February 1920

FEBRUARY 1920

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN INSTITUTEOF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 33 -WEST 39TH ST NEW YORK CITY

MIDWINTER CONVENTION NUMBER rwf-;Irr

New Hudson Ave. Station The Brooklyn Edison Coll,

Turbine Room New Hudson Ave Station

Hellsate PowerStation 50,0001041.7i/rho Generator

fa -9' 4 -` ' Industrie/ Lighting Demonstration

Edison Lighting Institute 11

A Systems AThermionic 'Development Bell Telephone Speech Input Eouipment7 r Research B'ell Telephone Laboratory WEA-F, N.Y , ficA / Laboratory LaboratogIncNYIL Some Notable Electrical Engineering Features in and near New York Open to A. I. E. E. Members and Guests at Midwinter Com ention OFTHE American InstituteofElectricalEngineers PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 33 West 39th Street, New York Subscription.$10.00 per year to United States, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and the Phillipines, $10.50 to Canada and $11.00 to all other Countries.Single copies $1.00. Entered as matter of the second class at the Post Office, New York, N. Y., May 10, 1905, under the Act of Congress, March 3,1879. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3. 1917, authorized on August 3, 1918. Vol. XLV FEBRUARY, 1926 Number 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Papers, Discussions, Reports, Etc. Notes and Announcements 107 The Distance Range of Radio -Telephone Broad - Cipher Printing Telegraph Systems for Secret casting Stations 159 Wire and Radio Telegraphic Communica- The Cross -Field Theory of Alternating -Current tions, by G. S. Vernam 109 Machines, by H. R. West 160 Dielectric Phenomena 115 The Calculation of Magnetic Attraction by the Supervisory Systems for Electric Power Appara- Aid of Magnetic Figures, by Th. Lehmann... 167 tus, by Chester Lichtenberg 116 Discussion at Pacific Coast Convention Flux in a Circular Circuit, by Carl Hering 123 Application of Electric Propulsion to Double - The Ratings of Electrical Machines as Affected by EndedFerry -Boats,.(Kennedyand Altitude, by Carl Feehheimer 124 Smith) 174 Railway Electrification in Java Planned 130 A High -Voltage Distributing System, (Glen A New Wave -Shape Factor and Meter, by L. A. H. Smith) 174

Doggett, J. W. Heim and M. W. White 131 On the Nature of Corona Loss, (Hesselmeyer U. S. Has Five Radio Stations to Every One in and Kostko) 175 Europe 136 Power Distribution and Telephone Circuits- Terms of Applications for Broadcasting License in Inductive and Physical Relations, (True - India Changed 136 blood and Cone) 177 Voltage for Home Use 136 Opportunities and Problems in the Electric Current Limiting Reactors with Fire -Proof Insu- Distribution System, (Blake) 180 lation on the Conductor, by F. H. Kierstead.. 137 DistributiontoSupplyIncreasing Load PreventianofDeteriorationofVulcanized Densities, (Crawford) 184 Rubber 141 Spans having Supports at Unequal Elevation, Practical Aspects of System Stability, by Roy (Smith) 186 Wilkins 142 Distribution Line Practise of the San Joaquin Correspondence Light and Power Corporation, (Moore and Minor) 1 88 Leakage Reactance, by W. V. Lyons 151 Illumination Items Radio Sets on Farms 152 Depreciation of the Reflecting Properties of Starting Characteristics and Control of Polyphase White Paints 188 Squirrel -Cage Induction Motors, by Horace Dielectric Constant, Power Factor and Resist - M. Norman 153 ivity of Rubber 190 Institute and Related Activities Midwinter Convention, February 8-11 191 Can American and British Screw Threads Regional Meeting at Cleveland, March 18-19 192 Be Unified? 197

Niagara Falls and Madison, Wis., Regional Meet- Sharon, Pa., Has New Section 197 ings in May 193 New Metallurgical Laboratories 197 Student Convention at Cambridge 193 Monthly Bulletin of the Mexico Section 197 Future Section Meetings 193 G. E. Review Plans 5 -Year Index ' 197 American Engineering Council National AcademyofSciencesAppealsfor Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C., January Research Funds 197 13-15, 1926 193 Personal Mention 197 John Fritz Medal Awarded to Edward Dean Addresses Wanted 198 Adams 195 Obituary 198 RelationofDieselElectricLocomotiveto Engineering Societies Library 199 Electrification 195 Book Review 200 Engineering Foundation Past Section and Branch Meetings 200 A Platform for Engineering Foundation- Engineering Societies Employment Service 203 An Announcement 195 American Erncineering Standards Committee Membership and Application and Transfer 204 New Limit -Gage for Mass Production 196 Officers of A. L E. E 213 Unification of Wire and Sheet Metal Gages Local Honorary Secretaries 213 Proposed 196 Digest of Current Industrial News 214 A REQUEST FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS must be received at Institute headquartersat least ton days before the dato of issue with which It is to take effect.Duplicate copies cannot be sent without charge to replace those issues undelivered through failure to send such advance notice.With your new address ho sure to mention the old one, indicating also any change in business connectior; Copyright 1926.By A. I. E. E. Printed In U. S. A. Premission is given to reprint any article after its date of publication, providedproper credit is given. Current Electrical Articles Published by Other Societies

Engineers and Engineering, December, 1925 Motorbus as an Adjunct to the Street Railway, by B. II. Iloilo,' Power Plant of the Motorbus, by J. C. Thinl%;t11 Illinois Engineer, December, 1925 Controlling Electric Motors, F. R. Fishlwk Iron and Steel Engineer, December, 1925 Selection of Electric Drives for Reversing Mills, by L. k. Umansky Electrical Rolling Mills, by D. W. Blakeslee Proceedings of the New York Railroad Club, November 20, 1925 Electrification Achievement-Passenger Service onII& 0 Staten Island Lines, by J. H. Davis Journal of the A. I. E. E. Devoted to the advancement of the theory and practise of electrical engineering and the allied arts and sciences

Vol. XLV FEBRUARY, 1926 Number 2

The Invisible Service meaning to the most sublime edifice known to man, of Science to the starry vault of heaven. Service of Science reminds us first of the visible serv- 2.SCIENCE OF ELECTRICITY IN MOTION ice of science, which one can see in every nook and The second physical reality revealed itself through corner of our daily life.But there is an invisible serv-the science of electricity in motion.Among those ice of science which has a purely intellectual, esthetic,who laid the foundation to this physical reality Fara- and spiritual value.This is the service to which Iday must be mentioned first.He discovered the wish to call attention.In this connection it is well tomeaning of acceleration in electrical motions; he is point out at this very outset that during the last threethe Galileo of the Electrical science.But who is its hundred years, since the pilgrim fathers landed atNewton?Sixty years ago Maxwell spoke like a Plymouth rock, science has revealed three distinctprophet when he made the startling announcement physical realities.The first physical reality was re-that radiation of light and heat is a manifestation of vealed through the science of matter in motion; themoving electricity.The prophecy came true and Max- second, through the science of electricity in motion;well rose to .the lofty position of a Newton of electrical and the third, through the science of energy in motion. science.Its achievements during the last sixty years Each one of these contributes a service which is notare the fruits of our efforts to find a complete interpreta- visible in every nook and corner of our daily life; buttion of Maxwell's prophecy.The. greatest among it has an intellectual as well as an esthetic and.spiritualthem is the discovery that the origin of all radiation is value. in the motions of the tiny electrons which ,are, as far as we know today, the immutable primordial building 1. THE SCIENCE OF MATTER IN MOTION stones of the material universe.Atoms have been re- The first physical reality revealed by the science ofvealed to us as complex structures, made up of positive matter in motion announced its approach three hun-and negative electrons, the unchangeable granules of dred years ago, when Galileo discovered the concept ofthat subtle substance which we call electricity.Every- acceleratiOn and its relation to the moving force.Athing that moves and has its being in this boundless hundred years later Newton finished the work whichuniverse seems to be deriving its breath of existence Galileo had commenced; he placed the crowning domefrom the electrical forces which have their origin in upon the beautiful intellectual structure the foundationthe tiny electrons.The combined activities of these of which had been laid by Galileo.The Galileo -Newtoninfinitely small but infinitely numerous workers is the science of matter in motion, the science of dynamics, isactivity of that stupendous unit, called the universe. this intellectual structure.It revealed the first phys-The book of Genesis, composed by a Moses of modern ical reality which is our earliest scientific knowledge ofscience, would probably start as follows: the material unvierse.Nothing exhibits the beauty In the beginning God said :Let electricity move, and of this reality so well as the motion of the planetsthe embryo of the universe began to form. around the sun. Here we have a cosmic system of If the contemplation of .this physical reality does not bodies, in whch each part moves along a definite path uplift the soul of man and stimulate its intellectual and with a precision unattainable in any mechanism con-esthetic as well as its spiritual activity then St. Paul structed by the hand of man. And yet the onlywas in error when he said:"We all with open face guiding force in this perfect order is the gravitationalbeholding the glory of the Lord are changed into the action of matter, operatingaccording to laws ofsame image from glory to glory lf childlike simplicity.Michelangelo, we know, rendered immortal service to the intellectualas well as to the3.THE SCIENCE OF RADIENT ENERGY IN MOTION esthetic and spiritual activity of the human soul, These two physical realities prepared the human when he impressed his genius upon that magnificentmind for a third physical reality which is being revealed edifice on the Vatican Hill, St. Peter's basilica in Rome.to us through the motion of cosmic, 'that is of radiant, Newton, the Michelangelo of the science of dynamics,energy.The concept of energy is a comparatively rendered to mankind a similar, but immeasurablynew concept, and its full meaning dawned upon us less greater service when through his science he gave a newthan a hundred years ago.Today we know that the *Address delivered on January 8111before the Pittsburghbackground . of every physical phenomenon is a trans- Section of the A. I. E. B. formation of some form of energy.We also know that

107 108 NOTES AND COMMENTS Journal A. I. I. E. the total energy content in the universeis constant,resist the temptation of asking this question, because but that its radiated partsare wandering through space,it suggests the possibility of finding a new relationship as ifin search of new opportunities forbenevolentbetween some new cosmic processes going on near the service.Each visible star radiates itsenergy to othervery boundaries of our stellar system and the tiny stars, and our little terrestrial globe would bea sadliving cells on earth.Some future Newton will answer and barren abode if it did not float inthe life-givingall these questions; in the meantime the contemplation energy stream of solar radiation. of the physical reality of which these questions are a This radiation proceeds from countless tinyelectronicpart cannot fail to furnish that intellectual, esthetic, centers, each one of them attending strictly to itsownand spiritual exhilaration which is the noblest service activity and paying no attention to the activityof itsof science to the human soul. neighbors.It is, therefore, a chaotic activity ofan M. I. PUPIN. immense number of essentially autonomous workers.Some Leaders Hence solar radiation is a most chaoticswarm of count- of the A. I. E. E. less energy units, and yet their serviceon earth shows that beautiful order which is the fairest adornment of Dugald C. Jackson, the twenty-third president of the our terrestrial globe. A. I. E. E., was born at Kennett Square, Pa., February Just watch the clouds of the13, 1865.He was graduated from Pennsylvania State summer sky, moving, like Milton's heavenly host,College in 1885 with the degree of B. S., receiving the in stately procession, and carrying relief to the thirsty continent. degree of C. E. from the same college in the year 1888. Remember, then, that the power behindFollowing graduation, Mr. Jackson devoted two years this gigantic labor of beautifully ordered serviceis to post graduate work in electrical engineering at Cor- the chaotic energy stream of solar radiation. Herenell University, serving as instructor in physics in 1887. is a transformation of a chaos into a cosmos,a revela- For two years he was vice-president and engineer of tion of a new physical reality, which givesa concrete meaning to the belief of ancient Greece, that thethe Western Engineering Company, at Lincoln, Neb., and throughout the years 1889-1890 served as assistant creation of the world is a transformation ofa chaos intochief engineer with the Sprague Electric Railway and a cosmos. A new science is rising in the background of this physical reality. Motor Company, at New York.Following this, for Its foundation was laid aone year, he was chief engineer of the central district hundred years ago by that great savant, Sadi Carnot,of the Edison General Electric Company. who isits Galileo.But who isits Newton? Not only has. he not yet appeared but the science has not In the year 1891, Mr. Jackson became a member of yet received its appropriate name.I call it, for wantthe faculty of the University of Wisconsin.During of a better name, The Science of Coordination. the sixteen years of his engagement there the department of Electrical Engineering of the University was Carnot told us how the chaotic molecular activity, developed. ,called heat, can be transformed into orderly service by interposing a heat engirie in the path of heat in its Since the year 1907 Professor Jackson has been at the passage from a higher to a lower temperature.Thehead of the Department of Electrical Engineering engine is a guide, a coordinator, of the chaotic heatat Massachusetts Institute of Technology.He was energy.Similarly a galvanic cell is a coordinator ofsenior member of the firm of D. C. and W. B. Jackson, chemical activity which is chaotic when unguided. Theconsulting engineers, for twenty years, during which caloric engine and the galvanic cell are coordinatorstime the company was actively identified withmany invented by man.Their guiding operation is per-of the noteworthy electrical projects of the country. formed in accordance with the designing intelligenceAt the time the British telephone systemswere taken of man who has a definite purpose in view.But whatover by the British Government, he serveditas is the coordinator which transforms the chaotic solarconsulting engineer. energy, absorbed by the leaf of a plant, into a co- In the World War, Professor Jackson served overseas ordinated service which manifests itself in the orderlyas Lieut.-Colonel of Engineers, rendering distinguished growth of the plant?Each organic cell as a whole andservice to the American Expeditionary Forces. all of its miscroscopic and ultra microscopic components Professor Jackson was a member of the Jury of Elec- feed, grow, and divide in an orderly way; they trans-trical Awards at the World's Columbian Exposition, form chemical activity, which is chaotic when un-Chicago, 1893, and at the Pan-American Exposition, guided, into orderly work and service.Is there aBuffalo, 1901. He is a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, guiding coordinator attached to each one of these tinyFrance; was president of the A. I. E. E. throughout the organic units, and, if there is, does it operate in ac-term 1910-11; president of the Society for Promotion of cordance with some intelligent design and purpose asEngineering Education, 1905-06, anda member of is the case in the caloric engine and the galvanic cell?various other American and foreign technical and What function,if any, does the recently revealedscientific societies. radiation of marvellous penetrability play in the phys- He is the inventor of a number of electrical devices ico-chemical processes of the organic cells? One cannotas well as author of many technical papers and books. Cipher Printing TelegraphSystems For Secret Wire and RadioTelegraphic Communications BY G. S. VERNAM1 Associate, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-This paper describes a printing telegraphcipher used.The operation of the equipment is described, as well as the system developed during the World War for the use of theSignal method of using it for sending messages by wire, mail or radio. Corps, U. S. Army.This system is so designed that the messages The paper also discusses thepractical impossibility of pre- are in secret form from the time they leavethe sender until they are venting the copying of messages, as by wire tapping, and the relative deciphered automatically at the office of the addressee.If copied advantages of various codes and ciphers as regards speed, accuracy while en route, the messages cannot be deciphered by an enemy,and the secrecy of their messages. * * * even though he has full knowledge of themethods and apparatus

INTRODUCTION it out between New York and Washington.This trial proved that the system could be successfully used THE purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly cer-to send messages secretly and at a speed many times tain methods for obtaining secrecy in connectionfaster than by methods previously in use.3 with messages sent by wire or radio telegraphy, and to describe in particular printing telegraph cipher Each, message is automatically enciphered at the systems that were developed for this purposeduringsending station and deciphered in the same manner the World War. at the receiving station.The method of ciphering will The desirability of obtaining secrecy in telegraphicbe described later in this paper and is such that under communications and the possible advantages of acertain conditions of use, the messages are rendered system that would be capable of sending messagesinentirely secret, and are impossible to analyze without such form as to be entirely secret, and which at thethe key, even if it is assumed that the enemy can same time, would be more rapid and accuratethancapture a machine, learn its method of operation in all the codes and ciphers ordinarily used, were broughtdetails, and intercept a large number of messages. out in conversations with officers of the Signal Corps,

U. S. Army.These discussions made it evident to the Printer engineers of the Bell System that it would be very helpful if the well-known automatic features of the printing Message __Mach!, telegraph art could be made available for enciphering Transmitter Perfor,, and deciphering telegraph messages, and could at the _ Key Tape Keyboard Tr dr:,rnot same time be made practical for use under service conditions. The engineers recognized that printing telegraphs2 - Tope. were rapid and accurate, but were not secret except Hey to the extent that their signals could not be read from a telegraph sounder.With the general requirements for secrecy systems in mind, studies were made - of printing telegraph systems to determine how their FIG.1-CIPHER PRINTING TELEGRAPH MACHINE messages could be made secret.The result of this work was the development of a cipher system that is FLEXIBILITY OF. SYSTEM capable of rendering messages entirely secret, is rapid This method of ciphering can be used with machines and accurate, and is practical to use. of various types.The electrically -driven machine This "Cipher Printing Telegraph System" was calledshown in Fig. 1 was developed during the war particu- to the attention of the Signal Corps.The Signallarly for the Signal Corps, U. S. Army.In order to Corps became very much interested, tested the secrecysave time in production, standard printing telegraph of communications handled by the system and triedparts were used wherever possible with the result that I.Engineer, Dept. Development and Research, Am. Tel. &this machine has the appearance of a "start -stop" Tel. Co. printing telegraphset with some additional units 2.See John H. Bell, "Printing Telegraph Systems," TRANS. mounted on a shelf at the right end of the table.This A. I. E. E.for1920, Vol. XXXIX, Part1,p.167, andtype of cipher set is particularly suitable for handling A. H. Reiber, ' Printing Telegraph Systems Applied to Messagelarge amounts of traffic at high speed. Traffic Handling," TRANS. A. I. E. E. for 1922, Vol. XLI. p.39. l'o be presented at the Midwinter Convention of the A. 1. E. E., 3.Note:See page 140, "Report of the Chief Signal Officer New York, Feb. 8-11, 1926. to the Secretary of War" for the year ending .June 30, 1919. 109 110 VERNAM: CIPHER PRINTING TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS Journal A. I. E. E.

If something smaller in size andportable is required,"words."Fig. 3 is a copy of such a message shown the machine shown in Fig.2 may be used.Thisexactly as it was prepared by the cipher set.Such machine is light and strictly portableas no electricmessages can be printed by the machine directly on current is required for its operation.It is slower thanthe telegram blank with the address and signature in the large machine and requiresa knowledge of theplain English, and if desired, a carbon copy can be standard "Baudot" printer code (see Fig.8) on themade at the same time for record purposes. part of the operator, but itsmessages are equally secret. PREVENTING ACCESS TO MESSAGES These machines are considered suitable for general use by government departments, business concerns, There appear to be two general methods for securing secrecy in connection with communications, namely, (1) by preventing or at least attempting to prevent access to the messages or to the lines of communication and, in the case of telegraphic communications by rendering the lines incapable of being tapped, and (2) by the use of codes and ciphers with key systems known only to the proper parties. As regards wire tapping, sensitive alarm devices arranged to operate on small changes in the electrical constants of the line circuit, are unsuccessful as a means of preventing unauthorized parties from obtaining access to the circuit.The electrical condition FIG.2-PORTABLE CIPHER MACHINE of a long telegraph circuit is continually changing as a result of variation in temperature and other weather etc., for handling confidential messages rapidly andconditions.This fact limits the usefulsensitivity secretly.The method of using them can be varied toof any such alarm devices, whereas by using vacuum suit conditions and so as to make unauthorized de-tube amplifiers, a record of the signals passing over a. cipherment as difficult as may be necessary up to thecircuit can be obtained without appreciably disturbing point where it becomes impossible even for -an expertthe line circuit and even without actual contact with cryptanalyst. the wire. If an appreciable demand exists for machines of Telegraph systems have been invented, that will oper- special sizes or having particular operating features forate successfully on very small line currents, and which special uses, these can be built to employ the sameuse coils and condensers to suppress the harmonics in secrecyprinciple.For example,the functionsofthe signal impulses, or in other words to avoid sudden ciphering and transmitting over a telegraph circuit canchanges in current value.The currents induced in be combined in one machine, if desired, so that, at theneighboring circuits by such a system would be small, sending station, messages can be simultaneously en-so that it would be rather difficult, if ordinary methods ciphered and transmitted over the telegraph circuit,are used, to obtain a record of the signals by their in- and so that, at the receiving station, messages can beductive effect.This can be readily done, however, received, deciphered automatically and printed directlyif modern vacuum tube amplifying equipment is used. in plain text;thus avoiding the slight delay causedIt is also obvious that a record can be easily obtained by separately enciphering and deciphering each mes-if the wire is tapped. Many attempts have been made to obtain secrecy RUIYW TGCZG PIETY RJGUA ELKEJ EZIAOduring the actual transmission of telegraph messages ISCFE LCXHF CONEC XELVY DXJBT WFEJMby making them unintelligible.In one system of this HLGDL DDPYD TPGVQ EZAYI LXSZX sort, successive signal impulses are sent alternately Fm. 3-SAMPLE CIPHER MESSAGE IN PRINTED FORM over two line wires by means of a rotary switch which puts the sending key in connection first with one wire sage.This metitod is particularly suitable for casesand then with the other at each movement of the key. where the cipher equipment can be directly connectedAt the receiving end, the impulses are combined to a telegraph line or to a radio transmitter andthrough one relay.With this system, the messages receiver and can be operated by the same per-may be readily copied if both wires are tapped, and it sonnel. is quite possible to decipher the messages even if only If the cipher messages are to be turned over to aone wire is tapped. telegraph or cable company to transmit, they should Proposals have also been made to use complex be in written or printed form.For this purpose, thedevices or methods, or so to mutilate the normal im- cipher machine can be arranged to print the cipherpulses that they become unintelligible to anyone tap- messages in groups of five letterseach, spaced to formping the line circuit or intercepting the signals if sent TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS 111 Feb. 1926 VERNAM: CIPHER PRINTING general classture of this relay will follow thesignals.The same by radio.Any secrecy system of this relay can be readily "broken" by anyonehaving a knowledgesignals pass through both windings of the east of the methods used and the ability toassemble andin parallel, the magnetic effects opposing andbalancing to signals from the operate the necessary apparatus. so that this relay does not respond west station. terminal TAPPING DUPLEX AND MULTIPLEXCIRCUITS In a similar manner, signals from the east station will energize the east relay but not the west full duplex cir- It has also been considered that a relay at the intermediate station, so that by usingsuit- cuit or a multiplex printer circuit, inwhich messagesable recording devices associated with each relay, a inopposite are being transmittedsimultaneously copy of signals in both directions maybe obtained. directions, could not be tapped and thatcircuits of this character insured secrecy to thecommunications TAPPING A MULTIPLEX CIRCUIT This is not true, however, and thus being handled. This method may be used to tap a multiplex printer means have been invented bywhich a message originating at one station of an ordinary duplexcircuit cancircuit, in which case a tape record of the form shown be tapped at any part of the circuit, eventhough ain Fig. 5 will be obtained.If this is taken from a second message is also going over the samecircuit SPACE simultaneously in the opposite direction.This means F F Jr N H7..7--- that a multiplex printer circuit, in which as many as 5 _1SPAS( handled M =4. E eight messages, four in each direction, are P P L simultaneously, may be tapped and a person whois N OH R T familiar with the system can readily analyze themulti- SPACE rH N SPACE channels plex impulses to distinguish between adjacent 5-TAPE RECORD OF MULTIPLEX PRINTER SIGNALS and the letters of each message in each channel. FIG. An arrangement for tapping a duplex circuitis"double -duplex" circuit alternate letters must be read shown in Fig. 4.A single sensitive polar relay mayas indicated, to get the messagefrom either channel. be used to receive the signals from either end oftheEvery third or every fourth letter must be chosen if circuit, or by using two such relays, the signals inthe circuit is operL,ted by the "triple -duplex" or "quad- Each both directions may be read simultaneously. ruple -duplex" method.The individual letters are relay may control a sounder or a suitable recordingin the ordinary five -unit printer code, the polarities device.One winding of each relay is connected inof alternate signals being reversed.To decipher such series with the line, the other winding being connecteda tape, it should be dividedinto units of five dot in a circuit from line to ground through an "artificial lengths each.The correct starting point can be found line" composed of adjustable resistances and con -in not more than five trials and can be recognized by

WE T EAST POLAR the fact that the letters of each message then form RITA, RELAY_ RELAY RELAY PESTS- sensible combinations. P) ----LIN- LINE N I "f14 - Yli) CODES AND CIPHERS thc,Hars, , i . i I i-j l Secrecy, in connection with telegraphic communications, is usually obtained at the present time by means

//E ;T :,TAT ION TAPPinG .5TA TR:RI EAST STATION of codes and ciphers, the term "code" being applied FIG.4 -M ETHOD OF TAPPING A DUPLEXED LINE in cryptography to the method in which entire words, or phrases of a message are.replaced by arbitrary densers.The line winding of each relay should havegroups of letters or numbers usuallyprinted in a code relatively few turns and should be of low resistance,book, identical copies being kept by those using the the other. winding having a large number of turns.code, "cipher" referring usually to a system in which Each artificial line should be adjusted to be substan-the individual letters of a message undergo a change tially equivalent to the impedance of the correspondingeither in arrangement or nature. section of line including that of the terminal station It is obvious that the combinations of letters in a equipment multiplied by the ratio of turns of the relaycipher message will not form pronounceable groups or windings. genuine words except occasionally by accident, but Signals transmitted from the west station will pass"code" systems can be arranged to use pronounceable through the line windings of both relays at the tappingartificial "words" or actual dictionary words, if desired. station, a small part of the signal currents also goingThis is usually done, as such "code words" are handled through the lower windings and artificiallines toby the telegraph and cable companies at a cheaper rate ground.The signal currents pass through both wind-than the unpronounceable so called cipher "words." ings of the west relay in series, the magnetic effects of Each of these two general systems has advantages the two windings aiding each other, so that the arma-and disadvantages which cause them to be used for VI!ItNANI: PRINTIN(i ,1`,'1'1.. .lutirnitl.\I. E. E. certain classes Of work, depending upon the conditions.its equivalent in onc cipher alphabet.;.For The code system hast he outanding advantage, es-example, usingt he table liclow, for cach let terin the pecially for commercial work, of enabling messages toplainti xt alphabet we !nay :,i1L,111 Lae itsequivalent be shortened so thatthe tolls are reduced, and itinthe cipher alphabet.To111'111/her, ihisprocess is chiefly for this reason that commercial codes areisreverse 41. used.Code is not very accurate, asa mistake in aPlain Text- A B C E J K 1, MNOPQRS single code group or even a single letter may change TUVWXYZ the meaning of an entire message; or necessitate itsCipher -F Q It UKAHGZSEM Y P 0 13 C repetition.If -secrecy is required, it is necessary to use VDTXWN1 carefully guarded private code books, the maintenance Ficoutrrcr O Occuluerce Or Luria. of secrecy and accuracy during the printing and dis- 11 a AMA *Mrs w. r...... leer moo tribution of which may cause great trouble.Such books must be carefully used to maintain secrecy, and 1100 must be immediately replaced, sometimes at great expense and inconvenience ifthey should become compromised. Ciphers, in general, are slower than codes unless machines are used, but then they may be very much faster.They are more accurate, and depending on the system used, cipher messages may be more or less secret than code messages. There are two general classes of ciphers, known respectively as transpoSition ciphers and substitution ciphers.In the first class, as the name suggests, the letters of the original message are rearranged, according to a definite system, and in the second class, substitu- If a chart is prepared from a frequency count of the tions for the original letters are made according toletters in such a cipher message, it will have the general some prearranged key.In one, the relative positionsappearance of Fig. 6 but the crests will correspond to of the letthrs are changed and in the other, the lettersdifferent letters.Messages of this type are readily themselves. deciphered by an expert even when a "mixed" alphabet TRANSPOSITION CIPHERS AB CDEPOHI JELHNOPQR 8 1' 13 V X Y. A transposition cipher may be distinguished from a B q m 0 T V substitution cipher by a study of the frequency of A F X P 8 R 0 Z X

occurrence of the letters of the message by comparison X P H with a frequency table of the language of the original Y V message.Studies which we have made of the fre- B L L C

quency of the different letters ofthe English language C 0 .1

as they occur in telegrams sent over ourprivate wires, S Q B indicate that they are used about as shown in Fig. 6. B I

It is apparent that some letters are used very fre- P quently, the vowels a, e, i, o, u, forming approximately A V Q X

40 per cent. of the total, e being the most commonly 0 H A P used letter of all.'This chart is similar to those used V L P by cipher experts. P B

In a transposition cipher the letters must be re- z arranged according to a definite system known -to the A F receiving correspondent.Those who make a study of o P 8 A

ciphers tell us that such systems are usually easy to D T a C discover, particularlyif a considerable number of I, B X C B

messages are interceptedincluding two or more of exactly the same length.Transposition ciphers are R Q not suitable for use with machines. Fiu. 7 SUBSTITUTION CIPHERS is used, such as that illustrated above in which the In substitution ciphers the orderof the lettersletters of the cipher alphabet are not in the usual alpha- remains unchanged, but for each letteris substitutedbetic order. Military Ciphers" by By using more than one alphabet, the cipher may be 4.See "Manual for the Solution of The method may Lt. Col. Parker Hitt. made more difficult to "break." PRINTING TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS 113 Feb. 1926 VERNAM: CIPHER positions a hole "cipher square" shownthe tape.Since n each of these five be described by referring to the may or may notbe punched, there are (2)5 or32 in Fig. 7.In this table, the topalphabet represents in this code of which it are shown 26cipherpossible different combinations the plain text, whi e below 26 are used to designate letters,the other 6 representing alphabets, each designated by a"key" letter given in usuallythe so-called "stunts," which arethe "space," "carriage the left-hand column.Some form of key, "figure shift,""letter shift," letters of this key worddesignatingreturn," "line feed," a word, is used, the and the "blank" or "idle" signal. the alphabets and the orderin which they are tobe is used in a repeating The cipher "key" may take theform of another tape used. A different cipher alphabet of 'similar form having characterspunched in it at manner, with eachsuccessive letter of the message. distinguished by the factrandom and with every tenthcharacter numbered, This type of cipher may be so that the tape maybe set to any designated starting that the frequency chart is ratherflat, the frequency of advance, the letters being roughlythe same.position.The key tapes are prepared in occurrence ofall original key being perforated by hand, asby working Each cipher alphabet is usedrepeatedly at regular intervals.By first finding this intervaland then studying each alphabet separately, messagesof this type i ! F 2 7 . 4£ s 3 g g H F G 8 W h readily by an expert. U C 1.1 can be deciphered E3 3r

: .

RUNNING KEY CIPHERS '0 ( L J P of cipher is made -A? 8 KV If the key used with this type PRINTINGIVELEGRAPHIC CODE very long, so that it neverrepeats and if any portion FIG.8 --:TAPE SHOWING than one message, of this key is never used for more the keyboard at random, additionalcopies being made the operation of "breaking" thecipher becomes very Englishautomatically by the machine. much more difficult.If, now, instead of using The message tape is passed through aunit known as words or sentences, we employ akey composed of the holes in the tape serveto cipher systema transmitter, where letters selected absolutely at random, a control the positions of five contactlevers, each of is produced which is absolutelyunbreakable. bus -bars. The manually, is slow andwhich makes contact with either of two This method, if carried out key tape controls the contacts of asecond tape trans- laborious and liable to errors.If errors occur, such as The contacts of the twotransmitters are letters, the messages aremitter. the omission of one or more connected to a set of five magnets orrelays as shown in difficult for the recipient to decipher.Certain difficul- Each magnet wil be energizedif the corre- preparing, copying andFig. 9. ties would also be involved in spondingly numbered contacts of the twotransmitters The difficulties with guarding the long random keys. are against opposite bus-bars, but not if they are mak- this system are such as to make itunsuitable for general

use, unless mechanicalmethods are used. lpe lransrmittm-s

CIPHER PRINTING TELEGRAPH SYSTEM U..'.9. By using machine methods, this type ofcipher may be made practicable for use.Fig. 1 is an illustration of the cipher machine previously referred to,and which operates on this principle.As previously mentioned, this machine was developed during the recent warand adopted by the Signal Corps, U. S. Army. Certain parts of this machine are the same asthose FIG. 9 used for ordinary printing telegraphs, such asthose described in recent papers before the Institute.Foring contact with similar bus -bars.In the diagram, this reason, it will not be necessary to describein de-contacts 1 and 2 of the messagetransmitter, are against tail the parts which are commonly used in such systems,the left or positive bus -bar, thissetting representing such as the keyboard perforator, the transmitters, andthe letter A.Contacts 1, 4 and 5 of the key trans- printer. mitter are against the positive bus-bar, representing the letter B in the printer code.This will energize CIPHER MACHINE-METHOD OF OPERATION magnets 2, 4 and 5, whichcombination represents the

The messages are first punched in a paper tape byletter G. means of the keyboard perforator.The code used is All of the possible combinationsresulting from shown in Fig. 8.This is the well-known five -unitvarious characters in the two tapesmight be shown in printing telegraph code.Each letter is representeda cipher squaresimilar to that of Fig. 7 except that it by a small feed hole and one or more larger holeswould have 32 characters on a sideinstead of 26. which may be punched in five different positions across The charactersa& the cipher messages, formedin this 111 EltN.1N1 1.11'111.:1; SYSTENIS .1,0111101 \ 1 I way, may he recordet I perforations IIIit .1116.41 tape. ln order to reduce amount id key lane required For this purpose "Hi:whine is perforator" used.for handling large amounts of truth( , tlw "double 1,cv- This device is similar inmany respects to a keyboardsystem was devised.In this system two key tape, perforator and is shown in Fig. 10.The tape, from aare used, the ends of each tape being glued together n, reel on the top of the machine,passes through theform a loop preferably about seven feet. in circumfer- punch block at the front leftcorner of the machine.ence.The tapes should differ in 'length by one charac- Here it passes undera die plate and over a groupter or by some number which is not a factor of the of six punches, whichmay be forced up through thenumber of characters in either tape.A separate trans- tape by the action of an electromagnetic hammer.mitter is used for each tape, and the characters of the Five of these punchesare too short to be acted ontwo key tapes are combined, by a method similar to. directly by the hammer andare pushed through thethat shown in Fig. 9, with those of the message tape tape only when an individual "selecting finger" is in-to form the cipher message. terposed between the punch and hammer.The five The result is the same as though the two key tapes selecting fingers are actuated by fivemagnets whichwere first combined to produce a long single non - may be controlled by the relays shown in Fig. 9.Arepeating key, which was later combined with the ratchet -operated, star -wheel feeds the tape forwardmessage tape.This long, single key is not, °strictly after each character has been punched. speaking, a purely random key throughout its length The cipher message tape prepared in thisway is un-as it is made up of combinations of the two original intelligible in form and may be sent to the receivingand comparatively short key tapes.The characters station by messenger or by mail,or if desired, it mayin this key do not repeat in the same sequence at comparatively short regular intervals, however, as would be the case if only one key tape loop were used. The number of characters in this equivalent single key is equal to the product of the number of characters in the two tape loops, and may easily exceed 600,000 before any part of thekey begins torepeat.If proper care is taken to use the system so as to avoid giving information to the enemy regarding the lengths of the two key tape loops or their initial settings and to avoid the possibility of ever re -using any part of there- sultant single key, this system is extremely difficult to break even by an expert cryptanalyst havinga large number of messages and full knowledge of thecon- struction of the machine and its method of operation. 10-MACHINE PERFORATOR Captain W. F. Friedman, Cryptanalyst of the Signal Corps, U. S. Army, has recently inventedsome modi- be transmitted by wire or radio and reproduced byfications' of this system intended to eliminate the loss another machine perforator at the receiving point.in secrecy that results from using the twomore con- The cipher tape is there run through the message trans-venient comparatively short repeating key tapes in- mitter, where its characters combine with those of astead of the single long non -repeating key tape.These duplicate key tape to reproduce the original message,modifications consist of changing at intervals the which will be printed out in page form and in "plainorder of connection of the five contacts ofone or more text." of the tape transmitters or of addinga third key tape LENGTH OF KEY TAPE and transmitter so arranged that the extra key tape does not step ahead in unison with the other two key With the system as described above, the key tapetapes, but starts and stops at irregular intervals. must be at least as long as the sum of all the messageEither of these methods, properly used, makesun- tapes used with it, as the messages will lose their secrecyauthorized decipherment practically impossible and, to some extent if the key tape is used repeatedly.Theat the same time, does not unduly complicate the use of a short repeating key may give sufficient secrecymachine or its method of operation. for some uses however. With the double key tape system, the handling of A roll of tape eight inches in diameter contains aboutlarge volumes of trafficis greatly simplified.The 900 feet of tape and would serve to encipher abouttapes should be numbered so that the deciphering 18,000 words counting five printed characters and aoperator can set them at the correct starting point for space per word, without repeating the key.If sent ateach message, and rules should be adoptedso that an average speed of 45 words per minute thisnumberboth key tapes will never be set twice at thesame of words would require 400 minutesr nearly 7 hours 5. See Patents 1,522,775 of Jan. 13, 1925 and 1,516,180 of to transmit. Nov. 18, 1924. TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS 115 Feb. 1926 VERNAM: CIPHER PRINTING the properbefore and deciphered after transmission, sothat they startingpoint.Informationregarding transmitted settings for the key tapes for decipheringeach messagethey were absolutely secret, even though These set-by radio.No interference from atmospherics orfrom must be sent to the deciphering operator. being tings may be prearranged or they maybe selectedother radio stations was noticed, all messages arbitrarily by the sending operator.In the latterreceived without error. the key tape settings In conclusion, we wish to express ourappreciation case the numbers representing of the Signal should be prefixed to the message.These "key indica-of the assistance given us by the officers by runningCorps and the General Staff, of the. UnitedStates Army, tors" should preferably be enciphered telegraph them through the machine together with aspecial keyin making tests and trials of cipher printing acknowledge tape which is used only for this purpose. systems; and we wish particularly to our indebtedness to Lt.-Col. J. 0. Mauborgne, of the SPEED OF OPERATION Signal Corps, for his advice in connectionwith this This type of machine was operatedby the Signal to Indevelopment and for his assistance in arranging Corps over its private wire telegraphcircuits. have tests made to determine its secrecy anddemon- service tests made by the United StatesArmy, each practicabil- it againstrations and service trials to determine its outgoing message was checked by running ity for Army use.We also wish to express our appreci- through the machine to decipher andprint it, and the Depart- originalation of the services rendered by the Cipher deciphered copy was then compared with the ment of the Riverbank Laboratories, Geneva,Illinois, message, so that each messagetape was run throughand by Col. George Fabyan, the head of theselabora- tories, in making tests of the secrecy of messages en- 463 WES r ST NEW YORK ciphered in various ways with these machines.

DIELECTRIC PHENOMENA Cable An importantcontributiontothestudyof dielectric phenomena in electriccables was made by Capt. P. Dunsheath in a recent I. E. E. paper. Developinga theoryfirstpropounded by Clerk Maxwell, the author showed how, without any hypo- 195 BROADWAY CLIFF WCET N NEW YORK theses regarding the molecular structure of a dielectric,

C ab'e Recen+qJ the familiar absorption effect can be explained by the °-1:11 lack of homogeneity of the dielectric.In such a dielec- rrt- tric the ratio of capacities of adjacent layers will not be FIG.11-CIRCUIT FOR RADIO CIPHER DEMONSTRATIONS identical with the inverse ratio of their resistances. The potential distribution due to the capacities will, twice. A certain amount of time was lost, due tothen, differ from that due to the resistances.The setting and resetting the key tapes, checking, etc., forlatter distribution being the one obtaining when the each message, but an average enciphering speed ofsteady state is reached, compensating capacity currents 10-15 words per minute was readily maintained. Wehave to flow into the various condensers to adjust their understand this to be many times faster than thosepotentials to the required values.The circuit for these manual methods for enciphering or coding, which arecurrents consists of capacity in series with a very high used where a high degree of secrecy is required.In-resistance; they will therefore follow an exponential coming messages were deciphered at the rate of 30-40law and persist for a considerable time.The charging words per minute. current of a cable subjected to a steady potential con- OPERATION BY RADIO sists, accordingly, of three parts, the initial rush giving This cipher system Was demonstrated before thea potential distribution corresponding tocapacity, delegates to the Preliminary International Communica-a steady leakage current, and a transient currentwhich tions Conference in October, 1920.During this demon-gives thefinalpotentialdistribution.Developing stration, cipher messages were sent over a circuit con-this theory, Capt. Dunsheath gave a simple explanation taining a radio link, as illustrated in Fig. 11.The radioof the well-known V curve connecting A. C. dielectric equipment was the same as that employed a year pre-loss with temperature, .based on the negative tempera- vious in tests on the operation of multiplex and start-ture coefficient of electrolytic conductors.Although stop printing telegraphs by radio and is described else-the difference between the Maxwell and the molecular where.6 theories may be purely verbal, the advantage of the A considerable number of cipher messages was trans-former cannot be questioned, as giving a clearer insight mitted over this radio circuit during this demonstra-into the electrical properties of dielectrics, and marking tion, these messages being automatically encipheredan advance towards the more perfect knowledgewhich 6."Printing Telegraph by Radio" by R. A. Heising, Journalwill enable dielectric phenomena to be subjected to of the Franklin Institute, January 1922, pp. 97-101. exact calculations.-World Power, December, 1925. SupervisoryS y-stemsfor Electric Power Apparatus BY CHESTER LICHTENBERG' Member, A. I. 5. L.

Synopsis.-A general survey and description ,fthe various selector, distributor, audible, code -visual, synchronous -relay -visual types of supervisory systems for control andindication of remotely and the carrier -current systems, the principles and features of each located electrical apparatus is given in thepaper, the author first of being discussed.The subjectof telemeterinaisalso included, all romparino the better known remote -controlsystem with the super- together with an expression of the author's u/ as of future possibili- visory system in general tractise today.Description is given of the ties for each of the systems above enumerat,d.

INTRODUCTION between the Sherman Creek Station of the United SUPERVISORY systems for the control andin-Electric Light & Power Co. at 201st Street and Broad- dication of remotely located electricpower appara-way, New York City, and the load dispatcher's office of tus can best be introduced by comparing themthe New York Edison Co. at 38th Street and First with the better known andmore widely applied remoteAvenue, New York City in 1915.It used a form of control systems in general application today. step-by-step selector relay developed about that time The usual remote control scheme employs at leastfor automatic telephone application.It gave indica- one continuous individual metallic connection betweention at the dispatcher's office of the open and closed each device to be controlled and the controlling switchesposition of about one hundred oil circuit breakers using or keys.Supervisory systems use no individual anda total of six wires between the generating station and one, two, three or more common metallic connectionsthe load dispatcher's office. between the devices to be controlled and the controlling The next step was made when the Receiver of the switches or keys for as many as fifty or sixtyor evenDes Moines City Railway expressed a desire for some more devices.Remote controlsystems ordinarilymeans of isolating his automatic railway substations in use control currents of the order of magnitude of one tocase of an emergency such as a fire or an accident. ten amperes.Supervisory systems usually use cur-This demand was met by the development of the rents of the order of magnitude of three to ten milli-selector supervisory system and followed promptly by amperes,Remote control systems require a definitethe development of the distributor supervisory system. and usually very short time interval to elapse betweenNext in order came the code visual, the audible, the the closing of the control switch or key and the closingsynchronous relay and lastly the carrier currentsuper- of the contacts at the remote point.Supervisoryvisory system.Beside these, developed and stand- systems require an appreciable and variable time toardized by the manufacturing companies in this coun- elapse between the operation of the control switch ortry, there has been a number of systems developed "key and the closing of the contacts at the remote point.by the employees of many corporations not only in the Remote control schemes are usually designed into therailway field but also in the central station and indus- electrical operating sequence of the power apparatus.trial fields.These, however, have usually been limi- Supervisory systems are invariably superimposed uponted to a definite field of application and have not the usual sequence.Briefly, supervisory systems pro-been extended to become a commercial article of trade. vide improved means for the supervision of electric SELECTOR power transmission and distribution. The selector system was the first one developed for HISTORY commercial application which is still on the market. Supervisory systems were developed to meet theIt uses the essential elements of the telephone train requirements of the railway and central station in-dispatching call system modified for the control and dustries as these expanded.The grouping of genera-indication of remote electric power apparatus. An in- ting stations under the direction of a centrally locatedstallation made in 1920 is still in active service. load dispatcher made it desirable that the dispatcher A key, a selector, some indicatinglamps,and have prompt and accurate information concerningthree line wires form the essential elements.The the electric power system.The widespread applica-key when turned and then released makes and breaks tion of automatic switching to railway substationsan electric circuit through two of the wires to which made it important that the power director have im-allofthe selectorsin the outlyingstations are mediate and correct information in regard to his sub-connected in multiple.The key in operating sends out stations at all times. a predetermined number of electric impulses spaced One of the first supervisory systems was installedin a definite time sequence thus forming a code.The selectors are provided with contacts mounted so as 1. Engineering Dept., General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. to make an electric circuit when a ratcheted wheel To be presented at the Midwinter Convention of the A. I. E. E., moves a given number of steps.The code sent out New York, N. Y., February 8-11, 1926. by the key starts all of the selectors simultaneously. 116 SYSTEMS 117 Feb. 1926 LICHTENBERG: SUPERVISORY which is arranged to All of the outlying stations of a selector,supervisory Only that selector, however, controlling station by three respond to the code sent out by thekey closes itssystem are connected to one drop outsuccess-line wires.At each outlying station, the equipment contacts.Theother selectors by while ively as the code being sent fails togive their com-is multipled to two of the wires as they pass Thus, there is usually one hand-operatedthe third wire loops into each station.The two wires as bination. before mentioned are used for sending outthe code for key at the controlling station for eachselector contact For the return indicationcausing an operation to be performed andfor trans- at the outlying station. mitting back the code which results in giving anin- dication by lamps of the position of theequipment supervised.The third wire is used to lock out all the stations connected to the systemexcepting the one being controlled orthe one sending in a code for causing an indication to be shown. An arbitrary maximum of fifteen outlying stations may be connected bythe usual selector systems to the controlling station.Each outlying station may have a maximum of eight devices to be supervised if there are as many as fifteenstations, or if there are fewer, each FIG.1-LAMP AND KEY CASE FOR DISPATCHER'SOFFICE OF SELECTOR SUPERVISORY SYSTEM

there is provided at the outlyingstation a motor operated key for each group of four orless pairs of functions at that station to be indicated.Upon the operation of any supervised device in anoutlying station, auxiliary contacts upon it start the motorkey. This then sends back to the controlling station acode

FIG. 3-LAMP AND KEY UNIT FOR DISTRIBUTOR SUPERVISORY SYSTEM outlying station may have a maximum of twelve or fifteen.The maximum number of devices, however, which can be most economically supervised by a single selector system depends largely on circumstances but under present conditions should never exceed fifty or

sixty. The selector system requires about nine seconds to send out each code, and complete an operation. There- fore, if ten outlying devices were to be operated it would take about one and two-thirds minutes to send out the code and operate these devices. DISTRIBUTOR The distributor system was the next type of supervisory system to be developed.It is an adaptation of FIG.2-SENDINGAPPARATUS INCABINET OF SELECTOR the automatic printing telegraph in commercial use SUPERVISORY SYSTEM today on practically all the principal telegraph circuits. An installation of this type of supervisory system made similar to that sent out from the controlling stationin 1921 is still in active service. to perform an operation.The selector located at A key, a distributor, a polarized relay, some indi- the controlling station which is set to close its con-cating lamps, and four line wires form the elements. tacts upon the receipt of the code operates indicatingThe key is usually a two -position one and is the equiva- lamps to show the position of the device supervised. lent of a double -throw switch. When turned to either LICIITENBERO: SUPERVIS(M1' SYsTENIS .1,ifirnal A. I. E. K. position it makes a circuit betweena common wireeach device to be supervised, as well as suitable battery and either the positive or negative side ofa sourceor other power equipment.At the Outlying station of power and a segment on the distributor.Theare located a similar distributor for each group of distributor consists essentially of three sets of coaxialfifty or less devices tl be supervised in that station, segments insulated from each other.Each segmentone relay for each device to be supervised and the of one setis connected individually to its controlnecessary battery or other power equipment. key.Each segment of the second set is connected to The system operates continuously.This means the coil of a two -position polarized relay which isthat the positions of all devices which are supervised are automatically checked twelve times per minute or once each five seconds.Should any device change its position the change is indicated at the controlling station within five seconds of the time the operation has occurred.If several devices or the entire group connected to the system change position simultaneously, the lamps at the controlling station will give correct indication of the new position within five seconds of the time the change has occurred.Besides, the work- ability of the system is indicated continuously in much the same manner as the pulse indicates the general health of a human being.

FIG.4-PANEL CONTAINING LAMP AND KEY UNITS For the control and indication of fifty circuit breaker equivalents in distributor supervisory system associated with the appropriate indicating lamps. A set of segments midway between these two is used for synchronizing the distributor in the outlying station with the distributor in the dispatcher's office, synchronism being checked each five segments or ten times per revolution. FIG.5-RELAY AND DISTRIBUTOR CABINET The distributors are each provided with three sets For control and indication of fifty circuit breaker equivalents in the of brushes which rotate over the coaxial segments and distributor supervisory system make connections successively between each individual segment and a continuous segment in each setthus To open or close an oil circuit breaker or perform permitting a momentary electric circuit to be madeany similar function itis merely necessary to turn through the distributor.The brush arms of eachfirst one key and then a master key.This changes distributor are driven through a reduction gearingby athe polarity of a segment on the distributor at the con- direct -current motor from a trickle -charged storagetrolling station and within five seconds momentarily battery and are provided with a centrifugal governorenergizes a corresponding segment on the distributor for maintaining constant speed withinquite narrowat the outlying station.This causes the position of the limits.The brush arm has a speed of abouttwelvepolarized relay connected to that segment at the out- rev. per. min. lying station to change in accordance with the impulse At the controlling station are located thecontrol key,sent out from the controlling station and the operation indicating lamps, one distributor for each groupofdesired is performed.Immediately the operation is fifty or less devices to be supervised, and onerelay forcompleted auxiliary switches on the device supervised 119 Feb. 1926 LICHTENBERG: SUPERVISORY SYSTEMS speaker located at change the polarity on an associatedsegment on thein code through a receiver or loud This,withinthat point. distributor at the outlying station. operation to a maximum time offive seconds, changes thepolarity The next dialing causes the desired distributor at theoccur in the outlyingstation by setting up a suitable of a corresponding segment on the the contacts controlling station which in turn changesthe positionpath in a relay combination finally closing locatedthere.Theof an operating relay.When the operation directed of associated polarized relays the device relays then change the lampcombinations to in-has been performed, auxiliary contacts on supervised atactuate other relays which in turn set upimpulses indicate the new positions of the devices dicated at the control station by a series of tonesin the outlying station. code as before. AUDIBLE adaptation of the auto- CODE VISUAL The audible system is an the matic telephone being applied in manylarge and small The code visual system is similar in principle to Its essential elements are aselector system but differs quite markedly in itsde- telephone systems today. It consists essentially of a key, with dial, a telephone line, telephone lamps,selectors and atailed design.

Ilte 6 KG C0. MtPT,S9LfX,PluS....

