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Benefits of Forest Ecosystems in Zambia and the Role of Redd+ in A BENEFITS OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN ZAMBIA AND THE ROLE OF REDD+ IN A GREEN ECONOMY TRANSFORMATION Published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2015 Copyright © UNEP 2015 Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, DCPI, UNEP, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. The use of information from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Disclaimers Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by UNEP. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement on trademark or copyright laws. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. This work has been designed and implemented under the direction of Dr Pushpam Kumar, Chief, Ecosystem Services Economics Unit, UNEP. Written by: Jane Turpie1, Benjamin Warr2 and Jane Carter Ingram3 Edited by: Sun Cho (UNEP) and Ivo Mulder (UNEP) Production editing by: Deborah Kirby (UNEP) 1Anchor Environmental Consultants, Cape Town, South Africa 2Betterworld Consulting, Lusaka, Zambia 3Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, U.S.A. Cover photo: Photo taken in the Northern Province of Zambia by Benjamin Warr Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection in Zambia, notably Mr. Ignatius Makumba and Mr Deuteronomy Kasaro, and Ms. Elsie Attafuah of UNDP in Zambia for their contributions, support and guidance throughout this study. We would also like to thank Michel Masosera of the Wildlife Conservation Society in Rwanda and Dale Lewis of the Wildlife Conservation Society in Zambia for their support and guidance in developing the work and providing feedback on the study. The authors would also like to acknowledge Dr Pushpam Kumar and Mr. Tim Christophersen (UNEP) for their oversight and support for this project. We would like to thank the reviewers who provided detailed feedback on the report: Dr Janaki Alavalapati (Virginia Technical State University), Dr Eric Mungatana (University of Pretoria) and Dr Thomas Ochuodho (Virginia Technical State University). We would also like to thank the many stakeholders in Zambia who provided critical guidance at the outset of the study at an inception meeting in Lusaka in March, 2014, and who offered critical feedback on the results in Kabwe in October, 2014. This publication was produced in partnership with the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD Programme), which harnesses the technical capacities of FAO, UNDP and UNEP to support the REDD+ readiness and implementation capacities of developing countries. More information available at www.un-redd.org. UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices This study was implemented by the Ecosystem Services Economics Unit, Division of Environmental Policy Implementation (DEPI), United Nations Environment Programme globally and in its own activities. This (UNEP). report is printed on paper from sustainable forests. The paper is chlorine free and the inks Job Number: DEP/1894/NA ISBN: 978-92-807-3452-2 vegetable-based. Our distribution policy aims Layout and printing: UNON, Publishing Services Section, Nairobi, ISO 14001:2004-certified. to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. D1 No.: 14-03754/100 copies BENEFITS OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN ZAMBIA AND THE ROLE OF REDD+ IN A GREEN ECONOMY TRANSFORMATION Table of contents Foreword 05 Executive summary 06 Acronyms and abbreviations 11 o1. Introduction 12 o2. Environment, people and economy 14 o3. Patterns and drivers of forest loss 20 o4. The nature and current value of forest ecosystem services 2518 o5. Overall contribution of forests to the economy 55 o6. Potential benefits of REDD+ in green economy transformation in zambia 60 o7. Bibliography 67 Appendices 72 Photo credit: © Benjamin Warr At the regional level, Zambia’s strategic loca- tion makes it an important country within the Foreword sub-region in relation to REDD+ and associated trans-boundary ecosystems. These ecosystems become even more important as Zambia holds about 30-40 per cent of the water resources in Forests play a crucial role in enhancing human Southern Africa and shares trans-boundary wa- well-being and in sustaining the economy of ter resources with eight other countries. At the Zambia. They contribute to economic growth, international level, Zambia has great potential to employment, wealth, export revenues, a stable promote key international development goals, supply of clean water, recreation and tourism such as reducing carbon emission, through the opportunities, as well as essential building ma- implementation of targets that will be outlined terials and energy for a wide range of economic in its National REDD+ Strategy. sectors. However, Zambia has one of the highest per capita deforestation rates in Africa. The Gov- This work, undertaken by UNEP’s Ecosystem ernment’s efforts to reduce emissions from de- Services Economics Unit in association with the forestation and forest degradation and increase Zambian Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources the role of conservation, sustainable manage- and Environmental Protection, is part of a range ment of forests and enhancement of forest car- of activities offered by the UN-REDD Programme bon stocks (REDD+) have the potential to halt the to support the Government of Zambia by ena- rate of deforestation in the country. bling it to build the economic case for the imple- mentation of key policies and measures for the This can happen if the country manages to suc- sustainable management and conservation of cessfully implement its national strategy to re- the country’s forest ecosystems as part of REDD+ duce emissions from deforestation and forest implementation. Such measures could include degradation, and, thereby, leverage financing strengthening forest management and enforce- and investments opportunities for REDD+ im- ment of laws on illegal timber harvesting, sup- plementation including through results-based porting community land tenure and strengthen- payments. Actions to reduce deforestation could ing community-based forest stewardship. Other be an important catalysing factor for the coun- means include improving the efficiency and sus- try to transition to a Green Economy, especial- tainability of agricultural practices, increasing ac- ly if REDD+ implementation is embedded in the cess to incentives and income generating activ- country’s ambitious development and economic ities that depend upon forest conservation and objectives. Thus, the potential is great for the managing the demand for charcoal production. forestry sector to play a very important role in the country achieving its Vision 2030 goals. It is envisioned that these findings will further strengthen the resolve of the Government of This report provides an economic rationale for Zambia to address the drivers of deforestation prioritizing REDD+ implementation by showing and forest degradation, and to implement the the significant economic benefits of doing so. National REDD+ Strategy as part of the coun- Forest ecosystem services that were quantified try’s broader goals to achieve an Inclusive Green in this study and which are currently not account- Economy. ed for in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) such as sediment retention and erosion control, ecot- ourism, pollination services and carbon storage, have an economic value equivalent to at least 2.5 per cent of the GDP of Zambia. This represents Her Excellency Mrs. Christabel Ngimbu an undervaluation of 40 to 68 per cent of the to- Minister, Ministry of Lands, Natural tal value added of provisioning services such as Resources and Environmental Protection industrial roundwood, charcoal, firewood, wood processing, pulp and paper and non-wood forest products. With the inclusion of these additional services, the contribution of forests to the Zam- bian economy rises from 3.8 per cent to 6.3 per Achim Steiner cent. The formal and informal contribution of United Nations Under-Secretary-General and the forestry sector also supports over 1 million Executive Director, United Nations Environment jobs related to fuelwood, non-wood forest prod- Programme ucts and ecotourism, which means that forests support over 60 per cent of rural Zambian house- holds. 5 Executive summary Introduction The aim of this study was to undertake a rapid assessment of the value and role of forests in the Zambian economy based on available information in order to inform policy de- cisions on forest management and the implementation of REDD+ activities in Zambia. The study is part of the coun- try’s National UN-REDD
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