had been destroyed by in­ The time has come when we must look We must improve our educational pro­ vading armies. ahead with extreme care before we take c..n grams, if we are to keep pace with the Rus­ The record of the past shows very clearly new projects. sians who have placed great emphasis upon that freedom cannot long be retained by a Two of the greatest men in our history had the training of scientists and engineers. You people who ignore or evade their responsibili­ something to say on this subject. cannot train scientists in our great schools ties. That means that we must all accept a Washington said this to Lafayette: "It is of technology without first providing the personal share of responsibility for keeping a part of the mill tary art to reconnoiter applicants for the freshman class with an our Nation strong, secure, sound, and solvent. and feel your way before you engage too adequate foundation in mathematics and in We must all take part in government. We deeply." This was stated when Lafayette the basic sciences. must become interested and active in poli­ was urging some reforms for France. I find that in many cases our secondary tics-not merely from a partisan stand­ Abraham Lincoln said in a letter to a schools have broadened their curricula so point-but as a patriotic contribution to the friend: "I hope to stand firm enough to not as to include so many subjects that it be­ public welfare. go backward, and yet not go forward fast comes a difficult task to find -adequate reve­ You men assembled here tonight are enough to wreck the country's cause." nue to pay all the specialized teachers this leaders in business, industry, and in the · The automobile gives another illustration program requires. professions. You are vitally interested in of watching both the past and the future. Furthermore, those who are qualified to building the economic strength of this im­ It h as a mirror which gives a view of the teach science and mathematics will not ac­ portant area and of the Nation. Therefore, road in the rear, while the driver has a per­ cept the salaries normally paid schoolteach­ the situation in our country, as it relates to fect view of.the road ahead. ers, as they have opportunities to work at Governme11t spending, taxes, and debts The careful driver sees both the rear and their specialties in private industry. should be a matter of great concern to you­ the front. Our communities must reappraise their and I am sure it is. Let us not move too rapidly in govern­ educational programs. We must make sure I am sure that you are all seriously dis­ ment until we survey the road of the past that we are doing the best possible job in turbed over the alarming increase in the cost and carefully reconnoiter the road to the teaching the fundamentals. We must elim­ of gover:riment at all levels, local, State, and future. Let us not lose sight of the dangers inate some of the frills that our school Federal, during the last quarter of a century. that lie ahead. budgets cannot afford so that we can pay Let us look at the figures. One of the greatest dangers to national better salaries to those teachers who have a In 1932 the people of the United States stability is inflation. Inflation is suggested real background in the subject.; they are paid $6,375,000,000 for local government. by many economists as a cure for certain teaching, as well as the teaching qualifica­ That cost is now $26,230,000,000. economic ills, but it is only a shot in the tions. For State government in 1932 we spent arm. This task cannot be undertaken by the a total of $2,028,000,000. Now the States Inflation, high taxes, deficit governmental Federal Government. It is one of the jobs are spending at the rate of more than $11 finance, big government debt and big cen­ which I hope that you will do in your local billion a year. tralized government have destroyed more communities. The cost of operating the Federal Gov­ nations than invading armies. It will de­ The future of our country is in the hands ernment in 1932 was $5,125,000,000. The stroy more countries than the most terrible of those who are now in school. current budget calls for the expenditure of bomb that could be invented. It has been a great pleasure for me this nearly $72 billion. Before it is too late, let the American evening to review some of the issues which Now, if we add up these figures we find people take over, because it is still our concern us in Washington. The preserva­ that the overall cost of government has Government. The people still have the power tion and development of a private enterprise jumped in 25 years from $13% billion to · to control. economy both at home and abroad is the $109% billion, an increase of more than 700 Let us bear this in mind. No nation, re­ most important task before the Senate today. percent. gardless of how rich it may be in natural You, as citizens, are stockholders in the Now let us look at the debt, which is a resources, can live and pay taxes which de­ greatest business on earth. mortgage on the future of every man, woman, story initiative and the private-enterprise and child in the United States.' plan of economy. , Many are now advocating In my limited time I could touch on only The bonded indebtedness of local govern­ a few of our problems. I can assure you things which tend toward socialism: public ment, which was $16,680,000,000 in 1932, is power, restricting the right to work at the that your board of directors, the Congress of now above $33 billion. the United States, regardless of party, and job of our choice, centralization of govern­ The debt of State government has grown ment. your Chief Executive, are working together to from less than $3 billion to $11 billion in advance the interests of this great Republic. The free-enterprise economy .plan has done the same period. more to advance our living standards and our The Federal Government debt shows t:he cultural and spiritual attainments than all BIG SPENDING OR EcONOMY-You MUST most startling increase-from $19% billion our vast natural resources. DECIDE in 1932 to the present debt of more than There are many systems of government (Address by United States Senator EDWARD $274 billion. that advocate some form of socialism. Let MARTIN, of Pennsylvania, at the annual The total Government debt has gone up us look at some of the results. dinner of the Amen Corner, in the Penn­ from $30 billion to more than $318% bil­ After 40 years, the Soviet type of com­ lion, an increase of more than 700 percent. Sheraton Hotel, Pittsburgh, April 6, 1957) munism has produc~d a living standard only In addition, many States and local sub­ Of all the great powers in the world the one-tenth as high as that of the United divisions have created authorities to finance States. United States is the only one where the peo­ various types of construction and other pub­ ple still control the Government. lic works by the sale of bonds. For example, The so-called Swedish welfare state has This significant fact of modern history is in Pennsylvania the debts incurred by State produced a living standard only one-third as the foundation upon which was built the and municipal authorities have reached a high as the United States. structure of American freedom. total of nearly $2 billion. In England, where nationalization of basic It is given impressive expression in the pre­ One illustration of the increase in the cost industries has continued for 12 years, the amble to the Constitution which declares of government is that the Federal Govern­ living standard is about one-half what it ls that "We, the People * * * do ordain and ment proposes to spend $14 billion a year in the United States. establish this Constitution of the United for welfare programs as compared with a Many of the Founding Fathers who were States." little more than $3 billion 10 years ago. interested in the independence and freedom That concept of government gave force and Unfortunately we are continually taking of the individual feared that our Govern­ effect to the principle set forth in the Decla­ on new projects and new spending programs ment, unless most carefully and econom­ ration of Independence that governments de­ which grow bigger and more expensive year ically administered, would fall, of its own rive their just powers from the consent o! after year. Local government, with hat in weight, within 200 years. Time is moving the governed. hand, goes to the State for handouts. The rapidly. It's our Government. Let us look If that ideal is to survive-if we are to State government, with hat in hand, goes to it over. If we are spending too much for continue to control our Government-our the Federal Government for handouts-the government let us have the courage to make people must recognize that we have responsi­ so-called grants-in-aid. Even our big cities corrections. bilities as well as rights. are bypassing the States and go directly One of the principal reasons for the alarm­ History teaches that it is a heavy responsi­ to Washington for :financial assistance. And ing rise in the cost of government is the bility to live as free men. Great nations to raise the money the Federal Government constant demand from organized pressure have gone down to destruction because their has two courses to pursue--higher taxes or groups who have no regard for the welfare people allowed control of their gov.ernment bigger debt ~ of our Nation or its future. 1957 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-·SENATE 5861 They· demand · appropriations of public to achieve govetnment at lower cost we ion, so strong and so · powerful that it. will funds for their pet projects, for new and ex­ must develop a demand for economy so be irresistible. panded functions of government, for sec­ strong and so insistent that no one in the As I said in the beginning of my remarks­ tional advantage and for every conceivable executive or legislative branches of govern­ in the United States the people still control form of spending. Some do not hesitate to ment will dare to ignore or oppose it. the government. Therefore the battle to threaten political reprisals unless their ·pro­ It must be supported by business associa­ cut the cost of government must begin with posals-are given immediate and favorable at­ tions, chambers of commerce, service clubs, you. tention. labor organizations, farm groups and wel­ Big spending or economy-you must de­ That same sort of pressure must now be fare and educational societies. It must have cide. And I have complete confidence that exerted in support of economy. If we are the driving force of an aroused public opin- you will make the right decision.

S. 687. An act for the relief of Stylianos EXECUTIVE SESSION SENATE Lecomples; S. 696. An act for the relief of Alecos Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I WEDNESDAY, APRIL 17, 19~7 Markos Karavasilis and his wife, Steliani move that the Senate proceed to the Karavasilis; and. consideration of executive business, for The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown s. 797. An act for the relief of John Leary. the purpose of considering the new re­ Harris, D. D., offered the following The message also anwJunced that the ports on the Executive Calendar. prayer: House had agreed to the amendment of The motion was agreed to; and the O Thou ruler of all nature, in the blue the Senate to the bill