SLIKRVISORY CONTROL

6:1 TRIP FIG.6-DISPATCHER'S SENDING STATION FOR WESTINGHOUSE AUDIBLE SUPERVISORY SYSTEM receiver or loud speaker.Operation is secured by dialing as in calling a number by an automatic tele- to phone.The first dialing selects the station to be supervised, it being possible to connect as many as six to a single controlling station by a single pair of tele- FIG. 8-LAMP AND KEY UNIT For code visual supervisory system

its associated lamps, groups of relays at the controlling station and similar groups at the outlying station.It uses two common wires between thecontrol station and all of the outlying stations and in addition one

FIG.9-DISPATCHER'S LAMP AND KEY CABINET . For code visual supervisory system

individual wire from the controlling station to each Fia.7-DISPATCHER'S SENDING CABINET FOR G. E. AUDIBLEoutlying station.Thus, if there were three outlying SYSTEM stations, there would be five wires starting from the controlling station and running to the first outlying phone lines.The stations not selected are locked outstation, four running to the second outlying station by the operation of suitable devices in their equipment.and three to the third outlying station. The station selected sets up a series of impulses in- An operation is performed by moving a three -position dicated at the controlling station by a series of toneskey to either of the two extreme positions.This com- 120 LICHTENBNIttl: SUPERVIS(111A' SYSTli:MS Journal A. 1. E. E. pletes an electric circuit whichcauses groups of relaysstation corresponding to the position of the key in the at the control station to send outa code of successivecontrolling station.Operating current then passes impulses.These impulses select suitably codedgroupsthrough the signaling circuit from the control station of relays at the outlying station.If the code is notto. the outlying station and causes the desired opera- received correctly at the outlying station, thecon-tion to be performed.When the device supervised trolling station then again starts the code out andcon-has had its position changed, auxiliary contacts on it tinues to send it at intervals until correct code isre-transmit a return signal in a similar fashion to the ceived at the outlying station.If the code, however,controlling station causing the lamps located there to is repeated correctly at the outlying station, thenanchange in accordance with the changed position of the apparatus in the outlying station. Two of the four wires between the control station and the outlying station are used for keeping the signaling relays at the two stations in step as they are moved from point to point in a definite sequence.The other two wires are switched by the operation of these relays from one device to another as occasion demands to cause operation or indication of that device. CARRIER CURRENT Carrier current has been developed for use with the selector and code visual systems.Both systems use codes of impulses for causing an operation to be performed and for causing an indication of that operation to be registered.The carrier current equipment consists of the necessary tubes, reactors, condensers

FIG.10-RELAY EQUIPMENT IN DISPATCHER'S OFFICE For code visual supervisory system impulse is sent out from the controlling station which causes the operation desired to be completed. When the operation of a supervised device has occurred an auxiliary switch connected to it causes a code to start from the outlying station.This is formed and transmitted to the control station in the same fashion as is the operating sequence from thecontrolling station. When the correct code is checked the lamp signals at the controlling station are changed to indicate the new position of the supervised device. This system operates devices successively and it requires about nine seconds per device to cause a series of operations.If, therefore, ten devices were to be operated it would take about ninety seconds to operatethe devices. SYNCHRONOUS RELAY VISUAL FIG.11-CABINET CONTAINING LAMP AND KEY UNITS AND The synchronous relay visual supervisory system AMMETER is an all relay system which uses theprinciple of step- For the control and indication of three circuit breaker -equivalents by the by-step synchronous selection.It consists essentially synchronous relay supervisory system of a two position key with itsassociated lamps, a start key and relays in the controllingstation, four wiresand resistors for generating high frequency at the between the controlling stationand the outlyingcontrolling and outlying stations. station, and relays in the outlyingstation. In general, the code is transformed from pulsating When an operation is to beperformed, the two -alternate polarity impulses to high frequency impulses position key is turned from theposition it occupies toand is transmitted over one line and ground or a pair the other position and the startkey is pushed.Thisof lines which may at the same time be used for com- immediately causes a simultaneousoperation of relaysmunication or power transmission purposes.The in the control station and theoutlying station untilcarrier current equipment is connected to the trans- the point is reached in the sequencein the outlyingmission circuit by a condenser or other suitable coupling. 121 LICHTENBERG: SUPERVISORY SYSTEMS Feb. 1926 In rotating back to its originalposition it opens and Carrier current for usewith supervisory systems If these con- line wires required wherecloses contacts in a definite sequence. takes the place of the special tacts are suitably connected in anelectric circuit they direct -current impulses areemployed.It permits the the same equipment, sofar as thethereupon form a code of successive impulses. use of practically As before stated two keys are requiredfor each pair controlling station and outlyingstations are concerned The only differenceisof functions.Associated with these two keys are two as is used fordirect -current. telephone lamps, capped with suitable lenses.These that where direct -currentis employed, specialline carrier current is em-indicate the open or closed position of thedevice sup- wires are required, while where de- usually be used. ervised.In place of indicating the position of a ployed, any existing wires can vice if it is desired to indicate the positionof water WIRELESS level or the position of a gate then the lampsonly are Wireless has been consideredfor use with super-used and as many of them are employed aspositions visory systems but to date nocommercial developmentto be indicated are desired. or application isknown by the writer.The art seems The distributor system uses a combinationof three not yet to have developedsufficiently. telephone lamps and one two -position key toobtain control and indication.The two position key per- forms the same connections as a singlepole double throw switch having no mid position.Associated with it are three telephone lamps.One is capped with lens and one with a white

- a red lens, one with a green I .00iiii01,40..0. lens.The red and green capped lamps indicatethe closed and open position of the devicesupervised or any other indicationusually desired.The white covey. capped lamp is lit only during the time that afunction . ! has been called for and is put out immediatelyafter that function has been completed and a returnin- dication showing the completion of this function re- corded at the controlling station.It is also lit should a device supervised at theoutlying station automatically change its position, in which case it remainslit until the key in the controlling station is turned toacknowl-

edge the operation at the outlying station.For each group of fifty two -positionkeys with their associated lamps there is one master key.The master key is turned after the two -position keys have beenplaced in the positions corresponding to the onewhich it is desired that the outlying supervised devices take. The audible supervisory system employs a dialsimilar to that used for automatic telephones.In one commercial scheme, this dial is identical with thatused forautomatic telephones;inanother commercial 12 -RELAY CABINET FOR DISPATCHER'S OFFICE, scheme this dial is similar but has had its speedaltered SYNCHRONOUS RELAY SUPERVISORY SYSTEM to make itcorrespond tothat of theselectors used.No lamps are used with the audible system, CONTROL STATION the operator depending upon hearing certaincode The control station equipments provided for thetones in a receiver or loud speaker forindications. various types of supervisory systems which have been The code visual supervisory system uses a three - lamps described vary one from another. position key associated with three telephone The selector system uses two keys, one to perform acapped by red, green and white lenses in much the same closing or similar operation, the other to perform anfashion as does the two -position key with its associated opening or opposite operation.The key is quite simi-lamps in the distributor system. lar to that used in the call stations of the Western The synchronous visual supervisory systememploys Union Telegraph Company. The key is turned buta dispatcher's equipmentconsisting of a two -position nothing happens in the external circuit until it is re-key, a locking -type push button and three -telephone leased.The turning of it winds up a helical spring.lamps capped by red, green and white lenses.The As soon as the key is released the helical spring rotatestwo -position key is to fix the operation whilethe push it in the reverse direction under the control of a fly ballbutton is to stop the synchronous relay control equip- governor in order to obtain practically constant speed.ment at any point. 122 LEC11TEN131001: SlH'INRVISOHN STEMS Jimmul A. I.V,. E. Various methods have beenemployed for rr o.intingrailroads have recognized these requirements when the controlling lamps andkeys.They may be placedinstalling the selector type telephone train dispatching on vertical panel boards, set into desktops or evencall system.More and more of them are going to the placedina system diagram.The mounting besthigher grade lead-?overed paper -insulation telephone suited for any particular applicationdepends to a largecable for their train dispatching circuits.The same measure upon the individual requirements. cable and the same type of insulation are generally APPLICATION recommended as best practice for supervisory system installations. The application of supervisory systemsto any existing or new electric power transmissionor distribution CHECKING systems requires careful study inof der that a maximum Supervisory systems from a checking standpoint benefit may be derived.It is necessary to know in-may be classified into two groups.. One group requires timately the method of operating thenetwork ofchecking at intervals, the other group is automatically lines, feeders, and machinesas well as the electricchecked at intervals. power traffic requirements.For congested districts All systems excepting the distributor system require where an emergency may at times require the rapidmanual checking at intervals.The distributor system re-establishment of service, the speed of operationhas a distinct advantage in that it automatically checks of a supervisory system is quite essential.On inter-the position of all of the devices connected to it at urban railway projects, however, where automaticfrequent intervals besides indicating its readiness to substations are located at intervals alonga narrowserve continuously. strip of territory and where thereare only three or MAINTENANCE four devices or functions to be supervised in each The maintenance of a supervisory system depends station, speed is not as importantas line maintenanceupon its initial design and installation.All super- so another type of supervisory system is usually chosen.visory systems may for this comparison be divided into In some cases, the revenue derived froma station war-two classes.One class uses telephone relays and rants only the most inexpensive supervisory system,auxiliaries throughout.The other class uses telegraph Hence, here would be a place for the so-called audiblerelays and similar devices throughout. type where the operator checks manually and at The telephone relays and devices have been designed intervals determines by sound the condition of thewith the fundamental idea that someone would be equipment inthe outlyingstation._ Again, on apresent not only at the subscriber's station for operating high-tension transmission system where distances oftenthe equipment but also at the central office for super- exceed one hundred miles the carrier current supervisoryvising and constantly inspecting the equipment.This system is the best choice. results in a tacit assumption by the designers that if In applying supervisory systems it must be clearlyanything should go wrong either the subscriber or the borne in mind at all times that they are quite differentwire chief or operator would detect the fault and in their performance as contrasted with the usual typescorrect it, no harm being done excepting possibly an of remote control systems.Each has its limitations.interruption of service from one subscriber's station. Remote control systems are in general limited toSuch relays particularly require inspection at least distances of several miles while the supervisory systemsdaily in order that the best results may be obtained may be used for distances up to several hundred miles.with them. Supervisory systems require* an appreciable time inter- The systems using telegraph devices may be typified val averaging about five seconds for the completion ofby the selector system.Here the devices are large an operation through their medium while remote con-and substantial and so designed as not to require at- trol systems operate practically instantaneously.Sotention for years at a time.To be sure, there is quite in applying supervisory systems, care must be exerciseda difference in the cost of the individual devices since to take into account all of the electric power systemthe telegraph devices are made in very much less characteristics as well as the limitations of the super-quantity than are the telephone devices.Contrasted, visory system. however, one with the other is the fact that the tele- INSTALLATION phone type of devices require more maintenance and The correct installation of a supervisory system isadjustment than do the telegraph devices. quite as important as its selection if the best results PROTECTION are to be obtained.Supervisory systems use currents Supervisory systems operating over special wires of telephonic magnitude while remote control systemsrequire protection particularly where these wires are use currents of power magnitude.Hence, insulationsubjected to lightning, inductive and similar high volt- and current leakage require very careful attention forage disturbances.In general, isolating transformers the successful installation of a supervisory system,or drainage coils cannot be used because these trans- telephone practise being the standard toward whichformers would interrupt the flow of signals and the the installation of these systems must tend.The steamdrainage coils would drain off the signal current.So 123 Feb. 1926 LICHTENBERG: SUPERVISORY SYSTEMS far as is known the best type ofprotection is for the FLUX IN A CIRCULAR CIRCUIT conductors to be placed in cables.For this purpose BY CARL HERING paper -insulatedlead -coveredcablehaving anin- Fellow. A. I. E. E. sulation which will withstand 1000 voltsbetween con- and lead The flux density, H, at the center of a circularcircuit ductors and 3500 volts between conductors i/r; in fact, sheath is usually recommended. of one turn is known accurately to be 2 7r at theit has been made the quantitative connectinglink be- The question of protection is an active one tween current and magnetism and thebasis of the present time and many of theoperating companies is would be interested toampere.But the H in any other part of the circle as well as the manufacturers very difficultto calculate asitinvolves elliptical hear what other operators are doing tomaintain their total protection andintegrals, and to integrate these for getting the supervisory systems with a maximum of flux is almost hopelessly complicated and then atbest a minimum of interruption. only approximate. TELEMETERING The density at any point outside of a single, straight, conductor (one far removed from its return) isdefinitely A discussion of supervisory systemswould not beknown to be H = 2 i/r, and the total flux around any complete without brief mention beingmade of tele-length land radius a, up to any radial distance r, isalso link metering.Telemetering furnishes the concluding known definitely to be F = 2 / i loge(r / a).This, in the development of the art of supervisingremotelyhowever, does not include the flux inside of thewire. located power apparatus. By calculating the total flux in a circular circuit Telemeters have been developed for transmittingindirectlyfrom Kirchhoff'swell-known,though the readings of ammeters, voltmeters, watthour meters,only approximate,formulafor self-inductance, wattmeters and power factor meters overtelephoneL = 2 1 (loge (1/a) - 1.508) in which a is theradius lines the same distance as supervisory systems canbeof the wire, and 1 the length, the author found, over operated.They use practically the same type of re-extremely wide ranges of the radius r (a being constant), lays at the originating and receiving ends of thetelephone lines and in certain designs it has been found possible to combine the telemetering and supervisory functions on the same wires.In one particular installation recently made, two incoming lines, two synchronous converters and nine feeders were controlled and indicated and the readings of two watthour meters transmitted back to the controlling station, all over two pair of telephone lines between the con-the interesting result that the total flux in a circle of trolling station and the outlying station.This is notradius, r, seems to be equal to that around a length, 1, a limiting number of things which could bedone overof single, straight, conductor of equal length (that is, these four wires but represents only about one-thirdequal to the circumference of the circle) and up to a of the functions and readings which could have beendistance r from the axis, that is, to that in the rectangle obtained if desired. abed. There is a small, though constant, difference (always FUTURE greater for the circle) due undoubtedly to the flux Supervisory and telemetering systems are just aboutinside of the wire, which is included in the formula for being recognized by the engineering public.Theythe circle but not in that for, the single conductor; are relatively new although a number of installationsthese lines have only a fractional effect in the induction. are now inoperation.Nevertheless,itisbelievedThe agreement is of the kind that strongly indicates that only an initial advantage has been taken ofthat this equality would probably be found to be them and that they are not yet as thoroughly a parttheoretically exact for the same size of wire if the ofelectricpowertransmissionanddistributiontheoretically definite value of the flux in a circle could engineering as are transformers, turbines, and thebe found; when a result is indicated or known, a proof more commonly accepted pieces of electrical apparatus.is sometimes more easily found.Such being the case, It, is my firm belief that supervisory and telemeteringthe total flux in a circle could be expressed by a simple, systems in combination with automatic stations repre-theoretically exact, definite formula, independent of the sent as distinct an advance in the electric art as hasself-inductance, and the latter checked by it, so far as the development of the automobile in the transporta-quantity of flux is concerned. tion problem.It is also believed that a very great Had our forefathers, in formulating our units, adopted change will be effected in electrical engineering practiseas their fundamental the single conductorinstead of the (luring the next ten years as a result of the economiccircle, the factor r would have dropped from some of application of supervisory and telemetering systems. the present fundamental relations. The Ratingsof ElectricalMachines As Affected by Altitude RN' (;1111. J. VECIIIIEINIE10 Follow, A.I.E. H. Synopsis.-- The paper curtlaiitsequations a pplicable to machines Scrend of the equations ore plotted in families ofcurves, which cooled by forced aircollo clion currents.It is to be hoped that the A. 1. E. E. Standards should be of 41,11i HIT lu the reader.By assamtny other values Committer will findsome helpful sugges- for some of the faclars, lithe,. tionsinthe paper. r Urvux can be drawn. n A ppesultx I, the it, rivations of e'qurtti.rrt., are given. Ignoring differences in ambient .1 ppen- temperature, the effect of altitude dixes 11 and Ill env. r di.scussions of two of llu .factors used may be considered from two standpoints; in the equations. I n A pp, oder (a) The change in temperature rise, some ruses athi r Man a sloth d core the rating remaining the are discussed. same; or (b) the change in rating, the temperature rise ut a given A number of assum Moms were made in the derivations of the altitude equaling that alsea -level. The applications of bothare equations: (1) 7'he temperature coefficient of resistance considered, and equations was neglrrIrrl. are solved in both nays. 7'he difference (?) The hen! Mot flows transversely through the insulating wall is in ambient temperature atsea -level and at altitude is also taken into the same percentage of the heat generated in thecopper at altitude consideration in other equations. as al sea -level. The present A. I. E. E. rule is 7'he equations are inb ruled to apply toII.411111, d known to be faulty, applies only core, although they may be used for other parts of an elerlric's( on the basis of temperature change, and starts at 1000 meters. machine.Some r.tomples are given it, A ppewlix II'. These and other objectionsare believed to be met in this paper. « * * «

IT has long been known that the density of a gaseousaltitude for operating recommendations.Equations cooling medium influences therate at which heatin this form should also be of value to the designing is dissipated froma heated surface, and at theengineer, as with their use hecan tell how much the Fel ruary 1913 Convention of theAmerican Instituterating of a machine should be altered if transferred of Electrical Engineersan attempt was made tofrom sea -level to a higher altitude. correlate the temperature rise ofan electrical machine In the 1925 A. I. E. E. Standards, the rule reads: with the barometricpressure.The revised A. I. E. E. "For apparatus intended for service at altitudesgreater standardization rules of December 1914contained athan 1000 meters, it is provisionally agreed that statement for correcting temperature riseor rating to the permissible temperature rises (to be included incon- correspond to higher altitude, but the rulewas intendedtracts and checked by test at low altitude) shall be only to be temporary, and it isnow recognized asless than specified in these standards by faulty.Several articles on this subject have recently one per cent of the specified rise for each 100 meters of altitudein appeared in the Technical Press2 and in this articleexcess of 1000 meters." another method of attack is presented. The "Usual Service Condi- It is to betions" are given as "(a) When and where thetempera- hoped that the A. I. E. E. Standards Committee willture of the cooling medium does not exceed 40 deg. find some helpful suggestions herein. cent.(b)Where the altitude does not exceed 1000 If the change in ambient temperature is ignored, it ismeters." evident that the effect of altitudemay be considered From the above it will beseen that in the existing from two standpoints: (a) The change in temperatureA. I. E. E. rules: rise, the rating remaining the same;or (b), the change in rating, the temperature rise ata given altitude (1)The correction for altitude is onlyon the basis equaling that at sea -level. of temperature change, noton a change in rating. Perhaps the most usual (2) case, in which the purchaser of apparatus is interested, The correction for altitude starts at 1000meters, there being no correction for altitudes lowerthan that is how much less the temperature rise of the machineelevation. should be at sea -level than at a given altitude for the (3)The correction for altitude is in same load.The machine usually is tested near sea- very simple form, and as such cannot possibly bring inthe various level, and the customer wishes to know how much tofactors upon which such correction depends. decrease the test temperature rises to equal approxi- (4) mately those at the higher altitude.This is the most The correction for altitude is empirical, andis based upon a limited amount of data; it isconsequently useful way for the correction to appear in the A. I. E. E.liable to be considerably in Standards.It is well, however, to include another error. method to cover the change in permissible output with It is believed that these objectionsare met in this article.The derivation of the equationsare given in 1. Research Engineer, Westinghouse Electric & Manufac-Appendix I.The final equations turing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. may be put into vari- 2.Particularly the paper by Doherty and Carter: "Effect of ous forms, according to what the point of interest is, Altitude on Temperature Rise," TRANS. A. I. E. E., 1924, p. 824.what items are to be considered and whatones are to To be presented at the Midwinter Convention of the A. I. E. E.,be ignored.They may be classified accordingto New York, N. Y., February 8-11, 1926. whether the solution is for temperatureor for rating. 124 125 Feb. 1926 FECHHEIMER: RATINGS OF ELECTRICALMACHINES The solutions are applicable to forced convection con-a = ratio of thethermal drop from the copper to the -level. ditions only.The equations are intended to apply iron to the total temperature rise, at sea chiefly to a slotted core, in which some of the losses are b = ratio of the totaltemperature rise at a given constant, and some are proportional to the squareof altitude to the total temperature rise, at the load.The factor k is the fraction of loss inthe sea -level. core that is proportional to the squareof the load at B1 = barometer reading at sea-level. given altitude. sea -level rating.(Thus, in estimating k, the numeratorB2= barometer reading at a is the embedded copper loss, and the denominatorthe = fraction of loss in the corethat is proportional embedded copper loss plus the core loss).For the to the square of the load at sea -level rating. more usual applications of theequations 1 and 2 below,K= fraction of sea -levelrating that should apply k fortunately does not appear.The equations can at a given altitude. be applied to other parts than the slotted core,such as m = exponent ofbarometric pressure ratio, and is field coils in synchronous alternators, but then,although the power to which that ratio should be raised k = 1 and the equations are thereforesimplified, account must be taken of the rate at whichthe field 2.0 current changes with the load, and thatis beyond the scope of this paper.In Appendixes II and IV, k and cases other than a slotted core are brieflydiscussed. 0 The final equations are as follows: (The listof sym- D bols follows the equations.) (a)Solutions for temperatures: I.Surface temperatures only considered.

081 B2 (1 1.6 082 = kBIJ II.Internal (copper) temperatures considered: 1-1.5

1 01 . 1 (2) b = 02 = (BIyn a+ (1 - a) i) B2 1.4 (b)Solution for Ratings. I.Surface temperatures only considered. cc 1.Permissible temperature rise at a given alti- 1.3 tude the same as at sea -level. cc 1 Fi_ / (3) 1.2 k L BB2i 0 2.Permissible temperature rise at a given altitude different from that at sea -level: Lel" r =Ni1- L -b BB: Yn (4)

0 1 2 3 4 II.Surface drop and drop through insulation X 1000 = METERS ALTITUDE considered. FIG.1-CURVEOF BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 1. Permissible temperature rise at a given altitude the same as at sea -level. to determine how much the surface tempera- 1- (1 - k) (1 - a)(Byn ture rise is altered by a change in density. B2 Its value is between 0.75 and 1, and for most K = B, (5) purposes 0.9 may be used. a k (1 - a)( B2 01 = total temperature rise at sea-level. 02 = total temperature rise at a givenaltitude. 2. Permissible temperature rise at a given alti- 0,1 = temperature rise of the cooling surface above tude different from that at sea -level: the ingoing air, at sea level. 082 = same as 0,1, but at a given altitude. b- (1- k) (1- a)( BI In Fig. 1 is plotted the ratio of the barometric pres- (6)sure at sea -level to that at a given altitude.With ad -k(1-- (-131312- these data, and that contained in equation (1), the curves in Fig. 2 have been plotted.They show what In the above equations, the ratio of the temperature rise at sea -level to that 126 101.;(71111FAMER: ItATIN(04 010E1.1.:("I'ItIcAl, NIA(.11INEs Jilin-nal AI.I'K. at altitude should be,outside surface temperatures onlyassumption being considered. is made that the probable most usual They are plotted for three differentvalue of in is Say 0.9, data from t hecurve corresponding to that value could conveniently be incorporated inI lw rules.Or, forin 0.9, the data may he quite av-

1.0 curately represented by the equation 0.1 alt. = 1 - 0.09 x up to about 4000 meters. 1000 0.9 Inthose machinesinwhichtemperatures are measured by embedded temperature detectors,equa- 0. tion (2) may be used.The plots for a = 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 are given inFig. 3 for m = 0.9.Those three

0 100 z

L./>80

0.5 C/) 0 2 3 4 5 60 X 1000z METERS ALTITUDE 2 FIG. 2-RATIO OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE RISE AT SEA- z0 LEVEL TO THAT AT A GIVEN ALTITUDE."m" HAS A DIFFERENT VALUE FOR EACH CURVE o40 II. 0 I ( B2 1 eel B1.)" z La.1 20. IA 1.1

0 1 2 3 4 5 x 1000 METERS ALTITUDE. Fla.4-RATINGS AS AFFECTED BY ALTITUDE.in = .9FOR -J ALL CURVES, SURFACE TEMPERATURE ONLY CONSIDERED k, THE FRACTION OF Loss IN THE CORE THAT IS PROPORTIONALTO -71 THE SQUARE OF THE LOAD AT SEA -LEVEL, HASA DIFFERENT a, VALUE FOR EACH CURVE

, 1 r U) K = B2 r 1 (g0.8 1 -K Ll klr) _ WLLJ a. cr:7CZ 0

CZCZ A. . a_ Se, curves are so nearly straight lines, that their approxi- LUt 0.7 _ - 1 mate equations may be writtenas follows: -J *?1, N;- 1 00 a = 0.4, Alt. 0.6 = 1 - 0.0604 zo 1000

1 a = 0.5, Alt. 0.5 = 1- 0.0526 g, , 0 I 4 b 1000 x 1000.METERS ALTITUDE 1 Alt. FIG.3-RATIO OF INTERNAL TEMPERATURE RISE AT SEA - a = 0.6, - 1 - 0.044 LEVEL TO THAT AT A GIVEN ALTITUDE."a," THE RATIO OF b 1000 DROP FROM COPPER TO IRON TO TOTAL TEMPERATURE RISE, HAS A DIFFERENT VALUE FOR EACH CURVE Alt. = Altitude in meters. 1 el 1 The error for the high altitudes is not negligible, b 02 a + (1 - a) (131 \m when the present A. I. E. E. rule is used.Thus, for th ) a = 0.5, the temperature rise at sea -level is 0.6, instead m = 0.9 FOR ALL CURVES of 0.785, of the rise at 5000 meters. It will be noted that equations (1) and (2) donot values of m.The correspondingratio,using thecontain k, the fraction of the loss in thecore that is provisional A. I. E. E. rules, is also plotted.If theproportional to the square of the load.This follows MACHINES 127 Feb. 1926 FECHHEIMER: RATINGS OF ELECTRICAL external surface of,and (4) are the same except that in (3)the temperature because the temperature of the at sea -level, say an armature, isindependent of the distributionofrise is taken to be the same at altitude as losses in the copper and iron.This is fortunate, as 02 =1).The ratiobis one less variable meanssimplification. fora given rating(b -0i When the equations are solved forthe rating ratio K, the term k is present.When sosolved,theconstant along any curve in the family inFig. 6.It simplest solution, equation (3),applies when surfacewill be seen that it is quite within the rangeof possi- temperatures only are considered,and when the permis-bilities for a machine to be good for a higher ratingat sible temperature rise at a givenaltitude is the same ata higher altitude than at sea-level.For example, if the air temperature is 40 deg. at sea -level, and therise is 40 deg., then at a certain location at 3000 metersalti- 100 tude, where the air temperature is 20 deg., thepermis- sible rise is 40 -I- 40 - 20 = 60 deg. to secure the same total temperature.The rating may then be, from 80 Nill Fig. 6, 110.5 per cent of sea -level rating.

II'Ell 160 60

NNW= 0.9 140 40 MI 11111M1 z 120 mMIN 20 cc 6 WIN L.T1 MIMI 100 II, , X 1000. METERS ALTITUDE -J 80 FIG.5-RATINGSAS AFFECTED BY ALTITUDES.SURFACE cc O TEMPERATURE ONLY CONSIDERED."in" HAS A DIFFERENT k = .4 FOR ALL CURVES. VALUE FOR EACH CURVE. O 1 B2 ni w 60 K = 1 -K[1 qt, L> cr L..1 40 sea -level.Perhaps that is the form of "rating" equa- a. tion that an engineer would use most frequently.The percentage of normal sea -level rating may then be read directly from a family of curves, such as are shown in 20 Fig. 4.Those curves were calculated on the basis that the barometric pressure ratio = 0.9, and that the value 0 of k, the fraction of total loss that, at sea -level, is 0 1 2 3 4 5 proportional to the square of the load, is constant along x 1000- METERS ALTITUDE any one curve.The value to assign to k is considered FIG.6-RATINGSAS AFFECTED BY ALTITUDE.SURFACE in Appendix II.If a fixed value is chosen_ for k, TEMPERATURE ONLY CONSIDERED fit = 0.9 AND K = 0.4 FOR ALL the equation may again be plotted in the form of a CURVES. B, THE RATIO OF THE TEMPERATURE RISE AT ALTI- family of curves, the exponent m being fixed for eachTUDE TO THAT AT SEA -LEVEL, HAS ADIFFERENT VALUE FOR curve.The value of 0.4 has been chosen for k in the EACH CURVE. plot in Fig. 5.From data on various machines, it seems as though 0.4 is a fair average value.As stated Equations (5) and (6) are solved for the percentage elsewhere in this paper, a value of 0.9 for m is probablyof sea -level rating, account being taken of the drop the one that may generally be adopted.It is, therefore,through the insulation.Thus, the factor a isthe suggested that for machines on which surface tempera-ratio of the thermal drop from the copper to the iron tures only are measured, the data from either Fig. 4 orto the total temperature rise, at sea -level.The assump- 5, for m = 0.9 or k = 0.4 be used. tion is made that the heat that flows transversely If again, surface temperatures only are considered,through the insulating wall is the same percentage of and values be assured for m and k, a family of curvesthe heat generated in the copper at altitude as at sea - may be plotted with the use of equation (4).Aslevel.Evidently these two equations apply only shown in Fig. 6, m = 0.9 and k =0.4.Equations (3)when the temperatures are measured by embedded 128 101.:C111110, I NI I.: It: It.1T I Nt;S 01. 11. 1cIIINES Journal\ I I: temperature detectors.Equation (5) is thesame ass 6 ),and its value is further discussedin Appendix Ill. except that in (5) thetemperature rise at altitude isThe cooling medium, air, is itself healed by he absorp- taken to be thesame as at sea -level. tion of losses up to the particular surface, arid t hal air With the number of factors,as given in equationstemperature rise must be added 10I heI hernial dr(q) (5) and (6), it becomesmore difficult to plot them infrom the surface to the adjacent air.The air rise is families of curves, andsuch curves are, therefore, notinversely proportional to the density of the cooling included in thispaper.As those equations will prob-medium.The temperature rise of the surface above ably be of value chieflyto the designer, and as it isthe air entering the machine is then made up of two necessary to evaluate such factorsaskanda, parts, one of which is inversely proportional to the first with which frequently onlythe designer is familiar, hepower of the density ratio and the other is inversely can readily substitute the numericalvalues in theproportional to a power of that ratio whose value is equations and solve for K. between 0.75 and 1.In the general ease, in which the Appendix I temperature rise above the ingoing air is considered, the DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS resultant exponent is probably not far from 0.9, but in For the usual case, the slottedcore construction isthese equations it iswritten as m.The equation of greatest interest.While that construction is thecoordinating losses and barometric pressures with sur- one chiefly considered, the equationsare applicable toface temperature rise may then be written as: other parts.Some cases are considered in Appendix IV. Ore L2 ( BI r The derived equations take intoaccount the relative 0,, \ B2 (9) values of 12 R loss, the percentagethermal drop through the insulating wall, and the comparativeallowable Here 0.1 = temperature rise of cooling surface above the ingoing air, at sea -level. temperature rises at altitudes and atsea -level.The 0.2 = same as 0.,, but at equations are simplified ifany of these are neglected.altitude.B1 and B2 are respectively the barometric Furthermore, the equationscan be readily applied ifpressure readings at sea -level and at altitude. tests have been made at the factory where such items From equations (7), (8) and (9), as the barometric pressure, ingoing air temperature, 082 B2 ) L2 = k K2 + (1 -k) (10) the temperature rise of the iron surface, and of the 081 B1 LI embedded copper have been measured,or whose approximate values may be assumed.The assumption isWhence, for 082 := 081) made that all heat is dissipated by forced convection currents of air, natural convention and radiation being K = 1- 1 [1- ( B2 )1 (11) B, of negligible influence.The equations, therefore, are not applicable to transformers, totally enclosed machin- Equations (11) and (3), in the text are identical. ery, or other apparatus in which those two effects areAssuming that the load at sea -level and at altitudeare predominant.The assumption is also made that in athe same, K = 1, and the equation may be written: slotted core the heat that flows transversely through the 0.1 / B2 yn insulating wall is the same percentage of the heat (12) 082 = k B1 generated in the copper at altitude as at sea -level. Call L1 the losses upon which the temperature in This is the same as equation (1) in the text. the member under consideration are dependent when Consider next the transverse flow of heat through the operating at sea -level.(Usually embedded copperinsulation wall adjacent to the copper in the slot, the losses plus iron loss).Also k = fractionoflosstotal temperature rise of the copper above the ingoing L1 that is proportional to square of the load,atair 02 is the sum of the drop through the insulating sea -level.Then: wall 0,2 and the surface rise 082.That is: Li = k L1 + (1- k) L1 (7) 02 = 062 + 0i2 (13) Thus, k L1 = variable losses that are proportional to Similarly at sea -level, using subscripts 1 instead of 2, the square of the load, and the remainder, (1 - k) L1 = 01 = 081 ± oil (14) constant losses.At a given altitude, the constant The heat flows in part transversely through the insu- losses are still (1- k) L1, and the variable losses are aslation from the copper to the iron, and in part longi- at sea -level multiplied by the square of the ratio oftudinally and the relations are too complex to embody ratings.If L2 is the loss at altitude, in these equations.3(In some cases the flow may be L2 = k K2 L1 + (1- k) L, (8) from the iron to the copper).It is believed, however, The difference between the surface temperature andto be reasonable to assume that the percentage of the that of the cooling medium adjacent to the surface istotal heat generated in the copper that flows trans- proportional to the losses, and inversely proportional 3.Those equations will be found in a paper by the author: to a fractional power of the density of the medium."Longitudinal and Transverse Heat Flow in Slot Wound Arma- The fractional exponent is probably between 0.75 and 1, ture Coils."TRANS. A. I. E. E., 1921, p. 589. 129 Feb. 1926 FECHHEIMER: RATINGS OF ELECTRICALMACHINES -level. LARGE INDUCTION MOTORS versely is the same at a given altitude as at sea Syn. Rev. The difference in temperature between the copper H. p. Volts Frequency per min. k and the cooling surface may then be taken as propor- 1200 2200 60 600 0.206 tional to the copper losses: 1200 6600 25 500 0.475 1400 2200 60 514 0.448 0i2 K2 k Li 1500 6600 25 375 0.320 -K2 (15) 60 300 0.316 k 1200 2200 Oil 1500 2200 60 360 0.357 Call a the ratio of the drop. from the copper tothe 0.353 = Av. k cooling surface to the total temperature rise at sea - level : D -C. GENERATORS AND MOTORS Kw. Volts Rev. per min. k a =Oil (16) 01 500 250 1200 0.216 1000 250 720 0.380 One other factor may enter, as the permissible tem- 1500 250 514 0.420 300 250 150 0.407 perature rise at a given altitude is frequently greater 600 250 100 0.450 than at sea -level, due to the lower ambient temperature 1000 250 100 0.508 at the higher altitudes.The ratio of the permissible 0.397 = AN. k rise is: Mean of the three values of k = .416 02 b - (17) 01 From Fig. 4 it will be seen that the value of k has considerable influence upon the rating.For the general Equations (10), (13), (14), (15) and (16) may readilyaverage case, the value of 0.4 is probably not far wrong. be combined, and the solution may be written as: The curves in Figs. 5 and 6 were plotted for that value. Inasmuch as the equations involving k are S of princi- b - (1- k) (1- a)( BB1 pal value to the designer, he can readily determine the K (18)proper value to assign to it, and estimate the rating at a + k (1- a)( B1 the higher altitude by substituting in the proper equa- B2 tion.For short machines the longitudinal flow affects This is the same as equation (6) in the text.Bythe distribution, and for such machines the value of k taking the ambient temperature at sea -level to be theshould be reduced. same as at altitude, b = 1, equation (5) is obtained. Appendix III If in (18), a, the ratio of the drop from the copper DISCUSSION OF VALUES OF m to the iron to the total temperature rise at sea -level, be Then, again, The value to assign to m, the barometric pressure taken as zero, equation (4) is obtained. ratio exponent, could easily be made the subject of if in equation (4), b = 1, equation (3) follows.Also, if in equation (18) the ratio of ratings at altitude andan entire paper.Only a brief outline of the subject at sea -level be taken as unity, equation (2) is obtained.and mention of several papers are given in this note. Equation (1) may be obtained from (2) by placingAs stated in Appendix I, m is dependent upon two a = 0.Then the surface rises (0,1 and 0.2) are takenfactors which are additive, -(a) the rate at which heat to be equal to the total rises 01 and 02. is transferred from a heated surface to the moving fluid, and (b) the temperature increase of the cooling Appendix II fluid from entrance to the machine up to the point DISCUSSION OF VALUES OF k under consideration.These two do not bear a fixed The value of the fraction of the embedded loss that isrelation to each other; in one type of machine the rela- proportional to the square of the load k is necessarilytion may be quite different from another type.For largely dependent upon the type of machine, upon theexample, in a d -c. armature, the temperature rise of speed, upon the voltage, upon the choice of proportionsthe air up to the parts of the radial vents considered is by the designer, etc. A number of machines of threeprobably quite small; on the other hand, in a high speed types were chosen at random, as given in the table. steam -turbine driven alternator the air rise is usually SALIENT POLE ALTERNATORS considerable before it reaches those parts of the vent Rating at Sea Level ducts which are closest to the points where the tempera- Kv-a. Volts FrequencyRev. per min. k tures are measured.

18750 12000 60 150 0.498 The volume of air per unit time which passes through 1250 13200 60 112 0.302 a machine is independent of the barometric pressure. 850 2200 60 100 0.730 12500 13200 60 720 0.370 (This follows because the pressure generated by the 10000 15000 50 600 0.590 fans, and the pressure drop through the various paths 0.498 of the machine are both proportional to the density, = Av. k and the generated and consumed pressures are equal to 130 FECHHE1MER: RATINGS OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES Journal A. I. E. K. each other).As the mass of airper unit of time is2.Stationary Field Coils as in D. C. Machines. proportional to the density, themass varies directly A.Shunt Coils.If the field current may be assumed with the densityor with the barometric pressure.Asto be the same at all loads, and surface temperatures the temperature rise of the airis inversely as its mass,are to be measured, equations (1), (3) or (4) may be (assuming that thesame heat is taken up by the air), theused; otherwise, if the temperature rise is measured by temperature rise is inverselyas the barometric pressure.resistance, equations (2) (5) or (6) may be used, taking In regard to the rate of transferof heat from thek = 1.If the field current changes with the load, the surface to the cooling medium, thereare a number oftemperature equations (1) or (2) may still be used. papers available.Perhaps the best work is that ofUnless the change in current with load can be incor- Nusselt', and he found experimentallythat the densityporated in a simple equation which can be combined ratio exponent is 0.786.Pohl5 used that value in thewith other elementary equations, the rating may be derivation of equations applicable to machinesusing aapproximated by a cut -and -try method. closed circuit system of cooling. One of themost recent B.Series or interpole coils, or compensating windings. publications is that of Rice', who obtains his resultsThe current is proportional to the load, and the losses largely theoretically, using the dimensionalmethod,to the square of the load.If the surface temperatures and in his final equations for heat transfer for thetur-only are to be measured, equations (1), (3) or (4) may bulent state of ideal gases, for smooth and for moder-be used, taking k = 1.If these windings are insu- ately rough surfaces, the exponent of density is givenlated and temperatures are measured by resistance, as unity.Rice's paper contains a large number ofequations (2), (5) and (6) may be employed. references, and any one interested can consult that It is recognized that, due to change in armature losses paper.In the paper by Doherty and Carter'', thewith load, the temperature of the cooling air changes exponent for forced convection was found to be 0.73,with the load.That introduces a complication, and and to simplify calculations, they used 0.75. This valuefurthermore, its influence is usually small, if considera- seems to be approximately correct for the machines fortion is given to the fact that at the higher altitude the which they give data in their paper.As we understandrating and losses are reduced. their results, the exponent 0.75 takes account of the air3.Revolving Field Alternator Field Coils. rise as well as the surface transfer.It is felt, however, A.Single layer edgewise winding.Temperatures that their tests are too limited to warrant us to drawmeasured by resistance.The temperature rise for a conclusions. given load may be estimated by equation (1).The It is believed that, since the total drop is made up of estimated by approximating two items which are additive, and since the exponentthe field current for various loads, and with the use of for one of them is probably not far from 0.80, and theequation(1),calculate the temperature rise ratio. other is unity, a mean of 0.9 may be chosen for theA curve may then be plotted coordinating temperatures general case.It would be well to obtain further experi-with ratings. mental checks.As may be seen from Figs. 2 and 5, if B.Embedded windings, such as for turbo alternator 0.9 be adopted, the error in temperature or in rating is notrotors; or field coils for salient pole alternators with great for prob able departures above or below this value. insulation.Temperature rise measured by resistance. Equation (2) may be used for temperature rise ratio. Appendix IV The changed rating may be estimated in the same CASES OTHER THAN A SLOrrED CORE manner as for single layer edgewise winding, except that The manner of treatment of a few cases other than aequation (2) should be used instead of equation (1). slotted core will be considered. 1.Commutators. The losses are evidently the brush friction and I' R,RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATION IN JAVA the influence of windage loss upon temperature being PLANNED negligible.The friction losses are evidently constant According to recent reports the electrification of the and the 12 R losses are proportional to the squareline Manggarai-Buitenzorg has been sanctioned by the of the load. Equations(1), (3)and(4)areGovernment.Plans for the project are now entirely applicable. completed, the execution of the work has already been commenced, and the necessary material will be ordered 4.Nusselt."Heat Transmission in Conduits," Zsch. d. V. D. immediately. I., 1909, p. 1808. Barring unforeseen circumstances, it is 5.Robert Pohl."Fundamentals of Heating Calculationsexpected, therefore, that the electrification of the entire of Electric Machines, Especially Turbo Generators, Cooled byline will be completed in two years.Furthermore, an the Circular Process."Arch. f. Elek., 1923, p. 361. amount of 100,000 guilders (the guilder now= $0.40) 6.C. W. Rice."Forced Convection of Heat in Gases andhas been appropriated for preliminary work in con- Liquids."Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, May, 1924, nection with the electrification of the Poerwakarta- p. 460. 7. "EffectofAltitude on Temperature Rise."TRANS. Bandoeng line, which will probably be the next to be A. I. E. E., 1924, p. 824. electrified. A New Wave -Shape Factor andMeter BY L. A. DOGGETT, J. W. HEIM and M. W. WHITE* Member, A. I. E. E. Non -Members

S ynopsis.-A star -connected circuit consisting of two voltmetersmeter is proposed for practical application which consists essentially and one variable condenser has certain properties upon which aof two voltmeters and a variable condenser.Such a meter has wave -shape factor may be based.When the voltmeter resistances advantages over the method of analysis based on oscillograms, namely: are equal to each other and equal to the condenser reactance,the (1) cost, (2) portability, (8) ease of experimental procedure and (4) ratio of the voltmeter readings will always be (2 -I-,1 3) for_ an rapidity of arriving at results.This method of attack is not in- alternator producing sine waves and always less than (2 ,13) tended to supplant the oscillograph but rather to supplement it. for all other wave shapes.From any measured ratio of voltmeter The method has been checked with the aid of a harmonic alternator readings, the purity of the voltage wave may be determined; further- and has been applied to the local power system and to various al- more, the maximum possible percentage of 'any single harmonicternators available in the Electrical Engineering laboratories of the present in the wave can be immediately obtained (See Table III). Pennsylvania State College.

For the experimental application of this method a wave shape * * * * *

INTRODUCTION average variations from the correct values of amplitudes FOR a long time the wave shape standard of theof harmonics of ± 5 per cent might be expected. A. I. E. E. has been based on oscillograms. Re- The usual alternative to the use of the oscillograph cently .1- copies of seven oscillograms were sent tois some sort of a circuit method of which many have ten electrical manufacturing and power companies forbeen proposed but so far no one has been permanently measurement of deviation factor.The results ob-adopted.Here still another circuit method is pro- tained showed very considerable variations.For oneposed, differing primarily from other circuit methods oscillogram, the values found for this factor ran fromin that it is based on a three-phase circuit. 1 to 4.2 per cent, with an average value of 2.25 per cent. In other words, the maximum value was in excess of DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD the average by 86% per cent of the average value, Two voltmeters, V2 and V3 (Fig. 1) having equal while the spread between the maximum and minimumresistances, and a variable condenser, C (whose range values was 3.2 or 142 per cent of the average value.of reactance can be varied above and below the resist- For the other six curves the spread was less, but stillance of the voltmeters) are connected in star to the considerable.The excess of the maximum values over the average values for each of the six other cases was 57 per cent, 54 per cent, 52 per cent, 47 per cent, 31 per 3 cent, and 14 per cent.Quoting from the reference given, "The variations between results cannot be attributed to the processes of calculation employed, for neither the maximum nor the minimum spread occurred with the same party.The variations must, therefore, arise from difficulties inherent in the method such as, difficulty in evaluating exactly the ordinates of the oscillogram, errors in evaluating the area included by the squares of the ordinates in finding the effective value, errors in measuring the maximum dif- FIG. 1A-ANEW WAVE - FIG.1 B-WAVE-SHAPE FACTOR ferences between the ordinates of the oscillogram and SHAPE FACTOR ' AND METER the equivalent sine wave, especially when these differences occur in the steep part of the curve." three-phase source whose wave shape is to be investi- Another test was made to determine theaccuracygated.The value of C is adjusted until, the ratio of the attainable in the determination of the amplitudes oflarger to the smaller voltmeter readings is maximum. harmonics by analysis of oscillograms.Three wavesThat this ratio, R, is (2 + V, 3) for a pure sine wave is were prepared by the synthesis of known harmonicsproved in the Appendix.The greater the deviation and fundamental, the waves traced, and the resultsfrom a pure sine wave, the lower this ratio will become. turned over to various parties to be analyzed.TheIt is the dependence of this ratio upon the harmonics results indicated that for harmonics below the 15th,present in the wave which makes it possible to use such 5A11 of Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. a voltage ratio as a measure of the purity of thewave. f Revue Generale deL'Electricile, January10,1925,pp. The vector diagram of Fig. 2 gives an idea of the 43-46. displacement of the neutral as the wave shape departs To be presented at the Midwinter Convention of the A. I. E.E.,from a true sine wave. New York, N. Y., February 8-11, 1926. By the use of the following formula, also proved in the 131 1:32 1)0(1(1ETT, HEIM AND WIIIT I.; .1( iiir mil .1.I. E. Appendix, the voltageratio for any combination ofand a General Electric instrument having a resistance harmonics may be calculated, of 920 ohms and a range of 150 volts.Each voltmeter R = (2 + V3) was equipped with a multiplier so as to arrange the r100+a2(% H2)2-1-aa(% H3)2+ resistance of V2 in Fig. 1 equal to that of 11,i. The volt- . . . an(% Ho2 il/2 meters were then calibrated.Three one-µ f mica and L 100+b2 (% H2)2+b3(%H3)2+ . . . b(% H.)2 -I one eight -A f paper condenser were used.The capac- (1) ities of these condensers were also checked. Where % H2 is theper cent second harmonic. The final arrangement, as shown in the photograph, % 113 " " " "third cc Fig. 1, consists of two Weston dynamometer type volt- % th meters of 40- and 120 -volts range respectively and The a and b constants for thevarious harmonics areof 1000.7- and 1000.0- ohms resistance respectively. given in Table I. 3.74 TABLEI Pure Sine Wave 0) Harmonic a z o 3.72 2 0.0026 0.1967 4 0.0160 0.0939 3.70 5 0.0080 0.2230 7 0.0157 0.1330 3.68 Wave ShapeFactor 8 0.0101 0.2165 10 0.0153 0.1500 0 11 0.0110 0.2106 -0 3.66 13 0.0149 0.1590 14 0.0115 0.2066 3.64 16 0.0147 0.1640 - 9 0 9 4 9 8 10.2 10.6 11.0 11.4 17 0.0119 0.2036 CONDENSER SETTINGS-MF 19 0.0145 0.1680 FIG. 3 20 0.0122 0.2014 22 0.0144 0.1710 Mounted in the same box are a one -au f. mica and two 23 0.0124 0.1993 one -,u f. paper condensers.The mica condenser is a 25 0.0142 0.1730 0.0134 0.1866 Leeds and Northrup instrument, variable by steps of one twentieth,u

3.75 z Pure Sine Wavem, cc 3.73 cc

'43.71 0 7Wa -e Shape Factor 3.69

rxc 3.67 7 9 80 8.1 8.2 83 8.4 85 CONDENSER SETTINGS -ME

7 13 19 op 17 11 5 FIG. 4 - Harmonic switch in the lower left hand corner controls the paper condensers, giving zero, one, or two /2 f. SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE METHOD FIG.2 -LOCI OF FLOATING NEUTRAL FOR VARIOUS PERCENT- With the apparatus as originally set up, tests were AGES OF. HARMONICS. (LINE VOLTAGE CONSTANT) made on waves obtained from the Keystone Power Corporation System, from the Pennsylvania State Since in the experimental application of this method,College Power Plant (300 kv-a. turbo alternators), and two voltmeters having equal resistances are requiredvarious laboratory alternators.In the curves of Figs. and as one meter must have a range approximately3 and 4 are plotted the data for two representative three times that of the other, some difficulty was experi-cases. enced in selecting suitable meters from standard models, To obtain data for the curves of Fig. 5 the final those of the dynamometer type being desired. arrangement shown in the photograph of Fig. 1 was The meters first selected were a Weston instrumentused.If the following technique is employed, and if with a resistance of 301 ohms and a range of 30 volts,the frequency remains constant for about five minutes, 133 Feb. 1926 A NEW WAVE -SHAPEFACTOR AND METER shape theresultsobtainedare independentofvoltage,three-phase supply was connected to the wave capacity and magnitudeoflinefrequency.Themeter (Fig. 1).Ratio curves, such as shown in Fig. 5 technique employed in obtaining the fivedotted curveswere obtained for 0 per cent, 8.0 percent, 12.8 per cent, of Fig. 5 was to vary rapidly the capacityfrom 2.0 to17.5 per cent, and 28.0 per cent fifth harmonics. Through the maximums of the five dotted curves is drawn a curve, B, which should check with curve A, 3.8 the latter being calculated from formula (1).Dis- crepancies between curves A and B are chargeable to 3.6 2.4 2.6 2.8 deviation from a pure sine wave on the part of the MF fundamental machine and to slight inequalities in the 3.4 magnitudes of the three-phase voltages of the fifth harmonic machine.In searching for various factors 3.2 cc to account for this discrepancy it was proved by test cc that the wave -shape factor is independent of the phase Lc5 3.0 position of the harmonics.

bj 2.8 CONCLUSIONS to Be Met in Practise. 0 1. Value of Voltage Ratio 0 2.6 In addition to the values of wave shape factors given above for systems and dynamos testedin our labora-

2.4 tories, there is given in Table II, a compilation of wave - shape factors for some waves whose analyses into 2.2 component harmonics have been found in the literature. It will be seen that wave -shape factors varying from

2.0 3.448 to 3.730 appear in practise.These factors were 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 PER CENT 5 h HARMONIC obtained by substituting the given percentage har- Flo. monics in formula (1).

TABLE II Refer- Wave -Shape Factor Per cent Harmonic ence

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

3.712 0 2 1.44 1 3.605 0 5.3 2.46 0 1.04 1.2 2 3.715 0 1.77 1.22 0 0.4S 0 0 0.395 0.294 2 3.633 13'; 5 1.2 0.9 2 3.676 0 3.5 1.6 3 3.493 3.67 8.05 1 63 0.058 4 3.520 0.98 7.6 4 3.44S 7 9 5 3.670 3 4 5 3.730 0.46 0.724 6 3.724 5.5 1.25 0.49 0.55 0.37 6 6 3.591 2.92 5.2 0.66 1.07 0.62 3.77 4.6 0.48 3.555 2.83 5.43 5.51 0.26 1.2S 0.31 0.23 0.09 6 3.624 1.0 2.73 2.2 0.41 4.4 0.79 0.23 0.09 6 1. "Specification and Design of Dynamo -Electric Machinery." Miles Walker. p. 332. 2. TRANS.A. I. E. E.. Vol. 32, 1913, p. 781. 3.TRANS.A. I. E. E.., Vol. 38, 1919. p. 1185. 4. TRANS.A. I. E. E., Vol. 23. 1904, p. 408. 5. Electrician. Aug. 6. 1909. 6.Bureau of Standards, Vol. 9, 1913, p. 567.

3.0 µ f. by 0.1 µ f. steps, reading the two voltmeters at Oscillograms were obtained from 19 machines of each step.The maximum ordinate of the plot of theTable I of the 1919 report of the A. I. E. E. Subcom- ratio of these observations is the wave -shape factor. mittee on Wave Shape Standardsi3.Based on analyses CHECK OF OBSERVATIONS AGAINST CALCULATIONS of these waves, the following wave shape factors were calculated: In order to check this method the following test was3.717, 3.706, 3.717, 3.719, 3.698, 3.723, 3.715, 3.724, carried out.The fundamental and fifth harmonic2.746, 3.700, 3.700, 3.696, 3.698, 3.702, 3.700, 3.708, members of a three-phase harmonic alternator were used. A description of this machine is given in the3.702, 3.553, 3.349; i. e., a range of 3.724 to 2.746. Appendix.The phases of the fundamental machine 2.Interpretation of Voltage Ratios. As previously were star connected, and each phase joined in series withstated a ratio of voltmeter readings of (2 -V) or the proper coil of the fifth -harmonic machine.This 13.Osborne 134 I)(n I Err,!I \I N D11'111TE Jimullid A I I 3.732 corresponds toa pure sine wave.Consequently Reference to tile curves of Fig. 6 snows that a given he purity ofa voltagewavemay he immediatelyvoltage ratio corresponds to a smaller percentage har- determined by noting whetheror not the observedmonic when this is a harmonic of an order other than voltage ratio is equal to 3.732. the seventh.Consequently the maximum possible In case the ratio is found to beless than (2 + A,/ 3)percentage of any single harmonic present may be im- it follows that thewave is not a pure sine wave. Wemediately obtained from the observed voltage ratio by may assume the absence of third harmonicsor anyreference to Table III.For example, a voltage ratio multiple thereof in the ordinary commercialthree-phaseof 3.33 corresponds to the preselici of a 15 per cent circuits. Furthermore, no secondor fourth harmonicsseventh harmonic (From Table I II) and inasmuch will be found in the waves from commercialalternators.this ratio corresponds to a smaller percentage of any single harmonic other than the seventh,itis quite 3.8 conservative to state that in a circuit which gives an observed voltage ratio of 3.33, there is no single har- 3.6 monic present which amounts to more than 15 per cent of the fundamental.In other words, this last deduction 3.4 holds not only for the case where the seventh alone is tr) present but also where there are other harmonics found in addition to the seventh. In brief, it can be stated that this method is capable of giving at once from a single observation of voltage ratio, the maximum possible percentage of any harmonic 5th o 2.8 present in a wave, when the experimental conditions 0 have been properly adjusted as described above. o 2.6 - I- 3.Accuracy of Results.The accuracy with which 10th the data may be obtained is quite high.The method is WO 2.4 16th Wth independent of voltage, since only the ratio of the two 'and 22111 phase voltages is required and this ratio is independent etc. 2.2 2,01 of the actual voltage used.The frequency need not be 20th 1710 14th measured, provided means of checking its constancy are 2.00 available; this can be conveniently done by any fre- 10 15 20 25 30 35 PER CENT HARMONIC quency meter.If good mica condensers are used the Fia.6 accuracy with which they are guaranteed by the manufacturers (say N per cent) is more than sufficient The fifth and seventh harmonics are usually the mostfor our purpose, since the actual value of the capacitance pronounced of all the harmonics, and Fig. 6 shows thedoes not enter directly into the computations.Conse- ratio curves for these harmonics.If only a seventhquently, the main factor which limits the precision of harmonic is present, reference to Table III will im-the measurements is the accuracy of the calibration of mediately give the percentage harmonic correspondingthe voltmeters and our ability to read the same.The to any observed voltage ratio. probable error of the voltage ratio, including instru- mental and observational errors, will not exceed 0.2 TABLE III per cent. 7th Harmonic Our experiments have indicated that the use of the iron -vane type of voltmeter is not very satisfactory Per cent Voltage Harmonic Ratio for this purpose. Appendix I 0 3.7320 1 3.7298 V,= 2 3.7232 Proof that R = 2 + for a pure sine 3 3.7123 4 3.6974 wave: The following formula has been derived in:a 5 3.6753 6 3.6530 previous paper* for calculating the voltage to neutral 7 3.6248 for any branch of the star -connected circuit of Fig. 1. 8 3.5999 al/Z, . . . . an -1/Z1 9 3.5685 I Z = E[a'-1_a°/Z1 10 3.5298 1/Z1 + 1/Z2 . . . . 1/Zn 11 3.4962 12 3.4572 (a) 13 3.4163 14 3.3742 *Doggett."Floating Neutral n -Phase Systems" TnnNs. 15 3.3312 A. I. E. E., Vol. 42,1923, p. 800. 13:i Feb. 1926 A NEW WAVE -SHAPEFACTOR AND METER where, E2"=2d harmonic component of voltage across V3. E is the numerical value of theimpressed voltage to Ea"= 3d harmonic component ofvoltage across V3. geometrical neutral. E"=n'h harmonic component of voltage across V3. j sin 27r,¢ for counter clockwise a = cos 2 it/(1) Then, rotation. a =cos 2 ir/cp -j sin 2 7r /4for clockwise rotation. (100E11)2 (% 2dE 2')2 R =number of branches or phases. -[(100E1")2 + (%2dE2")2 Z1 =impedance between 0 and 1 (see Fig. 1) Z2 =impedance between 0 and 2 (Fig. 1). (% 3dE3/)2 (70nlh En ,)2 Z=impedance between 0 and n (Fig. 1). (%.3idE3N)2 % nhE. 11)2 (b) P=1, 2 or 3 for a three-phase system. Assuming that the impedance of each meter is1000 Constants are worked out for the fundamental and ohms resistance (inductance negligible -0 andthat offifth harmonic, in the following sample calculations, the condenser is also 1000 ohms (capacitive reactance),Using formula (a), the reading of the voltmeterV2according to equation (a) is, - 1 ± El' = - 0.5 -j 0.866 -2 ± j (Calculated in /2 Z2=E[(- 1 2 -j-V-8./2) Appendix I) Rationalizing the last term and collecting, 1 - 1 2- jV3/2 -1/2j \i3/2 Ei'= - 0.3 + 1.466. - j1000+ 1000 1000 Combining real and j terms and squaring, 1 1 1 (E,')2= 2.24. -F - j 1000 1000 1000 Similarly, . 1 +1 = - E[- 1/2.- j -j + 2 Ei"= - 0.5 + 5 0.866 -2 +

Rationalizing the last term, reducing and collecting, (E1")2= 0.161. Similarly, remembering that the phase rotation of the E[ - 3 -j (6 + 5 )I /2 L/2- - 1/2 fifth harmonic is opposite to that of the fundamental*, 10 - 1 + 5 5 Proceeding in a similar manner, the reading ofV3is, E5' - 0.5 + j 0.866 - 2F-3. E[-3-j(6-5V3)] /3 - V3 (E5')2= 1.794. 10 Then the ratio R, - 1 + j 5 E5"=-0.5 -j 0.866 -2 ± j 5 V2 -3-j (6 ± 5N/3) = - 1.293 - j 1.383 V3 - 3-t6 - 5-\/5) (E5")2= 3.585 Combining real and j terms of both numerator and Equation (b) can be transformed into equation (1) denominator, and rationalizing, by factoring out the ratio for the fundamental sine R = 2 ± = 3.732. wave, (2 + Nig.)Thebconstants are derived from (Q. E. D.)theE"constants in equation (b): 1 3.585 Appendix II b5 - (E5")2X 22.3 0.161 0.161 --- Proof of Equation (1).(General formula for calculating R for any number of harmonics of known per- The a constants of equation (1) are derived from centage). theE'constants of equation (b): Notation. 1 1 E,' = Fundamental component of voltageacrossV2. a5 = (E5')2X X E21= 2d harmonic component of voltage acrossV2. 0.161 (2 + E,' = 34 harmonic component of voltageacrossV2. K,,' = nih harmonic component of voltageacrossV2. 1 1 = 1.794 X X = 0.80 Pa'," = Fundamental component of voltageacross V3. 0.161 13.92 frile ind11011,11(4) of the melon.; sinuifoiled to be too mall toellt.vt theme palf.ulal ions upprevitibly. *Forlemeue, TILANs.A. I. K. E., Vol. 37, 1915, p. 1027. Imw.(iETT, ANL)

kl'11""likIII (1.S. 11 k`-, I I\ I. 1114) I'\'114)\-, To I..\ Lit \41\1% INI..1 WU: The Harmonic Altertrotw. The various harmonic voltages were obtained bymeans of a special harmonic In the United Star.there are more than live times alternator.This machine consistsofthreethree-as many radiocastinp. ,tations as in all Europe.The phase a -c. generators of the revolving fieldtype, onetotal for the United States, according to the most recent of which is a 15 kw., 60 -cycle machine; the second hasstatistics, is about 575, while the European total is but a capacity of 71/kw. at 180 cycles, and the third,110 radiocasting stations. 3 -kw. at 300 cycles.All three machines are mounted on England leads European countries; Germany comes the same bed -plate and have a common frame while thenext; Spain is third. field coils of all machines are mountedon the same By countries, the number of radio stations in Europe shaft.The armature of the 60 -cycle machine is station-is as follows: Finland, eight; Norway, six; Sweden, one; ary, but the armature of the 180 -cycle machine may beHolland, one; Belgium, four; Irish Free State, two; moved by means of a hand wheel throughan angleGreat Britain and the North of Ireland, twenty-one; corresponding to 360 -electrical degrees, and thearma-Germany, twenty; France, twelve; Spain, thirteen; ture of the 300 -cycle machine by similar means can bePortugal, none; Switzerland, four; Italy, six; Austria, moved through an angle corresponding to 600 -electricalfive; Hungary, two; and Czechoslovakia, five. degrees.The six terminals of the armature winding of each machine are connected to a switchboard so thatTERMS OF APPLICATIONS FOR BROAD- the three-phase windings may be connected either inCASTING LICENSE IN INDIA CHANGED star or delta.The field control of each generator is independent of the other two fields.The machine is The Government of India has amended the conditions driven by a d -c. shunt motor and the field winding isto be complied with by private enterprise in applying separately excited. for a license to provide a broadcasting service in British India and Burma.It is now provided that at the expiration of the first five years the government will Bibliography reserve the right to reduce the proportion of license 1. Pupin, "Resonance Analysis of Alternating and Poly-payable to -the company so that it will cover the cost phase Currents," TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol. 11, 1894, p. 523. of an adequate service, provide a reasonable reserve 2.Ryan, "Determination of the Wave Form of Alternatingfund, and pay a dividend of 15 per cent per annum on Current Without a Contact Maker," TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol,the subscribed capital.This dividend was originally 16, 1899, p. 345. limited to 10 per cent.It has also been agreed that 3.Townsend, "A New Method of Tracing A -C Curves,"consideration will be given to applications which pro- TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol. 17, 1900, p. 5. vide that importers shall pay a royalty on imported 4.Owens, "A New Curve Tracing Instrument," TRANSapparatus to the broadcasting company. A. I. E. E. Vol. 19, 1902, p. 1123. 5.Ryan, "The Cathode -Ray A -C. Wave Indicator," VOLTAGE FOR HOME USE TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol. 22, 1903, p. 539. It is apparent that domestic loads have grown so 6.Robinson, "The Oscillograph and Its Uses," TRANS.large that serious attention must be given both to A. I. .E. E., Vol. 24, 1905, p. 185. voltage regulation in the homes and to wiring in the 7.Davis, "A Proposed Wave Shape Standard," TRANS. homes.The houses are becoming miniature machine A. I. E. E., Vol. 32, 1913, p. 775. shops with a variety of motors and heating devices 8.Bedell, "Form Factor and Its Significance," TRANS.which are bound to cause voltage fluctuations if the A. I. E. E., Vol. 34, 1915, p. 1135. wiring does no more than comply with the formal 9.Bedell, "Distortion Factors," TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol. 34,Underwriters' regulations.Some of the appliances, 1915, p. 1159. such as the electric refrigerators, automatic pumps, 10.Curtis, "Order and Amplitude of Harmonics in Voltageventilating motors and oil -burner motors, have no Wave Forms with Indicating Instruments," TRANS. A. I. E. E., respect for time or load and may start up at the peak Vol. 38, 1919, p. 1179. period or at night when all lights are burning.These 11. Dellenbaugh, "An Electromagnetic Device for Rapidvoltage fluctuations are annoying because of their effect Schedule Harmonic Analysis of Complex Waves," TRANS.on the lights, and they may become more so as relays A. I. E. E., Vol. 40, 1921, p. 451. and controls are developed and used for household 12.Bedell, "Characteristics of the Admittance Type ofapplications. Wave Form Standard."TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol. 35, 1916, p. 1155, The utility may enlarge transformers and secondary distribution copper and yet not improve the situation 13. Osborne, "Review of Work of Subcommittee on Wave Shape Standard oftheStandardsCommittee," TRANS. materially.The answer to the problem lies in the A. I. E. E., Vol. 38, 1919, p. 261. wiring of each home, the motors used on devices and For a more complete bibliography see references 6 and 11the development of some kind of house voltage above. regulator.-Electrical World. Current LimitingReactors with Fire -ProofInsulation on the Conductor BY F. H. KIERSTEAD' Associate, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-In a previous paper, tests weredescribed which First: That this insulation does not smoke excessively at tempera- proved conclusively that if conducting material werelodged between tures below 350 deg. cent. the turns of a reactor having bare conductor, the reactorwould flash- Second: That it does not burn even at temperatures of melting over at the instant a failure occurred onthe circuit in which thecopper. 'reactor was placed.In this paper, tests are describedwhich were Third: That its insulation and mechanical strength is not ap- made during the development of a proper insulationfor the conductor preciably affected when heated rapidly as high as 350 deg. cent. of reactors. The thermal capacity of the conductor is Reactors tested consisted of one reactor Thermal Capacity. Short Circuit Tests. affected by the insulation, as follows: with enameled conductor and two reactors with asbestosinsulated the other a thicker First: Under the effects of extremely high short circuit currents conductor; one having a thin covering of asbestos; for a very brief interval, the thermal capacity is not affected by the covering. asbestos. The reactor with enameled conductor flashed over duringthe first short circuit test.That with a thin covering of asbestos stood one Second: With a moderate short-circuit current for a longer length short circuit and arced over in the second short circuit.The reactor of time, the thermal capacity of the insulated conductor is increased with the thick covering stood many short circuit tests without anydue to the storage of heat in the insulation. failure or sign of distress. Third: During normal operation, at rated current, the temperature These tests established the fact that thin insulation on the conductorrise of conductor is increased due to the drop in temperature in the will not prevent such failures, even though it has sufficient dielectric insulation. strength to withstand the voltages placed across it for the reasonthat Costs.The asbestos insulation increases the cost of the reactor the magnetic force exerted on iron and steel objects will cause them todirectly by the addition of the cost of the insulation itself and in- break through thin insulation.On the other hand, tjzick insulationdirectly by making it necessary occasionally to increase the size of the will adequately protect the reactor from failure due to foreign conductor.However, this increase in cost is not a large percentage substances. of the total cost of the reactor. Thermal Tests.Thermal tests ontheasbestosinsulation established the following facts:

IN a previous paper entitled, "The Design, Installa-determine the kind and thickness of insulation to be tion and Operation of Current Limiting Reactors,"used. presented by Kierstead and Stephens, at the Annual The primary requisites of such insulation are as Convention of the A. I. E. E.July 1924, short-circuitfollows: tests upon reactors were described.Thesetests First:It must have sufficient dielectric and me- proved conclusively that if conducting material werechanical strength to prevent short circuits between lodged between the turns of a reactor having bareturns by foreign conducting materials. conductor, the reactor would flashover at the instant Second:It must conform to the well established a failure occurred on the circuit in which it was placed.practise of using only fire -proof materials in the con- In other words, if a piece of metal, such as a nut, bolt,struction of current -limiting reactors. washer, or screw drops or is magnetically drawn into a The first part of this paper is devoted to a description reactor and becomes lodged between two of its turns,of the short-circuit tests made upon reactors to de- there may be no indication of its presence in the reactortermine the insulation to be used, while the second during the normal operation of the circuit but at thepart describes thermal tests made to determinethe instant of a fault on this circuit, the voltage betweenfire -proof characteristics of the insulation. these turns jumps to many times its previous value, incipient arcs shoot out at the points where the metal SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS bridges between turns and this is followed instantly Enamel and asbestos were chosen as the most suit- by a complete flashover of the reactor.Since thatable insulations because of their fire -proof characteris- paper was presented, an investigation has been carriedtics. One reactor wasbuilt with enameled conductor out to determine a suitable insulation for the conductorand two reactors with asbestos -insulated conductors; of reactors to prevent such foreign conducting materialone having a thin covering ofasbestos, the other a causing reactors to flashover.The purpose of thisthicker covering.The reason for making tests on paper is to describe the tests which were made toreactors with these different insulations was to determine the thickness of insulation necessary. 1. Transformer Engineering Dept. General Electric Com- pany, Pittsfield, Mass. The short-circuit tests made upon the reactors con- To be presented at the Midwinter Convention of the A. I. E. E.,sisted of bringing up the terminal voltage on a 26,700- New York, N. Y., February 8-11, 1928. kv-a., 25 -cycle generator to 13,200 volts, and then 137 13s 1110,1(STKA1): (.111t1t1,:NT 1(1,:.11"1'1)1(ti Jourind A. I. E.I.:

short-circuiting two of its phasesthrough the reactorindication Of distress), after the nUt wits placed in it, it. under test.All three reactorswere the "cast -in con-flashed over (luring the first half cycle of the first crete" type, rated: 60cyc es, 68 ky-a., 229 volts, 300short-circuit test.This test proved that enamel is not amperes, and were designed foruse in introducingsufficient insulation to prevent a flashover, due to foreign 3 per cent reactive drop ina 13,200 -volt circuit. A conducting material. diagram of the connections used inthe tests is shown The nut was thrown violently from the reactor to a in Fig. 1.The tests made upon the differentreactorsdistance of about 30 ft. where it struck a board and are described under the following headings:(A), Re-dented it to a depth of in. In short-circuiting a actor with Enameled Conductor.(B), Reactor withportion of the reactor winding, the nut carried a current in opposition to the main current in the reactor and the magnetic force between these opposing currents was Reactor probably the propelling force which expelled the nut. Under Teet In this respect, foreign conducting material partakes of lifelike characteristics in that it may cause a lot of Generator Opening Oil Closing Oil Circuit BreakerCircuit Breaker damage and then clear out and leave no clue as to FIG. I-DIAGRAM OF CIRCUITUSED WHEN MAKING SHORTthe cause of the damage. CIRCUIT TESTS B..Reactor with a Thin Covering of Asbestos on the Conductor.The reactor on which the tests under this a Thin Covering of Asbestos Insulation on the Con-heading were made had a thin wall of asbestos covering ductor. (C), Reactor witha Thick Covering of As- bestos Insulation on the Conductor. A.Reactor with Enameled Conductor.The conductor of the reactor on which these testswere made was enameled and the purpose of the tests was to determine whether the enamel would afford sufficient insulation to prevent a flashover if conducting material bridged between the turns. The test was made by placing a steel nut between

FIG.3-REPRODUCTION FROM MOTION -PICTURE FILM TAKEN DURING SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS ON REACTOR WITH CONDUCTOR FirstPicture Before Arc -Over. Second Picture AfterArc-Ouer. INSULATED WITH THIN ASBESTOS Arcing due to nail.Asbestoswas not thick enoughto afford sufficient insulation on its conductor.It received the same tests as those applied to the preceding reactor, except that in this case, a nail was tied to the conductor so as to span between the outside turns of the upper two layers.The Third Picture After Arc -Over Sixth Picture After Arc -Over reactor with the nail attached is shown in the upper left FIG.2-REPRODUCTION FROM MOTION -PICTURE FILM TAKEN hand picture of Fig. 3 which is a reproduction ofa DURING SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS ON REACTOR WITH ENAMELED portion of the motion pictures taken during this test. CONDUCTOR This reactor stood the first short-circuit test without Arcing due to steel nut.Enamel did not afford sufficient insulation. showing any visible signs of distress but flashedover two adjacent turns of the reactor midway betweenduring the first half cycle of the second test.The the top and the bottom and then short-circuiting theother pictures shown in Fig. 3 immediately followed generator through the reactor.The reactor as itthe instant of flashover. appeared immediately before the test is shown in the These tests showed that while the thin asbestos upper left hand corner of Fig. 2 which is an enlarge-covering afforded more protection than the enamel ment of a portion of the motion pictures taken during(since it was able to pass through one short-circuit test these tests.The nut is painted white and is clearlywithout failure) still it was not thick enough to ade- visible in the photograph. quately protect the reactor from foreign conducting Although the reactor had previously been testedmaterial. several times under short circuit (without giving any C.Reactor with a Thick Covering of Asbestos Insula- LIMITING REACTORS 139 Feb. 1926 KIERSTEAD: CURRENT The reactor tested next hadone end of the bolt raised upby magnetic force so that tion on Its Conductor. while the thicker asbestos insulation onits conductor than thatit is striking against one of the turns above Many short-circuit testsother end is resting on one of the turnsbelow.The of the preceding reactor. the similar to those previouslydescribed were made onpictures also show nails which had been strewn on nuts variously locatedfloor near the reactor being lifted by themagnetic this reactor with steel bolts and except in an endeavor to make the tests as severeas would befield.Fig. 5 shows a similar group of pictures this reactor, however,that the bolt is first resting on top of thewinding but encountered in actual service. In and the insulation on the conductor wassufficient to affordis later pulled down so as to span between the top next adjacent layers.The picture again shows nails being lifted from the floor. In Fig. 6, the bolt was placed so that it spanned the space between the topand next adjacent layers before the test and did not move during the test.The chief interest in these latter pictures is that they show nai s being lifted fromthe floor and being drawn into the windings withconsiderable force. The reproductions of the motion pictures show that

FIG.4 ----REPRODUCTION FROM MOTION -PICTURE FILM OF SHORT-CIRCUIT TESTS ON REACTOR WITH CONDUCTOR' INSULATED WITH THICK ASBESTOS INSULATION.SHOWING BOLT IN WIND- ING BEING RAISED AND NAILS BEING DRAWN TOWARDREACTOR BY MAGNETIC FIELD.ARROWS INDICATE NAILS the conductor adequate protection from the foreign conducting material to which it was subjected.Some of the reproductions of the motion pictures taken during these tests are of interest, for the reason that having been taken at the rate of 125 pictures per second FIG.6-SIMILAR TO FIG. 5 BUT SHOWS NAILS BEING DRAWN they show the movement of loose steel objects around FROM FLOOR INTO REACTOR BY MAGNETICFIELD. ARROWS and in the reactor.Fig. 4 shows four pictures taken INDICATE NAILS the magnetic field of a reactor exerts a considerable force on magnetic substances.Therefore, the insulation on the conductor not only must be strong enough to withstand the electric stress which may be placed upon it, but must also be strong enoughmechanically to withstand without injury, the cutting or piercing action of iron and steel objects when drawn against it by the magnetic force.It was this latter action that was the primary cause of thefailures of the first two reactors. The thicker insulation on the last reactor tested had sufficient resilience to resist the blows delivered to it by the steel objects without being cut and in addition FIG.5-SIMILAR TO FIG. 4 BUT SHOWS BOLT BEING DRAWN BY being thicker, could be indented to a greater depth MAGNETIC FIELD FROM TOP LAYER TO A POSITION BRIDGING without being pierced through to the conductor. There- BETWEEN THE Two TOP LAYERS. ARROWS INDICATE NAILS BEING DRAWN TOWARD REACTOR fore, it was able to withstand the many short circuit tests it was subjected to without failure. when a loose bolt was placed on the winding midway Summarizing, the foregoing tests established the between the top and the bottom.The pictures arefollowing facts: consecutive in the order in which they are numbered. First:That a reactor with bare conductor will The first picture shows the bolt resting on the winding.flashover during a short-circuit if conducting material The next picture taken 1/125 of a second later, showsis lodged in its winding. 140 111`..1(STE \ II I I \ Second:Thatthinin,u1.0 the conductor The HeXtlest s were maile willnot prevent suchfailures,c\ en though it has determinetiiwhat sufficient dielectric tempera, tires the (aide I IILll(I hi'I:ll'('(IIlitit I11:tilliW strength to withstandthe \ 0Itages placed across it, ing the aShei1I.M4 1011. for t hereason that themagnetic exerted on iron Itwas felt that the insulation cahithie and steel objectswill cause themto break throughthin insulation. resisting the effects of havingthe conductor rapidly heated hp 10 a temperature of350 deg. cent. without TilEitmAt. TESTS injury to its mechanicalor electrical strength.There- Having establishedthe thickness of fore, a test was made by holding tion required asbestos insula- 2500 amperes in the to prevent electricalfailures in reactors,cable until 350 (leg.cent. was reached.This required about 21 minutes.The insulation showedno indication that its mechanicalstrength had been injured by this test and thepuncture tests showed that its insulation strength hadnot deteriorated. Summarizing, the foregoing hightemperature tests have established the followingfacts: First:That this asbestos insulation doesnot smoke excessively at temperature below:350 deg. cent. Second:That it does not burneven at temperatures of melting copper. Third:That its insulation and mechanicalstrength is not appreciablyaffected when heated rapidlyto temperatures as high as 350 deg.cent. In actual service with thereactor carrying full short- circuit current, therewill be no tendency for thereactor to smokeor the insulation to be injured for the reason that the current will beinterrupted by the circuit breaker long beforethe temperature of theconductor has risen to 350deg. cent. The question quitenaturally arises as to what effect the asbestos insulationwill have on the thermal FIG. 7 canac- -SUCCESSIVE PICTURES TAKENDURING HIGH TEMPERA- ity of the conductor.Of course, if a short circu TURE TEST ON ASBESTOS INSULATED CABLE tis maintained for sucha brief period of time thatprac- it was next required to determine if this insulationwas `Ci500 I fire -proof. BareConductor Test to determine whetherthe insulation would 400 burn were madeon 5 ft. lengths of 250,000-cir. mil. cable insulated with asbestos u-) insulation.The equip- ccit 300 ment used in making these tests isshown in Fig. 7 and acedConductor is comprised of a transformer foruse in obtaining high z 200 current, a current transformer for measuringthe current, and a thermo couple placed in cc the center of the ez, 100 cable.The tests consisted of holding 2500amperes in cc the conductor until it melted. The amount of smoke oo emitted from the cable during thesetestsis more 10 20 30 40 50 60 TIME IN SECONDS clearly shown by Fig.7 than can be described.FIG. 8-Com The figure shows that smoke just PARATIVERATE OFHEATIN(: OFBARE AND began to make INSULATED CONDUCTOR its appearanceat 312 deg. cent. whileit became FOR SHORT PERIODS most dense at 440 deg. cent.As the temperaturetically all the heat isstored in the increased above thisfigure, copper then the the denseness of theinsulated conductor will riseto practically thesame smoke graduallydecreased and had discontinuedtemperature as the bare conductor. before the melting point On the other was reached.At no timehand, if the short circuitcontinues untilan appreciable did the insulation showany tendency to burn. Afterpart of the heat generated isdissipated, there will bea the cable had been raised to the melting pointofperiod during which the flowof heat from the insulated copper, the binding materials which held the asbestosconductor into its insulationwill be more rapid than fibers together had been destroyed andas a result thethe flow of heat from the bare mechanical strength of the asbestos conductor into the air. was practicallyDuring this period, the insulatedconductor will be zero. cooler than the bare conductor. LIMITING REACTORS 141 Feb. 1926 KIERSTEAD: CURRENT the conductor. statement was checkedfibers are closely and firmly woven on The accuracy of the above which makes them and insulated 250,000-They are treated with a compound by comparative tests on bare very strong and able toresist cutting or tearing very cir. mil. cable.The tests consisted inholding 4000 and measuring thetime re-tenaciously. amperes in each cable with asbestos quired for the conductors to rise to agiven tempera- Insulating the conductors of reactors measuredincreases their cost directly by the additionof the cost ture.The temperature of the conductor was by making it by thermo couples soldered to theconductor.In Fig. 8,of the insulation itself and indirectly It will be notednecessary occasionally toincrease the size of the con- the results of these tests areplotted. in the rate of that in allthe tests the bareconductor was theductor to compensate for the reduction heat dissipation caused by the insulation.However, hottest. percentage of During the normal operation ofthe reactor whenthe cost of the insulation is not a arge continuously, all the heatthe total cost of the reactor and theadditional cost of it is carrying rated current is greatly offset by thereduced generated is, of course, dissipatedand naturally thea larger conductor It has beenoperating charges resulting from thereduction in insulated conductor becomes the hottest. conductor.Fur- found, however, that althoughasbestos is one of thelosses occasioned by use of a larger covering usedthermore, as stated above, the asbestoscovering has best insulators of heat, the asbestos flow of heat from the on the conductors for reactorsdoes not impede thenot been found to impede the degree. Theconductor to a great degree.These cost increases, flow of heat from the conductor to a great material differ- explanation for this is that the asbestosfibers are sotherefore, are slight and will make no ence in the presenteconomies of a system whichin- cludes reactors. In conclusion, attention is again called tothe fact that the tests described in this paperhave proven that any conductor insulation, whichwill afford adequate protection to a reactorfrom foreign conducting material not only must have sufficientinsulation strength to stand the voltage stressesplaced upon it, but also must have sufficient mechanicalstrength to withstand without injury the cutting andpiercing action of iron or steel objects that may bedrawn against it by the magnetic field of the reactor.Furthermore, the tests have shown that theasbestos insulation which has been developed for reactorsaffords protection from foreign conducting materialswithout sacrificing the fire -proof qualities whichmodern central station practise demands. The author wishes to acknowledgethe valuable assistance which Mr. L. P. Burgess renderedwhen the tests herein described were made.

FIG.9-"CAST-IN CONCRETE" REACTOR WITH CONDUCTOR INSULATED WITH ASBESTOS COVERING PREVENTION OF DETERIORATIONOF densely formed around the conductor that the rate of VULCANIZED RUBBER conduction through them is many times more rapid It has been known for some time thatdeterioration of than throughthe forms of asbestos used for heat in-vulcanized rubber by oxidation can be delayedby the sulation. use of substances which arethemselves easily oxidized As has been shown in the preceding pages, the useand which act as anticatalysts of oxidation.Recently of thick asbestos insulation removes the danger oftwo of the largest rubber companiessimultaneously flashover that a reactor without such insulation ispatented almost identical antioxidants.A sample of subject to and yet does not affect its fire -proof quali-the material received by the Bureau ofStandards tiesor the simplicity ofits construction.Fig.9 hasbeenemployed inrubber compounds which shows a reactor with asbestos insulation on its con-were then subjected to anaccelerated aging test.The ductor.It will be noted that it is of the same generalbureau's results substantiate the claim that the durabil- construction that has typified the "cast -in concrete"ity of rubber with respect to the effects of light and heat type of reactors for the past ten years.The asbestoscan be increased about 600 per cent. PracticalAspects ofSystem Stability BY ROY WILKINS! Associate, A. I.IC. E. Synopsis-During the past few years therehas beenmuch discussion regardingthe behavior of it was possible to secure oncillographicrecords ZOO mi. apart by long transmission linesunder transient conditions,such as flashovers, telephone signal. grounds which would short circuits,arcs and The tests established the following tend to make themunstable, but unfortunately important facts: this discussion has been 1. System stability as a problem ix largely theoretical dueto the absence of inextricably entangled with actual operating data any operating economics, and cannot be handledsolely as a problem in upon which to base assumptions.It has only been recently thatan opportunity has been design, except for very simple cases..For any adequate conclu- tests on one of the afforded to make field sions to be reached muchmore fundamental data is necessary. two existing 220-kv.systems and the results of such a series of testsmade on the system 3. Requisite equipment for obtainingsuch data is not now available. of the Pacific Gas andElec- 4. Studies of models and artificial tric Companyare presented in thepaper. transmission lines are not This is the first instance adequate because too little is knownabout the relative importance where tests of thisnature have been attempted and the lack of the several factors to &toil,intelligent duplication. of proper testingequipment proved a serious 5. Proper handicap.It was necessary to relay equipment and action is vital.6. Oil -switch operation is develop a special high-speedoscil- an lograph wattmeter,a high-speed oscillograph important factor.7. Only a certain part of the storedenergy of a generator. filmholder and a pilot system is available in any given Moreover the techniqueof testing was developed case of trouble.8. Operating so that distribution of excitation current isone of the major problems.

AS transmission networks havegrown in economiccial lines and miniature importance and kilowatt equipment cannot be substi- capacity, the problemtuted without such knowledge,for at best the results of stable operationhas assumedan increasingly are greater importance,culminating in 1922-23in studies of the proposed 0 long distance transmissionof large R EGON blocks ofpower to important marketcenters in the CAL -I FoORNIA Atlantic States.In the consideration of these pro- C51 posals a detailedstudy of system stabilitywas con- sideredessential.Preliminarytheoretical analysis of the several problemsencountered was presentedat 2 Pit River the Midwinter Conventionof the Institute in 1924, Delta and showed Eureka Hat Creek a decided lack of agreementon the methods W.SG RE Co. of attack and theresults obtained. Kilarc /CowCreekk Volta Opportunity was affordedto carry out testson one South of the two existing Inskip transmission systems havinglong Red Bluff Coleman ..220-kv. transmission linesfeeding a large load network, consequently a series oftests were carried out early in De Sable Centerville 1925 on the transmissionsystem of the Pacific Gas and Lime Saddle Coal Canyon Electric Company tosecure definite operating data Willo Col. ate on vPoontetyer several of the points in Deer Creek question.The data accumu- _Spouldm9 lated on the test Drum was an attempt to determine whatwas Alfa 1 required on a network inorder to predict its character- Halsey istics with respectto stability.It cannot be too Folsom strongly emphasized thatdata secured is for a specific Santa Rosa condition on a givensystem and that such lack ofagree- 0 Vern -Dixon Electra ment as evidenced in thecalculations made in the past SpringGap is due not tanislaue so much to differences in mathematical Phoenix treatment as to differences in assumptionsmade in SANFRANCISCq o

regard to the relative importanceof the several factors. ' " Legend I"1i LaGrange Hyolroelectric stations In the tests these factorsare naturally included in o Stearn stations Electric substations 5on Jose their proper proportion andplace, and any calculation CI Gas generating plants - Transmission lines made for thesame conditions, to be at all adequate, ---- Distribution lines Kerckhoff Wholesaled only by PGIECo. S.L1Pr.Co.j must presuppose a thorough knowledgeof all of the Interconnecting companies factors as well as of their relative importance.Artifi- Fresno sf 1. FIG.1-SYSTEM Assistant Engineer, Division of Hydroelectricand Trans-. DIAGRAM, PACIFICGAS ANDELECTRIC mission Engineering, Pacific Gasand Electric Company, San COMPANY Francisco, Calif. To be presented at the Midwinter Convention of the A. I. E. E., only a reflection of theassumptions made. Thediffer- New York, N. Y., February 8-11, 1926. ence between values in testson an actual system and 142 OF SYSTEM ABILITY 143 Feb. 1926 WILKINS: PRACTICAL ASPECTS represents thePower -House, the generator end of the two202-mi., calculated or miniature equipment tests Vaca-Dixon Sub- numerical value of errors due to suchassumptions. 220-kv. Pit transmission lines, and the networkstation, the receiver end of these lines (seeFig. 1). Given enough fundamental data on of the during trouble, the effect of suchtrouble may, withPhysical data on the system network at the time much patience and persistence, becalculated for verytest is given in Table I. simple cases, but at least for the presentthe actual Pit No. 1 Power -House has installed two 35,000-kv-a., data must be3 -phase, 60 -cycle, 11,000 -volt generatorsdriven by quantitative values for this fundamental W R2 of measured to insure any degree of accuracyin the final40,000-h. p. Francis turbines, each having a On the same 11,000 -volt bus is also result.The tests as carried out are anattempt to7,365,000 lb. ft. evaluate at least a part of the unknownquantities, inconnected the two Hat Creek plants, each having one calculation12,500-kv-a. turbine -driven generator, with2,800,000 order that the necessary assumptions for through may be at least reasonably correct. W R2, 6600 -volt, 3 -phase, 60 -cycle connected 6600- to 60,000 -volt transformer banks andapproxi- OUTLINE OF TESTS mately five mi. of double -circuit tower lines to a step- The points on the system of the PacificGas anddown bank 60,000/1100 at Pit No. 1. Electric Company selected for the tests werePit No.1 Connecting Pit No. 1 with Vaca Substation is a202- through TABLE I mi. double -circuit 220-kv. transmission line,2 two 11,000- to 220,000 -volt delta Y-connected 50,000- NETWORK DATA AT TIME OF TEST through two 202 mi. of two -circuit 220-kv. line connected to three power-kv-a, transformer banks at Pit No. 1 and houses and one substation. 200,000/110,000/10,460 -volt50,000-kv-a.banksat 607 mi. of 110-kv. line connected to six power -housesand 10Vaca Substation.The Vaca transformer banks are substations. Y -connected auto -transformers with a delta-connected 2039 mi. of 60-kv. line, connected to 19 power -houses and162 tertiary from each of which is operated a 20,000-kv-a., substations. 8434 mi. below 60-kv. line connected to 100 substations. 11,000 -volt synchronous condenser. At Vaca the power 160 mi. of underground. enters the 110-kv. network as shown in Fig.1.At the 27-Hydro plants having 69 units and 317,975 kv-a. capacity.time of test, one line was operating at 220-kv. and one 4-Steam plants having 12 units and 142,000 kv-a. capacity.at 125-kv., one bank at Pit No. 1 beingtemporarily 2-20,000 kv-a. synchronous condensers. reconnected and the line going to the 110-kv.terminal 2-12,500 kv-a. synchronous condensers. 110 -kg. 1-7500 kv-a. synchronous condensers. of the bank at Vaca instead of the 220-kv., the There were also, connected and operating in parallel, the Greatis designated as No. 1 and the 220-kv. as No. 2. Western Power Company, having The Following is an Outline of the Schedule ofTests. 196 miles of 165-kv. line. I.a. Start condenser at Vaca. 150 mi. of two circuit; 30 mi. of one circuit of 100-kv. line 520 mi.-below 60 and above 20-kv. line, with: b.Trip one condenser at Vaca. 2-Hydro plants having nine units, 131,000 kv-a. II. Run both generators at Pit, one leading and 4-Steam plants having nine units 30,800 kv-a. one lagging. 3-Synchronous Condensers having three units, 60,000 kv-a. a. Trip one. The California Oregon Power Company having 200 mi. of III. Running both generators at Pit. 66 kv. Trip one at % load. 513 mi. of 60 and 38 kv. with a aIAis 10-Hydro plants having 16 units, 56,160 kv-a. The Truckee River Power Company with five hydro plants ,34 and 8650 kv-a. IV. Line switching at Pit. The Snow Mountain Power Company with, a. Switch out No. 2 line atPit at 220 kv. 107 mi. of line below 60 kv. and above 30 kv. a a a 1 Hydro -Electric plant having 1 unit and 6400 kv-a. together b. Vaca at 220 kv. with several smaller distributing networks to which the Pacific Vary and repeat. Gas and Electric Company wholesales power. V. Ground No. 2 line through fuse first tower out There was on the Pacific Gas and Electric Company system from Vaca bus. approximately 1,500,000 h. p. connected load, of which the average yearly distribution is: Repeat. 35.0 per cent-Commercial and domestic lighting and heating. TEST EQUIPMENT 13.5 per cent-Agricultural power (mostly centrifugal pumps). A description of the equipment used in making the 3.0 per cent-Mining-power induction motors. tests is given in Table II.The six -element oscillograph 21.0 per cent-Manufacturing power. 8.0 per cent-Railway power. used at Pit No. 1 was a Westinghouse portable per- 19.5 per cent-Miscellaneous power. manent magnet type equipped with a special film holder The interconnected companies have roughly the same con-using 6% in. films 24 ft. long and running up to speeds nected load per kv-a. generating capacity and the same generalof about 1 in. per cycle.The 3 -element was also a distribution of load. Westinghouse portable permanent magnet type with a For the Pacific Gas and Electric Company the monthly loadspecial holder, handling films 3% in. by 15 ft. at speeds factor in December is about 61 per cent, for August about 73 per cent, and the yearly load factor 62.5.The daily load factor is 2.See TRANSACTIONS A. I. E. E., 1924, Page 1148, Corona 65-79. Loss Test. 144 WILKINS: Pli."l'ICAL ASPECTS oh' SYSTENI ABILITY imirnid A.I. E. E. 'PA 131414;II Esterline Wattmeter T Es'y Et) IIirME NT OneLino No. 2 Power Pit River No. 1Power-HouNe: ThreeElement Oscillograph Ono 0 -ElementOscillograph One 3 -ElementOscillograph Onelot) kv. litis Voltage Two One 3 -Element, 3 Cmidenser Current on Line No. 1 -phase, oseillographietype wattmeter One Motor -Generator ThreeSingle Phase WattmeterNo. I ('on tensor Power Set for measuringabsolute change phase position in FourDifferential IOU kv. Bus -M. O.Set One Generator forshowing rotor phase Esterline Wattmeters One Mechanical angle position recording device to showgovernor action Ono -Power Condenseron Lino No. 2 Vaca-Dixon Substation; Two-Drum Lino One 3 -ElementOscillograph Claremont Substation: Two Recording Wattmeters Esterline Wattmeter One Motor -Generatorsame as that used at Pit No. Claremont Substation: 1 Single Phase --Short Circuit Pit No. 1 Power -/louse: One EsterlineWattmeter Six-Element Oscillograph MEASURING THE FOLLOWINGQUANTITIES One-Pilot Generator Voltage Line Switching-AngularRelations Two-Motor Generator Voltage Same zero line Pit No. 1 Power-House: Three-Generator Internal Voltage Six -Element Osoillograph Four-Generator Current One-Pilot Governor Five-No. 1 Line Current Same zero lino Two-Motor GeneratorSet Voltage Six-Hat Creek Current Three-Generator InternalVoltage Same zero line Three-Element Oscillograph Four-Vaca Voltage Five-Generator Current One-Residual Current Six-No. 1 Line Current Same zero line Two-Generator Terminal Voltage Three -Element Oscillograph Three-No. 2 Line Current One -Hat Creek Current High Speed Wattmeter Two-Generator TerminalVoltage One-Generator Power Three-No. 2 Line Current Two-Hat Creek Power High Speed Wattmeter Three-No. 1 Line Power 1-Generator Power Esterline Wattmeter 2-Hat Creek Power One-No. 2 Line Power 3-Line No. 1 Power Vaca Substation: Esterline Wattmeter Three-Element Oscillograph 1-Line No. 2 Power Vaca Substation: One-Residual Current -3-220kv. Bushing Transformer Three-Element Oscillograph Two-Positive sequence voltage One -100 kv. Bus Voltage Three-Single phase wattmeter-elNo. 1 and el No. 4 Two-Condenser Currenton Line No. 1 Four-Residual Voltage Tbree-2Single Phase Wattmeter-No. 1 Condenser Power Esterline Wattmeters Four-Differential 100 kv. Bus-MotorGenerator Voltage One-Power of Condenseron Line No. 2 Two-Power on Drum Line Esterline Wattmeter Claremont Substation: One-Power Condenseron Line No. 2 Esterline Wattmeter Two-Drum line Claremont Substation: up to 1 in. per cycle. Esterline Wattmeter The oscillographwattmeter was a moving coil instrument havingthree single-phase Line Switching -Flux Relations elements operating Pit No. 1 Power -House: one mirror with straight linecharac- Six-Element Oscillograph One-Pilot Generator Two-Generator Terminal Voltage Three-Generator Internal Voltage Same zero line Four-Generator Current Five-Field Current Six-Field Voltage. Same zero line Three-Element Oscillograph A One-Motor Generator Voltage FIG. Two-Vaca Voltage 2-POLYPHASE ELEMENT,OPOSCILLOGRAPHIC WATTMETER Three-Generator Internal Voltage High Speed Wattmeter teristics and a naturalperiod of about 1/20second; One-Generator Power developed by the WestinghouseCompany for the test, Two-Hat Creek Power see Fig. 2, calibration Fig. 3. Three-Line No. 1 Power There were three of these3 -phase meters inone case, OF SYSTEM ABILITY 145 Feb. 1926 WILKINS: PRACTICAL ASPECTS synchronous motor, giving indications shown assmall all working on the same film.Timing was accomplished meter for agaps in the record of one meter onthe film.The by interrupting the beam of light from one to 15 in. short time every 1/10 second by meansof a smallfilms were 3% in. by 55 in. and had a speed up per second.For measuring the absolute changein 0.30 phase position a small motor -generator setcomprised of a d -c. motor and an alternator with a fly-wheel was 0.25 run from the station storagebattery.There was 6 6 0.20 W/IIW

0.15 . 100ton serieswith Potenhal V) --I- Coil a50w'n serieswithPotential Coil tt20w'itserieswithPotential Coil . _,-.-

0.05 -A.

00 0 II 20 30 40 WATTS 4-PILOT GOVERNOR Flo.3-CALIBRATION OF SAME (SINGLE-PHASE) FIG.

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eYnalerraVVA. et .-foreseed Pe, *I 0414 6 7 di Ao FIG.5-SECTION OF 24 -FT. FILM OF A 6 -ELEMENT OSCILLOGRAPH Stability tests at Pit River Power House No. 1, Juno 18, 1925, 11:40 p.m. El. No. 1-Field Voltage El. No. 4 --Rotor Voltage No. 2-Field Current No. 5-Gen. Terminal Voltage No. 3-Generator Current No. 6-Gen. Internal Voltage

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it 6'u li Tie, he are Sereoesa' 4 $ FIG.6-SECTION OF 15 -FT. FILM OF A 3 -ELEMENT OSCILLOGRAPH AT PIT NO. 1 DURINGFLASHOVER Stability Tests at Pit River Power House No. 1, Juno 18, 1925 El. No. 1-Residual CurrentNo. 2-Gen. Voltage No. 3. No. 2 Line Current. B

yi...,...lreeuomeseliondered#IA AV amnotAde FIG.7-FILM OF OIL -CIRCUIT BREAKER ACTION Stability Tests at Pit Rivdr Power House No. 1, June 18, 1925, 10:35 p. m. El. No. 1-No. 2 Lino Current C El. No. 3, No. 2 Lino Current, A 95 No. 2-No. 2 Lino Current B 4, No. 4 Residual Current 140 WILK INS: 1'ItA("11(..11,sl'ECTS 1)E S)'STE111 A1111,1'1'1' A.I. E. 10.. mounted on the generator, withits rotor mounted ontransient and a speed sufficient to make individual the end of the generatorshaft, a remodeled "Ford"cycles available for angular measurement. magneto having the same numberof poles as the main Fig. 5 represents that portion ofa 24 -ft. film during generator, (see Fig. 4).This magneto havingno load,which switching took place, for openinga 220-kv. line gave a true record of the fieldor rotor position at allat Pit No. 1. times and its wave is referredto as the pilot generator Fig. 6 is a portion of a 15 -ft. film taken at Pit No. 1 voltage.There was also installeda mechanical record-Power -House during one of the artificial flashovers at ing device on the turbinegovernor giving governorVaca Substation. travel. This shows the start of the flashover, the point at The 3 -element oscillograph usedwas a Westinghousewhich the line cleared at Vaca, the point at which

at 09.04744,Nmtos obi..fac ed. 8-0SCILLOG RAPIIIC WATTMETER RECORD OFOPENINGONE LINE Stability Test at Pit River Power House No. 1, June 17, 1925,11:40 p. m. El. No. 1-No. Con. Power No. 2-Hat Creek Power No. 3-No. 1 Line Power electromagnet portable oscillograph, having in additionPit No. 1 cleared, and on the original film 7or 8 seconds to the three elements, a single-phase wattmeter usingrecord thereafter. the fourth prism and thesame film.The film was Fig. 7 shows a portion of a film ofan oil circuit breaker 3% in. by 55 in. and was run at speedsup to 15 in. peropening a 220-kv. line lightly loaded.There are shown second.There were also two special polyphase graphicthe three line currents and the residual current. This record indicates the phase balance action be-

50,000 tween phases when opening a polyphase circuit; the IIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIII current ruptured by the last circuit breaker shows 40,000MMINIMMEMIMMEIMMEMMEM nearly four times the original phase current. IIMMEMEMEMMft.:_ MEM Fig. 8 is the record by the oscillographic wattmeter of O34000=MEW aammommummw issammomminftwamem switchingoutthe220-kv.lineatPitNo. 1 Ec,20.000mmummommommommumm carrying 24,000 kw.,thereby increasing theload onthe o. 110-kv. line from 12,000to35,000kw. 0,000mommommemamaarmom The generator instead of dropping from 32,000 kw. SEMEMEMMIMMENNmEME2M to 12,000 kw. drops only about 3000 kw., and that 02 04 a6 OS 1.0 12 14 lb only after 3/10 second. TIME FROM BEGINNING OF AKINC -SECONDS Fig. 9 shows these wattmeter records plotted FIG.9-FIG. 8 PLOTTED TOA COMMON SCALEFORALL on a ELEMENTS common scale. Fig. 10 shows the reverse proceSs, i.e., closing the wattmeters using high7speed charts driven by synchro-220-kv. line at Pit No. 1 and pickingup load from the nous motors.All of the data at Vaca was taken by110-kv. line.This action is much moresevere, takes telephone signal from Pit No. 1 as was also the switch-place faster and causesmore outside disturbance than ing.This was satisfactory enough that the two sets ofthe opening of a line. equipment 200 mi. apart were able to catch each test on Fig. 11 shows this plotted toa common scale. the standard film within one -quarter of its travel. Previous articles3 on this subject have considered that

7750000 0e0 047000100 0 z .f 7 f FIG.10-0SCILLOGRAPRIC WATTMETER RECORD OF CLOSING ONE LINE Stability Tests at Pit River Power House No. 1, June 18, 1925, 12:12 a. m. El. No. 1-No. 1 Gen. Power No. 2-Hat Creek Power No. 3-No. 1 Line Power when one of two parallel lines CHARACTER OF DATA was opened, the output of the station feeding them dropped instantlyto the load It was necessary that the preliminary data be takenon the remaining line while the primemover stored comparatively cheaply and without undue disturbance 3.See J. P. Jollyman, JOURN. A. I. E. E., Sept.,1925, p. 950, to normal operation, that the oscillographic recordsFig. 4.C. L. Fortescue,JOUR.A. I. E. E., Sept., 1925, p. 955, have a length in time sufficient to cover all of theFig. 4. 147 Feb. 1926 WILKINS: PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SYSTEMABILITY energy in the fly -wheel effect of the generator,releasing TABLE III it to cause as great an overswing of output as the drop HARMONICS PRESENT DURING ARTIFICIAL FLASHOVER ATVACA represented in kw. hrs. (See Figs. 12 to 17) This view assumes that the energy absorbed must be Per Cent Angle from shown in a change in velocity of the generator rotor Wave HarmonicsActual Wave caused mechanically by the prime mover, and that there is no damping action.The curves demonstrateTerminal voltage before transient...99.8 1st -1.2 that such is not the case and also that closing d line 3.5 3rd 12.0 more nearly approximates it than opening one. 5.1 5th 7 . 9 In the writer's opinion the same effect is obtained byTerminalvoltage0.3sec.after99.4 1st 1.0 changing the power -factor of the generator load be- transient 7.9 3rd 18.6 cause this gives the same shift of the generator rotorand 6.9 5th -3.8 rotating armature field as a change in rotor velocity would, with the addition that it can take place as fast Terminalvoltage0.95sec.after99.2 1st -1.5 transient 10.4 3rd 20.9 as circuit conditions permit.For a generator carrying 7.4 5th -7.1 load, the field poles occupy a certain position with respect to the rotating armature flux, any increase in Terminalvoltage1.2sec.after99.3 1st 0 load causes the armature flux to lag behind the field transient 9.4 3rd 16.6 poles, i. e., to come from the trailing edge of the pole 7.6 5th -4.7 Given a constant load, a if the power is constant. Generator current before transient .. 100 1st +2.8 change in power -factor accomplishes the same result. .5 3rd -12.5. .4 5th 38.5

40,000A INN IMOREIIMIIIIIMII II Hat. Creek current before transient ..99.6 1st -2.8 woo= Mill=MEEMEINIE 3.8 3rd 35.9 ION FIIIIINIMMENFMNINE 7.9 5th 4 . 0 20090MUM Ell U EMMA IIIIII II Hat Creek current 0.40 sec. after98.1 1st -11.9

lop NMIMilliEllEMILineetatiall transient 4.8 3rd 27.4 m1111K012DI ILIIIEIVEllkin 18.8 5th 18.9 .IIMIYI , k mime IMMIM _ MEM lii sec. 7.1 TIME FROM INSTANTBREAKER CLOSED, CARDS Hat Creek current 0.7 after99.6 1st MANI transient 5.3 3rd -27.6 7.1 5th -3.0 FIG.11 -Fro. 10 PLOTTED TO A COMMON SCALE FOR ALL ELEMENTS Hat Creek current1.3sec.atter99.6 1st -3.2 With such a pilot generator as used at Pit No. 1, these transient 1.7 3rd 22.8 8.2 5th 27.2 changes may be observed on an oscillograph.Any such shift in armature flux position absorbs from or delivers energy to the field structure rotating as a fly -wheel andwaves have been analyzed for fundamental, third and it must take place before there is any tendency to changefifth harmonics and the angular position of the funda- the speed of the prime movers. mental with respect to the actual wave determined. The rate at which energy can be absorbed depends on Fig. 13 gives a polar diagram of the generator termi- the electrical characteristics of the circuit involving anal voltage before the transient; Fig.14, the same great number of variables among which is oil -circuitwave 7/10 second after the transient. breaker action.No circuit breaker at present in use Fig. 15 Hat Creek current before the transient. interrupts a circuit instantly, neither do they interruptFig. 16, 7/ii second after and Fig. 17 13/10 seconds all three phases simultaneously because they interruptafter the transient. the circuit at the zero point on the current wave ofan TableIII,by S.B. Griscom of Westinghouse arc of variable length.When closing the contactsElectricand Manufacturing Company,givesthe make contact mechanically at a predetermined positionnumerical values of these harmonics and angles in and the action is, therefore, much quicker andmorethis particular test. uniform.All of these things cause a change inwave Fig. 18 shows an oscillographic wattmeter record of shape in both current and voltage in all of the inter-an artificial flashover on the 220-k v. line under normal connected circuits.In most of the tests described, theoperating conditions caused by closing an air switch; speed and length of film were sufficient to permitangu-Fig. 19, on a string of insulators over which a 10 - lar measurement to be taken. ampere fuse had been placed. It was found that the change inwave shape was This gave an arc from one phase to ground over an sufficient to materially affect the results. insulator string cleared by relays in the normal manner On one of the tests, shown by Fig. 12, the severalunder actual operating conditions. 146 WILKINS: PRA( ,11.11110,CTS SYSTIO1 .11111.ITY .1.1(11Hid .1. I . PI;

mounted on the generator,with its rotor mountedon transient and a speed sufficient to make individual the end of the generatorshaft, a remodeled "Ford"cycles available for angular measurement. magneto having thesame number of poles as the main Fig. 5 represents that portion of a 24 -ft. film during generator, (see Fig. 4).This magneto havingno load,which switching took place, for opening a 220-kv. line gave a true record of the fieldor rotor position at allat Pit No. 1. times and itswave is referred to as the pilot generator Fig. 6 is a portion of a 15 -ft. film taken at Pit No. 1 voltage.There was also installeda mechanical record-Power -House during one of the artificial flashovers at ing device on the turbinegovernor giving governorVaca Substation. travel. This shows the start of the flashover, the point at The 3 -element oscillographused was a Westinghousewhich the line cleared at Vaca, the point at which

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non.,a,r o .ficand I SJI.. ?eV Al FIG.8-0SCILLOGRAPH IC WATTMETER RECORDOF OPENING ONE LINE Stability Test at Pit River Power House No. 1, Juno 17, 1925,11:40 p. m. El. No. 1-No. Gen. Power No. 2-Hat Crook Power No. 3-No. 1 Line Power electromagnet portable oscillograph, having in additionPit No. 1 cleared, and on the original film 7or 8 seconds to the three elements, a single-phase wattmeter usingrecord thereafter. the fourth prism and thesame film.The film was Fig. 7 shows a portion of a film ofan oil circuit breaker 3% in. by 55 in. and was run at speedsup to 15 in. peropening a 220-kv. line lightly loaded.There are shown second.There were also two special polyphase graphicthe three line currents and the residual current. This record indicates the phase balance action be-

0.000 NI i tween phases when opening a polyphase circuit; the current ruptured by the last circuit breaker shows moo i Ili nearly four times the original phase current. Erailigall Fig. 8 is the record by the oscillographic wattmeter of Am_12112 IP,iiiiiiralaiLVIIIIMP- IiiiiiiikiPil Ell1111M11111Miiiiiill switchingoutthe220-kv.lineatPitNo. 1 2Q000 IBA Ell carrying 24,000 kw.,thereby increasing the load IA MO=In onthe110-kv. line from 12,000to35,000kw. 0.0 0oil= II ILi' =42 ISM The generator instead of dropping from 32,000 kw. MiNinb._""1111.11MMIIIIITAZIIII to 12,000 kw. drops only about 3000 kw., and that 0 0.2 04 Ob 0.8 1.0 12 14 15 only after Vio second. TIME FROM BEGINNING OF ARCINC - SECONDS FIG.9-FIG. 8 PLOTTED TO A COMMON SCALE FOR ALL Fig. 9 shows these wattmeter records plottedon a ELEMENTS common scale. Fig. 10 shows the reverse proceis, i.e., closing the wattmeters using highspeed charts driven by synchro-220-kv. line at Pit No. 1 and pickingup load from the nous motors.All of the data at Vaca was taken by110-kv. line.This action is much moresevere, takes telephone signal from Pit No. 1 as was also the switch-place faster and causesmore outside disturbance than ing.This was satisfactory enough that the two sets ofthe opening of a line. equipment 200 mi. apart were able to catch each test on Fig. 11 shows this plotted toa common scale. the standard film within one -quarter of its travel. Previous articles' on this subject have considered that

71./ho qt .0s 70 7'0 FIG.1.0 -0SCILLOGRA.PRIC WATTMETER RECORD OF CLOSING ONE LINE Stability Tests at Pit River Power House No. 1, June 18, 1925, 12:12 a. m. El. No. 1-No. 1 Gen. Power No. 2-Hat Creek Power No. 3-No. 1 Line Power when one of two parallel lines CHARACTER OF DATA was opened, the output of the station feeding them dropped instantlyto the load It was necessary that the preliminary data be takenon the remaining line while the primemover stored comparatively cheaply and without undue disturbance 3. to normal operation, that the oscillographic records See J. P. Jollyman, JOURN. A. I. E. E.,Sept., 1925, p. 950, Fig. 4.C. L. Fortescue, JouR. A. I. E. E., Sept.,1925, p. 955, have a length in time sufficient to cover all of theFig. 4. 147 Feb. 1926 WILKINS: PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SYSTEMABILITY energy in the fly -wheel effect of thegenerator, releasing TABLE III it to cause as great an overswing of output as the drop HARMONICS PRESENTDURING ARTIFICIAL FLASHOVER AT VACA represented in kw. hrs. (See Pigs. 12 to 17) This view assumes that the energy absorbed must be Per Cent Angle from shown in a change in velocity of the generator rotor Wave HarmonicsActual Wave caused mechanically by the prime mover, and that there is no damping action.The curves demonstrateTerminal voltage before transient...99.8 1st -1.2 that such is not the case and also that closing a: line 3.5 3rd 12.0 more nearly approximates it than opening one. 5.1 5th 7.9 In the writer's opinion the same effect is obtained by Terminalvoltage0.3sec.after99.4 1st 1.0 changing the power -factor of the generator load be- transient 7.9 3rd 18.6 cause this gives the same shift of the generatorrotor and 6.9 5th -3.8 rotating armature field as a change in rotor velocity would, with the addition that it can take place as fast Terminalvoltage0.95sec.after99.2 1st -1.5 transient 10.4 3rd 20.9 as circuit conditions permit.For a generator carrying 7.4 5th -7.1 load, the field poles occupy a certain position with respect to the rotating armature flux, any increase in Terminalvoltage1.2sec.after99 .3 1st 0 load causes the armature flux to lag behind the field transient 9.4 3rd 16.6 poles, i. e., to come from the trailing edge of the pole 7.6 5th -4.7 if the power is constant.Given a constant load, aGenerator current before transient .. 100 1st +2.8. change in power -factor accomplishes the same result. .5 3rd 4 5th 38.5

40.000A1111. 1111. MM.MOMMOOM_M Hat. Creek current before transient . 99.6 1st -2.8 mil=MM MEMMEMZMMEE 3.8 3rd 35.9 3. MMEMMEMMENOMMME 7.9 5th 4 . 0 20900MMIMIMM ME a =MEM M Hat Creek current 0.40 sec. after98.1 1st -11.9

1 0MMEMMENEMMMumMINEM transient 4.8 3rd 27.4 c"...rsir.Esiiirmonin 18.8 5th 18.9 MigilirS' sec.after99.6 1st 7.1 TIMEFROMINSTANT DREA.-R CLO ED, CONDS Hat Creek current 0.7 inmn transient 5.3 3rd -27.6 7.1 5th -3.0 FIG.11 -FIG. 10 PLOTTED TO A COMMON SCALE FOR ALL ELEMENTS Hat Creek current1.3sec.atter99.6 1st -3.2 With such a pilot generator as used at Pit No. 1, these transient 1.7 3rd 22.8 8 . 2 5th 27.2 changes may be observed on an oscillograph.Any such shift in armature flux position absorbs from or delivers energy to the field structure rotating as a fly -wheel andwaves have been analyzed for fundamental, third and it must take place before there is any tendency to changefifth harmonics and the angular position of the funda- the speed of the prime movers. mental with respect to the actual wave determined. The rate at which energy can be absorbed depends on Fig. 13 gives a polar diagram of the generator termi- the electrical characteristics of the circuit involving anal voltage before the transient; Fig.14, the same great number of variables among which is oil -circuitwave 7/10 second after the transient. breaker action.No circuit breaker at present in use Fig. 15 Hat Creek current before the transient. interrupts a circuit instantly, neither do they interruptFig. 16, 7/11 second after and Fig. 17 13/10 seconds all three phases simultaneously because they interruptafter the transient. the circuit at the zero point on the current wave of an TableIII,by S.B. Griscom of Westinghouse arc of variable length.When closing the contactsElectricand Manufacturing Company,givesthe make contact mechanically at a predetermined positionnumerical values of these harmonics and angles in and the action is, therefore, much quicker andmorethis particular test. uniform.All of these things cause a change inwave Fig. 18 shows an oscillographic wattmeter record of shape in both current and voltage in all of the inter-an artificial flashover on the 220-k v. line under normal connected circuits.In most of the tests described, theoperating conditions caused by closing an air switch; speed and length of film were sufficient to permitangu-Fig. 19, on a string of insulators over which a 10 - lar measurement to be taken. ampere fuse had been placed. It was found that the change inwave shape was This gave an arc from one phase to ground over an sufficient to materially affect the results. insulator string cleared by relays in the normal manner On one of the tests, shown by Fig. 12, the severalunder actual operating conditions. 145 Asl'I.:("I's (a' s1sTENI

Oscillograms of current,voltage, etc.,were takencurrent and voltage, there was a single-phase wall meter both at Pit No. 1 Power -House and Vaca (luring sucha record oft he residual power, i.c., voltage acrosst he flashover.Fig. 20 and Fig. 21areillustrations ofcorner of an op,.,n delta and the common return of t he such an arc. three cut rent transformers connected inY. At Vaca, in addition to the oscillographicrecord of Fig. 22 shows the record for two such flashovers. Too strong emphasis cannot he placed on the statement that any such data is for a network in operating condition, and that there are a great number ofun- known variables involved, the determination ofany one of which is a problem of major importance, worthy of a complete discussion in itself. The stability problem is inextricably enmeshed with system operating economies and in the greater number of cases the limitations are as much operating difficulties as engineering design.It is not possible to economically build and operate a complete superpower network for ideal conditions at the present time.Such networks FIG. 12 --SECTION OF 24 -FT. FILM OF A 6 -ELEMENT OSCILLO-grow naturally from the demand for more and better GRAPH AT PIT No. 1FOR ARTIFICIAL FLASHOVER AT VACA power service, and are made up of interconnected Stability Tests at Pit River House No. 1, June 19, 1925.1:20 a. m. El. No. 1-M. G. Set Voltage El. No. 4-Rotor Voltage existing networks too valuable to junk outright.They No. 2-No. 1 Line Current No. 5-Yam Voltage must be adapted to operate together. No. 3-Generator Current No. 6-Gen. Int. Voltage NECESSARY CONSIDERATIONS Trouble, Relays and Switching.On any major line in a network similar to the one on which these tests were made, it is absolutely essential to clear arcs quickly; so quickly in fact that neither governors nor automatic voltage regulators of the present type can act sufficiently to make any material change before the line is cleared.With proper relay action a line can be cleared FIG.13-POLAR DIAGRAM OF FIG.14-THE SAME AS FIG. GENERATOR TERMINAL VOLT- 13 BUT 7/10 SECOND AFTER of an arc over an insulator string so promptly that it AGE BEFORE TRANSIENT THE TRANSIENT has been almost impossible to locate the point of trouble. If an arc is left unchecked for anything like the time required for the network to reach a stable condition, the wire in trouble is melted or sufficiently annealed to cause it to part mechanically.Arcs on high tension lines generally strip the top and bottom units ofan insulator string first and then cause a burn sufficient to drop a conductor.On any line of 220 kv. the conductor size and stringing tension make it necessary to

FIG.15-POLAR DIAGRAM OF HAT CREEK CURRENT BEFORE have heavy equipment, usually gasoline -driven trucks, to TRANSIENT handle any work done on the conductors.For this reason it is necessary to clear positively and quickly. any trouble.Failure to do this means not a momentary interruption but hours, or more probably days, until the necessary heavy equipment can be assembled at the point of trouble for line repairs. Experience has shown that the only practical procedure is to clear the smallest practical section of the FIG.16-SAME AS FIG.15 FIG.17-SAME AS FIG. 15network around the trouble in the shortest possible BUT 7/10 SECOND AFTER THE BUT 1 3/10 SECONDS AFTER TRANSIENT THE TRANSIENT time.

7:wt./faof a ...v../

FIG.18 AN OSCILLOGRAPHIC WATTMETER RECORD OF AN ARTIFICIAL FLASHOVER ON THE 220-Kv. LINE Stability Tests at Pit River Power House No. 1, June 19. 1925, 2:15 a. m El. No. 1-No. 1 Gen. Power No. 2-Hat Creek Power No. 3-No. 1 Line Power ASPECTS OF SYSTEM ABILITY 149 Feb. 1926 WILKINS: PRACTICAL TABLE V TABLE IV ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM TROUBLES,PACIFIC GAS ANDIELECTRIC ANALYSIS OF RELAY OPERATIONON THE 220-KV., 110-KV., COMPANY AND 60-KV. TRANSMISSIONNETWORK OF THE PACIFIC FOR 1923 AND 1924 .E6% GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY ACCIDENTS TOPER -sowszo% .LINES OR WIRES SWING/NO TOGETHER 262i; 2C% POLES BURNED BY SECONDARY LINES 5 6 LEAKY Roars, ETC PINS BROKEN OR PULLED OFF 4.3% 2 3 4 RELAY OPERATION .39% 1 POLES BROKEN OR TELEPHONE IN CONTACT WITH POWER 4/NE .13% DESTROYED .09% .13 SEX PIN THREADS STRIPPED Incorrect relay WIRE INLETS 45% 1-- HYDRAULIC % AIR SWITCHES PINS BURNED O operations ARCS DUE TO H.r ruses GENERATOR TROUBLE O c/o/Inv/No ARRESTER,; ETC .91% MALICIOUS MASCHIEF O TIE WIRES. SHORTING it FALSE ALARMS O Quest ion- WIRES ETC 104X O Total BURNED WIRES 104% PR/ME MOVERS O Due to able POLES BUR/VE-05r GRASS NO DETAILS 0wrations Correct /04% Relay external relay OR OTHER FIRES ivolving relay operations relays operations failuresDue to relay causes 26 Per Per Per Per Per No.CentNo.Cent Sir YearNo.-No.-CentNo.CentNC!.-Cent ------. 28 1.7 o -- 11 .7 40 2.5 19a3 1,5931,49093.624 1.5 t. 108 5.7 43 2.3 1924 1,8841,69990.231 1.6 3 .2 Col. 1-Relay Failures (No Operationof Switch) aP Under this heading are listed all cases wheresubsequent investigation has proved that conditions at the point inquestion were such as to permit correct relay operation but the relaysfailed to function.No case is listed as a relay failure if investigation provedthe trouble to be due to a break, ground or other fault in the direct-current tripping circuit, or to mechanical defect in the switch or auxiliaryapparatus external to the relay itself. Col. 2-Total Relay Operations This tabulation includes all cases of relayoperation causing the opening of oil switches and is a summation of Cols.3, 4 and 5.(Note-Case of relay operation due to accidental shorting orclosing of contacts are not included in this report). Col. 3-Correct Relay Operations Under this heading are listed all relayoperations which have been proved to he correct under the conditionsexisting at the time.This tabulation includes many cases which were notentirely satisfactory owing to load, voltage and from an operating standpoint, but where, <÷. power -factor conditions, it was necessaryto give the relays credit for correct operation, even though the results werenot precisely as desired. \0.4 of cases in which unsatis- There are also included in this table a number 'v7;41GE's B\i? factory relay operation has occurred due to inadequateequipment.(See OFTOTALINTER In all these cases, however, the relays themselvesfunctioned Col. 4) DIAGRAMMATIC ANALYSiS correctly under the circumstances. OF Col. 4-Incorrect Relay Operations Due to Relay TRANSMisSION SYSTEM INTERRUPTIONS PAC/ETC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY This tabulation includes all cases that have been provedby subsequent INCLUDING LEASED PROPERTIES investigation and test to be due to faults, either mechanical orelectrical, /924 in the relays themselves.(Note-This classification does not include relay operations which were apparently faulty becauseof inadequate equipment or improper connections.) equipment on the network variesfrom 2350 ft -lb. per Col. 4-Incorrect Relay Operations Due to ExternalCauses kv-a. in the larger hydro-electric units to 1195 ft -lb. Under this classification are listed all cases of relay operationwhich of the smaller high speed units and investigation has shown to he the result of fault's or improper connections per kv-a. in some in auxiliary apparatus external to the relays themselves. typical steam turbo alternators.Typical steam turbo Col. 5-Questionable Relay Operations alternators have about 5500 ft -lb. perkv-a. This table covers relay operations which it has been found impossible to classify under Col. 3 or 4.In most cases the operation has been un- satisfactory, but owing to the lack of evidence it was considered unfair to classify it as incorrect, particularly as a test made after the trouble showed the relays to be operating correctly so far as could be determined. In Table IV is given the high tension relay operations for 1923 and 1924, and ih Chart V is given the segre- gation of all high-tension troubles for the year 1924. Of manual switching for 182,500 switching operations on the Pacific Gas and Electric Company systemin a year, 23 caused trouble. The greater portion of the high voltage troubles are phase -to -ground arcs caused .by conditions fairly well FIG.19-AIR-SWITCH ARRANGEMENT FOR CLOSING AGROUND ON THE 220-Kv. LINE known and to a considerable extent avoidable. Insulation in any reasonable amount is not a positive The effect of the rotatingequipment connection as insurance against direct strokes of lightning, severeload is very difficult to determinebut it was in, the storms or certain birds and no amount is proof againstorder of 20 per cent of the effect ofthe generating equip- .occasional man-made failures. ment on the network. STORED ENERGY AND GOVERNING At any given point on thenetwork only a certain The stored energy or fly -wheel effect of the rotatingportion of this energy is available in a caseof switching 150 WILKINS: 1'ICA("111'.\1.ASI'EVI'S SN'STEM A1111,111' Journal A. I. E. K. or trouble, varying for 3 -phase, single-phase and phase- done on one unit in a designated plant with to -ground troubles in the all the re- same manner that the shortmaining plants carrying block loads. circuitkv-a. varies as faras the distribution over the There are two methods network is concerned, but of accomplishingthis result: the energy delivered isde- 1. pendent on the rate of Setting all governors on a flat speed characteristic change of speed and alsoon theto reject load at approximately cycle above normal line and equipmentcharacteristics. speed with a load limit set for Experience has demonstrated a block load on all but that for a load ofthe one governor used for regulationon turbines or a 300,000 kw., a drop from 60cycles to 59 cycles will drop the load about 3.5 given nozzle opening on impulse wheels.Then as the per cent, while an increase of fromspeed varies too near the limit of the governingunit add to or reduce the block load to keep the governingunit in action. 2. Set all governors with a drooping speedcharacter- istic and change thegovernor setting as load increases or decreases in the manner of the synchronizingmotor on a steam turbine. The Pacific Gas and Electric Companynetworkuses the first on hydro -units and the secondon steam, although various combinations have beenused in the past. On the network described above with thepresent system of relaying,' the speed does not drop FIG. enough 20-PHOTOGRAPH OF A 220-Kv. ARCDURING THE ARTI- during switching or trouble for thegovernors to act FICIAL FLASHOVER until after the switching isover.This is true for several reasons: First, it is not possible to deliver sufficientkv-a. at any given point in the network to drop the speedfast enough to get governor action during thetime it takes to clear trouble. Second, governors, particularlyon hydro units, have an operating time determined by the equipmentcon- trolled,i. e.,turbines, relief valves and penstocks,and this is of necessitya matter of -several seconds. All governors in generaluse today are used fof holding speed and nothing else, andare, therefore, of neces- FIG.21-SAME AS FIG. 20 FROMA DIFFERENT DIRECTION sity actuated only by speed.Particularly on hydroelectric units not havinga means of by-passing the unit, 12000 the governors are definitely limitedin action by pen- stock pressure rise, andare, therefore, a compromise 10.000 between the cost of generatorsto stand overspeed Test No.21 8000 and overvoltage and penstocksto stand over -pressure. CHARGING CURRENT g6000 Charging current on high -voltagelines plays an 2 Tes No.20 4000 Appox. 6000 loe up to time important part in system stability,and a considerable Re ays Cleared portion of the reportedcases of instability are in fact 2000 improper operation. An example ofthis effect is shown in the tests where it was demonstratedthat switching

0.02 0.04 0.06 006 010 012 0.14 016 0.16 out a 220-kv. line at Vaca Substation andallowing it to SECONDS trip on over voltage at Pit No. 1was the most severe FIG.22-RESIDUAL POWER IN ARTIFICIAL FLASHOVER condition encountered as regards stability.This has also been checked in actual operationseveral times. 60 to61 cycles increases the load about 4 per cent.It is due to the action of the line freeat one end with This is due to the character of the load, some of whichnearly 30,000 kw. of corona loss anda leading current varies with the cube of the speed andsome of which hasin the generator at Pit No. 1 Power-House.The no variation with speed.The actual percentages varyvoltage rises at Pit No. 1 Power -Housein about 5 slightly therefrom with theseason.The network iscycles and the line relays out in approximatelyover3/1 somewhat self-governing and the actual governing is 4. See Electrical World, November 22, 1924. 151 Feb. 1926 CORRESPONDENCE second under such conditions.In this connection CORRESPONDENCE LEAKAGE REACTANCE must be considered the excitationcharacteristics of the generators and the manner anddirection from whichTo the Editor: the charging current is supplied, i. e.,either from the I wish to take vigorous exception to Mr. Boyajian's paper, system network and receiving -endcondensers or fromstatement inhis closing discussion' on his Resolution of Transformer Reactances, etc., that I "seem the generators themselves. points a.Corona.Corona load on long 220-kv.linesto be in agreement with the speaker on the main under certain switching conditions maybe severalof the paper." I had no such intention, and Mr. Boyajian thousand kilowatts and must be consideredin stabilityhas_evidently misunderstood my discussion. In fact my [is problems. position on this question of leakage reactance entirely opposed to that set forth by Mr. Boyajian. b.Phase Balancing.On all 220-kv. switches sofar opening time ofNow it seems to me that he has fallenintoerror installed and operated the difference in "equivalent" the three phases varies from 5 to 20cycles and allowson account of the fact that the same between phases as well as acircuit may be usedtorepresentthebehavior an interchange of power of a two -winding transformer, in which the exciting damping action in the arc. component of current is not neglected; or of a three - Intimately connected with all net- c.Impedance. winding transformer, in which the exciting component to the point work disturbances is the system impedance certainrelations theofcurrentisneglected.Since in trouble.This, to be accurate, must include all toexistinthelattercase he characteristics,canbeshown connected !equipment with its proper argues that the same relations hold true in theformer. because present- in most cases transient characteristics, This logic is entirely erroneous.As a matter of fact day operating practise developed bytrial has demon- be able tothe conflicting views that have been expressed are strated that the relay equipment must occasioned by different conceptions of what leakage separate equipment and lines introuble in a time damagereactance really is.It seems to me that it would be measured in seconds or parts of a second, or the very unfortunate if we were forced to use onevalue of equipment. done will permanently disable such line or leakage reactance when considering one component of Very littleis known about transient impedancecurrent and a different value when considering another values, particularly single-phase or phase -to -groundcomponent; especially so, since the various components impedances.For most networks such data are notare, in reality, nothing but figments of theimagination. available nor has any practical method been developedThis, however, is Mr. Boyajian's conception for he for obtaining it. says, "The burden of my paper was to show that the The oscillographic wattmeter used on the flashoverleakage reactance which a winding offers to exciting tests in this connection is believed to be an innovationcurrent is different from that which it offers to a load in this respect. current, similar, etc." All changes of load caused either by switching or Of the half dozen books which I have just consulted I grounds and short circuits are taken up in the networkfind none that supports this view.The late Dr. by a transient condition causing a change in speedSteinmetz, for example, in discussing the transformer followed by a readjusted steady state either at a newassigns a definite leakage reactance to the primary and speed or at the same speed and new loads on one oranother definite leakage reactance to the secondary. more units. There appears to be no question whatever of using one The amount of speed change is dependent on the ratevalue of leakage reactance for an exciting component at which the stored energy can be absorbed at the pointand a different one for a load component.= A good of trouble, and this in turn is dependent on the im-exposition of this point of view will be found in pedance which is varied by all of those things that"Principles of Alternating Currents," R. R. Lawrence. affect the short-circuit problem, together with theThe definition there given for the leakage inductance character of the trouble, the excitation on the rotatingof winding No. 1 with respect to winding No. 2 is the equipment, charging current, corona and those thingsdifference between the self-inductance of winding No. 1 which go to make up the speed load characteristics ofand the mutual inductance between windings Nos. 1 the network. and 2 multiplied by the ratio of the turns.The leakage reactance of one winding is always given with respect to CONCLUSION some other winding.It is not a function of one winding These tests represent the initial attempt to securealone but of two windings.In this respect it is like data of this character on a large network in actualmutual inductance.Of course, in a commercial trans- operation.The manner of using such data and theformer the self and mutual inductances are variable but results obtained therefrom are given in the companiontheir difference as described above is essentially con-. paper by Evans and Wagner who were instrumentalstant except possibly under some extreme condition in furnishing both personnel and equipment for the 1. A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, October 1025, page 1140. tests thus far made. 2."All 111111i lug' Current Phenomena.," C. P. Steinmetz. 152 COlt It 141SPON DEN( 'K .InuiuuI A. 1. E. E.

of core saturation, inasmuchas the leakage -flux linkagesat normal core saturation.On the other hand potential of one winding withrespect to the other must be duetotransformers must be used if the ratio of transformation flux that exists at least partlyin air.Here I wish tois other than unity.This is a real disadvantage, in- emphasize most strongly thatin general reactance isasmuch as their ratio must agree with that of the trans- not a function of any particularcurrent but dependsformers being tested to within a few hundredths of one solely upon the configurationof the electric circuitorper cent in order that they may introduce a small circuitsconsideredandthe neighboring magneticerror.The currents also contain large third -harmonic material and its condition.In general the conditioncomponents. of this magnetic material dependsupon all of the cur- The disadvantages of tests Nos. 3 and 4 are that rents and not upon anyone or upon any component of any one. auxiliary transformers must be used if the ratio of the transformer being tested is other than unity and that So far as I am aware, any problem that depends uponthe core is run at low saturation, so that if the leakage is variable reactances can be handled onlyby makinga function of the saturation, this factor is disregarded. suitable approximations. There is no doubt that the The disadvantages of the third -harmonic methodare leakage reactance ofone winding of a transformer withthat three identical transformers are required, and that respect to another may be different with differentcoreto be certain of the results oscillographic measurements saturations.However, I have neverseen any reliableare necessary.On the other hand, the core saturation data tending to show that these differencesare signifi-is normal and no auxiliary transformers cant. are necessary to And even if they did exist, it would notmeancorrect for a ratio other than unity.On the whole it that one value of leakage reactance should be usedwithseems to offer the best method for determining the one component and a different value with anotherindividual leakages. component of current, as Mr. Boyajian implies. With the foregoing conception of leakage reactance, Let me emphasize, even at the risk of repetition, that the vector difference in potential between the primarythe leakage inductance of one winding with respect to and secondary potentials of a one-to-one two -windinganother is determined solely by the configuration of the two windings with respect to each other and to the transformer is the vector sum of the individual leakage- impedance drops in the primary and secondary wind-iron core and by the magnetic condition of the latter. This magnetic condition fundamentally depends ings.This use of vectors assumes that the currentsare upon essentially sinusoidal.Ordinarily we assume that theall of the currents acting and upon nothing less. two currents are equal, in which case the "equivalent" Now, in regard to three -circuit transformers, I have leakage reactance is the numerical sum of the indi-shown that the reactances whichmay be used to repre- vidual leakage reactances.It is only when the excitingsent the individual windings in the equivalent net -work current is neglected, however, that this summation isthat Mr. Boyajian proposesare not the leakage re- allowable. actances of the windings. Equations 6, 7, and' 8 inmy Now there is another point in this connection thatdiscussion show clearly what their composition really is. Mr. Boyajian seems not to consider when he proposesFor example, the reactance that shotild be assignedto his first test.It is that reactance can usefully be d9;winding No. 1 is the leakage of this winding with respect fined as the ratio of volts to amperes only when theto winding No. 2 plus the differential mutual effect of wave form of the current is sinusoidal.For example,winding No. 3 upon windings Nos. 2 and 1 respectively. the third -harmonic component of drop in this test is W. V. LYONS probably much larger than the fundamental component. The test is therefore valueless without the wave form RADIO SETS ON FARMS of exciting current, and even if this is known the accu- The farmers of the United Statesas a class have be- racy is ratherpoor and the computation rathercome radio enthusiasts and today have more than cumbersome.This same comment in regard to wavetwice as many radio receiving setsas they did two years form of current applies to Mr. Boyajian's test No. 5.ago: In 1923 there were 145,000 , receiving sets on Prof. Dahl mentions this and I am entirely in agreementfarms throughout the country, while at the close of 1925 with him.The small variation that Mr. Boyajianthe number of these farmer sets had risen to 553,000. noticed might be due either to transformer unbalance, as Farmers have discovered that in order to get weather Prof.' Dahl suggests, or to an actual change in theand market reports as wellas the entertainment they leakage reactance of the windings due to the changedesire they must have "good distance sets," and dealers in the saturation of the core as I have previously cited.selling radios to the farmers report that sets worth If oscillographic measurements had been made somefrom $125 to $400 are much easier to sell than sets useful results might have been presented in regard tocosting under $100.Also today 24 agricultural colleges this point. in the United States maintain radio broadcasting His test No. 2 will give correct results only if thestations and are paying a great deal of attentionto resistance is negligibly small as compared with thethe programs they put on the air. leakage reactance at fundamental frequency.3The 3.Except when the ratio of resistance to leakage inductance advantage of tests Nos. 1 and 2 is that they may be runis the same for the two windings. StartingCharacteristics andControl of PolyphaseSquirrel -Cage InductionMotors BY HORACE M. NORMAN Associate, A. I. E. E. designed and induction motors There are many cases where a motor has already been Synopsis.-In the application of squirrel -cage the cycle of and stop or frequent pluggingtested, and is about to be applied on a given job where to such severe service as frequent start operation is known and includes either startingand stopping or operation, it is desirable to know howmuch loss the motor will be plugging.In such an event, instead of working with the various required todissipate.Plugging being understood aschanging speed in the oppositetest values to get the constants of the machine, it ismuch more con- the motor from any speed in one direction to any torque, only. venient and accurate to work from such values as starting direction, by reversing the rotation of the field maximum torque, slip at full load, locked currentand primary The subject of starting loss is also ofinterest from the control standpoint; such as the application of auto-transformers for starting resistance. It will be shown how the proceeding short-cut method canfor most purposes; or where an externalresistance is inserted in the primary cases be made more simple withoutsacrificing the accuracy of the as is done in the control of elevatormotors. and secondaryresult to any appreciable extent. Consideration is given to the part that the primary by the resistance and the total reactance play in thedetermination and the When a motor is plugged the problem is complicated that in manydifficulty that eddy currents flow in the rotor which give aslight manipulation of the starting losses; and, as it is true Although this paper applications the time spent in accelerating the rotorfrom rest isincreased effect to the torque at negative speeds. does not show how to predetermine its amount, it does showhow to useless from the production standpoint, considerationis given to the value of secondary resistance that will give minimumstarting timehandle the losses and the time of reversal, if the test speed -torque values are known or can be estimated from another machine. for a given field strength. This involves a method for thedetermination of the time taken to attain a given speed ingeneral. * * * * *

NVHEN an induction motor is started upin serieswinding, and the secondary resistance in terms of the with an auto -transformer, the ratio of theloss inprimary can be found by the motor and auto -transformer at anyinstant is Ts, N (1) a constant.The ratio of total loss over theentire r2 - 7.04 (/) / L2 starting period must have this same value.As this value can easily be calculated by considering any par-where ticular instant, such as the very start, it is obviousthat Ts, = starting torque the total loss in the auto -transformer is known when N = synchronous speed in rev. per min. that of the primary of the motor is known.From this = number of phases it can be seen that the two problems are reduced tothat IL = locked amperes per leg of the motor only. To find the secondary loss during the starting period, It is true that in the vast majority of cases theit is only necessary to consider the field as at rest instead In this case the stator would have to be r. m. s. value of starting current is very largecomparedof the stator. to the magnetizing current and that sufficient accuracyconsidered as revolving backwards at synchronous can be obtained by neglecting the magnetizing currentspeed and the rotor with it to correspond with the start- except in so far as it effects the torque. ing condition of the motor: then when the line switch is thrown in, a stationary field is set up which acts as a Reducing the secondary circuit to terms of the primarybrake on the revolving rotor and tends to bring it to and neglecting the magnetizing current, the iron, and rest.The only difference between a mechanical and the friction and windage losses it can be assumed thatsuch an electrical brake is that . the loss in one is in the secondary current is equal to the primary current.friction loss and the other in copper loss with perhaps a The ratio of the primary loss to the secondary loss dur- little iron loss.Since it does not matter to what degree ing the starting period will then be as their respectivea mechanical brake is applied the totalloss is equal to resistances.Therefore: the difference of the kinetic energy before and after, so Total primary loss during starting period in this case the loss is proportional to the square of the Total secondary loss during starting period initial speed less the square of the final speed, the field being considered as stationary, and is also proportional Primary resistance r to the total inertia resisting the change of speed.As- Secondary resistance r2 suming that there is no friction or hauling load during the starting period, then the rotor loss depends only on The primary resistance is taken to be per leg of thethe above considerations from which the following 1. Design Engineer, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing formula can be evolved : Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. Rotor loss (Joules) = .00744 (M I) N2 (s2 - S2) (2) Abridgment of paper to be presented at the Midwinter Convention while changing from speed N(1 - s) to speed N(1 - S), of the A. I. E. E., New York, N. Y., February 8-1 1, 1112. Com- plete copies available to members on request. inertia being the only resistance to motion.The total 15:3 154 NORMAN: POLYPHASESQUIRREL-CA(1M INDUCTION MOTORS Journal A. 1. E. E. inertia of the wholesystem being reduced toterms of t heoperation, it is only necessary to multiply the running rotor and being equal to (MI). losses by their duration in seconds and add the starting From this it can beseen that the loss during pluggingor plugging loss in joules. is about four times This gives the total joules as great as that for starting only. loss over a complete cycle of operation and if divided Further, since the primaryloss is to the secondaryby the total time for the complete cycle, it gives the loss as r, is tor2, and since the secondary loss is inde-average watts loss for continuous operation. pendent of the value of thesecondary resistance, then The value of secondary resistance to give minimum it follows that the higherthe secondary resistance theaverage loss for continuous operation will naturally lower will be the primaryloss during the startingordepend on the time and variation of the load and the reversing period. number of stops and starts or reversals. Assuming that the primary resistance varies as the Assuming that the torque T for any slipsis turns squared, which is probable, thenit is true thatgiven by neither the primarynor secondary total joules loss during the starting period 7.04 E2 r2 ¢s can be raised or lowered byT- (3) changing the number of primaryturns. ( E 2 N [1- +2 ri r, s+ (r,2+ x2) E 82 This is obvious when it is consideredthat the second- Ear22 1E0 ary resistance in terms of the primary variesas the primary turns squared; that is,as the primary re-then the time taken to start from rest and reacha speed sistance.The ratio of resistances is thereforea con-corresponding to a slip of S is given by stant, and since the lossesare of the same ratio and (M I) N remembering that the secondary starting loss isinde-Time (seconds). = .01487 pendent of the secondary resistance, then theprimary starting loss in joules is independent of theprimary r2 E12loge1. turns, assuming that the resistance variesas the turns [ , S + 2 ri (1 - squared. It is also obvious that changing the primary voltage E 1(r,2 + X2) (1 - S2) (4) will not change these starting losses. E,J 2r2 Any increase or decrease in reactance due to change of saturation or variation of turns does not change theWhere total joules loss at start, it merely increasesor decreases (M I)= moment of inertia of the whole system the time of start. transferred to and including the rotor These arguments neglect friction and windage of the (lb -ft.). accelerated system which as a rule are of only secondary N = synchronous speed (rev. per min.) consideration. E = Primary volts per leg It is, therefore, clear that the only way to decrease E, = EXII. the starting loss of a squirrel -cage induction motor is to X, In, = no-loadreactance dropin increase the secondary resistance.This,however, primary cannot be brought to the extreme because, if enough 4, = number of phases resistance be added, the accelerating torques will be ri = primary resistance per leg (add external reduced so much that the time taken to attain a given primary resistance if any) speed would be excessive and further the full -load slip r2 = secondary resistance per leg in turns of would be too great, giving a very low running speed and primary poor efficiency. X = total reactance (add external primary react- The question then arises: What is. the value of ance if any) secondary resistance to best suit a given application? S = normal or final slip There are two factors that enter into the determina- Use .0149 for constant tion of the answer.First, is the secondary resistance to Assuming that all the constants of the motorare be such that the losses in the motor during a completefixed with the exception of the secondary resistance, cycle of operation are to be a minimum; and second, -then the value of secondary resistance to give mini- is it desirable to start up in the minimum time. mum time to attain a given speed can be derived from the preceding equation and will be as follows: It is obvious that no mathematics can decide what compromise should be made between the two values of (x-2 + 7.12) (1- S2) To (5) secondary resistance obtained from the two above 1 1 considerations; but even though neither ideal is finally 4.6[ log. selected it is well to know what they are, so that the secondary resistance can be made some intermediate This formula gives the value of r2 which would speed value. the motor from rest to N (1- S) revolutions per minute To find the total losses during a complete cycle ofin the least time. -CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS 155 Feb. 1926 NORMAN: POLYPHASE SQUIRREL of Oscillograph records were taken of asquirrel -cage Fig. lc shows the primary and secondary current plugged in order toa wound rotor motor when startedfrom rest.It can motor when starting up and when of check the assumption that the drybearings at startbe seen that the secondary current builds up inside cause a delay which is smallcompared with the totaltwo cycles. view to check- From these tests it can be seen that it is not unreason- time of start; they were also taken with a and ing the time to establish the field. able to neglect the time taken to establish the field Fig. 1A and B show the currentin the primarythe secondary current. building up when the motor is startedand plugged. Fig. 2A shows the primary current waves of a It can be seen from A that the currentis normal aftersquirrel -cage motor when starting up; and above it a line which is displaced after the rotor turns one quarter

12 Pole 60f 31 of a revolution and remains so for the next quarter revolution, etc.This line is obtained by mounting two Primary contact strips diametrically opposite to each other on a 1111 , 1111 .1111/111/11/ III:a 11!1! paper pulley, each covering one quarter ofthe circum- Wound Rotor Motor ference of the pulley. (A) i1111111111 The pulley is mounted on the motor shaft so that 111111111111 every time a contact piece passes a stationarycarbon Secondary brush a current is established which actuates the (C) "" II " 1111 oscillograph.Working back from slips of 10 per cent, 4 Pole 60 f :3t 50 per cent and 75 per cent to get the moment of inertia (B)

FIG. 1 0 - Inigujimme.NEI A1 : about two cycles when the motor is started from rest 0.2 Speed TorqueCurves AA1 -BBi E.07 and after four cycles when plugged.From B it can be 0.4-are for Minimum time of accel do where final Speed isA/ -B1Etcthe 0. seen that for start the current has about 90 percent of ,s. 4 V3 0.6-lit condaryres.beinvaried . its full value for about four cycles, and is then normal; A 0.8 when plugged there is some irregularity but after seven I 10 I cycles the current is stable.This irregularity is prob- 200 AB C DE400 ably due to one of the poles of the switch making bad TORQUE (1b. -ft.) FIG. 3-SPEED TORQUE CURVES

Cale. Starting Point A A -B B etc., are for min. time of accelerations where final speed is A, B on.-* etc., the final secondary resistance being varied 1/4 1/2 34 1 Rev. of the rotor and pulley and then using the result to get the instant of start, assuming there is no delay, the point Q is reached.Since the switch was thrown in (A) 4 Pole 60 f 30 at Half Rated Voltage Total Time of Start 3.9 Seconds at the instant P then the difference represents the delay. Fig. 2B represents the same thing when the motor is plugged.The delay in this caseisfor the excess Total Time of 12 Pole 60 f 3)6 friction when the rotor is changing direction of rotation. In) Reversal at Half Rated Voltage 3.8 Seconds Both these delays are very small compared with the *4 Rev. +1/4 Rev. total time of start or plugging.

Calculated Stopping Calculated Starting The usual value of friction and windage for a motor is P g Q Point Point such that it lowers the efficiency by only a few per cent Flo.2-(A)FOUR -POLE, 60 -CYCLE, AT HALF RATED VOLT- so that it has the effect of reducingthe torque exerted AGE, TOTAL TIME OF START =3.9SEC. (B) TWELVE -POLE, by the field on the rotor by only a few per cent at full 60 -CYCLE, AT HALF -RATED VOLTAGE, TOTAL TIME OF REVERSAL = 3.8 SEC. load.For greater values of slip this reduction is less while the field torque is greater, which shows that it is contact.Later tests with a wound rotor showed thatjustifiable to neglect it during the accelerating period, one of the contacts was poor as the primary current inwhich has been done in the previous formulas. this particular phase did not start till about one -tenth Fig. 3 shows a series of curves each having the same of a second after the secondary current had started up.maximum torque value, but which are for different This indicates that a faulty switch can cause excessvalues of secondary resistance.The various starting loss in the motor because as soon as two poles make con-torques are obtained by using the value of secondary tact the motor will draw single-phase current whichresistance obtained by formula (5) when the slips causes a loss in the stator and rotor but gives zerocorresponding to Al B, etc., are used.These curves torque.It is only when the third pole makes contactthen give an idea of what shape the speed torque curve that the motor starts up. should have for the minimum time of acceleration to a 156 NORMAN: POLYPHASKSQUIRREL.CAOK INO11("I'IoN MOTORS Journal A. I. E. K. given speed (assumingt hat the only resistance to motion is in the form of inertia). average current is still a lower ratio.The root mean square value of the two curves should have a ratio of It should be noted thatan erroneous conception is often held that the time nearly two because the time of start for eachcase is of acceleration varies inverselypractically the same. as the average torque. The r. m. s. value of each current This would lead curve when multiplied by the time of start should have to the conclusion thata single-a ratio of exactly two, which, when squared and mul- phase motor wouldstart up since it hasa definite average torque. tiplied by the ratio of resistances gives unity; showing The fact is that the timefor anythat the rotor loss is the same in eithercase as previously constant value of torque variesinversely as this torque,shown. and this can be appliedwith reasonableaccuracy for Since the stator winding is the same for either small changes in slip, but case, for the total acceleratingand noting that there is little difference in the timeof period, it should be noted thatthe time of accelerationstart, it can readily be seen that the stator loss is much varies as the average of the inverse of the torque.Thislower for the high resistance rotor than for thenormal average being obtained by taking the inverseof therotor. torques for equal increments of speed.From this it can be seen that the time can be abnormal ifthe torqueTIME OF ACCELERATION USING TEST VALUESOF for any speed whateverapproaches zero and would be TORQUES infinite if it did drop tozero, which means that the Taking the case of a normal resistancerotor motor motor would never speedup beyond this point. when the duty cycle is known, it is true that inthe It is sometimes assumed thatif the value of lockedmajority of cases the motor which is finally selectedhas

already been built and tested. In such a case it is quicker touse these tested torques, than if a complete calculationwere made of the machine. 200 Rte'a The values required to find the time of acceleration Pc. from rest to a given speedare the slip at load torque

mres-Tme rveof siilar equal to the starting torque, the maximum andstarting motrs. 0e ha'rigtims asuch ond theher torques, synchronous speed and moment of inertia of

' dt, ei?0 the rotor if starting light, and if loadedthen the equivalent moment of inertia of the wholesystem, reduced to terms of the rotor. Itil4 1 Let ,e 111 NNNNN...?p, 15%lipgi Maximum torque = T, '.1 II1 Starting torque = T,, likii;;z:MI Slip at load torque equal to T.,= Si Ni Synchronous speed = N 15%.:pMI 0 Moment of Inertia (total) = (M I) 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 TIME (SECONDS) as FIG. 4-AMPERE-TIME CURVES OF SIMILAR MOTORS T= (4) b c s s' One having four times as much secondary resistance as the other [Refer to formula (3)] wherea, b and c are constants. amperes is used for zero time and full -load amperes -for (a)a = T., (b c 1) the end of the accelerating period, then the current (b)b = si curve could be assumed to be a straight line joining T, (1 ± si)- To these two points.This is not necessarily true, but (c)c - happens that for some high resistance rotor motors it is T, - T., nearly so.However, it is far from true of the averageFrom (a) (b) (c) the values ofa, b and c can be found motor where the starting current tends to hang on, andand can be substituted ina corresponding formula to in Fig. 4 is shown to be as high as 93 per cent of locked(4), as follows: value after half the starting time is passed.This is theTime of acceleration (sec.) upper curve for the low resistance rotor.The lower r (MI) N 1-S2 curve is for a rotor with four times as much resistance, 2.3 b log,o and it can be seen that the current falls off nearly as a 30 a IS +c(1-S)+ 2 (6) straight line. from rest to slip of S. The torque curve for this latter motor would have When the speed reaches 90per cent to 95 per cent of nearly maximum torque at start. synchronous speed, it can be assumed that itis near It will be noted from these two curves how muchenough to be counted up to speed; then if90 per cent the starting current is reduced for the high resistanceis taken the log to the base ten becomes unityand for rotor compared with the normal rotor, and also that the95 per cent it becomes 1.301.It makes only a slight -CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS 157 Feb.1926 NORMAN: POLYPHASE SQUIRREL -RESISTANCE difference in the time of start, whicheverof the aboveSPEED TORQUE EQUATION FOR HIGH final speeds is chosen. ROTOR MOTORS The two previous methods cannot be usedfor finding APPROXIMATE METHOD USING ONLY MAXIMUMAND the equation of the speed torque curve of amotor which STARTING TORQUES has approximately maximum torque at start.The The preceding method can be simplifiedby assumingfollowing method should be employed : Findthe ratio that the torque curve has a formula: of torque to slip for a point infinitely close tothe point as torque = o, slip = o, by drawing a tangent tothe curve T - (8) Let this value be tangent 0. b s2 at this point. Take the slip for some load torque,preferably of It should be noted that the value of aand b will betwo-thirds the value of the starting torque.Let this different in this formula than in formula (6) sothat theslip be S1 and the torque T1.Let the starting torque part c plays is not entirely neglected. = Tat Using only the maximum and startingtorques, theThen a =btanO 1 1600 b = 1 (T81 tan 0 Gimes Testfora 5 Hp. 375 - 60 f 4PoleInductionMotor ValuesPlottedaso are for S1 (1 - S1) T.1 T1 1200 FormulaT.b+c 4+A for cc ValuesPlottedas x are 1 2 0_ FormulaT.1 b = if Ti = Tat(10) oz 800 1 tan 0 P- 0 2 (1 - SI) Tat gx 400 a c = - b - 1

0 40 8 16 24 32 TORQUE (IbR) and FIG.5-TEST CURVE FOR5-H.P., THREE-PHASE,60 -CYCLE, as FOUR-POLE,INDUCTIONMOTOR Torque = T - b c s s2 Values plotted as 0 are for formula aS Fig. 6 shows the test speed -torque curve infull, T =h -cS -S2

0 Values plotted as X are for formula t aS rB T = 800 b- S2 S1

600 T1 value of a and b for this formulaare found in the cc 0- Cl following: =1 5 in (i) z400 a= 2 S. T. or =71,1(1 + b) b=S,2 -J cc 200 Curve is for tested values. Vtlues plotted where as o are for Formula T Tm 2 5,,,- Tm - 1 = Slip at maxi- T.,j T8, 1.0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 mum torque as given by formula (8) TORQUE (1b. -ft) The curve plotted by using these values of a and b FIG.6-CURVE FORTESTED VALUES Values plotted as 0 are for formula will have the same maximum and starting torque as aS test curve and will follow the test curve very closely. 7' b-cS- S2 The time equation then becomes:, (M I) N and points calculated by this method plotted as ( 0 ). Time (seconds)= X PLUGGING SERVICE When a motor is plugged there are eddy currents in [2.3blogio1 +1 -2 S2 (9) the rotor which are very pronounced at negative speeds. These eddy currents cause an increase in the rotor loss Fig. 5 shows a test speed torque curve and the over what it would be if measures were taken to prevent calculated values for formula (6) plotted as(o) and eddy currents.This increase in the rotor loss makes the those for formula (8) plotted as (x). torque larger and since the eddy currents increase as the 158 NORMAN: POLYPHASESQUI1(REL-CA(1E IN D1/("I'ION NIOTORS slip increases itfollows that thetorques are affected more at negative speeds rotor motor in which case this currentn lay be 30 per than at positivespeeds. increase in torque Thecent greater than the lockedamperes. can be considerable andmakes quite The joules loss can be found by the a difference in time ofdeceleration, and also following formula. loss in the primary. in the joulesJoules loss in stator and rotor When it is statedthat thereare eddy currents in ri = 0.00744(MI)N2 (1-S2)4--d+On I,,' i(12) the rotor it ismeant that thereare additional currents r2 in the rotor barsbesides a uniformly distributed current. For low resistance rotor motors onlyand when rotor These additionalcurrents add insome places and sub- tract in others from the is plugged. uniformly distributedcurrent,Where and have the resultanteffect of an uneven distribution. I, = amperes per leg of the windingat the instant of Since the rotorcopper loss is proportionalto the average of the density squared plugging. of the current, thenitand can be shown that this loss is least when the densityis t = time for rotor tocome to rest. uniform over the rotorbar.The loss must, therefore, be The value of t,, can he approximatelyfound as follows: greater when the distributionis uneven, and thiscon- dition can be duplicated Tr!" by a 'higher resistancerotor to (seconds) = (M I) N having no eddycurrents. 60 T,,,,,,, X T,, The uneven distributionof current in' therotor bar is caused by variation where of leakage flux linkagesfor = the torque at the instant of plugging. different sections of therotor bars, and is thereforemore and more pronounced thehigher the rotor frequency. EQUIVALENT MOMENT OF INERTIA(IN TERMS OF THE It is true thatnear standstill there is nota great deal ROTOR) of excess torqueover what would be expectedso that It will be noticed thatevery time and loss formula the equivalent secondaryresistance can be assumed toincludes the term (M I) which isthe total inertia of the be constant betweenrest and synchronous speed. whole system reduced toterms of the rotor. Since the derivation of formula(2) shows the second- As this figure is the result ofmultiplying every small ary loss to be independent of thevalue of secondarymass by its velocity squared and comparingit with that resistance during accelerationor retardation, then itof the rotor, itcan be seen that there aremany cases follows that it will beindependent of a varying valuewhere the rotor, due to itshigh speed, plays the major of secondary resistance.But even though the primarypart in holding back the wholesystem from instantly resistance is constant theprimary loss during thiscoming up to speed. period dependson the variation of the secondary The moment of inertia of therotor should be known resistance. then if the preceding formulas are expected to give the For a high -resistance rotormotor, the major loss iscorrect losses and times. in the secondarycopper so that any variation in the The following method lendsitself to greataccuracy, primary loss as found by formula(2) when multiplieddue to the fact that the onlymeasurement necessary is time. by the ratio of resistancescan be neglected.Besides The other dimensionsused are the journal this latter consideration, it shouldbe noted that a highsizes, which arevery accurately ground to size, andare resistance rotor will have less eddycurrents than a lowboth of equal size and knownbeforehand. resistance rotor. The equipment is two railsaccurately machined to Therefore, when a high -resistance rotormotor isa very large radius.These are placed parallelto each plugged the total loss during the totalplugging timeother and therotor is placed on themso that each can be found by the following: journal rides on a rail. Joules loss in stator and rotor As the rails are circular therotor naturally will swing back and forth with r r2 a harmonic motion. = 0.00744 (M I) N2 (4- S2) . (11) Fig. 7 shows the schemesuggested. r2 Let For high resistance rotor motors only andwhen R = radius of gyration ofthe rotor (ft.) motor is plugged. P = period of rotor swing(sec.) When a low resistance rotor motor is pluggedthe r = radius of rotor bearings (ft.) primary loss is much less than the above formula would 1 = radius of the circular rails (ft.) assume.The main difference being while the rotor is g = gravity decelerating.The primary loss in joules during thisThen time can be approximately found by assuming that the P g (1- r) current is of constant value and equal to the current at Radius of gyration= R = r 1 the instant of plugging.This is very nearly true of a 4 r' I' low resistance rotor motor but notso of a high resistance When this formula is used it willbe noticed that the 159 Feb. 1926 NORMAN: POLYPHASE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS first term under the radical is very largecompared with If the complete current torque curve be not available the second term, provided that 1 is verylarge.Thethen it can be built up from the speed -torque curveby accuracy with which R is obtainedthen approaches thatthe following: of the period P. Ns T large I,=I2= - T X constant The radius of the rails 1 should be made very 7.04 cp r2 so that the period becomes verylarge and tends to eliminate windage, and also so that for agiven ampli-where s and T are the values of slip and torque corre- tude of swing the angle of the rails will besmall and sosponding to the current. prevent slipping of the journals on therails. CONCLUSION The accuracy of R is unaffected by the factthat the For all cases worked out the primary loss has been rotor might be placed on the railsslightly skewed sofound so that if some type of control be in the circuit, that when at rest the bearings would not be atthe lowestthe loss can be found for it during a complete cycle of point of the rails. operation.The proper size controller can then be EXTERNAL MOVING PARTS applied which will not have an excessive factor of safety. In transferring the inertia of externalmoving parts When a motor is to be used for either starting and to terms of the rotor, the following rules aresufficient forstopping or reversing service, the total losses of the most cases. motor during a complete cycle can be found by the 1. All parts that have only linear motion shouldbepreceding formulas.Knowing from test the amount of transferred according to the following law. loss that the motor can dissipate for a definite rise of W 30 V temperature, and knowing the loss it will be required to dissipate, the temperature rise of the motor can be (M I) equivalent = g r (r. p. m.) predicted. . Where This estimated rise indicates whether or not the (*1 1) equivalent = moment of inertiawhenproper size motor has been selected. THE DISTANCE RANGE OF RADIO TELEPHONE BROADCASTING STATIONS As is well known, the conditions affecting radio transmission are too complex to permit a simple analysis.A direct method of studying such conditions and their variations is the analysis of a large number of similar observations taken by an organized group of observers of receiving conditions.The Bureau. of Standards has made such an investigation, and part of the results are described in a paper just issued, Tech- nologic Paper No. 297, A Statistical Study of Conditions FIG. 7-CURVE FOR TEST ED VALVES Affecting the Distance Range of Radio Telephone Valves plotted () are for formula a S Broadcasting Stations, by C. M. Jansky, Jr.This T - paper describes one year's work on theinvestigation of b -cS -S conditions affecting distance range of broadcasting transferred to the rotor. stations by the Bureau of Standards with the aid of IV = external weight in lb. about 100 voluntary observers.The observations were V = velocity of W in ft. per sec. made for a year in the period 1922-23 on transmitting = gravity station KDKA of the Westinghouse Electric & Manu- (r. p. m.) = revolutions per min. of rotor facturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa.The observers 2.All parts that have a rotary motion only shouldwere scattered over all distances up to400 miles from he transferred by having their moment of inertia mul-the transmitting station.The data obtained were tiplied by the square of the ratio of their speed comparedanalyzed on automatic machines.The paper gives with the speed of the rotor. charts showing (1) variation of strength of atmos- All previous formulas pertaining to loss or time havepherics, (2) variation of fading, (3) relative magnitude been evolved with the assumption that the only re-of obstacles to reception, (4) variation of interference sistance to motion is inertia.This is approximately sofrom receiving sets, (5) relative magnitude of obstacles in a great many cases, but if any particular applicationto reception grouped in bimonthly periods, and (6) should have a large friction or hauling load to overcomemean reliability of reception as a function ofdistance. then these formula cannot be used.Any friction orA copy of this paper may be obtained for 5 cents from hauling load should be applied as a reduction in torquethe Superintendent of Documents, Government Print- and not as some supposedly equivalent inertia. ing Office, Washington, D. C. The Cross-Field Theory()I. Alternating-(Iiimill Machines BY 11. B. \\ I. Ato,,etate. A1. L. U.

Synopsis. --It is thepurpose of this paper to show how analysis alternating -current machines, MtMuds tifdili,11,11.11.1f1useOlt turd by the cross -field theorymay be used to obtain accurate, purely numerical methods of calculating and sample calculations are given fur the el ',III, -phthic (1'4,40 performance characteristics of ',whoand the repulsion motor.

RNAT I NC -current machines may beconstants of the motor and the speed.From theme analyzed according to eitherthe revolving -fieldequations, other equations for the fluxes linkingor cut or the cross -field theory.Each of these theoriesby the rotor conductorsare obtained.The torque has its own individualmerits, dependingmore or less on the type of machine under corresponding to any one of the rotor circuits isobtained consideration.Someby multiplying the in -phase components of thecurrent phenomena aremore easily understood by a studyand the fluxes cut by the conductors of that following the revolving -field circuit. theory, and other phenom-Adding the components of torque correspondingto ena are made more clear byuse of the cross -fieldeach of the rotor circuits, theory. we obtain an expression for the total torque developed, which, multipliedby the For routine calculation ofperformance characteristicsspeed, gives the power generated. of alternating -current machines, Subtracting from many graphical andthis the friction losses gives thepower output.The analytical methods have beendeveloped.These differ-power input is, of course, given by the product of the ent methods also have their own individual merits andapplied voltage and the in -phasecomponent of the the choice of a method ofcalculation should dependline current. partly on what is most desired;e. g., speed, accuracy, or aid to visualization. In this paper, the angle of hysteretic lagbetween flux and m. m. f. is neglected in the analytical Therefore, we may solutions, and say that, in general, neither thecorrection for core loss is made in the numericalcalcu- revolving -field nor thecross -field method of analysis,lations by treating thecore loss the same as if it were and no one method of calculation,graphical or analyt-a friction loss.If it should be desirable, the angle of ical, should be used exclusively.Although this paperhysteretic lag can be taken intoaccount by using the deals only with a general analyticalmethod of studyingcomplex quantity Z,= R, j X, for the magnetizing some types of a -c.machines using thecross -fieldimpedance in place of the theory, it is not by pure reactance j X which any means intended as a plea foris used in the equations in the followingpart of this the exclusive use of this general method,for it is recog-paper.This would complicate mattersslightly by nized that whatever usefulness itmay have will beadding to the lengths of the equations,and would found in rather limited fields. yield but a very slight increase inaccuracy.In almost In the following, the attempt is madeto show how aall cases, the slight, increase inaccuracy would not general method of analysis, following thecross -fieldjustify the extra labor and chances fornumerical errors. theory, may be applied to alternating -currentmotors Sine wave distributions ofm. m. f., and uniform to obtain simple and accurate,purely numericalair -gap permeanceare assumed in all cases. methods for routine calculations of performance charac- The details and application of teristics. the method can best The fundamental principles of the analysisbe shown by means of examples,as follows: of motors by the cross -field methodare, of course, very well known. The general method given below is fundamentally the same as that outlined by Steinmetz THE SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTIONMOTOR in his "Theory and Calculation of Electrical Apparatus," -but differs from it in the treatment of the leakage react- According to the cross -field theory,the components ance, and in the arrangement of the results. of the main flux of the motor andthe rotor currents are considered separately in two Briefly stated, the general method as applied to axes at right angles to aeach other.The axis of the stator windingmay be motor is as follows: Kirchoff's voltage equations arecalled the transformer axis, and the set up for the different circuits of the motor and axis at right angles areto it the field axis. A squirrelcage is considered as solved to obtain equations for the currents in each ofequivalent to a commutated winding the circuits in terms of the applied voltage, the design with brushes bearing on the commutator shortcircuited on them- 1.Electrical Engineer, General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass. selves in the transformer and fieldaxes.The motor To be presented at the Midwinter Convention of the A. I. E. E., canthenbe represented diagrammaticallyasin New York, N. Y., February 8-11, 1926. Fig. 1. 160 Feb. 1926 WEST: CROSS -FIELD THEORY

The following symbols will apply: X1 I E = applied voltage (Pi 2 rfN II= line current IIa = power component of line current X2 12t ib = reactive componentof line current (P21 =2 rfN /2t = rotor current in the transformer axis 12f = rotor current in the field axis Voltage applied to the stator terminals must over- = resistance ofthe stator winding come the resistance drop and the mutual and leakage The r2= resistance of eachof the rotor circuits reactance drops due to alternation of cp.i and (pi. Xm= mutual inductive reactanceof the stator andequation is rotor windings E = ri /1 + j x1 I1j Xm (II- /2t) (5) xi = leakage reactance of the statorwinding In the transformer axis of the rotor, the sum of the x2 = leakage reactanceof each of the rotor circuitsvoltages induced by transformer action of cP.i and co2t, N = effective number of turns in each of thecircuitsand by rotation through the flux (pi plus the resistance f= frequency ofapplied voltage drop r2 1.2e must equal zero.The equationis,for S= speed as a fractionof synchronism counter clockwise rotation of the rotor, The symbols for voltage and current all represent0=-j X. (/1-/21)- S(X. +x2)12fr2 12t +5 x212t (6) quantities.The positive r. m. s. values of time vector Similarly for the field axis of the rotor, senses of the currents are indicatedby the arrows in Fig. 2. 0 =j (Xm + x2) I2fS Xm 1-1 20+ S X2 12tr2 I2f (7) Solving these three voltage equations, for I', 12g, and Ill we get, [-r22+ (1-S2)(X,-Ex2)2-j 2 r2(X.-kx2)] I1= E (8) 12f U1' + Wi' 1;1 (1 - S2) (X, + x2) -j r2 121 = EX, FIG. 1 U1' +5W1' The motor flux is resolved into the following four S E X,r2 components: flux cp.i which is theI2f = - flux that is mutual to the stator winding and the rotor circuit in the transformer axis; (2) the "field flux cDf Where which is the flux produced by the m. m. f. of the currentU1' = - r1 r22 + 2 r2 x1 (Xm + x2) + r2 X. (Xm + 2 x2) -I- (1 - S2) r1 (Xm + x2)2 (11) WI' =- r22 x1 - 2 r1 r2 (Xm +x2) - r22 Xm +(1 - S2) [x1 (Xm + x2)2 + x2 X. (Xm + x2)] (12) Substituting the above values of II, /2t, and I2f in equations (1), (2) and (4), we get -EX, [r22 j r2 (X. + x2)] c13,ne + Sou = (13) 2 r f N (U1' W 1') A

FIG.2-FLUX COMPONENT INSINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION and MOTOR S E (Xm + x2) r2 (a)In transformer axis (13f = - (14) (b)In field axis 2 r f N(U1'+j Wi') The torque developed by the motor consists of two 12/ in the field axis of the rotor; (3) the leakage flux(pi components, one component Ti due to the interaction of the primary, and (4) the leakage flux(pet of the rotorof the current/2tand the fluxCkf,and another component circuit in the transformer axis. T2 due to the interaction of I2f and the flux 43g = In terms of the currents and the motor reactances, - (P2e.These torque components in synchronous the equations for the above flux componentsare: watts are equal to the products of the in -phase com- Xm(I, - /2g) ponents of the currents and the fluxes with which they Cpmt = 2 rfN interact multiplied by 2 r f N; that is, from equations (9) and (14). (Xm + x2) 12f K2 X m2 (X + x2)2 r2 S (1- S2) - 2 rfN T1 = Ui2 + W;2 (15) 162

lint .1 I I P; and froth equations(10) and t13) X, I +4 In Wahl /II', 8 , :111(1 +17) This gives V' S T., +16+ .11, iN (8') I', tj and the total torquedeveloped by the motoris S S r I S. r E2 X.' r2 S [(1 +17' T = T1 + T2= - S2) (X,,, + x2)2- l',21 .U12 t 11 U;2 +WI2 Where (17) 1111=F, -F (1-- S-) F2 This equation shows thatthe torque developed bythe NI= P3 motor is zero when U1= ( 1 S.1) 116 WI = 116+ (1- S2) F7 r22 1- S2 = The complete expressions for F1to F9 inclusive are x2)2 given in the following sample calculation. or the ideal no-load speed is PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONOF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 7-22 So = 1 - (18) (X, + x2)2 Motor design constants: E = 220 Substituting the above value forthe no-load speed ri = 0.12 in equation (7), we obtain for theno-load current, r2 = 0.3 2 E (X, + x2) 1o= xx: 0.1144 2 ri(X,+x2)+r2X1112 +j X, [X,+2 (xi+x2)1 X, = 15 X,-Fx2 Core loss and friction= 600

For all usual relative values 9f the designconstants, r22 this is very closely, F1 = -E(X, + x2) = - 0.08:35 2E r x.+ x2 F2 = E io = 220 -3XmL + 2 (x1 + x2) -I F3 = - 2 E r2 Xn, + x2 = - 8.57 2 E r 2x, +x2 1 X.L (19) x2 X, - r1 r2 -xn, + 2 (xi + x2) J F4 = r2 [ X,, + 2x1 (X,+ x2)2+ = 0.315 It is obvious that by means of this equation, the value F5 = ri = of the magnetizing reactance X. can be calculated with 0.12 any desired degree of accuracy from the values of the rr2 (Xm + x1) 2 r1 1 F6 -r2 short-circuit and no-load currents. L(Xm + x2)2 +X. + = - 0.0105 The performance characteristics of a motor of given design constants can be calculated completely bymeans F7 = x1 +x2 = 0.789 of equations (8) and (17).The solution of these equa- X,X47X 2 tions can be reduced to a simple matter of arithmetic by means of a suitable printed form, arranged for F8 = carrying out the calculations for a number of different - E' r23(XmXm2 + x2)4 = - 5.23 speeds simultaneously.The use of very large numbers will be avoided and the calculations for motors of different sizes will be more nearly alike if the numeratorsF9 = E2 r2(x.+mx2)2x 2 = and denominators are divided by (Xm + x2)2 and 13,800. 163 Feb. 1926 WEST: CROSS -FIELD THEORY

0.90 0.80 1.00 0.98 0.95 . 0.36 1-S2S 0 0.0396 0.0975 0.19 0.288 S (1 - 52) 0 0.0388 0.0927 0.171 -.08 -0.08 -.08 -0.08 (1) F1 --0.0835 8.70 21.4 41.7 79.2 (2) (1 - 52) Fg 0 8.62 21.3 41.6 79.1 (3) M1= +(2) --0.0835 -8.57 -8.57 -8.57 (4) N1= F -8.57 -8.57

0.315 0.315 0.315 0.315 0.315 (5) F4 0 0.005 0.012 0.023 0.043 (6) (1 -.32)F5 0.315 0.320 0.327 0.338 0.358 (7) Ul =(5) + (6) -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010 (8) F6 --0.0105 0 0.031 0.077 0.150 0.284 (9) (1 - 52) F7 (10) Wi = (8) + (9) -0.0105 0.021 0.067 0.140 0.274

14.05 28.3 (11) MI Ul --0.0263 2.76 6.98 -2.35 (12) N1 W1 0.09 -0.18 -0.57 -1.20 12.85 25.95- (13) MI U1 +N1 WI 0.0637 2.58 6.41 -2.80 -2.90 -3.06 (14) N1 U1 -2.70 -2.74 -1.43 -5.82 -21.66 (15) - 311 --0.0009 -0.181

-2.92 -4.23 -8.72 . -24.72 (16)N1 U1 - M1 WI -2.70

0.107 .1143 0.1282 (17) U12 0.0992 0.1025 0.0045 .0196 0.0751 (18) W12 0.0001 0.0004 0.1029 0.1115 .1339 0.2033 (19) U12 + W12 0.0993

95.8 127.5 (20)/1. = (13)1(19) 0.642 25.1 57.5 121.5 (21) I1b = (16)/(19) -27.2 -28.4 -38.0 65.2 27.3 38.0 69.4 116 176 (22) ./1 = /1.2 +

(23) Power factor= (20)/(22) 0.66 0.83 0.825 0.725

(24) Power input= E .(20) 5510 12660 21100 28000

(25) S Fe -5.23 -5.1 -5 -5 -4 (26) S(1 - 82) F9 535 1280 2360 39,70 (27) (25) + (26) -5.23 530 1275 2355 3966

(28)T =(27)/(19) -52.8 5150 11450 17600 19450 (29) Core loss and friction 600 600 600 600 600 (30) Net Torque = (28) - (29) -653 4550 10850 17000 18850

(31) Power output =S .(30) -653 4460 10300 15300 14700

(32)Efficiency = (31)/(24) 0.808 0.812 0.725 0.532

It will be noted that all the steps are indicated in thephase induction motor is made comparable to a simple above.It is obvious that if a printed calculation formproblem of bookkeeping, and can be done by a person without any technical training. 200z 100 The performance curves plotted from the above 160 E5 5 80 1.0 calculated values for current, torque, power factor, U. I- u -o and efficiency are shown in Fig. 3. 120 "cii. LI- 60

a.U.1 UJ As a further illustration, the method will be applied 2 80 eL 40 r_ to the repulsion motor. 40E220 < OLIJ 00 THE REPULSION MOTOR 5000 10,000 15,000 20,000 TORQUE- SYNCHRONOUS WATTS As usually built, the stator of a repulsion motor has a Flo.3 -PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE-PHASE simple single-phase winding.This stator winding may INDUCTION MOTOR be considered as made up of two windings, one which arranged as the above is used, the calculation of themay be called the transformer winding and which is complete performance characteristicsof the single -in inductive relation to the commutated winding, and W EST; OSS-101 T11 1.;01t Jnurim1 A. I.I.:. . the other which may be calledthefield winding, which is at right angles to the axis of thecommutated winding. r, cos A - (1- S.,)(X According to theassumption of sinewave I. X,,, ,--I-x2)sin A I j r, sin A I distributionsofm. m. f.,whichis U2,+ j W./ realized in most approximately cases, the transformer windingcom- ponent will have Ncos A effective turns, and (25) the fieldWhere winding componentwill have N sine Aeffective turns, where A is the anglein electrical degreesbetween theU2 = r2 X.' cos2 A- r3 X,2 sin' (r2±r2)(xi ±x2)X, axis of the commutatedwinding as determined by the -(r.:+r3) x1x2-i-rir2r3- (1- S2)r i(X.+ x2)2 brush position andthe transformer axis.The motor can be representeddiagrammaticallyas in Fig. 4. W2'= r, (r2 + r3) (X. + x2)+ r2 r3 (X. + x1) The same symbolsthat were used for thesingle-phase +S(rl-r2)X.2 sin A cos A-(1-S2)(X.+x2) induction motor willapply for the repulsionmotor and in additionwe have, [X,,, (x1 + x2) +x, x2] /3 = local The components of the motor fluxwhich react with short-circuit current inthe coils short-the currents 12 and 13 to produce circuited by the brushes. torque are the field flux 43f and the transformer flux4),, r3 = resistance of the local short circuits formedbyWhere the coils short-circuitedby the brushes and the brush contacts. /1 sin A- -I- x2) /2 The leakage reactanceof the local shortcircuits is 2 r f N (26) assumed the same as that of the rotor windingas aand whole, viz.,x2. We have, therefore,three circuits to consider /, cos A- (Xm + x2) 12 in the 4), - (27) repulsion motor, andthree correspondingvoltage 2 r f N equations.For the stator windingwe have, The torque developed by themotor at any speed is, in synchronous watts,

T =2rfN[( /2cpf) (13. 4) where (/2 4) and (/34),) represent the productsof the in -phase components of/2 and 4)f, and /3 and4,, respectively.Substituting for the currentsand fluxes their values from equations(23) to (27) and multiplying out, we get, FIG.4 E2 Xm2 (r32 - r22) (Xm + x2) sin Acos A E =j X.(Ii cos2 A-I2 cosA) +1 T= + (r3 sin2 A + r2 cos2 A) X.(I, sin2 A- /3 sin A) U2'2 W212 r2 r3+S(1-S2)(Xm+x2)2] (r1 xi) /1 (20) (28) For the rotor winding proper, The no-load speed is obtainedby solving the cubic 0 = -j X. (II cos A- 12) + (r2 +-j x2) 12 equation that is obtainedby putting T= 0 in the above.An approximate solutionis, + S Xm I, sin A -S (X, + X2) /3 (21) r3 For the coils short circuited by the brushes, SO -=' 31 1.5 + 0 = -j X. (ri sin A- 13) -S X, (II cos A - /2) X. (tan A -I- r2cot A) r3 + S x2 12 + (r3 5 x2) /3 (22) This approximate equationis theoretically muchmore Solving for /1, /2 and /3, we get the equations, accurate than any calculated valueof r3 can be expected to be.Its chief value is to showhow the no-load speed [r2 r3- (1-S2)(X.-kx2)2+./(r2d-r3)(X.-i-x2)] II =E of a repulsion motor mightbe affected by changes in U2' -I- j W2I (23) design. 12 = Special simplified formulasfor the current and torque at synchronous speedor at standstill can be obtained [-S r3 sin A- (1-S2)(X. -1-x2)cos A -1-j by putting S= 1 or S = 0 in equations (23) and (28). E X. r3 cos A] U2' +5W2' Slight approximationscan then be made by which the equations are reduced to rathersimple formulas which (24) need not be given here. 165 Feb. 1926 WEST: CROSS -FIELD THEORY

The performance characteristicsof the motor can be X,,1 G,= sin A cos A 22.0 calculated completely from equations(23) and (28). r2) X, +) For calculation purposes, it isadvisable to divide the these equations by x2 X.\ numerators and denominators of =- 5.47 (X, + x2)2 and (Xm + x2)4 as in the caseof the single- =-x1 +X. ± x2 / phase induction motor.This gives, M2 +j N2 Xm2 (r32- r22) sinA cos A G9= = 36.3 11 U2 +9 W2 (X,,, + x2)3

G9+SGi,+(1-S2)GII Xm2 r2 r3 E2 T G I= U22 ± W22 + x2)4 Where (r3 sin2 A + cos2 Al =- 0.80 M2 = G1 + (1 - S2) G2 N2 = G3 U2 = G4 + (1- S2) G6 Gil = Xm X2 W2 = G6 S G7 ± (1 - S2) Gs (r3 sin2 A + r2 cost A) = 9.05 The complete expressions for G1 to G11inclusive are given in the following sample calculation.

cc 200 50 0 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION OF REPULSIONMOTOR

Motor design constants: E160 40 0 r,=1.1 0 r2 =3.5 < 120 30 >: r3 =100 Power Factor 3 x1 =2.8 LT- 80 20 wu_ x2 =2.8 ci 60 Xm = 40 10 A =15°

Core loss and friction = 110 watts °- 00 2000 4000 6000 8000 SYNCHRONOUS WATTS TORQUE r2 r3 FIG.5-PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF REPULSION G1 = E = 19.5 (Xm +x2)2 MOTOR =- 220 G2 = -E The performance curves corresponding to the follow - r2 + r3 ing calculated values are shown in Fig. 5. G3 = EX, + x2 363 It will be noted that thiscalculation form is, in general outline the same as that used for the single - 12 phase induction motor, practically the only differences G4 = - (r3 sin2 A + r2 cost A) (XmIC7n ++ x2, being in the expressions for the constants F1, F,. etc.. and GI, G2, etc.

r2 r3 x2 ri r2 r3 The single-phase induction motor and the repulsion (x motor have been chosen to illustrate the general method \X,+-x2) Xm+x2) +(X.+x2)2- -17.98 of analysis by the cross -field theory on account of their G6 = = - 1.1 relative simplicity.The same general method might r1 be applied to machines of more complicated types, such circuits to consider, hut Gs - 1 as those having four or more Xm + x2 the method of procedure would be essentially the same, and the results would merely be somewhat more corn- Xm + xi \ plicated.The analytical solution of such a motor by (r1r2+rir3+r2 r3 = 7.39the same general method has been given in a previous Xm + x2 paper.(TRANS. A. I. E. E., 1924, p. 1048.) 166

%VEST: l'It()8S-1011,:1,1)T111.:0111" Journal A. I. E. E. PERFORMANCECALCULATION oF RIA'ULMION AloToW (Conlinuid, S 0 0.75 1 - SI 1 00 1. 25 1 1.80 S (1- 52) 0.4375 0 - .5625 0 0.328 -2.24 0 - .703 -4 03 (1) GI 19.5 (2) (1 - S2) 02 19.5 19.5 -220 19.5 19.5 (3) My= (1) + (2) -96.3 0 -200.5 123.8 493, -76.8 19 5 143.3 512.5 (4) N3= G3 363 363 363 363 363 (5) 04 -17.98 (6) (1 - 82) 09 -17.98 -17.98 -1.1 ' -17.98 -17.98 (7)U2 = (5) + -0.48 0 (6) -19.08 .62 2.46 -18.46 -17.98 -17.36 -15.52 (8) G6 7.39 (9) S G2 7.39 7.39 0 7.39 7.39 (10) (1 - 52) 09 16.50 22.0 -5.47 27.50 39.6 (11) W2= (8) + (9) + (10) -2.39 0 1.92 3.08 12.26 21.50 29.39 37.97 59.25 (12) M2 U2 3820 (13) N2 W2 1420 -350 696 -2490 -7950 (14)(12) ± (13) 7800 10680 4516 13750 21500 9220 10330 11260 13550 (15) N2 U2 -6930 (16) - M2 W2 -6700 -6520 -6300 -5640 (17)= (15) + (16) 380 1655 ' -570 -6550 -5450 -30400 -5045 -7090 -11750 -36040 (18) U22 364 (19)W22 341 323 4 302 241 (20)= (18) -I- (19) 462 863 368 1440 3510 (21)/la = (14)1(20) 803 1186 12.28 1742 3750 11.5 8.75 6.45 3.62 - (22)lib = (17)/(20) ' -17.8 -6.3 -5.98 -6.75 -9.6 (23)Ii = V no lib 21.6 13.15 10.55 9.35 10.25 (24) Power factor= (21)/(23) 0.875 0.83 0.69 0.35 (25) Powerinput = E.(21) 2530 1920 1420 796 (26) G9 36.3 (27) 8 Gio 36.3 36.3 0 -0.6 36.3 36.3 (28) S (1- S2) Gii -0.8 0 -1.0 -1.4 (29) 3.0 0 = (26) ± (27) + (28) 36.3 -6.3 -36.4 38.7 35.5 29 -1.5 (30) T = D.(29)/(20) 4790 2340 1450 (31) Core loss and friction 110 805 -19 110 110 110 110 (32) Net torque= (30) - (31) 4680 2230 1340 695 -129 (33) Power output= S . (32) 1674 1340 868 -232 (34)Efficiency = (33)/(25) 0.66 0.70 0.61 -0.29 The Calculationof MagneticAttraction By the Aid ofMagnetic Figures BY TH. LEHMANN' Non-member

across the air -gap between the twoferromagnetic surfaces bounding Synopsis.-The present paper treats ofthe following matters: into elemental tubes magnetic attraction the air -gap, by decomposing the magnetic flux 1.Simplification of the physical formula for in which the the magnetic field is of magnetic force, the envelopes of which enclose spaces B. Definition of magnetic reluctance when flux is constant.The element of boundary -surface intersectedby bounded by non-equipotential surfaces encloses an equal magnetic reluctanceeach elemental tube at the two boundary -surfaces 3.Calculation of the virtual variation in number lines of magnetic flux, irrespective of the magneticdensity at due to any displacement of the limiting surfaces by its magnetic attraction these points.By replacing the element of boundary -surface 4.Demonstration of the theorem that the of the elemental only upon their common geometrical projection on a plane normal to the axis between two ferromagnetic bodies depends tube, an equivalent equipotential surface is obtained ateach end of and upon the virtual gradientof its air-reluctances magnetic fluxes the elemental tube.Any non-equipotential surface bounding an R., and that the formula air -gap can thus be replaced by an equivalentequipotential surface ,2 6 R. composed of an aggregation of elemental equipotentialsurfaces which Fi- 8 r 61 produce denticulations in the contour of the boundary-surface.It direction 1 is as generalbecomes possible, in this way, to evaluate magneticreluctance and which gives the attraction along any given magnetic attraction by reference to summations ofelemental mag- and as exact as the formulas of physics considering directly the Direct deduction of magnetic attractionfrom the lines ofnetic tubes and without the necessity of 5. magnetic density of the magnetic field at any point.The potential of magnetic flux depicted by a magnetic figurewithout resorting to the each elemental tube of magnetic force depends only uponthe poten- components of the magnetic field. of the well-tials at its ends, at the boundary -surfaces, it beingentirely independ- The method used is developed by the application the air -gap. known principles of the potential energy functionto the magnetic ent of the path followed by the tube in traversing flux in the air -gap.Paths for the magnetic flux are established * * * * *

ferromagnetic material I. INTRODUCTION at the narrow portions of the enclosing the slots. THE resultant magnetic effort, F,which is experi- while to inquire enced by a soft iron body in a mediumwhose For these masons it seems worth H, canwhether magnetic attraction could not bededuced permeability is independent of the field, directly from the lines of force shown in amagnetic be calculated by means of the known formula figure without the necessity of first obtainingthe com- 1 then recombining { 2 H (B, N) -N (H, B)1 d S (1) ponents of the magnetic field and F -8 r them tensorially.It so happens that this is possible s (1). normalwithin the entire range of validity of equation in which N is the external unit vector which is considered will be to the surface -element d S, H and B beingthe vectors In the present paper the only case point.that of the attraction betweenferromagnetic bodies of the magnetic field and induction at the same being By means of equation (1), the resultant force, F,that are separated by a medium like air, this case can be calculated whenever thedistribution of theof more immediate interest. magnetic field along the external surface of the magneticII.TRANSFORMATION OF THE PHYSICAL FORMULA body is known. When that body is surrounded by air FOR ATTRACTION or like medium, the formula (1) can befurther simpli- In (1), let{ 2 H (B, N) -N (H, B) }= P.This fied; but even in that case, there are no analyticalquantity is a linear vectorial function ofthe normal solutions in the majority of the cases of magnetic fieldunit -vector N. By putting this expressionin the form distribution met with in practise, so that, as a rule, alla P +bHd-cN = 0,it is seen that P, H, and N, that can be done is to obtain the graphical integrationand also B when BIIH, are situated in the sameplane. of equation (1) by deducing the values of the magneticMoreover, the vector H bisects the angleformed befield from a chart of its lines of magnetic flux.It istween P and N (Fig. 1)3 as is seen at onceby taking possible, now, to determine these values within onethe scalar product of P and H, andobserving that per cent'. P2 = B2 H2.This allows P to be written in simpler This method of evaluation of the quantity indicatedform. by equation (1) is not free from error, owing to the product" of points of saturation which occur at the sharp angles and Let us use the term "directed algebraical two vectors, H and B, to designatethe vector the length 1.ConsultingEngineer, Urmatt, France. of which is equal to the algebraical productof the scalar 2.See RevueGen4rale del'electrici16,1923,Vol. XIV,values of H and B, and the angle of which,with the pp. 347 and 395. 7'o be presentedat the Midwinter Convention of the A. I. E. E., 3.See, for instance, A. Vasahy, Theorie dol'Electricitd," New York, N. Y.,February 8-11, ma. 1896, p. 64. 167 LNIIMANN: CALCULATIONOF NI .1O N outward normal ET IC Arl'Itt("Ill IN N, is equal .Ititirmil .1. which H to thesum of the I.I.; I.',. and Bmake with angles,(r, . P,, p,, . . /311N.This N; that isto say, 2 and let vector, which a whenof each us replace theoblique bases plane is parallel tube byorthogonal as N, H andB, will to thesamedistance bases havingthe so that for be symbolizedby (B betweencenters. same an iron body H)2,now limited by The elementaltubes being (1) may be surrounded byair, formula orthogonal bases, expressed inthe following now be defined theirreluctancescan form: in theordinary simple 1 known,moreover, that, in manner.It is F= ability, the a medium ofconstant 8 r 132" d S magneticenergy of a Laplacian perme- (2)magnetic field or vortex Equation (2) is given bythe volume may beconsidered -integral the ordinaryformula of a generalizationof identical Maxwell, withwhich it W=--1 whena = 0. becomes ' 8 rCBHdt) Integratingacross the air tube -elements -gap, along eachtube, by of sectionalarea o- and will have length d 1,we 1 1 8w fB2 a d- r d 8w (142 a

But since 8 r 2 d' k 2 Pk the flux,44, of each aliquot Iron Core the nthpart of the tube isequal to FIG. 1 total flux4), we have 1 It isseen at W,= 4,2 once that the 8 r(43,02 Pk quantityto be algebraicalvalue of the =8rRo (3) integrated P,P is always 1 whatevermay be the equivalent to B2whencewe deduce the angle ofincidence, total reluctance netic field. a, of themag- It In air, thetensorial 1 becomesa sphere. ellipsoidconsequently Ro= For thecondition .n2 Pk gration isperformed a = 0, the inte- (3') along a level 1 has the surface, andP= B02or, moreprecisely, a = 45 deg., angle of the elemental incidence ft to the surface. effort P= B,122 is tangential Finally, if the Ro= Limit along a integration is n12 Pk surfacegenerated by performed n = co (3") more especially lines ofmagnetic flux,and 1 alonga line of plane It is flux,we have evident that,by defining each tubein the reluctance accordancewith (3"), pk of. (3') willremain formulas (3)and rigorouslyaccurate, the magnitudeof the whatevermay be In principle, elementaltubes. the reluctanceRo between equipotentialsurfaces two non- drawing of may be definedby the aid magnetictubes.If the of any fractionalcoeffi- cients of the tubes 4) be designatedby mi=

4) FIG.2 m2= . . we obtain, 4)3 2 2 a for Ro,the following = ir, and P= B 2 is now more general contrary tothat of N. directed ina direction expression: Since thedirection of n obtained bysimply reflecting P is the application N withrespect to B, Ro Pk of formula(2) is a III. very simplematter. mk (4) DEFINITIONOF THE The most RELUCTANCEBETWEEN frequent NON-EQUIPOTENTIAL TWO of n tubes, case is thatwhere an SURFACESWHICH ARE conveying arrangement SEPARATEDBY AN AIR n - 1 a total flux4), is composed Let us -SPACE aliquottubes,each of subdivide theair -space containingtheflux equipotential between twonon- 4) surfaces, Si 4k = and a residual 43 thin aliquot and S2, (Fig.2), inton very m flux 4,, or subsidiary - Thetotal tubes havingthe reluctances mn reluctance then becomesequal to OF MAGNETIC ATTRACTION 169 Feb. 1926 LEHMANN: CALCULATION n -1 ment, S, when a = s cos a, and s =S, becomes 1 pn equal to Ro (5) m2 Pk + nin2 x cos (2a -H3) S OF THE p = 0.2 IV.DEMONSTRATION OF THE EQUIVALENCE 4)2 (5 R1 o b z FORMULA F1 = TO FORMULA (2) cos n cos (2a + 0) S (6) 8r = - 0.2 Let us represent in cross-section(Fig. 3) the origin 4) of a very thin tube. 2-3, and ofthe adjacent tubes, Now, let = B o-represent the magneticflux 1-2 and 3-4.Let us make the planeof the draw- mk in the air -gap B, ing parallel with the magnetic field inanytube. Thesummationofthevalues 4,2 1 1 pk B2 cos (2 a -I- i3) S along 8rmkt d z = - 2r the whole surface will then, with the aidof (4), give us 4,2 1 8 pk 4,28 Ro 8 r mkt bz - 8r Oz' from which, by passing to the limit, we obtain / 4 S / se 432 8Ro 1 --- T - JB2 cos (2 a + (3) cos n d S (7) FIG.3 8r Oz-- 8r It now becomes immediately apparentthat the and with the normal, N, with respect tothe surface -quantity under the integral sign is nothing morethan element, S.The lines of magnetic flux being supposedthe projection of the vector, P = B2a 2uponthe direc- to be very close to each other, nochange will be causedtion of az.Therefore, the formulas (2) and (1)lead in the reluctance of the tubes or in theexternal field ifto the same effort in any given directionOz, as the formula orthogonal cross - the oblique bases are replaced by F 4)26 Ro sections through the same centers.Let us now dis- = and the three formulas are conse- place the denticulated surface in a directionparallel z 8 rS z , to itself to the distance d z.All that need be consideredquently equivalent to each other.This result can is the projection d x = d z cos ,7 of this displacement onalso be expressed vectorially as follows: the plane containing the vectors N and B, because any As2 1 displacement of the surface -element S perpendicularly X (Virtual gradient of Ro) = -8fB2a2 d S. to that plane will have no influence on thereluctance 8 r r of the tube under consideration.By taking any suit- We shall now show that the attractionbetween two able unit of length for measuring the thickness of the tube in the direction perpendicular to the drawing, the width, a, of the tube in the plane of the drawing can be made equal to its sectional area,and the intersections of its oblique base can be made equal to the surface -element, S. Let (in Fig. 3) 13 designate the angle between(5 x and the normal, N, and let a designate the angle of incidence of the vector, B.It will easily be seen that the displacement of the denticulated surface to the distance d z causes in the tube of magnetic force a shortening equal to d / = d x cos (a + ft) in the direction of its length, and a decrease in its sectional area equal to d o = d x sin (a + ft) over a length equal to Flu.4 8 sin a.The result is that the reluctance of the portionbodies depends only upon the field thatis common to 8sin both of them and that it can beevaluated without of the tube thus modified is changed from p - knowing the leakage -field. V.CALCULATION OF MAGNETIC ATTRACTION BY s sin a - 1 to p' = , sothat the variation in reluc- MEANS OF THE COMMON FIELD ONLY A.Unsaturated circuits.Let us consider the attrac- tance caused by the displacement of the surface -ele-tion in a radial direction between a field -magnet M 170 LEHMANN: CALCULATION(He N1.1(INETIc with salient Al"I'ItAcTIoN InlIrpIHI A. poles andthe I. I. E. (Fig. 4),on the assumptionarmature (orstator) A For this that µ= co in the iron.residual tube purpose, letus suppose containing theflux 41' it to S x inthe air a virtual decreaseequal m" is -gap, as if thearmature evident that closer in thedirection of were brought we shall have let us, for the axis (X)of the pole, n - 1 a moment, and (I)2 1 1 1 assume as beingtrue, the physicalF .= 1 1

figment that the external 8 r field is not - ak-1 ( disturbed in nt- an ) (8 ') sequence of thedisplacement in con- such conditions, question (3 x).Under Let usnow reverse the roles the lengthof each by bringingthe field force willbe decreased tube ofmagneticmagnet closerto the armature - by an amountequal to S in a direction by thedistance Sx where 3designates the x cos 3, parallel to the axisof the pole. surface S at angle betweenthe normalto theto make the In order the pointunder consideration physical figmentplausible,we must tion of Sx. and the direc-assume (Fig. 5) thatthe magnetic now Therefore, ifa is the sectional field isdisplaced tube as it area of thebodily with itsexcitation -winding, emerges from thesurface of A, have a fixed which isassumed to the variation relation withrespect to the of itsreluctance, x cos The line offlux 1- 2 which pole (M). p, will be Sp = - starts from theneutral Thepoint, will bedisplaced upwardby the portion of the in a direction distance Sx virtualenergy pertaining parallel to itself,toward 1'- 2'; and we when 4) isthe flux, to this tube,now have to findthe difference consequentlybecomes equaltobetween the between thereluctances T-$2 contours 1- 2 -3 3 x (3 B2 - 4'. -4 and 1'- 2' - 3' S But, insteadof measuring 7r 8 S x cosa, and thealong the thesedifferences r armature, we shalltotalize them elemental force pole and the along the along S x willbe equal to line 1- 2.Along the polar far as theline 1'- 2', we shall obtain, surface,as B2 as before, the f. = *a cos 8 r segments a'= , where a designates the which is cos sectional evidently theprojection upon 3 x of theforcearea of the tubes measured wheretheyemerge from which is normalto o, namely, B2 a f = in 8r' perfect accordance with formulas (1) and(2). Inasmuchas the common flux 0, isgenerally the primary informationavailable in tant to note practise, it isimpor- that the totalforce of attraction 2 obtained without F. can be any integration,when the showsm isometric tubes, drawing by obtaining,along the armature, the valueof thesum 4,2 6 R0 4,2 F= -8r -Sx = 1 cos 8r m2 a FIG. All that is 5 necessary, therefore, isto obtain, at the where the end-section, placethe pole and o-, of each tubeemerges from the Q designates theangle between N, to thechord ofa and the direction the normal polar surface(A), the segments tube at the of S x.For the a' = , which are extreme righthand, there cos a dition, adecrease in will be, inad- sectionalarea equal to Sx cos 7, marked off byprojectionupon a line perpendicular where 7designates the the direction to angle betweenthe directionof of S x (see Fig.4) by the normals x and the normal,N, to the chord of to theconsidered. line of fluxat the point a drawn (dotted inFig. 4) betweenits two The variationof reluctance opposite edges.We thus obtain of tube oflength, X, which per element results in thecase of the last 02 tube, in additionto the shortening, F 12 1 will be equalto

X - 8r cr' (8) Sp' = X - Sxcos S x cos The degree ofprecision of F2 v2 7, the number of naturally dependsuponand the isometrical tubesinto which the correspondingdecrease of fluxissubdivided. When usefulbe equal to attractive forcewill the drawingcomprises 023 pf B2 n - 1 tubes, eachcontaining the flux 4) f.'- - 4) = , and a 8w( 5 x - 8rX cos-y, which is thegeometrical projectionon the pole -axis ofa OF MAGNETIC ATTRACTION 171 Feb. 1926 LEHMANN: CALCULATION constitute, between that point and thepolar axis, B2 X' 6.4 unit tubes; so that the commonflux,(1), per half force, - which is normal to X.The same term 871- pole consists of 10.4 unit -tubes.The air -gap being k, equations (1) and (2), byequal to 1.2 cm., and the polar half -pitchbeing equal may also be obtained with along the making the surface -integral pass overthe polar faceto 9 cm., we have, for the sectional areas and the line of flux 1- 2 whichends at the neutralarmature, reckoned from the neutral point: 2.85 cm.; 0.97 cm.; 0.71 cm.; 0.62 cm.;6.4/0.6 cm. point. The fractional coefficients are m = 10.4 forthe first The tube of magnetic force that iscontiguous with thefour tubes and m' = 10.4/6.4 for the last tube; sothat, the line 1- 2 is composed (Fig. 6) of two squares, for the radial attraction per half polar pitch, wehave: mean sectional areas ofwhich may be replaced approximately by the chords, Xi and X2,of their average 42 1 1 1 1 1 6.4-1 Fs= 0.6 . XI A2 8r10.422.85+0.97+0.71+0.62+ lengths.The quantities Xi' = and A2'-cos 72 cos yi 02 1 .15.06 correspond to and can be obtaineddirectly from seg- 8 7F 10.42 ments cut off from a horizontal line(Fig. 6) by the perpendicular lines erected at theirextremities in each case; and with the aid ofthese quantities, we finally o's have, in the case of m aliquot tubes ofmagnetic force, 02 F = - SRo x 8 r b x 1 \ + }(9) 8r m2 X21 It is therefore possible to evaluate the virtualderivative,

7-DETERMINATION OF THE MAGNETIC ATTRACTION OF 4 FIG. THE ARMATURE

Fie.6

Ro from the original drawing of the magnetic field, x' without representing the displacement S x and without introducing the components of the magnetic field. It should be noted that the virtual work is equal to FIG.7 A-DETERMINATION OF THE MAGNETIC ATTRACTION OF the energy contained in the zone involved only when the THE FIELD armatureisdisplaced.If,instead,the magnetic field -pole and its winding are displaced, the magnetic Let us now start from the field -pole.The bases of energy contained in the area embraced by the polarthe first three tubes that emerge from the polar surface base of the useful flux, 1 - 4 (Fig. 5) should be reducedare no longer horizontal,and it is necessary. to begin by an amount equal to the potential energy containedby erecting perpendicular lines on the chords of a in the zone embraced by the extreme lines 1- 2 of theand to obtain in a horizontal direction (see Fig. 7A) common flux. which gives us the following Example.Let us take as an example, the magneticthe values of o' =cos #, figure (Fig. 7) reproduced from Fig. 19 in the "Revue Generale de l'Electricite," 1923, Vol. XIV, p.397. values; al' = 1.57 cm.; cr2' = 0.70 cm.; aa' = 0.34 cm.; After the fourth magnetic tube, counting from the neu-and we can then point off directly the values a4 = 0.55 tral point, the lines of magnetic flux are radial, and theycm. and a6 = 6.4/0.6 cm.We still have to obtain, 1;.! 11111 \\.\.1,(111/V1`1()N 011lilt'111It' oI All' it will )`, Muth:Ill \ A I K. 1. illOtt' halt'(shown 1S (101 tell it 1 01 1,I I IC Segments At Al A, 1 I"I Mid XI'or iti Cos cos 1,, it 1/1'GUM cues 7,) whichmay be cut (10') off alongany horizontal IAA us consider ever by thelines lines what- (Fig. 8) the base( ' of u tube perpendicularto the chords ing thethickness I.1 1)' hav- curvilinearelements X, of the - a, whichemerges from and X.erected at their element ( ' 1)of the surface, an ties.These values extremi- S, of the iron,at an angle and X,' are found tobe: Xi'= 1.10 cm.,with respectto the normal a = 3.40 cm. obtain the D 1!,' to C D.We canthen projection of thesuperficial force sponding to thistube, in J,, corre- a directionx, formingan an le 0 with I) 12, byconstructing directly 4 02 Jr cos (2 a + Sir bx-87r acosa But it is ofteneasier to decompose

p 1 1 x a' a' cos (a 0) tan a sin (a+ 0) o. FIG.8 and to obtain a' and a"from Fig. 8 by ments on the cutting offseg- The radialeffort exerted perpendicularsto x emerging found to be per half polepitch is thusand E through from D equal to the meanvector of the field through Con the one hand B passing Fs 2 1 the vector, and throughthe normalto 87r passing throughD, on the 10.42 In thecase of the field other hand. -pole it is stillnecessary to add [1 1 1 1 X 6.4 1 1 the terms cos 'ywhichcome from the 1.57+0.70+0.54+0.53+0.61.10-3.4 extreme tubes of the 4)2 1 common flux andwhich are When the determinedas before. 8 7r . 15.20 magnetic figurecomprises 10.42 of equalpotential, the one or more lines The differencebetween this by making calculation becomessimpler value and thepreceding the summation one is barelyone per cent; which such as A B along anycontour whatever, we bear in mind seems satisfactoryif C D E (Fig.9) composed that for thewhole of the and of linesof equal of lines offlux between the half distance potential, endingat the neutral two poles onlyone tube of magnetic points of thearmature, has beenassumed. The force or, in more general armature in Fig.7, was as- manner, sumed to berectilinear, instead simplify the of curved, inorder to comparison withthe algebraical whichcan be established formula for thatcase.The inclina- tion of thepolar axes does not in anyway modify the method ofcalculation, and always be the same resultsshould obtained whetherwe start from the or from the field-pole. armature B.Saturated Circuits. The physicalfigment thata displacement doesnot disturb the us immediately, external field leads by the aid of(6), to expressionsfor an armature in whichthere is nocurrent, FIG.9 cP" cos (2 a + 0) (10) m2 a cos a ' ending atboundary pointsof the and for common field.The a field -pole which isdriving its field a alteration, withoutvalues of a'= A cosand of X'= 4,2 cos 7may be F.- tained, asexplained Aiob-in 8 7r a on the equipotentialparagraph A,from the sections lines and the isometric linesof flux, by segments Xon the noting thatthe terms 173 OF MAGNETIC ATTRACTION Feb. 1926 LEHMANN: CALCULATION although it may lead to a stateof unbalance,is, in in accordancewith 1 sign as the areas swept over,where-.general, justified by observing that, are of the same Thomson's theorem, one of the twoneighboring states of distribution corresponds to aminimum of potential 1 as the terms are of contrarysign. energy. X' VI.APPLICABILITY OF THE DIFFERENTFORMULAS The equivalence of the process canbe easily demon- Theoretically, formulas (1) and (2)enable the at- strated by transforming, by meansof the generalizedtraction to be evaluated wheneverthe magnetic field form of Green's theorem, thesurface -integral (1) intoin the air -gap is known along the wholesurface.But a volume -integral: since no analytical solutions that areof interest in the best IS PdS= f {2H div B - 112grad µ -2 (B, rot H)} dvpractise are available in the majority of cases (11) we could hope to dowould be to obtain theintegration of these formulas graphically after thevalues of the In the space in the air -gapwhich is traversed by the drawing of the closed aerial surface,magnetic flux have been deduced from a useful flux we have, inside any un- div B = 0; grad µ = 0; rot H =0; therefore, we willlines of flux.And even this calculation becomes certain in the neighborhood of the slots forthe windings, have on account of thepoints of saturation found at thesharp around l-PdS= 0 (12)corners and narrow parts ofthe cores that close the slots.On that account the integrationis rendered is situated Let us now suppose that the air -gapis swept over oncepossible only when the surface of integration distance equal toat a suitable distance from thelimiting surfaces.It is by the surface of the armature, for a of the one polar division 01 I 02(Fig. 10) and a second timetherefore necessary to have a complete survey by a string of any kind whatever, such as01 II 02 whichmagnetic fieldin the air -gap.Moreover, formulas extends between the same points 01and 02 of the(1) and (2) are no longer applicablewhen the surface of magnetic armature.Multiplying (12) scalarly by the displace -integration passes through a medium the permeability of which is a function of H. 4)2 Ro 02 The formula F= makes it possible to 8ral evaluate the magnetic attraction inthe case of any ferromagnetic body surrounded by amedium of constant permeability (air) without thenecessity of taking into account the components of the field.The perme- FIG.10 ability of the body may or may notdepend upon the field.In the form in which the formulais completed - ment S x, and integrating along the closed contourby the saturation -term', it can alsobe used when 01 I 02 II 01, we have: the permeability of the external mediumdepends upon the field.It is then possible, moreover, to dowithout (8 x, B2a') d S = 0; whence the magnetic figures of the lines offlux, provided the reluctance, Ro, of the air -gap is known as afunction of the extent I, of the air -gap,It is also more easy, (a x, B2,22) d S = S x, B20 d S; (13)by means of this formula, to note criticalvalues of the 0,102 . 01 io effort of attraction near points of contact,where the or, on bringing (13) closer to theidentity (7), we see thatattraction may become more than double, evenwhen (a = (6 R0)1, the flux is assumed to be maintained constantby means It is, therefore, possible to determine the virtual variationof equipotential connections. of the reluctance, on the assumption that the air -gap is cut through by any contour whatever passing through the VII. CONCLUSIONS of neutral points 01 and 02 of the armature.This manner of The magnetic effort exerted upon an assemblage proceeding has advantages in the case of windingsferromagnetic bodies and of currents, surrounded byair placed in slots (as in turbo generators). as a medium, is determinedby the corresponding fluxes, The physical formulas for magnetic attraction are4, and by the virtual gradient of theirair-reluctances, not much used in practise.Is this due to the hypoth-Ro. eses used in physics?It cannot be denied that, at 4)2 3 Ro The formula F1 = is as exact and as first glance, our practical intuition, clarified by the idea 8 of the magnetic circuit, finds it difficult to accept the figment which excludes any disturbance of the field 4.This case is treated in "Revue Generale de l'Electricile,", during a virtual displacement.But this figment, Vol. XV. 17 I III ,t \civic tit ks'i.(Ai\ VENT1()\ ,1 it general as the \ I I': 1'0111)1'1as ofphy:11.,.It has I he advan tage over I hemthat besides lit:t venertil wuy, the at givingan algebraical trail ion het%veeti 11iIhIIIIII ', lion,it renders 114'1/C11i possible theevaittation of only upon the field thew kith. attraction bythe direct inaphotteThat is still true\Olen the I utilization of (helines of wo haye Hill hingmole net te flux ofa magnetic figure, at:te-in commonI h:in I heir hot-,IIf of first determining without. thenecessity -clittratiott ((lieca,c. of I III' the components ShOrt -c111111(I; ;HidI Io luutuill recombining them of the field andthen then tit ttr111in441 effort tensorially. (11111.1.1y by I he valueof (he lit along these line:, of,cparlititt.

Discussionat Pacific CoastC: APPLICATION OF ELECTRICPROPULSION TO DOUBLE -ENDEDFERRY -BOATS propeller, but theyhit\ e reduced the the forward propeller. 'tmer required to dirk'. (KENNEDYAND Shim') With electric drive it is p, I di ItI II s a standard propeller SEATTLE, WASHINGTON,SEPTEMBER 16, for the H. F. Harvey.Jr.: 1925 simple reason thatthe Itt,propeller does About the onlycomment which 1 have Only the face is not do any work. to offer is thatsufficient emphasis used of the propellerfor driving, whereas maneuvering feature. has not been laidon thethe reciprocatingsteam engine connected with With directcontrol front each to a through shaft house it isvery evident that the pilota special design is madeus the back of the blades the boat one in charge canmaneuver used on the forward is normally more easily than bymeans of the ordinary propeller to assist indriving the ferry-boat, the engineroom. signals to I believe thatthus far most A HIGH -VOLTAGE are vsed on fairly long ferry -boats withelectric drive DISTRIBUTING SYSTEM' runs.Such runs do notshow to advantage the speediermaneuvering, either (OLEN H. SMITH) slips.For short when enteringor leaving the SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, runs as between NewYork and Jersey M. T. Crawford: SEPTEMBER 17,1925 or between Camdenand Philadelphia, City, In Mr. Smith'spaper he has referred a decided advantage electric drive wouldshow the use of a high-voltage primary to in this respect. distribution system,and sonic Ferry -boatsare usually operated reference is also madein Mr. Kelley's in congested volt primary paper, to the use of 12,000- it is verynecessary to have close waters where system. control of the vesselin order It occurs to to avoid accidents.Electric drive, I me that in followinga far-sighted policy, stopping and reversing believe, affordsquicker would be somequestion as to whether there than any otherdrive.Too much be used for such a high voltageshould phasis, therefore,cannot be placed em- primary distributionin a cityarea. ing qualties of upon the superiormaneuver- several angles tothe situation. There are electrically drivenferry -boats. are of value to cover Fundamentally highvoltages F. K. Kirsten:There has been distances.In distributinglight and power paper as to the design no mention made inthe in a large city,very large blocks of load of the propellersinvolved in ferry -boatshort distances. can be obtained within propulsion.It seems that these In suburbanareas around the large boats are designedto travelsiderable distance has city, con- in either directionwith practically the to be covered beforeany considerable As a consequence, same propeller showing. amount of power isobtained.For that some design must be usedon these particularpractise of the reason it has been the ferry -boat propellersdiffering from that company with which Iam connected to employ ers.I would like to used in ordinarysteam- the high -voltagedistribution primarily know if any particular where one distributing in the suburbanarea be made in that statements could- substation can direction. serve a radius of 10 to15 M. J. Whiteman: mi., without havingany unusually large load I should like toknow ifit is possiblecare. entrusted to its with a ferry -boathaving four -propeller drive to rotate theboat In looking into the on a center or pivot inorder to make quick future of citydistribution, we anticipate turns. loads of such sizeand magnitude A. Kennedy Jr.:Mr. Whiteman asked as to give load densities if it is possible withwould result inseveral hundred which an electrically -driven ferry-boat to pivot the thousand kilowattsor more make quick turns, boat in order tobeing supplied byone distributing substation. and also the numberof electrically 15,000 volts is used If 10,000or ferry -boats thatare in operation. driven for primarypurposes and if sufficient All electrically drivenferry-is covered to makefull economic area boats use thesame method of steering use of such voltage, thiswould, cating steam engine as that used on recipro-it is felt, entrustmore differed consumers' driven ferry -boats, thatis, they useone hands of this services into the rudder.I do not know of one substation than mightbe considered good any way to make a ferry -boatpivotconsidering theimportance of continuity policy, in order to makequick turns unless of service to sucha some change is made in thelarge number ofpeople.The other angles design of the boat. high voltage to the use of the At the present time are, first, that it takesconsiderably more pole there are eight electricallydriven ferry-second, thattransformers are space, boats in operation,three in New York, more expensive, and third,that, and one at Poughkeepsie. four in San Francisco,cable costsare higher.Such portions of These, I believe,are the only ones, to be either submarine the systemsas have but of course, othersare being considered. or underground willhave to be handled by cables, andstatistics collected Professor Kirsten askedwhether or not it Light Association by the NationalElectric modify the design of was necessary to indicate that inoperating a large the propellers for electricallydriven ferry-cable failures increase mileage boats.Normally, with steam engine rapidly in proportionto the voltage. drivenferry -boats,a The high -voltagedistribution system compromised propeller designis used, as it isnecessary to usehas worked out in the city of Seattle the face and back ofthe blades. A good deal very satisfactorily and Ithink the engineersare of work has beento be commended forhaving secured done trying to improvethe over-all propulsive to ask Mr. Smith, such results.I would like creasing the amount efficiency by de- however, if theincrease in railway of power required to drivethe forwardwhich has recently load propeller.As far as I know, occurred and willcontinue will not result no one has been able to improvefluctuating loadson his 26-kv. network, in the over-all propulsiveefficiency by using this specially which will introduce designed 1. A. I. E. E. JOURNAL,October, 1925, p. 1104. 175 DISCUSSION AT PACIFICCOAST CONVENTION Feb. 1926 change in thisthe station, nothing else beingconnected but those stations. some difficulties inregulation and, may force a they represent connected to is largely lighting, weWe have, though, heavier loads than policy.We have found where our load the high -voltage system without anytrouble. We expect that can use 13-kv. primarydistribution very successfully,installing than hinder us, by furnish- regulatethe railway stations will help rather a 13-kv. automatic voltageregulator at the substation, to 26,000 -volt busses to the within a 15 mi. radiuswithing synchronous capacity to hold the the entire bus, serving an area proper voltage level in morethan the original three points. little or no supplementary regulation. 'Where fluctuating power loads areto be handledtogether this has not been possible, with a considerable amount of railway, ON THE NATURE OF CORONALOSS' and it has been more economical,besides seeming to us better policy from the far-sighted pointof view of futureloads and (HESSELMEYER AND KOSTKO) service to the public, to installdistributing stations anddis- SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER17, 1925 tribute at a lower primary voltage. R. W. Sorensen: The peculiar curvesfor Fig. 1 of this paper C. A. Heinze:There has been considerablediscussion inhave to be used in charting the resultsbecause a piece of tracing these distribution papers on the matterof distribution at volt-cloth, stretched over the end of the cathode-raytube, must have 26 kv. ages of approximately 33kv.Mr. Smith describes one at lines, as shown, drawn on it to correct for thecurvature of the tube which is practically 33 kv.In Los Angeles, we have an areaand the distortion of the wave. that is very lightly loaded, with theresult that to place a net- The Hysteresis for H. J. Ryan and J. S. Carroll: In the paper on work of low -voltage lines overthat area would have called Character of Corona Formation, by Henlineand Ryan,2 pre- considerable investment, notwarranted by revenues. We Convention of the Institute, two powersented a year ago at the Pasadena were rather fortunate inthis particular case to have the authors, in arriving at the existenceof a space charge about houses, one on each side of the area.This permits us to carry worked at a disadvantage becausethey lines between these twoa conductor in corona, straight line voltage on the 33-kv. had not actually located the radialposition of such space charge power houses. with respect to the conductor.During the past year two of our Now, with a system plan, the system canbe developed as Mr. Kostko, proposed this 33-kv. linegraduate students, Mr. Hesselmeyer and follows:The first step to feed consumers from to study the radial location of the spacecharge by the simple is to put a transformer on a pole,stepping down from 33 kv. to limit the radial distance From this transformerplan of a concentric barrier that would 4.4. kv., three-phase, three -wiredelta. of the space charge from the conductorsurface.They would of from one to two mileseach way, we distribute a distance use an isolated barriercylinder mounted concentrically as speci- picking up the small consumers alongthe way. Now, as the the corresponding E -Q becomes too big for the pole,fied in their paper; they would obtain load increases, the transformer relation and then change the radius ofthe barrier and obtain the the transformer is then mounted onthe ground.This is the This plan would be continued over awide With growth continuing, it is then necessary E -Q relation again. second step. range for the radius of thebarrier in order to determine the man- to split the 4.4-kv. line intofeeders.As growth continues we of the E -Q relation would change with By the time we have two or morener in which the character go to regulated feeders. the barrier radius.The purpose of this undertaking was tofind regulated feeders, it then becomes necessaryto house the equip- relation, when barriers were Having reached the sub-out whether the character of the E -Q ment and provide substation space. used that bound the space charges todefinite radial positions, station period, the first step would be the useof automatic re - of the E -Q rela- As the number of stations in-would approach the character in form and area closing switching equipment. tion as found for widely separated parallelconductors surrounded crease the automatic reelosingequipment is supplemented with station. by no barriers. supervisory control from one centrally located prepared I was very much interested to note inMr. Kelley's paper on When the work was completed and this paper was that they areby the authors and studied by us,the following point of view the Commonwealth Edison System of Chicago, given by the Hessel- using a similar type of distribution. developed: The areas in units of energy, substationsmeyer-Kostko E -Q diagrams, could be expressedin terms of the A very important consideration in the design of to thci space charge is the proper provision for future growth andextensions.Thevoltage and the capacitances of the conductor design the sub- and of the conductor to the groundedcylinder or neutral plane. most satisfactory way to accomplish this is to product of the energy by station on the unit plan.Additions can be made to the initial The corresponding power would be the that inthe frequency.Henline and Ryan, in their paper a year ago,had unit by the addition of one or more similar units such the energy per cycle in the end the station building and interior design represent abal-given the corresponding equation for anced electrical and architectural design. Many of youhaveterms of voltage and but one valueof capacitance, viz., that of beginning, at the end ofthe conductor to the neutral plane.It was manifest that, by seen a substation, very beautiful in the isolate the value of the five or ten years having several irregular additions built around- combining these equations, one could marring its original symmetry-in order to take care of the ex-capacitance of the conductor to the spacecharge. the power lost in tensions and expansions required.This, because we didn't Mr. Kostko then derived the equation for discover or take them into account at the beginning. corona using a barrier, asfollows: Glen H. Smith:I have to thank Mr. Crawford, in his 1 (2a) reference to my closure, for bringing out some of the questions P= 4 f C (E Eo -EV) C" that we considered in deciding on our distributing system.I can only say that they are questions, and that we decided them C' One way though often they are decided the other way.The decision as to the voltage of a circuit depends probably more onwherein the load than it does on the size of the district served. E, is the value of the crest voltage, We find that poles are more involved with lower -voltage cir- Eo, the value of the critical voltage, C, the capacitance from conductor to neutral, cuits than they are with high -voltage circuits, because of the charge, and greater number of circuits, although high -voltage circuits take C", the capacitance from conductor to the space more pole space per circuit. f,the frequency. The corresponding equation given in thePasadena paper a I can't answer the question as to the effect of fluctuating railway load on our voltage regulation as the railway stations 1. A. 1. E. E. JOURNA r, October, 1925, p. 1008. are still connected by special 13,000 -volt feeders direct from 2. A. 1. H. H. JOUIINAt .September 1924, page 825. 176 OIScI'SSION.t'I'ft\ ( '1101( ' coAsT year ago, wherein the term Journal A. I.10,. space charge CI', vapacilance uf (.011(111(1,w was net used,was: to increase was emitinued,t110141 WILM III) P 4 f C (E3 of increase of e01.1.1,81)0fillilig jun -E E current.This i, the sort of thing By combiningand reducing (2) should happen ifthe foregoing that capacitance of these equations understanding ofthe existence the conductorto the space the value oftheand position ofa njltee charge about charge was foundto be: correct. a eonditetor invermin is Eo The matter C' C + 1 was tried out by another ) was reversed while the 1)11111: Themimeo charge If the radial (3) voltage increasedfrom the critical distance from E0 to the crestvalue, B, ina corresponding value space charge be the conductorto the cylindricalDuring such interval, interval A1=-1- to. Dr, and theradius of the o 1, electrons must value of C"will also be: conductorr, then theductor to thelocation of the travel from theeon- the conductor is space charge when thepotential of negative, and viceversa when positive. C° = 0.00368 (2d) the electrode incorona is the point of When a conductor, theresulting Dr luminosities producedby the migration specified might be of the electronsas just r intense enoughto be visible in I to or near to theradial position of full darkness By combining such was found the space charge.On trial, equations (2c)and (2d) to be thecase. Another reasonable Dr \ conjecture in regardto action due log ( 0.00368 space charge wasencountered: Voltage to the (2c) pointed conductorand a grounded was applied betweena metal plate.As the voltage was raised corona filleda conical space that point toward theplate through expands from the and that correspond distances in relationto voltages roughly to thosegiven in the the voltagecrests occur the above table.As log Dr 0.00368 have the space charges andpoint potentials = log r -1- same sign, while thesigns of the (2f) bound chargesinduced in the space charges and. C trode are opposite. grounded plateas opposing elec- + 1 Theconsequence is that the electric'field between intensity of the wherein: the space chargeand the point reduced and thatbetween the has been Dr and rare in inches correspondingly increased. space charge and platehas been C and C" in The outcomemust be that, farads per 1000feet of conductor. voltage is raised,critical electric as the Equation (2f) air between the stress will beencountered in the was applied toone of the corona space charge and theplate beyond curves3 givenby Professor loss -voltageintervening airmust be ionized which the the following Harding's Pasadena1924 paper'trial, this too and renderedconductive.On locations of thespace charge were was found to be thecase.As the voltage obtained: the faintlyluminous cone is raised, rounded base thrust develops, attachedto the point with e forward.Then, as the rise Ky., r. m. Ey. per inch, continues and thegrowth of the of the voltage s. r. m. s. whereat it cone moved its baseto a position swe. to Dr was somewhatnearer the plate, neutral in inches Conductor to Between pointed suddenly extendedfrom the a faint pillar of light space charge electrodes* connecting the point cone to the plate; theair column 140 to plate had been 9.5 14.8 and arcing followed ionized and spark-over 165 12.0 10 with slight furtherincrease of voltage. 220 13.8 10 And so, thus far 18.9 11.6 every plan that has 260 24.1 9.9 ing the existence occurred for authenticat- 300 10.8 9.8 and position ofthe alternating 29.8 10. established andmaintained about space charges *A. I. E. E. 9.8 60 -cycle voltages a conductor incorona due to Standardization Rules,1912. when triedout, has resulted of the understandingas given. in corroboration As a checkupon this understanding H. S. Bates:I should like of the distance of will be any to ask Mr.Hesselmeyer if there charge froma conductor in the space means of accurately corona the following trial to ask also what measuringcorona loss?I wish In front ofa pointed electrode was made: is the bestmethod of preventing of fine wires at a distance of 9.5inches a grid C. T. Hesselmeyer it? was mounted.Alternate wires and J. K. Kostko: connected, thusforming two were electricallyProf. Ryan andMr. Carroll The experimentsof the other. groups of wires eachinterlaced withprove the existence are interesting notonly because they To thegroups, a 20 -volt, dry -cell of a space battery wascon- charge, but alsobecause they nected througha portable galvanometer; suggest experimentalarrangements for voltage was then 60 -cycle alternatingthe distributionof the space a quantitative studyof applied between thepointed conductorandset up equations charge and thefield.It is easy to grounded plate andthe indications of theoretically determining the value of the the galvanometernoted as (Poisson's equation these two elements voltage was raised.The galvanometer and equationof continuity); that no current indicatedsolutions couldonly be obtained but numerical was set up through the airbetween the two by reducing of wires in thegrid until the groupsequations to simplertypes, based these general voltage was raisedto an effective on the results ofa preliminary value of 110 kv.Thereafter the current experimental studyof the problem. of 0.1 microampere increased at the rate In the author's per kilovolt' until the valueof three micro- opinion themost accurate amperes was attainedat 140 kv. ing corona lossesavailable at method of measur- the voltage As a slight furtherincrease of present is bymeans of the high was made, the currentthrough the air between voltage wattmeterdeveloped at - grid wiresrose to eight microamperes. the described in several Stanford Universityand And then, as thevoltage Institutepapers by Mr. Carroll 3. In Fig. 17 of thepaper the losses and others.' In applying theseequations it should be measured with thiswattmeter voltage must be takenat a value sufficiently remembered that theare compared withthe losses to ensure that a fixed above the critical voltage obtained bya very different C is a constant brush pattern has beenformed and the value 3.Power Measurements as presented in the Pasadena of J. S. Carroll, T. at High Voltagesand Low Power 4. paper. F. Peterson andG. R. Stray, Factors, by Corona Losses betweenWires at Extra High 1924, page 941. JOURNAL. A.I. E. E., Oct. Harding, A. I. E. E.JOURNAL, Voltages, by C. F. Some Features and October, 1924, page 932. J. S. Carroll, Improvements on the JOURNAL A. I. E. High -Voltage Wattmeter,by E., Sept. 1925,page 943. 177 DISCUSSION AT PACIFICCOAST CONVENTION Feb. 1926 cyclograms-and the agree-example, suppose in a particular substation, ouroscillograph method-integration of the E -Q records show that the ninth and fifteenthharmonics are pre- ment is remarkably good. dominant.It occurred to me that a resonant shieldmight be As indicated by the theory andconfirmed by experiment harmonics on the loss by setting up a suit-used to resonate out the ninth and the fifteenth (Fig. 8), it is possible to reduce corona substation ground and in that way eliminate most ofthe trouble. able space charge around the conductor,for instance by enclosing Mr. Cone referred to the relatively it does not seem, however, A. A. Williamson: it in a cylinder of a small diameter; greater freedom from inductive interferencethat is usually that this method is suitable forpractical applications; at least circuits are A radical reduction oftheexperienced when both the power and the telephone in the case of a transmission line. Cases sometimes arise, however, where interferenceis transmission frequency would result in areduction of corona loss in cable. advantages, such as betterexperienced between the two classes of circuits whenthey are (Fig. 17), in addition to many other both in cable, and such cases are usually of somewhat morethan regulation, etc. ordinary interest.A very brief reference is made to such a case in the paper and it seems to me that a few words ofadditional POWER DISTRIBUTION ANDTELEPHONE CIRCUITS- interesting. RELATIONS description of the conditions in that case would be INDUCTIVE AND PHYSICAL In this instance, power at 13,000 volts was supplieddirectly (TRUEBLOOD AND CONE) by a three-phase generator, connected in Y and with theneutral SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER18, 1925 have very ablygrounded, to two open -wire circuits, branching and eachsupply- H. S. Phelps:Messrs. Trueblood and Cone ing 13,000 -volt power to a substation.The power company and clearly pointed out the importanceof the type of power - inductive coordination.decided to provide a tie between the two substations and con- distribution system in the matter of cluded that in this case the tie should be of cable. The tiewhen This importance is recognized, and asthe problem is better being given it.It seemsinstalled was approximately1.65mi. in aerial cable, and about understood, more and more attention is The sheath of the underground to me, however, that they have notplaced sufficient stress upon0.7 mi. in underground cable. the characteristicscable was, of course, well grounded, but was not connectedin another equally important feature-namely, any way to the neutral ofthe generators.This cable tie of the telephone system. would he, first, a powerparalleled in its aerial portion an aerial telephone cable. The ideal arrangement, of course, the system without residual currents orvoltages, with the conductors As soon as the tie was energized, interference was noted in very close together.Such a system would be closelyapproachedtelephone circuits.An investigation showed that the sheath by using multi -conductor cable, where allthe current was forced of the aerial power cable was also grounded atintervals with to return in the conductors; second, atelephone system withoutdriven grounds but that these grounds were of ratherhigh the any impedance unbalancein the metallic circuit or admittanceresistance so that the residual charging current flowing into unbalance between the two sides of the circuit toground.Incable sought ground and returned to the generatingstation this desirable telephone system the subscribersset should not through the low -resistance ground afforded by the sheath ofthe require utilization of an unbalanced groundconnection forunderground portion of the cable.Thus the charging current produced ringing.Connecting such an instrument to the systembyflowed through the parallel as residual current and means of a well designed andcarefully installed cable circuit interference.By installing a low -resistance ground on the to a well balanced central -office cordcircuit would likewisesheath of the aerial portion of the power cable, at the end more materially improve the situation. remote from the underground portion, theinduction was very An ideal power system would not producelongitudinal voltagegreatly reduced. The reason for this was that with theadditional in neighboring telephone circuits, and therefore could not causeground in place, the charging current flowed through thecapacity noise in the telephone system, regardless of telephonecircuit of the . wires to the sheath and back over thesheath.Thus, unbalances.On the other hand, an ideal telephone plant would in each part of the parallel, there was a return path forthe not be susceptible to induced longitudinal voltages,and therefore charging current flowing out over the three-phase wires andin- could not he affected by any distribution system during normal stead of acting as a residual current, it became abalanced or abnormal conditions, unless theinduced voltages were of a component.This ease illustrates the effect of residual current magnitude to constitute danger to life or property. in causing induction sometimes of serious magnitude even Since neither ideal system is necessary or practical, it remainswhen both classes of circuit. are in cable. to determine how far either system may depart from the ideal I should like also to cite very briefly a case withwhich I without placing serious limitations and burden on the other.happen to have had intimate contact on the Atlantic Seaboard. In order to ascertain the technical facts underlying this problem, This case illustrates the importance on the induction problem the joint Development and Research Committee of the National of unbalanced load current. flowing in the ground.In this Electric Light Association and American Telephone and Tele-instance, a 4000 -volt, three-phase, four -wire distribution system graph Company has been carrying on work under one of itswith the neutral grounded at the point .of supply, paralleled in projects at Minneapolis for over a year. open -wire construction an aerialtelephone cable.The parallel Although many interesting and useful results have been ob-was about 8000 ft. in length;it was joint construction and at tained,it would he premature to attempt outlining any ofthe end of the parallel more remote from the point of supply to these atthis time.However, it is expected that an interimthe power system, the three-phase, four -wire circuit entered report will he issued in the early spring covering the major underground power cable.At. I hat, point, the neutral wire of the findings of this work. three-phase, four -wire system was connected to the underground '1'11e considerations outlined for coordination of the telephonecable sheath.As the sheath of the underground cable was well circuits with a distribution system apply in the same manner to grounded, it, could be seen that any eurrent in the neutral due to the problem of induction from a lighting system discussed in the unbalance of load between the three phases would return to the potser by U. (1. McCurdy.' power station both by way of the neutraland by way of the

P. I). JennindssI gather from reading this paper and fromground, the division of current in the two paths being in ap- an informal talk with Mr. Cone that. the residual higher har-proximately inverse proportion to the impodatiee of these two monic currents are the one. that give the most trouble. I pat his. should like to ask why resonance shielding on substation ground In thisNISI', 1111`11,S1111,1111,11iSwere made (if the interference on (.11-einim might not take ear,. of most of this trouble.As an party line subscribers' circuits in the telephonecable, and approximately 111111 standard noise units were found litthe sub- I Indlici IC. ,,n from strom-1.1uhttrag Mccurtly, Owing to the excellent cooperation of the ,r I 11, 1 , ocioher. 102f,, p. !ass scribers' receivers. I 7s 1)IScVssInN 1)AcHl' uttAsT (1)N power company \'1.:NTIt Journal le thisease, it Wits IleSSii)iti I.le,.le,. tion to disoonnuot (1111111g theinvestiga- portion. temporarily thepower (table front Mid,Lht,system MI11111111leefret, When thiswas done, the put the aerial Wilieli would make us pritelieithle tramthings current to return li for theunleahtneed load it capable of beingadversely affected. through the I thin', IIuoL if this condition ground, no longerexisted. We bear Iles s., major the induction Under that (.11(111 is the thoughts in mind,first, former value. was reduced toabout.one-third of judge of hisown service requirements, itsond, thatwe have a mutual duty and sec- This easeseems to illustrate they get safe, toward the publicto mi., flint load current very well the effectof unbalanced ltde(1111110 and when it canreturn through Bity of planningwell in advance thee theiii.4.06- power cable with the ground.The use of so that the situationdoes not got the sheathconnected to the out of hand will befully appreciated one of the ways inwhich a path neutral wire isonly the best interests and we shall bepromoting load current may be provided for of the public ingetting these two to return throughthe ground. unbalancedservices. necessary wire of athree-phase four Whenever theneutral F. 0. McMillan: points, this -wire systemis groundedat several Would it not be same opportunityexists and this paper under advisable to includein that it is experience hasindicated the three-phasetransformer connections, usually one ofthe most important reference to boththe primary and some induction standpoint. features froman because of the secondary windingconnections, K. L. Wilkinson: fact that the third-harmonic magnetizing In practicallyall cases and all multiplesof the third harmonic current scribers areusers of electric light telephone sub-transformers are in Y -delta-con fleeted the companies, and power service.Therefore, very nicely cared for whenthe delta coonnection in order toserve these customers is used on eitherside of the areas, must ofnecessity have in distribution S. B. Hood: transformer? proximity to their overheadlines in close In thepaper I note, in the each other.The problems relative ease of tabulation of the mutual ones since arising therefrom coordination of thedifferent systems, they involvethe rendering are without exception, that almost these common of both servicesto the power systemwhich is easiest customers ina safe, adequate ate is the verysystem which the to coordin- manner.It seems tobe now generally and economical Now that power man does notwant to use. problems require appreciated that means that we must have cooperative consideration theseand take.At some place in a cooperative spirit ofgive in order to be by the twoutilities the list is thesystem which is just successfully solved.The advantages good for thetelephone man as operative treatment of this co-is, I don't know. as for the powerman.Just whore it have generallybeen recognized I don't think ithas ever been the country, andthe splendid throughoutwe certainly have to discovered, but utilities in the field cooperation betweenthe operating work in a truecooperative spirit is producingmost satisfactory end. toward that Now, in orderthat these individual results. M. T. Crawford: most successful, efforts in the fieldmay be Mr. Cone refersto the possibility it is desirablethat a.,11 parts of slight ground whichpersists for of a what is goingon in all other parts the countryknow some length of timeas being a of the country very serious source ofinterference when it tion to have madeavailable to them and be in a posi-system. occurs on the primary tion which would all of the dataand informa- shed any usefullight on the I believe that end, some four problem.To this practical experiencewill bear meout that on a years ago therewas organized the grounded -neutralprimary system it Committee of theNational Electric Joint Generalslight ground is almost impossiblefor a Bell Telephone Light Association,and the to persist forany great length of System.This Committee ground on thegrounded -neutral time.The physical relations was to investigate the system is a short circuitand very between electricsupply lines and soon develops intosomething that will tion lines, andto develop principles communica-would be an trip the switchout.That of the operating and practises forthe guidance argument in favorof the grounded companies in solving being superiorfrom the point -neutral systemas their day-by-dayproblems. of telephoneinterference. The Joint GeneralCommittee has at its I should liketo ask Mr. Cone ting experience disposal all theopera- what he considersthe principal of the countryand has, as objection to raisingsomewhat the 5000 Principles and Practises you know, published present observed -volt limitation whichis at for InductiveCoordination of Supply in connectionwith joint -pole Communication Systems. andlight -and-power and communication construction of The principleswhich have been is an old question, circuits.This, of course, developed are nothingnew; but it seemstoday to they are basedon the operating experience inasmuch as thereis here evident assume a new aspect work in coordination in their day-by-day such a willingness of the two systems. Perhaps thedifficulties of joint to cooperate. One of the most over 5000 have been -pole constructionon voltages important, I think, isthe principle of where the distributionwork of the light and tion and the advancenotice. coopera-power companieswas not planned far I thought ofthat particularly enough in advanceto take when Mr. Heinzementioned the growth into account thetelephone and developmentof the company problem. power systems in thedistribution The Puget SoundPower and Light density and of the areas, the increasingloada part of its system Company now operateson fact that nearlyeverybody now hasa tele- a commercial telephonesystem, which phone, andevery telephone must be. taken over inconnection with the was a part of a systemthatpany. purchase of a smallercom- operates throughout theUnited States, On this systemwe have 6600 -volt in any one part so that any one telephoneon our own poles in primary distribution of the countrycan be connected with combination withour own telephone service telephone in the system. any other lines.We have beenable to live such conditions. very well with ourselvesunder If we are goingto have the best and system to supply the most economicalpower L. J. Corbett: people with electriclight and I wish to secondMr. Hood's remarks and if weare to achieve the ideal power, regard to cooperationin spite of the in of universal communicationmade that a suggestion which hasbeen throughout thecountry, itis absolutely wave of propaganda isupon us.

essential that locally and nationallywe establish and maintain I have observedthat the telephone between the two utilities the closestcontacttheoretical part men have studied the in order that thepublic may obtain of power transmissionand 0' ..r'..ution the fullest benefitsof all of our engineering thoroughly.But very few rather experience. knowledge andproblems thoroughly. power men study thetelephone If we did andsuggested to the The Joint General companies how tooperate their systems, telephone Committee, in approachingthe problem,same spirit as that in it might be takenin the established one thingclearly and thatwas that each party should which thepower men receive be the judge of his from the telephonemen as to how they suggestions own service requirements andwhat was nec-systems. might operate their essary to serve his customers.Next to that was the ordination; that is, each duty of co- The ideal party should so conducthis business manner of handlingthe inductive as to be less productive ofadverse influence problem would berealized if the -coordination on the ether system;communication same interests owned boththe system and thepower system.If this were true 179 DISCUSSION AT PACIFICCOAST CONVENTION Feb. 1926 of these fre- determine theor to diminish themagnitudes of the line residuals they would be compelled toget together and quencies, depending upon thelocations of the transformers accurate economic solutionin each case. concerned and the conditions ofgrounding.Of the systems California RailroadCommission. presenting the greatestdifficulties In California we act under the under that lawsummarized in the table, those The order of the commissionis a state law, and which the load currents are more this cooperationin coordination are ones in we are "required tocooperate." We find that important than excitation currents,and, of course, the transformer really works both ways. It is notalways merely doing thatwhich load currents are concerned. we do a littletelephone connections are immaterial, so far as is requested by the telephone company; Mr. Hood and others haveremarked that the distribution engineering ourselves, although notin a very aggressive way. systems classified in the paper aspresenting the greatest facility When the telephone companysuggests coordinating measures, which a power companywould unreasonableof coordination are not those as a rule we put them inwhen it is possible without ordinarily adopt if nothing morethan the distribution of power on the expense. if were involved.Without attempting to pass judgment If, from our standpoint, theydo not appear reasonable, or from the latter standpoint, operating difficulty is involved, ora higherrelative merits of different systems some construction or I believe we should not be surprisedthat a conflict of this ehar- unjustifiable expense is indicated, weraise the question as to This is an essential feature of thesitu- gained by these measures areaeter is found to exist. whether or not the benefits to be ation with which we are confrontedat the present time.'In worth the expense and troubleinvolved.When such communi- -coordination problem largely because officials, the requests are usu-fact, we have an inductive cations reach telephone company types of systems which aredeemed advantageous from one stand- ally modified or dropped. Mr. Hood's inference from law is that public interest comespoint may not be so from the other. The beauty of the California is the situation to which he refersis substantially the same as that first, and the cost of any ofthese coordinating measures arrived at by Mr. Phelps, and I find nodifficulty in concurring reflected in the rate.In this manner the publicis the final the holder of the purse -strings. in it. unifying agent or manager and Mr. Hood has referred to the use ofmultiple grounds on the F. H. Mayer: Mr. Cone raised someobjection to the ground- While stabilization may distribution systems.It is theneutral 'as a stabilization proposition. ing of the neutral return on 4-kv. be the principal purpose in using themultiple -grounded neutral, practise of the Southern CaliforniaEdison Company to ground prevent the setting up throughout the distributionit is unfortunately true that this does not the neutral at numerous points of residual load currents. system to enable the secondaryvoltage to remain somewhere McCurdy's paper, as well as to The In his remarks applying to Mr. near a safe value shouldthe return cable becomebroken. Heinze refers to the question the gap and thus prevent theY that by Mr. Cone and myself, Mr. driven pipes will tend to span of cooperation between thetelephone company and the other connection from straightening out to astraight delta connection. who phases are carefully balancedthereelectric utilities.It is true that most telephone engineers If the loads on the different have had to do with the inductive-coordination problem keep ought not be any communicationdisturbances. cooperation.That is I am sure we can all endorse theattitudeprominently before them the idea of H. M. Trueblood: because it appears to us that no othermethod of approach can be expressed in Mr. Phelps' discussion,namely, that the solution of than it in finding the degree to which successful.While this is more nearly self-evident now the problem consists essentially was some years ago, itis so important that one feels justifiedin ideal systems must be approximated. investigation at Minneapolis laying stress upon the idea.The same thought has been ex- Mr. Phelps' reference to the joint pressed more than once by power engineersin the discussion of should, I feel, include mention of theNorthern States Power Company and the Northwestern BellTelephone Company as these papers. The progress which has been made inthat work Mr. Heinze asks how far the telephone companywill go in this participants. spirit and attitude of the is due in no small degree to the effectivecooperation and assist-cooperative endeavor. As to the general Bell System, I will merely remind youthat for a number of years ance of these two companies. to adapt itself to As regards the suggestion that the paperdoes not lay sufficientit has gone to considerable trouble and expense system, I wish tocircumstances which have arisen because ofsituations of proxim- stress on the characteristics of the telephone That this willingness say that there is no desire toignore this phase of the problem.ity between its circuits and power circuits. dealing with.to cooperate in the fullest waywill be maintained in the future The paper has been presented as one of a group evidenced by the adoption of principles various aspects of power distribution and, as such,it does notseems to be sufficiently and practises by the Bell System and theN. E. L. A., under which purporttodiscuss telephone -system characteristics,except cases are now beinghandled generally throughout the country, and incidentally. by the undertaking of a joint researchinvestigation to determine With reference to Mr. Jennings' inquiry, I know of at least one the fundamental physical and engineeringfactors which enter into case in which the measurewhich I believe he has in mind was The work at Minneapolis In this instance, there were two harmonicsthe inductive -coordination problem. applied successfully. is one project in this general research program,and other projects to be taken care of, the 15th and the 33rd, and twoantiresonant are under way in differentpartsof the country.As to division elements, each consisting of a condenser and an inductance in after the correct engineering parallel, tuned respectively to the frequencies of these twoof cost, it must be recognized that solution of a given case has been found,the question of an harmonics.They were connected in series between the neutral put it into of a 13,000 -volt generator and a grid resistance of lowvalue, equitable division of the expenditure necessary to The exposureeffect will arise.This phase of the problem has so many rami- the other terminal of which was grounded. fications that any attempt to summarize it heremight be mis- involved was about 3 mi. long at a separation of some 30 ft. 1 leading, and a comprehensive discussion would carry usmuch have been informed that effective reductions were obtained in concerned. the noise, previously quite severe, and that the arrangement hasbeyond the field with which the paper is proved satisfactory from a power -operating standpoint. In conclusion, I wish to make it clearthat Mr. Cone and analyze the prob- Mr. McMillan refers to the omission of reference to the effects myself have attempted nothing more than to lem in a preliminary way without going intodetail, and to bring of delta windings.Because of the rather extensive groundout the technical facts known to us as we seethem.Mr. covered in Table I, it was necessary to simplify the table and to attitude. make some selection among the different features that might beMcCurdy, I am sure, would agree with this included.Of course, delta windings on transformers do affect D. I. Cone: Mr. Crawford spoke of theinterference that the magnitudes of the triple -harmonic voltages and currentsarises from accidental grounding of one phase wire.On a three - that appear on the linos; but this effect may he either to increasewire system normally isolated from ground, suchconditions may 11111I''Ise\1I I'lliiIII i.,1 ,C,1 iMrettI for ila) at a time, Joanna! All seittatele or hunger.Tins can lit i pre% tinnedi. aphisall lilt the Other 1011 greiontieel-neutred !Mind %%kit Ulil,alanna ii.,Iut %colas"Itid system thettitalleney the iittrrferrisea. It is meth Indoeti.e Contacts to dui clop nu for such twttrs, 1 tllltl 1411111i tilfrilita accidental laity t11rkar the breakersFrom the and tooliirste the treiteiste Is. eiteivkl)time posiltle rather rIsliie dieueussion by a 111111r. those sakiestit ntnighalitItla Messrst 'rettufterel and('on The dins poleweft will not 1111.U1S' nt Went thatthe loitlid thisintaliti,d,it. ,,tamp) us MillehellAtioin sitrrinitIltingWn atwideutal .eideticnil three singlt pole.units KAMMd eitiltliet lloloodist4 li L pt oteetor The-aistionstin a e lit ceentnet resistance minor great is a (Iv t 11101 11.4-a and resultingground anal 1..o- jM elitIli (hpIt le %rr,f thing yetcal:et- NIr Crawford cumuli. els-signed to gointo the- standard has raisedthe question hole, tt.,..t 'The (*Ai% tt ;i', inmaw oltages thanhas liven of jointuse co Lich, ftof the unitare of aluminum, r 141441can lie ClIntollittry in Ito'Mid. I,% 4,111 art, light a% areIhitt till' ,,r ,ti, Mall N1111j111of condo 1.1 IM r tutu,- 111 Furthermore, IftosoprettulaIs mettle' 1.1111b ill. s0 110 11.1la 111. I.% I j4iiiit 11 1111,1. 111111 h. tomihound t ',mono 1 this.,INtle, Mille :iii eti14n111111'41tii11IN, Ir..ith and ti.,11.11 T. tee of thl'\ I Nntie Ili!, ,11114.1. S,t4.111. I. 111 regardtei the 1i-atodaior. that thereare...UM di., ofcourse, reeicg141t.4 Ibe hi %. rase.it h. ri In 1,. c"tilidletitethe 111 Ih,at:nothingwt put higher %oltagesis the best jttiUlUP.1" of !mac.;at I wurli 1. .14 -kittingthe purpose conditions or engine %Ting ?solution -c'ti-14, Thr %%10,1,thing ri of the is-t a particularproblem and iu to moo the of -1'1% ire,S11111.111.11. bark intoountiuuit) lovingapproved. such easesjointnow i. Will 1.0% sleet,Witt WTI% a. at thatNet\IV.' the only%ft)%lb.. ran Mr. ( 'rawford 111111 a 1.1'ilt1110111111.11Nita IN also statedthat his to just tiebar,- le c.s.01,-,,, It, :nip I: down a combinationpower and telephonecompany hail late imequired lemur lines operating distribution l'rieet'cult\ 11..\11111. sill at MOO volts. syste in with the agree t hat ife had It 14/110 been encouraging Our expe %%,111111 cr putill a II -C. urtsurk. t.r as to the conditions }MA not VI's hilt.-it, but wheel obtain it, such of noise andluttard that are as. going to dowith it?If we at tempt circumstances. networkice lire OollfrOlited to (doings. toan is -e. The -re are, of %%lib the (Mist eourse, differeneesof opinion ill ettst4nitel.', equipment, of changingover the question of protection re-speet to the w hie!. will beso high in sonic I from the hazardsof power the interestand other eases that wishto suggest, first, distribution. ficed chargesto. Dint that highervoltages are 1111/rethan carr il41111111011i111 C.111111.w111 ployed in distribution ordinarilyem- the high1101,1.1-s iu for longer 11111' the- d -e. network second, that this distances andlarger loadsand, 'N111011111 isbeing usedtee bring the 1101st -cur, inevitablymeans either extraordinary %er\ close to those economics e,f the (Fe be prevent hazard measures of the v,,,rk, the and impairmentof service SIIWZiot lime of uutimintie standards.It is our view or else lowered The automatic.SlilitittillonI ice, that advanceplanning will enable saintt%, lir of distribution primarilythe to avoid to a greatextent the necessity us as the ,\ stein; of jointuse at the higher voltages to theeomerting stations that I., high °Rages.Meanwhile,any specific situation bulion. and low-voltnefor that ariseswe are The annunatie elirtri- more than ready toconsider. A real analysis substation is reliableand economical, Mr. Corbett has of the problemwill often show described the workingout of cooperative, to hold to the d-e. network, that it is letter consideration of specificcases in California. reinoi the emu.. litrated As he states,theoperated stations,and distrileu manual!) eest results are obtainedwhen thee re -actions iWt11eirk to a large t4' that l'4i11% ersitaipower acct of proposedmeasures number ofSilltill Poll\ are thoroughly consideredby both parties. ing extremely ersion stations.approach- from the study of these Suggestions arising close, to thetransformers on the problems by thepower engineers in losses andother factors a -c. network rordially welcomed.I think it fair are, problem. which cone- intothe distribution together in California to say that theworking is not merelya matter of compliance Henry Richter: regulations buta realization that it is with In consideringwe. scoondar.% power and communication the rationalway fir theit is well torecognize that the utilities to solve thc United network s) -steins Mr. slayer's discussion these problems. Electric Lightand Pcmer Co. mentioned ley brings out thefact that thereare con-t'ityand also those as used in NewYork flicts to be adjustedbetween the requirements mok. in New Orleansuse triple -pole tion and of the communica- network nits ,.xetio,idy,and that similar auto- power distributions andthat the degree network units will s. sieilis and from multiple grounding of detriment shortly be inoperation in Lbillas. depends upon severalfactors in theKnoxville, andAtlanta. Memphis, layout of the systems.Mr. Mayer's point as the load Minneapolis willinstall these multiple grounds about theuse of grows, preparatoryto forming units on the primary neutralfor stabilization comprise all the a network.These also been broughtout by Mr. Hood. has companies thathave completed While recognizingthatconstruet a networklike that of Fig. or started to accurate balance of loads units. 2, using atitioniatie in might prevent detrimentalinduction network communicationcircuitsso longas present, we, must not allphasesare, In practicallynone of the installation, overlook the factsthat setting in these shies, up andspace might permitsingle -pole units a here continuously maintainingsuch close balanceis not a simple tic lie installed,has it been matter and that necessary to add to thedimensions elf exposures often occur Whereonly one- or new manholes in phase wiresare involved. two-accommodate thetriple -pole network order to manholes, or inlarge unit; ur beconstruct new old ones, dueto any extra because single -puleunits were not space required OPPORTUNITIES ANDPROBLEMS IN THE up space in an existing at ailable: orecen to take ELECTRIC vault that couldlee ill spared. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMI works are These net- considered justifiableonly (BLARE) where the loads illheavily loadedareas are too great to le,supplied in the SEATTLE, WASII1NUTON, manner.Three-phase single-phase C. E. Carey: SEPTEMBER18, 1925 transformer banksare 1 wish to discussone or two details in Mr.rule, ranging insize from three. Ile -re -fore the Blake's paper.He mentions primarily formers up to '2:i -k\ -a.single-phasetrans- the single -polepro- three 100-kv -a.transformers. tective, unit.Ile goes into detailand attempts to and buildingvaults to accommodate The manholes the justification of establishgrowth of load, such bunks.to allow fur the multiplicity ofparts.However, the to ensureuu excessile question of single-phase permit proper temperatures, andto or single -pole units cannot beseparated racking andIlnuiuttwanee of from the whole network.Personally, I believe that such size thatthere is no lack cables, must ltiCof unit is the real the multiple of wallspace for a triple solution. We haveseen that there are certainnetwork unit.It is customary -pole state laws requiring that to 14K -cute, this uniton the wall we open the entire circuit,rather thanopposite that alongwhich the three, and close to transformers areplaced. 1.Abridged in A.I.E. a corner of themanhole,. E. JoURNAL, December,1925,p.1355. having three-phase In existingmanholes -Complete copies In pamphletform only. banks formerlypart of a radial anti secondarysystem, the triple -pole primary network unitscan usually 181 Feb. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST CONVENTION the large secondaryholding the cover on the triple -pole unit is negligible.The be put into the space formerly occupied by aluminum cover of the triple pole unit can be handled by one junction boxes.In most cases, this space is not otherwise useful, for the network systems employing theseautomatic net- man without difficulty. work units are so simple that nothing else is necessaryin the The design of the single -pole unit to permit easy removal manhole besides the transformers with or withoutsmall re-of the panel from the housing when it is desired to make re- Further, it is an er-pairs at the shop follows the identical idea that is incorporated actors, the cables and the network unit. Similarly, right from roneous idea that single -pole networkunits, particularly in ain the triple -pole network unit design. submersible housing, can be made so tiny that they canbe in-the start, fuses have been installed on the panel of the triple - stalled in any odd corners of a manhole.The desirability ofpole unit, in series with the outgoing leads, to make a separate giving them proper maintenance makes such procedurefarfuse box unnecessary.These last two points, therefore, do not from advisable even if they were so small. apply exclusively to single -pole units. If it is desired to have the leads to the secondarymains leave The paper claims that the single -pole unit conforms with the the triple -pole network unit horizontally, to eitherside, it ismethod of single -pole switching inherited from the radial system extremely simple to provide a small terminal boxwhere theof distribution.In a properly designed three-phase network outgoing leads emerge from the top of the submersiblehousing. system single -pole switching is no longer necessary and may This small box can have wiping nipples mountedhorizontallybe abandoned.In a radial system it is better to have some at either side.The extra bend in the cable is thus eliminated.light than no light, when trouble occurs on a feeder, and hence However, in none of the cities enumerated has this been neces-the value of single -pole switching. Networks are designed so sary.Seven and a half feet is an average height forthese that in no case will trouble on any feeder cause interruption of transformer manholes as determined by good subway con-any service fed from the secondary network. Amongsuch struction practise and even with a triple -pole network unit fortroubles there must always be included the putting out of a bank of three 100-kv-a. transformers thereis no cramping ofservice of all three conductors of a feeder, either by phase -to - cables entering and leaving the housing. phase short circuit in a three -conductor cable, or, where three When the triple -pole network unit was being designed,itsingle -conductor primary cables are in the same duct, by the was recognized that the submersible housing must passthroughmelting down of all the conductors by a severe fault to ground a certain minimum -size manhole opening.A country -wideon one of them.It may even be necessary to provide for the survey was made and it was learned thatthe great majoritypossibility of a manhole fire taking two feeders out of service of companies have adopted 35 -in. diameter round as thesmall-simultaneously.Thus, there is no necessity in complicating est opening for transformer manholes in existing or contem-the system to get the insurance that goes with keeping two plated construction.Apparently this minimum was governedof the phases in service when the third goes out.One large by the dimensions of 100-kv-a. single-phase subway trans-company even plans to use three-phase regulators on three- formers.Accordingly the triple -pole units of all sizes were de-phase feeders serving an important network, and some are signed to pass through a 35 in. diameter round opening.Inthinking of using triple -pole oil -circuit breakers at the station none of the six network cities mentioned, and togethertheyand three-phase distribution transformers where these can be are typical of all other cities, will it be necessary to rebuild thepassed through the existing manhole openings. opening of any manhole to permit the unit to pass through; The paper overemphasizes the importance of manhole installa- and careful investigation shows that in none of the cities wheretions.While the difficult conditions encountered in manholes three-phase networks are being considered for the future willmust be met and are being met, it should be remembered that of there be any difficulty in this regard. a total of over 600 triple -pole network units that will be in opera- If it becomes necessary to rack cables along the wall back oftion by the end of this year, less than one third will be in the network unit, it is just as easy to mount the triple -polemanholes. unit on a pipe framework braced to the wall as for the single - Three single -pole units have three operating mechanisms in pole unit, since the two types are not very different in depth.place of one for the triple -pole unit, and this means more parts However, just as with junction boxes, subway oil -circuit break-to maintain.Three units together have more surface to gasket ers and such apparatus, electric service companies do not con-than a triple -pole unit, which gives more chance for water to sider this good practise in manholes.In only one case has aleak in with any given type of construction.Three units also company mounted on a transformer tank a piece of auxiliaryoccupy a greater total space in the manhole, and every cubic apparatus of such size as a single -pole network unit might be,foot is valuable.When the design of automatic network and there the conditions are unlike those anywhere else in theunits was first under consideration, all these factors were weighed country.In general, the place for such equipment is against aand the single -pole type was abandoned as inferior to the triple - wall. pole type. Where subsurface conditions make it impossible to build a The simplest method of ensuring stable operation of regula- manhole for three transformers at any particular location intors on feeders operating in parallel on a network' does not require the street on a main thoroughfare, three solutions have beenany extra apparatus such as the transformers T and reactors X of found to be applicable: (1) obtain a vault in the basement of aFig. 3.It employs only a transfer switch, corresponding to building; (2) install a manhole under the sidewalk, or (3) locate switch S for each feeder.This scheme was given a thorough the manhole in the street as close to the desired location astest on the network system of the United Electric Light and possible.In almost no case has it been impossible to use onePower Company, where it originated, and was shown to be of these methods.Where the third method must be employed,entirely satisfactory. the distance from the most desirable location is usually so One of the greatest problems in connection with secondary short that the cost of the extra length of duct line is small com-networks is the type of combined light and power secondary pared with the extra cost of three smaller manholes over onesystem to employ.Mr. Parker has blazed the trail in an effort larger one.It is also doubtful whether city authorities willto devise some scheme whereby the advantages of the com- permit subsurface obstruction at three neighboring points. bined system may be obtained and the disadvantages of the The triple -pole network unit for manholes is constructed star connection avoided.It cannot be too strongly urged that with a window of heavy, wired glass, amply strong, in thecover;others follow in his steps.However, it must be pointed out this makes inspection of the principle parts easier than by takingthat the translator scheme may introduce disadvantages that off the cover of a single -pole unit.If it is necessary to get atoutweigh those of the simple four -wire, star system, and these the parts inside, the time to remove the few extra boltsor lugs 2. Described in theElectric Journal, July, 1025. 182 OlscUSSION AT PACIFIC. COASTCONVMNTIoN disadvantagesplay So halIdicial)lo Journal A. I. work ideaas to result in 110111101)111oIll, orthe net- a loss to allconcern' ,d. half the annualcost of a d -e. system In the starsystem of Fig. and hardly lessthan so the motor 4 the onlyvoltage unbalance per cent of the (mold Ofan a -c. radial systwu. terminals is causedby unbalance at 1/14.11 0111.0ked These ratios haVoi ary mains due to of load in thesecond- independently by theengineers of live large varying sizesof the loads tems.I knee,we would be deeeiving sys- the street.This unbalance as encountered along ourselves as to thecoo- may be reduced noinie value of thetranslator schemefor amount byme in connecting to a negligibleelements of additional itintroduces such two -wire andthree -wire services cost as would wits,out the balance on alternate phases. in favor ofIL -0. networks. now scheme it is From the analysisof the translator evident that itmay easily result The control ofinnItiple street lamps balances of atleast 10per cent at the in voltageun- stant -current or pole -mounting,con- the sameper cent voltage motor terminals.For transformers supplyingseries streetlamps, by unbalanceon a motor as means of carrier currentover the primary feeders, voltage reduction,both the heating per centa great step ahead. will represent affected to and startingtorque are One company hastried out such a worse degree inthe ease of the but the operationhas been faulty a system, the effecton motors would be unbalance.Hence poles are of suet) and the relayunits on the than by operating worse with the translatorscheme nature as to be relativelyexpensive. them at 199volts on a 115/199 sender at thesubstation is also The connected secondary. -volt star- pany has developed complicated.Another com- Adding extra a simpler form of relayunit, and tests transformerson other phases number of these,equivalent to at least of a balance of voltage to obtain a better a full year's service,have where powerloads are frequent proved them satisfactory.This relay unit is increases the numberof transformers not onlyand inexpensive. compact, substantial calls for larger on the system, butalso The sender unit isalso simple and or more manholesto house them. built. strongly materially cut downthe savings in This would M. T. Crawford: by the diversity transformer capacitygained Mr. Blake'spaper refers toa method that networkingmakes possible. shown in Fig. 5of which the title Where the 115/199 duction Regulator is "New Connectionof In- -volt star -connectedsecondary system Circuits to Eliminate employed it hasbeen necessaryto use auto is I think Iam correct in stating Circulating Currents." more than 15 to 20 -transformers on notrecently by this connectionhas been used per cent of the motorsconnected to the our company inour new Union Street in order to supplysatisfactory voltage. systemand has proved substation load equal to half On the basis ofpower very successful in regulating4500 -volt feeders the lighting loadthese auto -transformers in a multiple -feednetwork. sent less than 7per cent of the capacity repre-with it has been One practical pointin connection of the secondary that somemeans has been found If the translators,equivalent in capacity system. automatically disconnect desirable to of the secondary to the total capacity the regulatorcontrol circuiton low system, causean increase of investment voltage, so thatregulators will not aging 10 percent of the entire aver-different positions assume, during systemtrouble, distribution system after fluctuations.I mean by that auto -transformersnecessary to ensure cost, thecircuit comeson the transmission if a short motors on a star satisfactory operationofthe system network, and thevoltage of system involvean increase in as a whole oscillatesback and forth, less than 0.7per cent. investment ofvery low values for brief perhaps reaching moments, there isa tendency for the The unbalance ofcurrent for the regulators to attemptto follow these lighting load requires case of power load halfthe down.By the time voltage variationsup and that the wirecarrying the maximum matters have settled rent in the translator cur-the regulatorsare in one position down again,some of system use about 60per cent morecopper and some in another,due to than for the starsystem.It would be highly their slightlydifferent characteristics. proportion the size inadvisable to times in tripping That has resultedat of the three-phasewires in the out of networkswitches on the scheme accordingto the loads in translatordistribution systemdue to reverse flow underground those wires, becausethe sizes of power for brief would have to bechanged from block from one feeder intoanother where the periods and this would to block allover the system,slightly different. voltage conditionswere complicate the systemeven more than by adding By the simpleexpedient of providing the translators.Hence all secondary voltage releaseon the regulator control a low - wires would beas heavy circuit, this troublehas as the largest one, andthis might been eliminated.The operatorat the substation the total amount mean a 60 per cent increaseincontrol circuit after can reset the of secondarycopper required. Where the system hasquieted down to cir. milcopper is taken as the 500,000- The translator normal. largest size, theextra copper referred to isa very clever development. would in manycases require a second main Puget Sound The and duct.To these Power and LightCompany's underground extra costs must beadded those of the tribution system dis- translators, value ofman- employs single-phase,three -wire mains hole space theywould occupy, and lighting and alternateblocks with for losses in secondariesand longitudinal alleysare placed translators.Eventheseven -wire, separate -light on alternate phases,so the first alley is secondary system would -and -poweralley on another, on one phase, the second not cost more and-would be simpler. and so on.By that method The increase in costdue to all these items relatively well the phasesare might easilyovercome balanced at thesubstation.In places, any saving gained bycombining power and recently installeda fourth wire paralleling we have defeat the very light mains andphase mains to the single-phase,three- purpose of the translator scheme. provide smallpolyphase service. If the electric service been three-phase,four -wire mains The result has companies want to in each alleysimilar to the fewest number of inconvenience theones referred to by Mr.Blake, and the customers using a star-connected system,same phase relation respective alleys inthe they will adopt the115/199 -volt three-phase as those shown in hisdiagram. the polyphase motor system, as only The translator, users will be affected.In the fewcases therefore, inour case offers something where tests showinsufficient voltage, the forward to asa possibility of to look formers can be employed simple auto -trans-three sets of secondary permitting interconnectionof the to boost the voltage.In Memphis, mains forpurposes of phase balancing a 115/199 -volt system ofthis kind has been load protectionifit should be or in operation forthe addition of found desirable.However, over ten years and thecustomers are entirely apparatus is alwaysto be very closely Rochester, for several satisfied.Inand its necessity scrutinized, years, light and power loads inlarge build- must be provenbefore it is added, ings downtown have pler a system is,the better the as the sim- been supplied by 120/208-volt transformer service will alwaysbe. banks in the basementsand, even though A. H. Kehoe motors up to 40 h.p. (communicated afteradjournment): are connected at the end oflong risers andno auto -transform-ing Mr. Blake'sdiscussion of single Regard, ers are employed, the a -c. subway network -pole versus three-pole customers praise the service. switches I considerthe proper switch It must be recognizedthat for most systems use is the one whichwill give minimum to an a -e. networkperiod. cost over an extended system, even though fed at13,200 volts is just The cost of revising a little less thannegligible on the a few existing locationswill be total installationcost.Tripping and closing CONVENTION 183 Feb. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST reference to major item of cost and I fail to find in the translator description any elements in these switches represent a the use of this connection on certain distributiontransformer single -pole units will nearly triplethis cost for each installation. If such a naturally will be less in a three -secondaries to join and supply the different mains. Space, that is, cubical contents, device ever has a practical application I believeit will be neces- pole unit than in three single units.These conditions seem to be adopted generally.sary to make it up in such a form, ratherthan as an auto -trans- make the three -pole unit the one to former, owing to cost and losses involved.Mr. Blake's state- However, I do not favor certain of theexisting three -pole switches If the principalment that each section of secondary mains on aY -connected of the so-called "battleship"construction. in accord with the installation advantages set up by Mr.Blake for single -polesystem is not likely to be well balanced is not purpose of adopting polyphase distribution.In some existing switches be used as specifications forthree -pole switches, none due to need be considered except theinstallations a certain amount of unbalance may exist of the latter's many advantages the utilization having been designed for three -wire,single-phase greatly reduced cost. service, but new installations are easily balanced andit is only Under operating advantages there areseveral references to physical location or for opera-in districts where growth of loads occur that anyconsiderable separating the phases either in the amount of three-phase, four -wire mains are likely to beinstalled. tion of the transformers.I believe this is a case ofconfusing what can be done with what is likely tobe done.It is possible D. K. Blake: Mr. Carey questions the applicationof the to separate phases in threetransformer vaults but it isprobable single -pole switch.Mr. Richter's discussion also differed as that one vault three times as longwill be cheaper and better ifto the application of the single -pole switch.It is recognized polyphase load is to be supplied.The system of polyphasethat the objection to the multiplicity of units formaintenance is secondary distribution is primarily forbetter universal utili-valid.It is also recognized that a number of largecompanies zation of electric service, as methods ofbalancing are now suc-will be able to utilize building and sidewalk space and,there- cessful without it.However, that balanced polyphaseloadsfore, for these places the triple -pole switch ispreferable.In are desirable at all points on asystem, is a design axiom.All the synopsis of the paper is this statement:"The circum- progress up to this timepoints to polyphase rather than single- stances which make single -pole switching preferable areout- phase distribution transformers forultimate use. If the stand-lined."It was my impression that there was a similar state- ard three -wire, single-phase system istaken as analogous toment in the text, but on reading it over I noticethere is not, the polyphase system, it is evident that twosingle-phase, two -and, therefore, some wrong conclusions might be drawnbe- wire transformers could be placed in separatetransformer vaultscause of this omission.In his discussion Mr. Richter seemed supplying a three -wire system.This is not likely to be found,to deny that these circumstances exist at all.'He mentioned however, in standard practise as all thecapacity is found in onethe cities where the large switches are being used.I agree with unit and a vault is built to take this largerunit, as this designhim that the triple -pole switch is preferable in these cities with gives minimum cost.I believe similar conditions will hold asone exception.Mr. Richter's references to the design of the the polyphase system develops. switches indicates he misunderstood the paper. No exclusive Concerning the operating situation with radialdistribution, thefeatures are claimed.To include all of these features in a triple - single -pole substation switches had economicaladvantages whichpole switch presents serious difficulties which are expensive to could be charged to reliability.Since, in network distribution,overcome.The operating advantages of single -pole switching there must he, and is always, sufficient reserve oneach phasemay be questionable.Some engineers believe it desirable. to allow for a failure of that phase, in each localitywhere it exists Mr. Richter mentions that the transfer switch shown in the it is certain that the remaining phases will havesufficient re- Electric Journal, July 1925, corresponds to switch S shown in serve capacity to be eliminated in case offault.Such operationFig. 3 of my paper.Switch S is a single -pole auxiliary switch does not have any effect upon service which can beequatedwhereas the transfer switch consists of four auxiliary switches against the increased cost, when the money, if necessary,could or else one auxiliary switch tocontrol an electrically operated he expended to obtain an increased reserve upon all phases so double -pole double -throw switch.The cross -connected scheme that the particular phase in trouble would benefit by having ais not as simple in its operation.All regulators are not ad- greater reserve.I doubt whether single -pole network switchesjusted at the same time according to the amount of circulating are proper even with those systemsalready operating- withcurrent passing through them but adjustment is obtainedin three single -pole switches on four -wire, 4000 -volt service, as new a sequence.Mr. Kehoe's statement that the proposed con- load will cause a higher voltage supply to be used than 4000nection does not "give proper voltage under all conditions" volts.It is possible to superimpose the new load on to theis not clear to the author.The line -drop compensator in each existing system and avoid the double transformation which isfeeder maintains constant voltage at the load center with vary- otherwise required. ing load.The impedances of the feeders may be different, Mr. Blake describes a method of cross -current compensationsome feeders may be long and someshort.The proposed con- as the "most promising."It is, however, neither simpler nornection, by substituting a phase shifter at T, can also be used easier of installation than others now in use.The several suchwith three-phase regulators which is not true of other connec- connections should be given consideration before applying a definite arrangement to a particular system.The method de-tions now in use. scribed makes constant current and power factor the major I want to thank Mr. Crawford for telling us of his experience considerations, while constant service voltage becomes a second-with the new regulator connection. We shall have to learn ary one.Constant and correct service voltage is one of thesomething about the operation of this connection on the systems most important elements in the business.While the networkwhere we use the sensitive reverse -power relay.I am glad to insures reliability and better voltage regulation than on radiallearn that Mr. Crawford has found a simple way of correcting systems yet this latter should not be compromised unnecessarily. the trouble. It seems to me to ho preferable to design the system for proper It is not evident to the author why the translator system "may balance of load and have the regulating equipment give propereasily result in voltage unbalances of at least 10 per cent at the voltage under all conditions.The connection proposed doesmotor terminals."The translator system is simply the tying the opposite.Applying such a connection to a number of longtogether of four -wire combined light -and -power mains which feeders on an extended network makes other connections prefer- are supplied by delta -connected transformers.The unbalance able (Inc to the voltage variation under the ordinary load shifting.on these mains is duo to the lighting load on onephase and since It should be noted that a distribution network does not simu- this is limited to 3 per cent regulation that is also the extent of late a bus in respect to voltage or to concentration of load asthe unbalance on a 230 -volt circuit.Heavy power loads are indicated in Fig. 3 of the paper. usually supplied with individual transformer banks and, there- IN I I)IS4 SNi4)\ \(li 4 IWNT t'44\l'ATI4\ Ills ion+ ii,t1 I I. 11"1 " f: "I," I" 141.1".'1' in'''. l 'burliest, oil le,translator imililbolt's it !h. The translat ?b,1,ibb tun, -not h.1,,, tt gy.,(4,111 lir,\'11.111 I hill15 it hig plait t /1,4111h, be tt 1111 I/111 !lir enitittillh t right dirt ono,' Of OW 1011('`I single-ciiiiilitchii Thi- triad&111 11,t 1.111 N^ ila, tits. thatits. did not hat.it III 1"Itogt11"11t ljt 111.1101144.. Thum., hittS I 1111 HUN II.1% nil iii cliiinged front teunl,l nut hut 1111111,11,11,1 111(lek141 WIWI% but 1,, hr Nil his rnuflun111, loud dili , Nu111t1Iii wt, Tilt' uniform oilr I 1,,day dull lit, idtimith1,11,1, a' Ow ,iffir,,,,that haul equalinghalf Ihr lighime ii. N ill lull huh the wire load IIAlluuld I.. translator ff.,.,.,"fif rtitlit1"11I hill%0It'it a .2310 t1.11 systtlis use about Iht NylitVilli ofo Ile I alt star 31 per0111I is sit. 1'111111,1'h d `AVM irtrtil,1141* Ihnll ri,1* iturn Si II,- lif till 1111.CIAOas guilt lb) Mr. Amigo thatems be made in that ru(((es.(. \tr. 11:,elmerefers to Richter. partieutio so I In siicli using transformer ot her hand, byadopting It higher tIe. it connection isslim\ II seeorularies. iii inn) Own silljusiiiply, deltaeltaeb fur III,Ism, I. mg, III I, licre%itli. iv h.qn our load utilizing fourY-eonnect that and beeom. hiiii r, have S. village ilti1.1. fur tilt that I. 115 of

R. E. Cunningham: \'olts I is MO Iii happens when their ithli Mr. Crawfordwind have had primary phase %%irefalls on theground. We J 2.30 Volt. 5411111e very s.v iuus 11.1111cxptvtsiae wires has(' talk!,lin accidents;our primary, 5 Voltbi the ground andlain there we discos (Ted them,and in the softie time before sr us, taking cure of ineantina eausedtroubles.To that feature andfully protecting FIG. 1 more important than the public is possibly savingulitIC emulsion ground return. copper by usinga standard distribution transformers.The main Our state lawrequires that where this system isthat it is tied objection toas 11-kv. and I 5-kv. the highervoltage lines such it. necessary up with the primary circuits areparalleling telephone to provide twotriple -pole feeder makingand becomegrounded, we toll lines tection.The translator network switchesfor pro- ground is cleared. must di,coe inuethe service until is independentof the primary From the hazard the The fourthtransformer is greater voltage.a practise \N ith to the public ithas become lator and in kv-a. ratingthan the trans- us, oven tilting,' itdues not parallel ver,y muchmore expensive in to pull off thecircuit until the a toll line, 11,000 -voltprimaries. case of 13,200 -voltorconnected system ground is cleared.On a delta- The fourthtransformer WO have ground located in thesame manhole with shouldbewhen our circuitis on the detectors whichwill showus translator the otherthree while thesystem such ground, butwith a Y -connected may be located whereconvenient. as the 4-kv. we ing load is supplied Part of the light-Mr. Crawford are still hunting forthe answer. If from open -deltaconnections. could, 1 wish hewould give has been andwhat is the us what his experience cases where the accepted practiseof takingcure of DISTRIBUTIONTO SUPPLY primary wire fallson the ground. INCREASING LOAD We have onlyrecently begun DENSITIESI switches having the use ofautomatic reclosing (CRAWFORD) installed twosmaller substations equipment on the4-kv. outgoing with such SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, lines.We arbitrarily 18, 1925 the practise ofreclosing the first adopted C. A. Heinze:Mr. Crawford second time, time after 2-sec. interval, the density in his assumes as an ultimate 15 sec. and thethird time 30 residentialareas approximately loadcircuit still remains sec.If the short mi.He has used 6250 kw.per sq. on the circuit, the some figures that apply would like toknow what Mr. switch then locksout.I which possiblymay not apply to apparently toSeattle,regard. Crawford's practiseis in that -houses per block, other cities.The numberof and the, numberof blocks L. R. Gamble:I note that those are localconditions. per square mile-system somewhat Mr. Crawfordhas planned his flats to single The ratio ofapartment houses and in theway the telephone residences determinesthe load density planning theirsystems for the engineers have been dentialconsumers. for resi- past severalyears. Studies of theconditions as they seemed to me thatit was a It always Los Angeles showthat it is reasonable exist infew companies very good scheme.However, very densities of 2500 to expect futureload today are doingthat thing, kw. per sq. mi.for single residences, future. planning for the per sq. mi. for flatsand 19,000 kw. 6000 kw. .Regarding the houses. per sq. mi. forapartment matter of diversityin load, The actual loaddensity in circuits, 1 noteMr. Crawford on distribution determined by the any square mile willbe residence. has arrivedat 1600 watts ratio between thedifferent classes. In accordancewith tests per A fewyears ago the Commonwealth National Electric now being made bythe Edison Companyof Light Association,on the Electric Chicago had alreadyexperienced in the Committee of whichI am the Range density of 75,000 Loop districta load engineer in charge kw. per sq. mi.,and was preparing the data andmaking the of collecting all load density in for a future reports, we have this same area of200,000 kw. per figure on ourmore or less superficial arrived at a similar The great majority sq. mi. tests.The 1600 watts of papers presentedat this convention residence is on thebasis of about per to do with Y haveaccount the diversity 150 residences,and takes into -connecting thepresent 2300 -voltsystems in order so that in considering to get a higherfeeder voltage. work such a distribution net- Personally I thinkthat we are as Mr. Crawfordhas considered wrong in stopping at thisvoltage. We should probably fai.'lyclose. here, the figureis some authors have intimated go higher.Whileis going to be However, in radiosystems, that figure in their papersthat if they somewhat higher start over they would were tosmaller for a smaller as time diversityfactor will be to me the probably adopt highervoltages, itseems number ofresidences. sooner we adopt the highest I have beenmore or less a ing future load practical voltageconsider- dyed-in-the-wool radial densities, the easierour future distributionnot particularlyliked the network fan.1 have problems are goingto be. system.As time Certainly we do notwant our sys-however, itseems that due to goes on, tems growing largerand larger with the varied schemes improvements inapparatus, and reach a time when lower voltages, andthen in working outdifferent problems we have to change to network systemfor the higher in practise, the not do the changing a higher voltage. Why -density loads isthe coming at the time when thesystem is small? No doubt it isin underground system. One thought thatseemed to run through there seems to systems, but inoverhead systems, all the papers isthat me to have beensome sort of question. 1.A. I. E. E. JOURNAI There is onequestion I wanted , October, 1925, p. 1063. ing out his to ask Mr. Crawford. system for thefuture, he figures In lay- that he will nothave CONVENTION 185 Feb. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST material changes as the load grows.water system.In this particular ease, the water system was to rebuild or make any very connected to the transformer cases throughthe transformer- Considering this, does he use the butt -treatedpole? Of course, I eooling system.The gas main was connected to the watermain realize in asking this that not only does thebutt of the pole de- the time of an sometimes the top is also subject tothrough the automatic water heater and at cay in certain localities, but electrical failure on the 60-kv. switching rack theground current rot. that flowed through the water heater was sufficientto destroy There is one other point, and that isregarding trees.By the extension of the primaries to a considerablelength and inter-the heater coil. subjecting his line to It may be possible that this water system alsohad insulated lacing them as Mr. Crawford does, he is -pipe considerable.All distributionsections.At any rate, it only goes to show that water tree interference which is very grounds are not always reliable. engineers and power men realize thedisadvantage of trees, and, the "city -beautiful" idea, which M. T. Crawford:I have been very much pleased at the so long as we are going to have evident appreciation of the policy of looking intothe future as luckily a great many cities have not yetadopted, our troubles far as possible.I believe it is a fundamental responsibility will be ever increasing. managements of Digressing a little from Mr. Crawford's paper,there is onefor us, as engineers, to do this, inasmuch as the distribution engineersour respective companies rely on usto a large extent in con- subject which should be of interest to nection with making heavy investments which are notreadily and that is the painting of poles.An engineer is an artist to in the negative sense.The ideachanged. a certain extent; probably Mr. Gamble raised a question in regard to the use ofnetworks is that he should be able to put these polesin the streets and of the pictureas a general principle.That seems to me one of the funda- paint them such a color as to paint them out Five years Of course, we don't all paint our poles.Inmental necessities if we are to build for the future. instead of into it. Light Company installed an some places it is required byordinance.But I think we oughtago the Puget Sound Power and a -c. low -voltage network in the Seattleunderground district, never to paint a pole a pea-greencolor. principle F. H. Mayer:It has been found in designating electricalwhich was the first one in the country to employ the is more practicalof power -directional relay protection forinterconnecting trans- grounds for substations and power houses that it of mains. to ground non -current -carrying structuresby means of a net-formers on different feeders on the same system than toAfter these years of operation, we have felt that it isjustified, work, supplemented by one or two ground electrodes, in connec- ground the various structures by numerous electrodes. and therefore, the network principle was considered A well designed grounding ,system must serve twogeneraltion with future plans for the residential areas. We had in mind building a distribution networksomething functions - similar in principle to a fishnet, which might be suspended at a 1. It must be designed so that its operator can comein contact with any non -current -carrying structurewith safetycertain elevation above the floor.As various articles were thrown on this fishnet, tending to sag it down at certainpoints, at any time, and supports in the form of wire or rope from the ceilingcould be 2.It must permit of continuity of service. The .safety feature is accomplished by the metallic network,installed near those points, which would bring it back tolevel. because a condition is approached similar to that of a stationThey correspond to feeders from the substation, running outto that is constructed on an immense metallic plate, thus tendingtap the network where the load is heavy, bringingthe voltage to keep, the potential gradient at the time of an electricfailureof the network up to the normal value. to practically zero.The control of the potential gradient Mr. Heinze referred to Dr. Ryan's prediction of onekilowatt permits of the grounding of 220-kv. transformer neutrals andper capita and interpreted that toresult in approximately cases to the network with absolute safety to the operators. 19,000 kw. per sq. mi., and compared it with the 6250kw. per The continuity of service is brought about by a more reliablesq. mi. load density mentioned in this paper aspresently to be relay performance and due to the fact that there is a low -resistance anticipated load. path from any part of the structure there is no tendency for I think that it should be borne in mind that the onekilowatt high -voltage current to pass- through the control board or otherper capita or 19,000 kw. per sq.mi. includes downtown com- vital parts of the station. mercial loads, industrial power, and other loads in thecity, So far as local failures are concerned the network suffices.whereas the figure of 6250 kw. in the paper refers solely tothe However, if failures occur foreign to the station, the groundresidential -lighting and domestic load.In the same areas current returns to the station transformer neutrals through the 13,000 -volt loop feeders are run for large industrial power earth and finally is picked up by the electrode that supplementscustomers and as stated in the paper, their loads are notin - the network, or if an overhead ground wire is used some of the eluded in this load -density figure.Data are being collected current will return over it. now by the a -c. low -voltage networksubcommittee of the The overhead ground wire may not be essential where it isNational Electric Light Association, and I have in my hands for possible to extend the ground electrode into a stratum of perma- the report of that committee load -density figures fromvarious nent moisture and it is reasonably sure that the same stratumsections of the country in the larger cities and the figures of is again cut at the other stations.This is not always practical19,000 kw. per sq. mi. would be very low indeed unless it was in rough areas, and in such cases the overhead ground wire an average of both light and heavyload densities, inasmuch as in serves a very good purpose, in that it furnishes a lower -resistance the central part of cities like Chicago and New York the load path than what is possible through the earth and ground elec-densities aggregate 190,000 to 200,000 kw. per sq. mi.The area trode.Most of our power houses are located in mountainousimmediately surrounding this hotel in Seattle now has a load country and such is our experience. density of over 100,000 kw. per sq. mi. The point that can be gained, I think, is that on distribution Mr. Cunningham asked about our experience with one wire systems feeding consumers in a hilly section, for the safety ofon the ground during trouble.We have had both experience human life, it is of prime importance, to furnish some reliablewith the delta system, ungrounded, and more recently with the metallic return.This can be accomplished by grounding allgrounded neutral in this respect. Wo find that grounded -neutral transformer cases and neutrals to the water pipe or by conductors system is very much more apt to trip out the feeder at the station, as outlined by Mr. Crawford. in case of a feeder on the ground.In fact, with the delta system, It has been found that water pipes are not always reliable.we have had partial grounds persistthree or four days at a time, Our experience showed in one instance that the pipe supplyingwhich we could not locate, which were not apparently causing the operator's cottage with gas was of lower resistance than theany dangerous condition, andsometimes cleared themselves up; 186 DISCUSSIONAT PACIFIC but on the COAST CONVENTION grounded -neutralsystem, if Journal A. I. E.E. it isvery apt to build we got a groundat all, causing the up into a serious SPANS HAVINGSUPPORTS AT feeder to tripout. ono in a shorttime, UNEQUAL ELEVATION' Mr. Cunninghamalso asked (SMITH) in our about there -closing features automatic substationson these grounded SEArl'I,E, WASHINGTON,SRPTEMHKR 15, 1925 volt feeders.At the present -neutral 4500- F. K. Kirsten:I wish to set to roclose time we havethe feeder congratulate Mr.Smith on Isis after 30sec. when they switchescourage in using thecatenary equations for and afterreclosing three trip out fromoverload supported from points the analysis ofspans times they lock at unequal elevations,and I would also we have to find thetrouble on the out. Then, ofcourse, I ike to makesome supplementary inservice. feeder before it common ts. Inaconsiderable can be put back We know that themore closely we wish to however, before proportionofthe cases,phenomenon by describe a physical the third trip-out occurs, moans of mathematical either burnsitself entirely the shortcircuitinvolved and unwieldy formulas, themore clear, or for these formulasbecome.As an illustra- is broken,so the feeder some otherreasontion, we mightuse the simple equation reclosu re. stays in afterthe firstor secondlocation in of a circle toexpress the space of a suspendedcable, and describe Mr. Gamble conditions withsufficient actual asked aboutbutt -treatment accuracy although theassumptions poles. We havenot gone into and paintingof involve considerableerror.By a closer analysis able extent butt treatmentto any consider-action we find, of the forces in as yet, althougha good deal of however, that theparabola describes under way, and investigation hasbeen conditions betterthan the circle and actual we have had samplecarloads of poles the parabola yields hence the applicationof several ways, notonly with butt treated greater accuracy,although the treatment of the -treatment, but withfull pressure operations aremore involved. mathematical pole as a whole.On Puget made in the But still aconsiderableerror is conditionsare probably the Sound, however, assumption that theweight per unit nection with least favorablefor economy in length of the projected the butt-treatment or other con- span is uniform alongthe span. inasmuch as the treatment of poles,greater accuracyforces us to base The demand for cedar grows locallyand is always upon the assumption our mathematicalformulas lower price thanin most other obtainable ata that the weightper unit length of we have found that parts of thecountry; furthermore, measured along thespan, is constant. span, where cedar isreset as a pole in to the catenary, This assumptionleads us in which itsnative growth the same soil a rather involved occurred, it lasts This mathematical mathematicalstratagem. and we havethousands of poles very much longer, form is ratherdifficult to handle, which arenow 20 years old whichtemperature changes especially if were not treatedat all originally, accompanied bystress changes strength, although and which stillhave sufficientcovered by itsuse.And still the must be the average lifewill probably catenary equationdoes not years.Where poles will not exceed 18describe conditionswith absolute is a grave live 18 to 20years without treatment, changes along the accuracy.Since the tension question as to it span, the weightper unit length of investment is to whether a largeincrease in initialcannot be uniform.But an attempt cable be incurredfrom which no condition in the to involve thisactual obtained untilat least 18 to 20 return will be modification of thecatenary form would occur, such as the years later.As other changesunmanageable expressions. lead to building up of thecountry, perhaps It will be ground requirementsmay necessitate the under- apparent from a perusalof Mr. Smith's able number of removal of aconsider-chief difficulty in work that the the poles within20 years. applying thecatenary equation We paint all poles unequal elevationsresides in the to spans of set in the citya very dark suspension points introduction of theslope of the 6 ft. next tothe ground, which green except the into equationswhich are already arrangement, poles is painted black.With thisenough for readymanipulation. complex set up throughshade trees Especially dowe' feela trusive.The tree -interference are very unob-naturally increasingreluctance touse the catenary as with Mr. Gamble problem withus is a seriousone, changes of windand ice loading analysis if and others, butwe have an arrangementvariations over together withtemperature whereby once eachyear we organize a considerablerange must be accounted a tree -trimmingcrew whichproper mathematical for by works under thesupervision of operations with thecatenary form. park board, and a representative fromthe citytherefore, inmy opinion, a step in It is, the city ordinancepermits us to trim to the simple the right directionto adhere parking strips; infact, requires that trees in catenary forms whichMr. Smith company. it be done bythe powerintroduces into hissecond method ingeniously The trimmingwork done in this method supported instead of usingthe first the trees at leastout of the primaries. way tends to keep by equations12, 14 and 15. We now have,thanks to Mr. Mr. Mayer pointedout in the discussion Smith's work,a simple catenary water -pipe ground an instance ofaanalysis ofspans of unequal elevation, which did notprove reliable. excuse for the use of and there cannotbe any that this is But I think parabolic forms inthe future. something which it isquite importantto emphasizeremembered, that It must be here, and it is notso much the reliability the catenarymethod is independent ground as it is the of any one water-pipefixed mass andspace units, hence all of reliability in the occur in practise span conditions 'whichmay such grounds. The aggregate of a largenumber of may be expressed by grounding is doneon the 4500 -volt grounded which by interpolation a series of curvesfrom neutral system, primarily - any span, at as a safety precaution,not as a meansmaterial of cableor any temperatureany slope, forany size or of returning neutralcurrent, and in range, may be read for the any constructionor design once.This set ofcurves is as readily at purposes of safety precaution, tions by constants, applied, withoutmodifica- precautions are a multiplicity of small in continental more reliable than one singlelarge one. system is used as in the Europe where themetric was a case not long There lands of inches,pounds and quarts. ago in Victoria of a fatalinjury where the Another important court, after hearingconsiderable expert finding in Mr.Smith's paper I opinion that the testimony, was of thediscovery that the pointof maximum believe is the injury was primarilythe result of water line connecting deviation froma straight grounds not havingbeen made. -pipe any two points of The local light andpowerin suspension unequal elevationof the cable company had made as goodgrounds as they could, occurs midway betweenthe points of being very rocky these but the soilthe middle of thespan.This naturally support in grounds were entirelyinadequate.Thethe strain of facilitates a checkupon local authoritieswould not permit them a cable from points ofunequal elevation grounds on individual to make water -pipetargets from pointB2 to point A, by dropping services.After collecting line of vision of predeterminedlength, the data and testimony, considerable touching the pointof maximum it was the opinionof the court thatsuch line joining these deflection from the grounds should havebeen provided as two points. of the public. a precaution for the safety R. J. C. Wood: Our engineeringdepartment has done 1.A. I. E. E. JOURNAL. December. 1925,p. 1352. CONVENTION 187 Feb. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST Smith's paper is a very creditable companionpaper to that one. a good deal of work incalculating sags and we wentinto this point A is used fully and find that up I like particularly Fig. 4 in which the common question of catenary versus parabola quite usual method, although I have nothad to about a 1000 -ft. span, the parabolais practically a satis-as a basis instead of the after thetime to check it and see whether there areparticular advantages factory curve to use.It must be remembered that calculating sag from the mathematician has figured out the sag of theline, some fellow in to be gained over the old method of he can to theinclined line between A and B. overalls is going to pull that line up as near as Mr. Smith, in his discussion, brought upalso a point in which predetermined either sag or tension. Car- whether to use the sag orwe were very muchinterested in the re -insulation of the We have been a little undecided as to quinez crossing of the Pacific Gas & ElectricCompany, and that the tension in the line as the criterion.At one time we have We have finallyis the difference in expansion between along span and a con- used one and at another time the other. tiguous short span.If you can, visualize that crossing.On the decided to use a dynamometer to measurethe tension in the new conditions will besouth side the anchors are an average of probably80 ft. from what line.The maximum tension under worst 4427 conditions may beis called South Tower.Then comes the long span of about 12,000 lb. and under ordinary stringing ft., then a span of 1350 ft. and then afinal span of 335 ft. to the 6000 or 7000 lb.The dynamometer will probablyread within -ft. of calculation as to theother set of anchors.On the high tower between the 4427 200 lb. so that any extreme refinement span and the 1350 -ft span, wasplaced a saddle with a sliding top. desired tension is not necessary. between the two I do not wish to detract in any wayfrom the fine work ofThis was to allow for a difference in expansion because, while we may spans and to insure a verticalreaction on the tower. We cal- mathematicians who calculate these things culated by a number of methods, but chiefly wewent back to the be able to use the laws of a parabola up to acertain point, yet we where that point is andoriginal hyperbolic functions, and we thoughtthat, taking all depend upon the mathematician to tell us things into consideration we might expect apossible travel of from where on we should use the moreaccurate formula. We than that, in all long -span work.5 in.We allowed for a travel of somewhat more have ourselves used the catenary formula each direction. Our spans run up to about 3000 ft. and' forthat length of span8 in. being the final figure allowed, -4 in. in to go a little further The saddle was placed on roller bearingswhich were immersed the catenary is necessary. We have had possible travel for the than indicated in Mr. Smith's paper,because we have found itin grease so as to offer the very freest ground under windcable.The operating department tells me that inthe past year quite necessary to calculate clearances to has been a travel of In building the line on a hillside itis not onlyaccording to the marks on the saddle, there conditions. only 1 in. so it is questionable how successful ourcalculations necessary to know the verticalclearance in still air, but it is methods of quite essential to know that the linewill not blow onto the were.There is still room for improvement in our have to calculate thosecalculation for long and important spans. ground when the wind is crosswise, so we 1 find Mr. Smith's paper very interesting conditions of load applied side -ways. M. T. Crawford: when there are,in that he has gone into unequal supports,something which seems It leads to some very interesting mathematics in considerations of span for instance, two spans which are dead-ended at the outer endsto have been more or less avoided insulators at the middleproblems.I would ask if he could suggest a method ofapproach and hanging on a string of suspension At one previous support, and the wind blows side -ways,because the two spanstoward the solution Of a problem that we have. Pacific Coast Convention, a paper2 waspresented describing then no longer remain in a plane but becomes awarped figure Pass in the and the catenary calculations become quiteinvolved. transmission -line construction in crossing Stampede by Mr. WoodCascade Range, where the loading conditions were veryextreme C. E. Magnusson: Reference to the parabola where it was found advisable leads me to bring out a point on the use of hyperbolicfunctions.at certains times of the winter, and loading which would come alternately Many engineers seem to think that using hyperbolicfunctions inon account of the unequal smokeon successive spans to changeall dead -ends to a suspension form connection with engineering problems is throwing out a insulator springs with screen to prevent the reader fromfollowing the argument.Theyof conductor support, doubling up the do not appreciate that for certain types of problemshyperbolicyoked attachment at the suspension point. The changes described in the previous paperhave proved functions become a very convenient means for obtaining accurate troubles we had solutions. A few years ago while discussing a problem with aeminently successful in eliminating the operating nationally prominent engineer, one who has presented manyof jerking insulator strings in two.In trying to calculate the papers before the Institute, I suggested that for anaccurate solu-sags which would result fromunequal loading in successive tion hyperbolic functions should be used, and was astounded to spans, we found a complication cameinto the matter where an find that he had no idea as to what type of problems wouldentirely suspension form of construction wasused, and where require hyperbolic functions. As there may be others in the same the towers were at different elevations, inthat heavier loading in predicament let me state that the basis for using circular orone span would pull thesuspension strings out of the vertical hyperbolic functions is simply this: A rotating vector of constant position. This would make a change in thelength of conductor magnitude can be fully represented by circular functions but ifin the span, location of points of support,and other factors, the radius vector varies in length while changing in phasewhich are assumed constant in most of the ordinarymethods of position hyperbolic functions fit the case.For example theapproaching the subject. voltage and current functions along a transmission line vary in We worked it out fairly closely bymaking assumptions and magnitude as well as in time -phase position and hence require trials, but found that the extreme conditionwhich we might hyperbolic functions as they cannot be correctly expressed byassume would occur when theinsulator string was pulled out to a circular functions. position approximately tangent to the catenary.This would R. W. Sorensen:I want to second the motion on hyper-result in the wire being down in the snowin winter con- bolic functions.Dr. Kennelly. of Harvard has been trying forditions, but we have never found in practise thatit went that years to get us to use them.I have been trying for about fifteenfar, because there was always sometension in the adjoining years to get engineering classes to use them, and they use them spans which would preventthe strings from pulling that far out. just as readily as they use trigonometric functions, if you once I would like to have Mr. Smith add somediscussion or sug- start them off. gestions as to how we might approach the problem ofcalculating L. J. Corbett: The paper given by Mr. Kirsten2 a number ofthe result of extremely unetival loading in thesuccessive spans years ago is I think a classic in its field of the application ofwhere the suspension form of construction is used. hyperbolic functions to catenaries and long spans.I think Mr. ' 2.Transmission -Line Construction in Crossing Mountain Ranges, by TRANSACTIONS.1923, page 970. 2.TRANS.A. I. E. E., 1917, p. 735. M. T. Crawford, A. I. E. E. I55 DISCUSSION .1'1' l'.1c1VICAsT \ VrAT1()N G. S. Smith:I would like Journal A. I. H. ing a point 1 to Bild, Mr.Wood for mention- did 11111 havetime to bring low.As it and perhaps up in the presentation of rite', lb, man Jululuinsystimi aid fully did not 11111.1imclear in the ri.gulah.(1 and tosold,' OX eld 11101.110d presentedMIS intended paper; that is, Ihatthe increased feeders hyStelli V0111401 is Variedby special problems. primarily forlow; splits on generators so as lo raisethe entire system It Wouldusually prove orat time of peak loads. single short too laborious fora 'Phis naturally lendstoIteep up the span.Bowe er, bus voltage ittFref,1110 at Ile applied to the whore the Kindel, 1111'1 hodis I in..' of system peakand reduces various sy 1111110Heal 8P11,118 the unieniii of regulationrequired, nod this, of lino, it. requiresonly a small encountered in I heusual limits the eireillutilig eeurse, naturally pute, by the method amount of additionalwort; to vont- current.Por dudreasonit has been presented here,the remaining possible to 0111.1101' :diOr IOM's tied 1014'0114T supports are not ,puns whose to g0011 1141- at the sameelevation, since vantage on numerousoccasions. commonly uniformthroughout. the ruble used is In discussionsby Dr. Magnusson, Sorensen, a Professors Kirsten more generaluse of hyperbolic and ILLUMINATION ITEMS vocated. Myexperience has functions was ad- instances mentioned. been somewhatsimilar to the By the Lighting andIllumination Committee While most ofus are more or less DEPRECIATION OF tant to use hyperbolicfunctions freely, reluc- THE REFLECTINGPROPERTIES cause of two I believe it islargely be- OF WHITE PAINTS reasons: first, we havenever become accustomed think in termsof such functrions; to The illuminatingengineer of today use them we find it and second, inattempting to has made much difficult becauseso few good tables of progress in a study of the bolic functionsare available. hyper- various factors whichare nection with In some previouswork in con-involved in theinstallation and transmission -linedesign, I found maintenance ofan compute sufficient it necessarytoefficient and effectivelighting system. tables for thisparticular use. He knows will be found inone of the University These tablesfull well theinfluence that thetype of luminaire, Station bulletins of WashingtonExperimentspacing and mounting its referred to in thepaper. height and the colorof the sur- Messrs. Corbettand Crawford roundings have pointed outsome very inter- on the character of the esting problems inthis same connection; produced. illumination be termed those problems which might He is also quickto realize the uselessness of "variable spans."A similar problem and ineffectiveness encountered in thedesign of "The was of even the bestof lighting systems Lake Cushman Narrows" span of theTacomaif theyare allowed to depreciate Project mentionedin this paper. because of anaccumu- attempt to apply the It was in anlation of dust anddirt. Kirsten method -tosuch problems that He knows, too, thatthe major- found it desirableto first work out Iity of lighting the problem ofspans with systems are largelydependent for their supports at unequalelevations. effectiveness method of attacking Thus far I havefound no direct upon the general lightnessin color of the such problems, butthe possibility of surroundings. such a methodseems entirely feasible. finding The illuminatingengineer is not alone in his interest inthese factors, however, tect, the plant for the archi- DISTRIBUTION LINEPRACTISE OF THE executive and thebuildingmanager LIGHT AND POWER SAN JOAQUIN should be concernedequally as much, if CORPORATION' more, in the adequacy of not actually (MOORE AND MINOR) the lightingsystem. In view of the SEATTLE, WASHINGTON,SEPTEMBER 17,, 1925 fact that lightcolored ceilings and side R. E. Cunningham:I wish to refer walls playan important part in methods of voltage to the describedlighting, and also the effectiveness of regulation in thecommercial districtat that pure whitepaint is generally Fresno using regulatedcircuits, tied in with conceded to be the directly from the bus. circuits feeding most desirable for thesesurfaces- It would seen thatthis wouldcauseat least froman illumination considerable circulatingcurrent. standpoint-a series of L. J. Moore: tests* have recentlybeen conductedon the reflecting Referring to Mr.Cunningham's comments,properties of various I am submittingherewith actual readings kinds of white oilpaints. in the City of Fresno, taken on the feedersobject of these The which are shown in Fig.16 of the original tests was to determinethe kind of white paper.Readings A and C were taken with the tworegulatedpaint having thehighest initial reflecting feeders carrying theload, and then the applied to, various power when on the three alley feeders switches were closed surfaces and alsoto determine the which are unregulatedand readingsrate of depreciation B and D were taken. of the various paintsunder different Ammeters were installed incurrent -conditions. transformer secondarieson two phases of each circuit and Twenty-six samplesof paints were selected ings taken. read-and applied to the Where no ammeterreadings are shown for the test surfaces inaccordance with the alley feeders, theswitches at the substation recommendations of were open. the various paintmanufacturers. It is noted from thereadings that circulatingcurrent is set up when the substation bus *"The ReflectingProperties of White voltage fluctuates toan extremeing Compositions," Interior Paints of Vary- degree, and as indicatedin the original paper, a paper presented by A. no attempt is madeKellogg, before the L. Powell and R. B. to keep the switches inwhen the substation voltage New York Sectionof the Illuminating Engi- is extremelyneering Societyon Nov. 12, 1925.

Current in Feeders Kw. Volts Fulton Total Bus Kern Broadway H Tuolumne Van Ness Fulton (A) 2800 Broadway Total 121 280 260 220 240 ;B) 2800 122 50 60 40 60 160 160 570 170 160 120 500 (C) 3300 120 540 560 116 310 350 340 360 (D) 3200 116 290 330 330 300 60 110 100 148 700 710 80 128 860 1, A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, November,1925, p. 1201. 1016 189 Feb. 1926 ILLUMINATION ITEMS Three different kinds of surfaces were used inorder toof the material to which the paint is applied has prac- determine whether or not the type of surfacehad anytically no effect on the rate of depreciation, while with the effect on the reflecting properties and rate ofdeprecia-the set of specimens exposed to factory conditions tion of the paint.These test surfaces of wood (whitemetal and concrete samples drop off somewhat more pine), finishing concrete, and galvanized sheet iron wererapidly than the wood specimens.The curveof made into the convenient test size of 5 by 7inches.Fig. 1 shows this clearly. The concrete samples were aged for eight weeks before they were used in order to lessen the possibilityof 90 destructive chemical action. Two sets of specimens were prepared with eachof the 80 One 26 paints on each of the three different surfaces. 70 with of these sets were sealed up in a dust proof cabinet Wood) a glass front, and exposed todirect north skylight so as 60 to determine the depreciation of the paintdue to light Concrete 50 a. alone. Metal The other set of specimens was suspended close tothe 40 ceiling in a factory interior in which a certain amountof very small metallic andgraphic particles were sus- fv pended in the atmosphere.In addition to these, the atmosphere contained a fairly high percentage ofthe TIME. products of combustion as produced by the many gas FIG.1-AVERAGE DEPRECIATION CURVES OF ALL SPECIMENS burners used in the drawing of tungsten wire.The BASED ON THE MATERIAL TO WHICH THE PAINT IS APPLIED test on these specimens would show the acquiredde- Upper curve-Cabinet set Lower curve-Factory set preciation which a paint would have under conditions which might be considered slightly more severe than The curve in Fig. 2 was obtained by grouping all normal industrial service. specimens having the same type of finish (gloss, egg- The entire test covered a period of about 20 monthsshell or flat) regardless of composition, and averaging and photometric readings were taken of each sample at the test values.Initially the flat white group shows the intervals of 16, 31, 49, 71 and 88 weeks.It can behighest reflection factor and, contrary to common readily seen that this involved a considerable amount ofopinion, the average rate of depreciation is about the photometric work and for this reason a rather inex-same for all types of finishes.This may be explained pensive modified sphere or icosahedron was constructedby the particular character of the dirt which accumu- for the purpose.In addition to this modified sphere, alated in the factory test.It was of a slightly greasy small photometer and projection lantern were required. In the actual determination of the reflection factor of 90 a sample which has been placed in the sphere, thesight tube of the photometer is first directed upon the walls 80 of the sphere and a reading of apparent foot-candles is flat 70 made.This is considered to be the illumination inci- loss isthen Egg Shell dent upon the sample.The photometer 60 Flat directed toward the sample and a second reading is 6/os 50 taken.This is considered the light reflected from the Egg Shell sample.The ratio of those two readings is, of course, the reflection factor of the sample.In order to main- 40

tain the accuracy of the results obtained a freshly NJ al M NJ:r scraped block of commercial magnesium carbonate was Lh used as a standard at regular intervals. The results of the test as a whole, disclosed some in- TIME teresting facts.It was found that the initial reflection FIG.2-AVERAGE DEPRECIATION CURVES OF ALL SPECIMENS factor of the 26 types of white paint tested showed an BASED ON TYPE OF PAINT FINISH Upper curve-Cabinet set average value of 81.1 per cent.The maximum value Lower curve-Factory sot found was 87.6 per cent for a flat paint with titanox lead and free zinc as pigment material.While thecarbon nature which would cling with equal tenacity minimum reflection factor was 75.5 per cent for a flatto flat or glossy surfaces. paint with lithophone as a pigment material. By grouping specimens of the same pigment together The average results as obtained from all the specimensand averaging values regardless of the character of in the two sets of tests reveal the fact that with thefinish, the results obtained seemed to indicate that the specimens in the glass covered cabinet, the characterpaint having titanox as a part of the pigment had the \II \.\'1'111\ITENIS o111111 A. I.I.;.

'I \ l. 1,100.1izT1Es (IFWIIITI.;

SissIn11.11 ri11,411,11 Basle IiiiJill Ilnrinu No. III rellrrl11111 'alohirl Appriaranci, NOM ractior.% alrinl I It II and Zii ( 11 )1111111.11`. ut I' odereintt I4,1 Zn 0 and IA It semi -0105s 81 .9 3 73 I Eggshell IiI ; Tilanox Pli andZit 82.5 71 3 1,1; -1 Flat While 11'1 11 Lth Pb and Zn 86.9 76 3 %11111.. 5 (l loss I Lth litanox Ph 86.6 75 3 113i. and Zit Ii3 6 Eggshell 111,11,1i Zn 0 and Lth 84 3 7 75 3 Zn () and Lth Flat White 85 2 113 2 10 (iloss 76.4 %%Min. Lt h 83 7 (VI:t 11 7.1 14 lill Lth Enamel 80,4 57 6 12 73.75 14110,11 Flat White 82.7 57 13 Lth and Zn () (floss 75 9 \1 1111 r Lth 81.1 61.8 ()vain 15 Eggshell 745 59.15 Lth 81.7 %1131. 16 Flat White 74 I 61 .8 Lth and Zn 0 81.7 '1...;1111 17 (doss 74 5 60.11 Lth 82.2 74 s 11110c 18 Zn () Serni-(floss 78.5 61.1 20 Semi -Gloss 72 s Iiiir Lth 75.8 (10.41 ( 'roam 21 68 s Lth Flat -White 76.3 57.2 22 68 0 %Vhitt Lth Eggshell 79.75 59.2 24 (1loss 69.4 White Pb 77.4 58.3 27 68.7 %1 hit.. Zn 0 Flat White 77.25 52.9 29 Enamel (18.5 Pb and Zn 0 83.5 59.8 \1 Mite 30 Eggshell 65.8 89.65 Lth and MgsiSili- 75.1 68.3 11 hilt. 55.5 cate ('rerun 32 Lth and Zn 0 Eggshell 80.0 33 (iloss 70.7 60.7 Lth and Mgsi Sili- 80.1 AV101. 73.8 61.5 cate White 34 Lth Flat White 80.0 72.5 . 35 Lth Eggshell 62.2 (iloss 81.4 73.5 White 82.1 (11.7 White 73.6 63.2 highest initialreflection factor, (;ra)'ish with thOse oflithophone, lead, and zincfollowing in the story.One paintmay have a very high rate of depreciation order named.Theand its rate of initial value of the differentgroups is in this depreciationmay be quite rapid;another order also.These results, may have a lower however, donot tell the initial reflectionfactor and yetover whole story, forthere may notbe enough a period of timeactually reflect certain types varieties ofwords, it depreciates more light --in other to give goodaverage figures, whereas at a lower rate. other typesthere may be with instances of highvalues grouped withexceptional lowvalues. The question DIELECTRIC naturally arisesas to whether a distinct CONSTANT,POWER chemical actiontook place with FACTOR ANDRESISTIVITYOF those specimensex- RUBBER AND posed to factoryconditions.At the conclusion GUTTA-PERCHA test all samples of the Technologic Paper, which had beenhanging in the No. 299, of theBureau of Stand- room were removed work-ards, by H. L.Curtis and A. T. and carefullycleaned witha fine McPherson, comprises grade ofsoap and hot water. a careful study ofthe dilectric This wasmore carefullyand resistivity constant, power factor, done than wouldhave been thecase if an ordinary of rubber andits compounds,and of workmanwas called upon to clean gutta-percha.Crude rubberhas a lower a paint surface.constant than either dielectric Readings were thentaken of eachspecimen and it gutta-perchaor vulcanized rubber, found, in general, wasthe value ofthe latter depending regardless of finishor composition,vulcanization. on the conditions of that the reflectionfactor of the cleaned Vulcanization bysulphur alonepro- very close to that specimen wasduces a higherdielectric constant corresponding specimenwhich hadwith the aid of than vulcanization been kept in theglass cabinet. an accelerator.The addition ofa The grand general filler generallyincreases the dielectric average showed the factoryspeci-times by constant, some- mens after cleaning to be as much as 200or even 300 per cent. about 2 per cent belowthosesamples of both Dried of the controlset.The maximum departure rubber andgutta-percha havea lower per cent less, and was 5.7dielectric constantthan those which on the other extreme,one specimenwater. contain absorbed showed 1.8 Vulcanized rubbermay have a lower dielectric per cent higher reflectingpower.Theseconstant than deviations areso relatively small as to be well gutta-percha. the limits of within The power factor error of such measurements. of crude rubberis about thesame The question naturally as that of gutta, thehydrocarbon of arises as to what is thebest Crude rubber, gutta-percha. type of paint fordifferent conditions, andone must vulcanized rubber,and gutta-percha stop to analyze what all have aboutthe same resistivity. is required of the paint.Theof some substances The incorporation initial reflection in vulcanizedrubber increases factor certainly does nottell the wholeresistivity. the ACTIVITIES 191 Feb. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED 1 Station of the Public Serv- twiliminummaimmommummumminnumumnimannimnumumnimmilinnoutinummomiumunts ing Airplane Factory, Kearny Power ice Electric Power Company, HudsonAvenue Station of the Brooklyn Edison Company, Hell Gateand Sherman Creek Stations of the United Electric Light andPower Company, the Bell Telephone Laboratories and a machine-switching central telephone office.The regularly scheduled trips will bemade on J OURNAL Wednesday afternoon though small parties mayvisit some of OF THE the places at other times. Two intensely interesting lectures, ontopics which engineers do not often have the chance to hearpresented by foremost AmericanInstitute authorities, will be delivered on Thursdayevening, in the Engineering Auditorium beginning at 8:15 P. M. Dr. Alexis Carrel will talk on some developmentsof modern will ofElectrical biologicalresearch. A motion -picturedemonstration illustrate the points of the address.Dr. Carrel is a member of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Researchand a winner of Engineers the Nobel Prize.He is widely known for his accomplishmentsin the field of medical and biological researchand, in addition, is a magnetic speaker. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE A. I.E. E. Dr. Carrel will deal particularly with the lifeof tissues outside 33 West 39th Street, New York of the organism.The motion pictures will show theactual Under the Direction of the PublicationCommittee growth of living cells outside of the livingorganisms from which M. I. PUPIN, President they were taken.Some strains of cells in Dr. Carrel's laboratory F. L. HUTCHINSON, conditions since 1912. a GEORGE A. HAMILTON, have been living and growing under artificial National Treasurer National Secretary Major Allen Carpe, of the American AlpineClub, will describe PUBLICATION COMMITTEE "The Ascent of Mount Logan."This mountain is 19,850 ft. E L. F. MOREHOUSE, Chairman North America E. B. MEYER high, and was the highest unclimbed mountain in F. L. HUTCHINSON This also will be g DONALD MCNICOL J. H. MORECROFT when the ascent was made last summer. illustrated with motion pictures. GEORGE R. METCALFE. Editor Mount Logan, in Yukon territory, is probablythe largest ff 810.00 per year to United States, Mexico. mountain mass in the world, in the center of thelargest glacial Subscription. to Canada Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and the Phillipines; $10.50 area outside of the polarregion.On this expedition, Major g and 311.00 to all other countries.Single copies 31.00.Volumes Carpe obtained some most remarkable motionpictures covering begin with the January issue. mountain, including g Changes of advertising copy should reach this office bythe the work of approach and ascent of this 15th of the month for the issue of the following month. packing and hand -sledding over the lowerglaciers, establish- and taken on the actual P., The Institute is not responsible for the statements ment of the higher camps and pictures opinions given in the papers and discussionspublished summit of the mountain. These are the views of individuals to whom they are F._ herein. All local arrangements have been made bythe Convention N credited and are not binding on the membership as a whole. Committee and subcommittees.The general committee is as follows:H. A. Kidder, Chairman, H. H. Barnes,Jr., G. L. Knight, E. B. Meyer and L. F. Morehouse.Chairmen in charge Midwinter Convention February 8-11 of features are as follows:Entertainment, H. H. Barnes; Smoker, All is ready for the opening of the Midwinter Convention inG. W. Alder; Inspection Trips, H. Y. Hall;Dinner -Dance, J. B. New York, February 8-11, with headquarters at the Engineer-Bassett, Special Meeting, H. S. Sheppard .andFinance, G. L, ing Societies Building.The advance indications show thatKnight. there will be a large attendance.An unusually large number of requests for advance copies of the technical papers provesthat PROGRAM OF THE MIDWINTER CONVENTION the topics to be presented are of wide interest.The social MONDAY MORNING events also will he of such quality that they will he thoroughly Registration enjoyed. Committee Meetings Among the technical subjects to be presented are transmis- MONDAY AFTERNOON sion power limits, protection, control systems, electrical ma- TRANSMISSION SESSION chinery, measurements, insulation and dielectric absorption, Transmission -System Power Limits, electromagnetism,electrophysics, communication and sound 1. An Investigationof In the list below the C. A. Nielde, and F. L. Lawton. reproduction, and furnace -resistor design. Transmission Lines, titles of all papers are given. 2. Calculation of Steady -State Stability in Edith Clarke. An informal smoker at which entertainment will be furnished 3. Practical Aspects of System Stability, RoyWilkins. by some high-grade talent will be held at the Hotel Astor on 4. Further Studies of Transmission Stability, R. D.Evans and A delightful evening is the evening of Tuesday, February 9th. C. F. Wagner. assured on the evening of Wednesday in the dinner -dance which SystemswithOver -Compounded Voltages, will he held at the Hotel Astor.Paul Whiteman's Picadilly 5. Transmission Players will furnish the music. A prominent speaker will be H. B. Dwight. heard in an address of general interest on Thursday evening in MONDAY EVENING the Engineering Societies Building. DIELECTRICS AND INSULATION Inspection trips will he made to a number of interesting places 6. Dielectric Absorption and Theories of DielectricBehavior, including the following:The new Holland Tunnel (the vehicular J. B. Whitehead. tunnel under the Hudson River), Broadcasting Station W.E.A.F. 7. Theory of Absorption in Solid Dielectrics, V. Karapetoff. of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, The 8. I onization Studies in Paper -Insulated Cables, C. L.Dawes Edison Lighting Institute of the Edison Lamp Works, the Loen- and P. L. Hoover. 192 INSTITFTE .1NI) REI..1TED .1( "I'l'ITIES Journal A. I. E. TI,EsDAY 1\1()HIVING PROTECTION, N PRO!, AND BUS 9. Operating CoN Ill"I'D)N Teen:sp..% ENI N41 Performance ofa Peters, n Earth S111/11' .1/mbrn), 1., loiuncistx of Iliolouirol Oliver andW. W. Eberhardt. ('oil -II, J. M.. ( 'erre!, Member Itymeorch, by 1)r.Alets 10. Theory ofthe A uto-Valve hist Liglrlrriaj Arrester, The Axernl of MountLogan, by Nlujor 11. Current-Limiting Reactors .Joseph Slopian. Allen Carpe, ofthe with hire -/'roofInsulation .1inericati Alpine Club. Conductor, It'. II.Kierstead. on the 12. TemperatureRise and Losses Exposed to the in Structural-Steel Members Regional Meetingat Cleveland Fields from A-C. Conductors, and H. P.Keuhni. O. R. ticharig MARCH 18.19 13. Carrying Plans are practically Capacity ofSixty -Cycle completed for theRegional Meeting Busses for HeavyCurrents, which will be heldin Cleveland Titus G. LeClair. on Mandl 18-19 withhead- 14. Supervisory quarters at the HotelCleveland. Systems forElectric Power ing and This will bea two-day meet- Lichtenberg. .4 pparatus,Chester papers will be devoted tothe subjects of electric drive and electric sectionalized refrigeration.There will be TUESDAY AFTERNOON by prominentmen, a dinner, a meeting addresses Two PARALLEL of BranchCounsellors SESSIONS, AAND B of the Second District (A) ELECTRICAL and inspection trips. 15. Experimental MACHINERY Determination of SECTIONALIZED EI.EuraieDui 1.; Roth. Losses in Alternators,Edouard In recent years no more interestingproblem has been 16. No -LoadCopper Eddy to the electrical engineer preset' t el 1 -Current Losses, than the interlockingof individual 17. MechanicalForce Between Thomas Spooner.drives into a controlled motor Electric Circuits,R. E. Doherty group drive.The problem has and R. H. Park. successfully solved thatit is possible to been so 18. Concluding group over a wide control the speedof the Study of Ventilationof Turbo -Alternators, range and still maintainno variation lot Fechheimer and G.W. Penney. C. J. the relative speedsof the individual N e en thermore, at the will motors of thegroup.Fur- (B) COMMUNICATION of the operator thefixed relation AND SOUND REPRODUCTION justed overa considerable may be ad- 19. The Development range. and Applicationof Loading for This subject willbe presented and Circuits, ThomasShaw and William Telephone stitute for the first discussed before theIn- 20. Cipher Printing Fondiller. time at the ClevelandMeeting in the sessions -Telegraph Systems,G. S. Vernam. on Thursday, March18.The various 21. Refractionof Short Radio by S. A. Staege systems will be described Waves in the Upper of the WestinghouseElectric and Mfg. W. G. Bakerand C. W. Rice. Atmosphere, R. N. Norris ofthe Harland Company, 22. High -Quality Engineering Companyand H. W. Recording and Rogers of the GeneralElectric Company. Speech, J. P. Maxfield Reproducing ofMusic and Plans are being and H. C. Harrison. successfully carriedout to have large number ofpaper -mill engineers and present a TUESDAY EVENING executives to enterinto Smoker the discussion ofthese papers. that the demand It was in thepaper -mill field for such asynchronizedgroup drive originated. WEDNESDAY MORNING There it has beenso successfully applied ELECTRICAL MACHINERY manufactured at speeds that paper hasbeen 23. Parameters higher than 1000 ft.per min. of Heating CurvesofElectrical It is probable thatin many other V. Karapetoff. Machinery, ist fields for such lines of industrythere ex- a drive.Wherever it is 24. Rating ofElectrical Machinery for a variation in necessary to provide as Affected by Altitude,C. J. the speed of tl Fechheimer. maintain synchronism e group as a wholeand still 25. Motor Band between the individualmotors ofthe Losses,' ThomasSpooner. group a possible field ofapplication exists 26. StartingCharacteristics of Polyphase ment is justified by provided the invest- Squirrel -Cage Induction the advantagesecured. Motors and TheirControl, H. M. Norman. FRIDAY SESSIONS WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON Two unusualspeakers of national Inspection Trips cured for the second reputation have beense- day of the meeting.C. F. Kettering, dent of The GenecalMotors Research Presi- WEDNESDAY EVENING on "Electrical Refrigeration," Corporation, will speak Dinner -Dance, (HotelAstor) holder as well a subject in whichevery house- as every engineer ininterested. THURSDAY MORNING Past -PresidentFarley Osgood, will the heading deliver an addressunder ELECTROMAGNETISM AND PHYSICS "Engineering andHumanity." 27. Calculation of A dinner will be Magnetic Attraction, Th.Lehmann. held at the HotelCleveland on Thursday 28. The Magnetic evening, at whicha message of welcome Hysteresis Curve, HansLippelt. will be given byMana- 29. Properties of ger Hopkins of the Cityof Cleveland the Single Conductor,Carl Hering. made by a well-known and an addresswill be 30. Heaviside's Proofof His Expansion speaker. Theorem, M. S. Vallarata. A special inspection trip will bemade on Friday THURSDAY AFTERNOON to the National Lamp evening at Nela Park. A Works of the GeneralElectric Company MEASUREMENTS, MACHINERYAND INDUSTRIAL number of other 31. A New Wave -Shape taken by those at interesting trips alsomay be Factor and Meter, L. A.Doggett, J. W. the meeting. Heim and M. W. White. Thorough arrangementof plans and details is in the handsof 32. Practical Applicationof Vibration Instruments an able general committeeand subcommittees. to Rotatingcommittee consists of: The general Electrical Machines, J.Ormondroyd. Chairman, A. M.MacCutcheon; Secre- 33. A High -Frequency tary, C. S. Ripley; A.G. Pierce, Vice Voltage Test for Insulationof Rotatingtrict; C. L. Dows, -President of SecondDis- Electrical Machinery, J. L.Rylander. Ralph Higgins, A.F. E. Horn and 34. The Cross -Field Shute.The chairmen in Nathan Theory of Alternating -CurrentMachines,L. D. Bale, charge of thesubcommitteesare: H. R. West. Transportation; H. B.Dates, Program; C. 35. Rating of Heating Reception; H. L. Grant, L. Dows, Elements for Electric Furnaces,A. D. Keene Publicity; G. A.Kositzky, Finance; and G. E. Luke. A. M. Lloyd,Registration;E. H. Martindale, C. W. Rakestraw, Attendance; Dinner, and I. M.Van Horn, Trips. 193 Feb. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Company of Boston and thelaboratories of the electricalEngi- Niagara Falls and Madison, Wis., Regionalneering Department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Meetings in May Two regional meetings are planned -for the comingMay, a meeting at Madison, Wis., being scheduled for May 6 and 7and Future Section Meetings one at Niagara Falls, N. Y., for May 26-28. Baltimore The meeting at Madison will be held under theauspices of Mercury -Arc Rectifiers as Applied to Power Development,by Geographical District No. 5. A two-day program is planned H. D. Brown, General Electric Co., Johns Hopkins University. and the papers will cover the subjects of ruralelectrification, February 19, 8:15 P. M. power transmission and distribution,cooperati :e research re- Mechanical Power and Trend of Civilization, by C. E. Skinner, lations between colleges and industries, and radio. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Engineers' Club.March 19, The committee in charge of the Madison meetingis as follows: 8:15 P. M. J. B. Baily, Edward Bennett, Vice -President of District No. 5, Boston A. J. Deward, H. R. Huntley, L. E. A. Kelso,Carl Lee and R. G. Electrical Walter. High -Tension Cable Testing, by F. M. Farmer, The Niagara Falls meeting which will be heldby District No. Testing Laboratories.Meeting to be held in the new 750,000 - 1 will be a three-day affair.The technical papers will covervolt testing laboratory of the Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston, methods of dielectric power -factor measurement,transmission,Mass.February 19. power plants and other subjects.Arrangements are being made Connecticut for a special illumination of the Falls, a tripdown the Gorge, The Value of Patents.Stamford.February 16. visits to generating and manufacturing plantsand entertain- Power Production.Hartford.March 9. ment features. The general committee in charge of the Niagarameeting con- Lehigh Valley sists of H. B. Smith, Vice -President of DistrictNo. 1;A. C. Automatic Control of Centrifugal Pumps, by Otto Haentjens, Stevens, Secretary;J. R. Craighead, E. D. Dickinson, J. A.Barrett Haentjens & Co., and Johnson, A. E. Soderholm and A. W. Underhill.J. A. Johnson is Wallenpaupack Hydro -Electric Development, by N. G. Rein- chairman of the local committee on arrangements. ecker, Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., Wilkes-Barre,March 26. Student Convention at Cambridge Pittsfield Plans are under way for a Northeastern DistrictA. I. E. E. Lightning.Round -Table Discussion, Leader, F. W. Peek, Jr., Student Convention to be held in Cambridge, Mass.,in the General Electric Co.February 23. Spring.Arrangements are being made by a student committee Earthquakes and Volcanoes, by B. R. Baumgardt, Scientist headed by the. Chairman of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- and Explorer.Illustrated.February 16. nology Branch acting with the advice and assistance of theExecu- ArtificialRefrigeration, by A. R. Stevenson, Jr., General tive Committee of the Boston Section. Electric Co.Illustrated.March 2. Tentatively, it is proposed to hold a morning session at which Round -Table Discussion.March 9. banquet two or three student papers will be presented and a St. Louis in the evening to be held jointly with the Boston Section.The afternoon will be devoted to a number of inspection trips to Development of Electric Power Generation and Distribution, by points in and about Boston.Included in these trips will be theCol. Peter Junkersfeld, President, McClellan & Junkersfeld. well-known Edgar Station of the Edison Electric Illuminating March 17. American Engineering Council

.1 llllllll ANNUAL MEETING, WASHINGTON, D. C., JANUARY13-15, 1926 The Annual Meeting of the Amerian Engineering Council DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND DOMAIN was held in Washington, D. C., at the Mayflower Hotel, Janu- A conference on Public Works was attended by official repre- ary 13-15, 1926.About one -hundred delegates and interestedsentatives from sixty-three engineering and allied technical visitors were in attendance.The official delegates came fromassociations.The Conference approved the draft of a bill all parts of the country and represented the various national,providing that the Department of Interior be named the De- state and regional engineering societies composing the mem-partment of Public Works and Domain.The drafted bill calls bership of the Council.In the absence of President Jamesfor the following four assistant secretaries: an Assistant Secre- Hartness, of Vermont, who is recovering from a long illness, thetary having administrative jurisdiction over theDesign and meeting was presided over by Vice -President Gardner S. Williams.Supervision of Architectural Works; an Assistant Secretary The sessions of the Assembly were marked by keen interest,having administrative jurisdiction over the Design and Super- abiding confidence, and constructive action.Those in attend-vision of Engineering Works; and Assistant Secretary having ance were gratified with the work accomplished and were in-administrative jurisdiction over the administration and execu- spired with the great sphere of usefulness immediately at band.tion of the Construction Work of the Department of Public The meetings of the Executive Committee and the Adminis-Works and Domain; and an Assistant Secretary having administrative Board of the Council were held on Wednesday, Janu-trative jurisdiction over the Public Domain.Under the pro- ary 13th, at which various matters were considered and recom-visions of the bill all subdivisions of the Federal Government of mendations formulated for the consideration of the Assemblyan architectural, engineering andconstruction character would of the Council on the following day.These matters are in-he transferred to the Department of Public Works and Domain. cluded in the following summary of the principal topics dis- The Bill will be introduced in the Senate by Senator Jones, of cussed and actions taken by the Assembly on January 14th andWashington, and in the House of Representatives by Congress- 15th. man Wyant, of Pennsylvania. IN ST I T t"I'l.; .1N I)I( E 1..1T E I ).1( "1'1 VITI .14 el ilia 11.I. E. F. GovEitNntErs.rIN !Not sTlt The Council 1111,(1 heels IRV Ile('to 1)4.1.0111e 101i1101.1Z1,11 LU 10111J1111141' 111111 caorri viil1grihhii/1111.1 01 theConference an atlllialcd !needier ill M1'111,11110 11111. ItetM 11'10111V on Governmentill to de. 1111111Stry. - ('. I )4.% v1(11)1114,10 Ilu\\I Icr,it\ (hied to lend ids This it de of n hind the purposes of 111111'lllS111)111)11 lo aI IIIIplan %vliji.11nwyI, the confercnce.This it. did 1)11W111./l1 111111111' such1.011/1/ril11. administration. be thesense of American byth it, to The Assembly adopted ment should Engineering Councilthat, the Govern- the report Of thecommittee and not trespassupon the field of fervid it to theAdministrative Board with satisfactorily shown industry unless it.leas SI iillY made if power to 1' that theGovernment could means for financing itI'Ml be obtained. in a particularbusiness than betterengage private enterprises. l'icounAm OF REsEniceii FEDERAL WATER POWER COMMISSION Dr. II. E. Howe,Chairman of the ( 'ommittee In view of thefact that bills Program of Research, on a Five- Year- have beenintroduced into presented aprogress report which gress proposing toremove the Tennessee Con- thusitistieully adopted. Was ell. from the and Colorado This programproposes the following jurisdiction of theFederal Power Riversstudies: since otherlegislation is pending Commission, and Waste in Agriculture, the Commission, which, if passed,will undermine with special referenceto the engineering the Assemblyapproved a resolution phases thereof. proval of allsuch legislation. of disap- The Assembly Survey of Waste inIndustries using Water PowerCommittee and instructed itsRaw Materials. Agricultural Productsas to defeat officers touse all possible any legislation thattends to impair means Waste of Power, in the Commission the usefulnessof the realm ofgeneration, transmission or to destroy the use of power obtainedfrom coal, oil and and for in the enablingact. functions thereofas provided gas. Reclamation of MaterialWastes, such ucts, city refuse and as metals, forestprod- SALARIES OFFEDERAL JUDGES garbage. The Assembly The EngineeringApproach to the unanimously endorsed Training and Problem of LaborSupply. bill to increasethe salaries of House Bill 3831,"A Employment of the its Patents Federal Judges,"and instructed Industrial Fatigue. Partially Incapacitated. Committee toexert its efforts thereof. to secure thepassage Integration of Industry. This program contemplates theexpenditure of PATENTS $350,000 during thenext five years. approximately The Assemblypassed a resolution On the basis of authorizing its officers past experience anda known source of endeavor aggressivelyto secure a toit is believed thenecessary funds can be interest, Office.They were new building for thePatent secured. instructed to enlistthe active all interestedgroups. support of CIVIL AVIATION The urgent needfor .a new building modern equipmentwas clearly set forth and Announcementwas made that the tary, who has been by the ExecutiveSecre-had been completed report on CivilAviation serving ona Committee and issued in bookform. Procedure, appointed on Patent Officejointly by theDepartment of Commerce This report, made by the Secretaryof Interior and and American tinued by theSecretary of Commerce. con-ing Council; hasbeen most Engineer- doubtedly serve favorably receivedand willun- a useful purpose duringthis session of STREET ANDHIGHWAY SAFETY Congress. Mr. W. B. Powell,Chairman of the SURVEY FOR 1926 Highway Safety, Committee on Streetand The Council submitted a most has secured$25,000 with which committee recommended suggestive report.Theexpense of its survey for to defray the that AmericanEngineering Council 1926. Thissurvey will have to do alone or in cooperationwith other organizations safety in industry.The details with made of: have a studyfurther announcement are being developedand a concerning it willbe made in the A.Traffic controlsignals. future. near B.Directional and general traffic signs for city MEETING OF C.Analysis of the physical streets. WASHINGTON SECTIONS. factors entering intothe efficient On the evening operation of streetintersections. of January 13th, D. were the guests of the the delegates inattendance Analysis of themost efficient methods Washington Sectionsof the A. S. intersections. of turns atand the A. I.E. E., ata dinner at the M. E. A. F. Horn,Chairman of the Cosmos Club.Messrs. The Assemblyapproved the report A. I. E. E.Section, and and referred itto the Ad-Adelman, Chairmanof the A. S. Arthur ministrative Board forconsideration of ways and M. E. Section,acted as "alter- the study made. means to havingnating" toastmasters.The following dents of the A. S. officers and PastPresi- M. E. and A. I.E. E. were RECLAMATION made brief addresses: called upon and Chairman H. B. Walker,speaking for the William L. Abbott,A. W. Berresford, Reclamation, said the future Committee onHollis, F. L. M. E. Cooley,Ira M. policy of Federalreclamation should Hutchinson, DexterS. Kimball, F. embody the principlethat previous to Osgood, Calvin W.Rice, E. W. Rice, R. Low, Farley there shall be ascertained: inaugurating any project, The principal Jr., and CharlesF. Scott. speaker of theevening was Dr. A.The producing capacityof the land. Moulton, Directorof the Institute Harold G. B.The ability of the D. C., who of Economics,Washington, land and the projectto meet the gave an exceedinglyinteresting and cost of construction,operation and maintenance. on "The French DebtProblem." instructive talk C.The practical occupation of the landby responsible settlers. BANQUET The Committee The Council recommended thatAmerican Engineering sessions concludedwith a Banquet Council have madeunder its direction Chase Club, Friday at the Chevy a thorough and an im- evening, January15th.Mr. Gardner portant study of: Williams, ActingPresident, presided S. A. The fundamental address was given at the Banquet.A short principles involved ina reasonably by President-electDexter S. Kimball. fixed policy of FederalReclamation. principal speakerswere Honorable Hubert The B. An administrative the Interior, Work, Secretaryof plan looking towardthe creation of and HonorableD. R. Crissinger, a Federal corporation, controlled Federal ReserveBoard. Many Governor of the by a small board ofdirectors,gress and government prominent membersof Con- officials attended. RELATED ACTIVITIES 195 Feb. 1926 INSTITUTE AND On April 9 last year, a host of friends, men ofnational and inter- OFFICERS ELECTED national reputation in many fields of human endeavor,enter- The officers elected at this Annual Meeting are: Hotel Cornell tained Mr. Adams at a dinner at the Waldorf-Astoria President, Dexter S. Kimball, Dean of Engineering, in celebration of his seventy-ninth birthday. University, Ithaca, New York. has been Michigan, Most of his long and intensely active business life Vice Presidents, Gardner S. Williams, Ann Arbor, devoted to important enterprises combining engineeringand (re-elected) and I. E. Moultrop, Boston, Massachusetts. He took a leading part in the organization and reorgan- Treasurer, Dr. H. E. Howe, Washington, D.C. (re-elected) finance. D. C., (re-ization of the numerous railroads, including the West Shore, Executive Secretary, L. W. Wallace, Washington, Central of New Jersey, Western Maryland and theNorthern elected by the Administrative Board) Pacific.Out of innumerable small companies he created the Hold -Over Officers are: All - A. W. Berres-American Cotton Oil Company, led in establishing the Vice Presidents, 0. H. Koch, Dallas, Texas; and America Cables, and has had no unimportant share in many ford, New York, N. Y. another industrial undertaking.For fifteen years he was a The representatives of the.A. I. E. E. present were: member of the banking firm of Winslow, Lanier & Company, A. W. Berresford, John H. Finney, M.M. Fowler, H. M. the Farley Osgood,and for twenty-one years American representative of Hobart, F. L. Hutchinson, William McClellan, Deutsche Bank, of Berlin. E. W. Rice, Jr., C. F. Scott, and C. E. Skinner. Announcement was made of the names of therepresentatives who will constitute the Administrative Boardfor the year 1926, Relation of Diesel Electric Locomotive to cbnsisting of the President, the four Vice Presidents,the Treasurer Electrification and representatives of the national societiesand the regional A meeting of great interest in these days of acute transporta- districts; the delegation to represent the A. I. E. E.,in addition tion problems is to be held jointly by the four Founder Societies, to Vice -President Berresford is composed of : the A. S. C. E., A. I. M. E., A. S. M. E. and A. I. E. E. on Thurs- John H. Finney, Washington, D. C.; D. C. Jackson,Boston, E. W.day, February 18, 1926, 8 p. m., Engineering Societies Building, Massachusetts; Farley Osgood, Newark, New Jersey; 33 West 39th St., New York, N. Y.The subject "The Relation Rice, Jr., Schenectady, New York; Charles F. Scott, NewHaven,of the Diesel -Electric Locomotive to Electrification" will be Connecticut, and C. E. Skinner, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. developed by three speakers: C. H. Stein, General Manager, Four alternates were also designated namely: Central Railroad of New Jersey; Hart Cooke, McIntosh and Sey- M. M. Fowler, Chicago, Illinois;William McClellan, Newmour Company; and N. W. Storer, Westinghouse Electricand York, N. Y.; A. G. Pierce, Cleveland, Ohio; and E. C. Stone, Manufacturing Company. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Mr. Stein will speak of heavy electrification problems as seen by the operating officials with relation to short bank, switching John Fritz Medal Awarded to and terminals, showing how single units with their own power Edward Dean Adams plants might fit, and also supplement trunk line electrification. The John Fritz medal, established in 1902 in honor of John Mr. Hart Cooke will describe the characteristics of the Diesel - Fritz, one of the great pioneers in the iron and steel industry to be Electric Locomotive and give some results of operation.He will awarded annually for notable scientific and industrial achieve- show why and in what way it will as a prime mover meet re- ment-the highest honor bestowed by the engineering profession quirements.Mr. Storer will deal with the electrical character- of this country-was on January 15, awarded by the John Fritzistics of the Diesel and cover the problem from the standpoint Medal Board to Edward Dean Adams, for achievement as "anof the electrical engineer and electrical equipment.The meet- Engineer, Financier, Scientist, whose vision, courage and in-ing will be presided over by H. A. Kidder, Supt. of Motive Power, dustry made possible the birth at Niagara Falls of hydroelectricI. R. T., Chairman, New York Section A. I. E. E. and George J. power."The presentation will be made at a later date. Ray, Chief Engineer., D.. L. & W. R. R., Chairman, New York Born in Boston Mr. Adams has resided in New York since Section A. S. C. E. 1878.He was graduated as a bachelor of science from Norwich University in 1864 continuing the pursuit of his engineering .1111111111111 iiiii studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Mr. Adams ENGINEERING FOUND. TION

has been a fellow of American Society of Civil Engineers since .1,1II,ri 1111111 iiiiii 11111111 iiiii Ilf....111..,.I.t111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111,11111111111111111./1111111111111101111111111111111 1891, an associate of American Institute of Electrical Engineers A PLATFORM FOR ENGINEERING FOUNDATION since 1910, Vice -Chairman of Engineering Foundation since its inception, and, for years, an active member and officer of En- An Announcement gineering Societies Library. Engineering advances by continual gain and diffusion of new It was by his decision that alternating current was chosen for knowledge.Organizing for effective conduct of research under the epoch-making plant of The Niagara Falls Power Companythe auspices of the four national American Societies of Civil, in 1891 as well as the transmission of the power by wire toMining and Metallurgical, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineers, Buffalo.Ho personally made extensive studies of the latesthas, however, not been a simple task.Nevertheless, important forms of electric generators and water turbines in Europe and progress has been made recently. America.In spite of contrary opinions he adhered to his momen- Technicalinvestigations have been conducted by these tous decision with regard to the kind of electric current andSocieties severally for years; but there has been little correlation equipment to he used emphatically expressed by Edison andand no comprehensive program.Only within a decade have Sir William Thomson (later Lord Kolvin)and now alternatingengineers come to understand research in the same sense as current and direct -connected hydroelectric units are almost uni- scientists.Ambrose Swasey, by his far-sighted suggestion in versally employed for power development and transmission.1914 of an engineering research foundation, and a gift for the Mr. Adams has been a patron of many expeditions for ob- beginning of its endowment, compelled study of this problem. serving total eclipses of the sun and of other scientific investiga- . Then came the great war and the organizing of scientists and tions personally participating in some of thorn.Ho is a membertechnologists to aid the Government should our country become of the National Research Council, the American Museum ofinvolved, as in 1916 appeared inevitable.Engineering Founda- Natural History, for many years a trustee of the Metropolitantion assisted, therefore, in establishing National Research Coun- Museum of Art, and a patron of the fine arts in this and othercil and cooperated with it through the war and reconstruction. countries. Indeed, it has been said repeatedly that if the Foundation had 1NsTITUTE A NI) ItEL.1TED.1( "I'11'ITIEs mrolnldishiql Ilullllllg elsc, Journal A. I,E. fled Mr. alum wifilld Swiesey's gift.Seientist hay(' i- F0111,410'. practical :Ind engineers 1111(1 dtqiions(rati.ai ilit I. war timorizencies user u I Iles.;a ill 5611 hi, I'd in lilt, lit peace, alsn, int,' iia! io of .h.d search (.1111 he \\ Hely1110c JIM 1l1111III useful, for it loll cooperatie re- till, VI/MI(11W it' I can aid in solving A project ing II and, besides, thus 1111.1s11 turd to I lit,44(441', 44f urgent problenr,, 1111'111111'1'S 44f Ihi' progress in industry, lioW lot igP 4411 it -,1111111(1 imivaervnient W 11 'eh are based Enginvering l'ITIllt11, iltinrOVelliellt of engineeringpractise and Foillidatioll,IIIral,inghinds .1. toclillical m111(.11,6011, aid hy apiaidto Ihose NI!(tll'lllg 111111'1' a 11111111111 needs for the greatersat israPtion who'MIA Peel lit and desires. Aild11144 1923, Engineering tine. linty nothefar distant When Foundation again those who hay., or primary problem, found itself rmiaengineering %6Il but Withexperience raving itsadvantage to be derived perceiie the work done. atectinitilated anduseful for the Profession,for 121(144.-.Iry Its FounderSocieties in the 111(1Public fromprim iding Engineering and for gressed in researchand in development interval hadpro- with funds that Foundation soadequately and their joint of theirorganizations efTort and lini('now expended in relations.Together they all the incidental solicitation,551111 problem so important attacked againthis alilloyanci.s 1111(1 waste,May bu eonseiitil to the professionand the earlier attainment.of benefits sought. finr rally there hasbeen variety country.Natu- tions of the in conceptionof the form I,. B. STILLWELL, Foundation andof the relations and func- Chairman. Societies. between it andthe ALFRED 1). FLINN, Out of prolongedconsideration Director, which assuresprogress and achievement.a plan has emerged Engineering Foundati(m embodied ina Platform for Its fundamentalsare at a meeting of its EngineeringFoundation, adopted PERSONNEL RESEARCH Board December10, after approval Since 1921, the FEDERATION by the governingbody of each of a draft Personnel ResearchFederation, according unanimous Founder Societybased on the fourth annualreport, has been to recommendation of a moting a number gaining supportand pro- composed of their their Joint ConferenceCommittee, of researches. presidents andsecretaries. Journal of Personnel Since 1922 ithas issued the but in other Research, recognizednot only in Anterieu, PLATFORMFOR ENGINEERING countries as well. FOUNDATION Director of the Doctor WalterV. Bingham, Desiring topromote active and Federation, is alsoeditor of the means to scientific wisely directedresearch asa sound 1?estarch.The Federation Journal of Per- and technicalprogress and believing and 62 individual has 28 memberorganizations systematic cooperationby Engineering that members, widelydistributed. several Founder Foundation andthe ditions to thiscooperative ntembership Recent ad- Societies is essentialto any development include theMassachusetts research work of of the Institute of Technology,Division of Industrial the Societiescommensurate with Research; Cooperation and influence andresources of the profession, the dignity, Yale University,Department of Engineering Founda-Engineering;the Administrative tion, while reservingentire liberty of Federal BoardofVocational conferred upon it action under theauthority Officers electedfor the current. Education. by the FounderSocieties, through Coonley, member, year are President,Howard Engineering Society,adopts the following United American Societyof Mechanical present plan and policy: declaration of itsPresident,WalworthCompany, Engineers, Alfred D. Flinn, Boston;VicePresidents, 1.Engineering Foundation Director, EngineeringFoundation, New the preferred field regards engineeringresearch asWilliam Green,President American York; for its activities. Washington; Cator FederationofLabor, 2.It will selector approve specific Woolford, RetailCredit Company, assist by appropriation researches which itwill Secretary, Robert I.flees, American Atlanta; of funds orotherwise. Company, New Telephone andTelegraph 3.It will select for York; Treasurer,Francis H. Sisson, each project theagency, collectiveor in-President, Guaranty Vice - dividual, which it deemsmost effective. Trust CompanyNew York. 4. 11111111111111111111/111111111111111111111111111111.111 llllllll 1 lllll It will assumeno direct responsibility 11111111 lllllllllllllllllllllll 1 llllllllll 1 llllllllllllllllllllllllll lllll 11.111111111.11111111111111111 llllll 111 llllll for the prosecution 111111111111111111 of any specificresearch. 5. American Engineering It will cooperate withthe national Engineering StandardsCommitteeIs Societies 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 and preferablysupport researches lllllllllll 110100. lllllll 1111111111111 lllllll 11111111 approved by it llllllll 111111111.111111111111111111111111111.111111111/1 one or more of them. sponsored by llllllllllllllll 111 lllll ; NEW LIMIT -GAGEFOR MASS 6. PRODUCTION A member of EngineeringFoundation, or of its To make for thegreatest possible be an advisory, but staff, maymass production, has output of the highestquality not an active, member ofany committee or become availableto all American other organization inimmediate charge of facturers of machinery,vehicles, tools, manu- financially by the Foundation. a research assisted electrical apparatusand This provision willnot be retro-many other lines ofproduct through active. the limitgages just completed the standardizationof 7. by the American Engineering Foundationreserves the right Standards Committee.The limit Engineering committees or other to require from standards are based gages upon which thenew organizations or individualsassisted, satis- are simple devices for factory progress reportsas a condition of continued checking dimensions. great accuracy in 8. support. The preparationof the standards Engineering Foundation willcooperate with the the work of a committeeof twenty-one was Founder or other national severalmanship of Colonel experts under thechair- Engineering Societies inraising funds Eugene C. Peck,prominent manufacturer for the prosecution ofapproved researches. Cleveland, Ohio; the of 9. committee was underthe official leadership It will endeavor toprevent conflict or overlap of The AmericanSociety of Mechanial of research Engineers.Not only effort among the agencieswhich it supportsor assists. industrial groups butthe government, 10.It will cooperate in Navy Departments through the Armyand securing information ofthe state of and Bureau ofStandards participated. the art for use ofcommittees of the Founder agencies. Societies or other UNIFICATION OF WIREAND SHEET METAL Adoption of this plan has GAGES PROPOSED placed the impartial andjudicial The American attitude of EngineeringFoundation beyond the Engineering Standards without it questions which,requested by the Society Committee has been nevitably would have arisenwhen the Foundation iri of AutomotiveEngineers to take future determined allotment unification of wireand sheet metal up the and use of largesums. gage systems in orderto Under the policy adopted, arrive at a nationalstandard system of researches conducted by theFounderof metal wires and designating the diameters Societies will be doublysafeguarded in their selection, the thicknessesof metal sheets. since A conference of all they will have passedindependent approval by the industrial groupsinterested in this board of awill be called inthe near future, problem to discuss thedesirability and 197 INSTITUTE AND RELATEDACTIVITIES Feb. 1926 mail it to Spanish speak- existing gage systems into aand the Mexico Section is also willing to possibility of unifying the various ing members of the Institute in othercountries, without charge, consistent national system, or systems. upon receipt of application. Letters may be addressed to any of thefollowing: Mr. E. F. CAN AMERICAN AND BRITISHSCREW THREADS BE UNIFIED? Chairman, and Mr. to be held inLopez, Fresno No. 111, Mexico, D. F., A conference of standardizationexperts is Hernan Larralde, Isabel LaCatolica 33,Mexico, D. F., Secre- April to discuss possibilities. andthe American Engineeringtary, Mexico Section; Mr. Jorge E.Castro, Apartado Postal 124 Standards Committee and the NationalScrew Thread Commis-Bis, Mexico, D. F., Editor in Chief, andMr. J. P. Ramirez, sion have invited the BritishEngineering Standards AssociationApartado No. 2057, Business Manager, of theBulletin. to consider the possibility ofunifying the American andBritish screw thread systems. Both the American and the Britishsystems of screw threads G. E. Review Plans 5 -YearIndex have been the result of a longnational development, the basis during the past five laid by William Sellers in An index of articles run in the magazine for the American system having been years is being planned by theGeneral Electric Review.The 1864, and that for the British systemby Joseph Whitworth in subject and author, called "American (national)index will be alphabetically arranged by 1841.The standard threads are thus facilitating ready reference to articlescarried during the standard thread" in this country,and "British Standard Whit- years 1920-1925.It will be bound in a durable, heavy,stock worth (BSW) thread" in Great Britain. paper cover and will be made tosell for a nominal sum.The A fundamental difference betweenthe two national systems ex- the magazine. of a possible unification be-size of the index will be 8 by 103 in.-the same as ists, however, and the importance Before starting the work of compiling thisinformation, the tween the two screw thread systemswill be obvious if one realizes of libraries and in- threaded partsto modernReview is anxious to secure the comments the innumerable applications of dividuals interested in such a publication.It is requested that manufacture. those who can make use of the index signifytheir interest in it by writing the magazine at Schenectady,N. Y.If sufficient Sharon, Pa., Has New Section interest is manifested in the work, it will bestarted within a few by the 225 who were Amid considerable enthusiasm manifested weeks. present a new Section wasformally organized at Sharon, Pa., at a meeting held on January 5and the following Officers were elected and the firstSection paper presented:W. M. Dann, National Academy of SciencesAppeals Chairman, L. H. Hill, Secretary -Treasurer. For Research Funds An executive committee consisting ofthe following members MaeCalla, The National Academy of Sciences announces anappeal was elected:Chairman, W. M. McConahey, C. S. the leading scientists of the E. B. Clarke, W. J. Harrier and P. E.Cook. to prominent public men to join with the title of the paper, country in an endeavor to secure greaterresources for the Powe; Flow in Electrical Machinery was the United States is presented by Joseph Slepian, WestinghouseElectric & Mfg. research in pure science, claiming that while leading all nations in industrial science, itis falling behind in Co.Extensive discussion followed the address. total number of pure science research.A special board created by the Academy Formation of the Sharon Section brings the includes Albert A. Michelson, Institute Sections up to fifty-one. for the handling of these funds President of the National Academy ofSciences and a Nobel prize winner; Gano Dunn, chairman ofthe National Research New Metallurgical Laboratories Council; Vernon Kellogg, Permanent secretaryfor the National The new metallurgical laboratories of the PittsburghExperi- Research Council; Elihu Root, HerbertHoover, Andrew W. ment Station of the Bureau of Mines, Departmentof Commerce,Mellon, Charles E. Hughes, John W. Davis,Colonel Edward M. will be formally opened on the evening of January 26.Members Forbes, Felix Warburg, Institute ofHouse, Julius Rosenwald, Cameron of the Metallurgical Advisory Board of Carnegie Henry S. Pritchett, Doctor Robert Millikan,Foreign secretary of Technology and the Bureau of Mines will be present.Others the National Academy of Sciences, DoctorMerriam of Carnegie prominent in the mining and metallurgical fields are expected to Institution of Washington, Owen D. Young,Henry M. Robinson, attend. Doctor Simon Flexner of the RockefellerInstitute of Medical The new metallurgical laboratories are the outgrowth of an Research. Doctor J. J. Carty, Vice -Presidentof the Am. Tel. & agreement made in 1923 under which Carnegie Institute ofTech- Tel. Co. and past -president of the A. I. E.E., Doctor Wm. H. nology appointed an advisory board for its Department of Metal-Welch, Director of the School of Hygieneand Public Health, lurgy and arrangedforcooperative research fellowships inJohns Hopkins University and others ofequal prominence. metallurgy at the Pittsburgh Experiment Station of the Bureau

MOM of Mines.Under the arrangement, certainproblems in the .11n14011 metallurgy of iron and steel formerly conducted at the Northwest Experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines, Seattle, Wash., are PERSONAL MENTION lllllll being studied at Pittsburgh.In the study of these problems, .M14 lllll 1.1 llllll llllllllll 1111111 llllll 111111111.111111111111111111111111111 the well equipped laboratories of Carnegie Institute of Technol- WI L LI AM S. ScrlMlnrWill shortly join the Pennsylvania -Ohio ogy will be available tosupplement those of the Bureau ofPoWer & Light Company atYoungstown, Ohio.Mr. Schmidt Mines. has been connected with the PennPublic Service Corporation

for the past few years. Monthly Bulletin of the Mexico Section RENE A. WT RGEL who has beenplanning engineer for the The Mexico Section of the Institute started to publish at theWestern Electric Company NewYork City, has accepted a beginning of 1924 a monthly Bulletin in the Spanish language,position as Purchasing Engineerwith the Holly Pneumatic containing not only the proceedings of the Section, but also many Systems, Inc., 100 East 45th Street,New York City. other articles and technical papers of interest to electrical EDGAR KODAK has been electedvice-president and director of acting as publishing head of the engineers. the McGraw-Hill Company, Inc., The Bulletin is mailed free of charge to every electrical andMcGraw-Hill electrical publications, ElectricalWorld, Electrical mechanical engineer, every light and power company, and Merchandising, Industrial Engineer, Journal ofElectricity and many other companies and individuals in the Republic of Mexico; Radio Retailing. 198 INSTITUTle, AN I) RELATE .1( "1'1 V I'll ES FRANK A.N.J.:T(11AM now Graybar Will 1)0executive Journal .1.I. E. E. ElectricCompany. ViD0-111'0141(10111, Of1110 the WesternElectric Mr. keteltainhas been with Addresses Wan beginning Company furthe past A list of led as a clerk intheir Chicago eighteenyears, names of members whose held the position ollice.Since 1921, the Postal Ant mail has beenreturned by of generalmanager of their lie has huntties is gigen below, together A. W.MOLIMONT supply department. as they now with theaddresses peg Electric has beenappointed appear on the Instituterecords. Company for president of theWinni- knowing thepresent address of Any member and general which lie hasserved as to communicate any of these membersis requested manager for thepast eight vice-president with the S4;cretary was formerlyelectrical years.Mr. MoLimontYork, N. Y. at 33 West 39thSt., New Public Service engineer ofthe First Commission of District of the All membersare urged to notify with electric Now Yorkand has boon promptly of the InstituteIleadquarters systems in bothSouth America connected any change inmailing or business C. M.GODDARD, and Mexico. relieving themember of needless address, thus for thirty-fiveyears secretary annoyance and also England InsuranceExchange, of the Newthe promptdelivery of assuring 7th by 200 of was givena dinner on mailing records, Institute mail,theaccuracy of our his associatesin the fire January and the eliminationof dard was closely insurance field.Mr. God-postage and clericalwork. unnecessary expensefor associated withthe development Electrical Coderetiring from of the National 1.-Geo. B. Coleman,P. 0. Box 322, year. active business.on the first of 2.-Geo. E. Haines, Dayton, Ohio. this 3538 W. MonroeSt., Chicago, THEODOREH.DILLON, Ill. ment at Harvard professor ofpublic utility University, has manage- of the Bostondistrict of the resigned tobecomemanager Obituary Dillon wasfor several United FruitCompany. Loyal B. Alden, ing at years professor Colonel construction engineer, Massachusetts of electricalengineer- 1925. Mr. Alden died on December13, uate of West Institute ofTechnology and was born in 1870in Leicester, Point, holding is a grad-Vermont. Hereceived his Addison County, engineering. a record for engineering education distinguishedmilitarychusetts Instituteof Technology at the Massa- W. H.SAWYER, course in the --later takingthe student's Fellow of theA. I. E. E. ConstructionDepartment of the regionalvice-president of and H. W.BALES,aCompany. He General Electric February 2nd the A. I. E.E., sail for was connected withthe General to makea report of Australiaon pany in Baltimorefor some Electric Com- brown coal investigationon the Yallourn years, having been electricitygeneration scheme construction ofa transformer in charge ofthe undertakings of and connected connection with station inBaltimore, built the governmentelectricity power the McCall'sFerry Plant in chief missionis to place commission.Theirof the Baltimore and thesubstation the benefitof America's and OhioRailroad on perience at thedisposal of electricalex-furnishes current Park Avenuewhich DONALD Australia. for runningthe Belt Line McNIcoL, Fellowof the. A. I. Baltimore & OhioRailroad Company. Railroad of the assistant to thepresident of the E.E. and lastyear Arthur W. Jones has been elected Radio Corporation died at his home president of the of America,26, 1925.Mr. Jones in Schenectady,December taking office Institute of Radio was born in Philadelphia at the time oftheir recent Engineers, took an electrical in May 1866and Engineering Societies convention heldin theInstitute of engineeringcourse at the Building January18-19. Technology-after Massachusetts in this specificfield of scientific Goodprogressthe Thomson graduation heofficiated with by the endeavorseems assured both -Houston Companyof Lynn, Mass. success of this, the.first full later becamechief engineer Several years the Radio membership conventionof of theInternational Engineers and intheir choice of Houston Company.In 1894 he Thomson- president for theensuing Mr. McNicolas South Africa, was sent to Port year. and asrepresentative of Elizabeth, WILLIAMK. VANDERPOEL, Company for that the GeneralElectric since January territory, in1895 accepted superintendent of 1, 1916 generalin Melbourne,Australia. a similar position distribution, ofwhat is now the he served Returning to partment of PublicService Electric Electric De- as manager of the Schenectady in1905, signed to become and GasCompany has railway signal vice-president and re-directly connectedwith the Far department-being The Okonite executive engineerof national General East departmentof the Inter- Company andThe Okonite-Callender Electric Companyand having Inc., manufacturersof wire and Cable Co.,the company'sinterests in various directionover factories at cable for electric Oriental Countries. Paterson andPassaic, and purposes, with Otto C. Miller,of the Los York City.Mr. Vanderpoel general officesin Newdied on December Angeles Sectionof the Institute, as superintendent came to Public Servicein 1907 11, 1925, inthat city. of Distributionfor the Newark Columbus, Texas,on September He was bornin in 1916was made general district, andeducation as 12, 1867 and superintendent private student received his He is a Directorof the A. I. ofdistribution.Lundberg, a Danish and co-workerwith William on its Executive, E. E. and hasserved, or is mathematician and Finance, Power, servingMr. Miller hasbeen connected scientist in LosAngeles. committees andothers. Standards, EdisonMedalElectric Corporation with the LosAngeles Gas and for the pastfifteen years S. L. NICHOLSON UndergroundEngineer. as an Electrical of the has recentlybeen elected acting Westinghouse Electric vice-president Benjamin H.Ryder. a member Mr. Nicholson and ManufacturingCompany. of the A. I. E. has been affiliatedwith the December 28,1925.Mr. Ryder's E., died on pany since 1898, being Westinghouse Com-N. Y., wherehe was born birth placewas Hudson, appointed salesmanager in 1909 and December 3rd, assistant to thevice-president in 1917. his educationin Chicago, 1878. He received dent of the He was the firstpresi- Steel & Wire becoming connectedwith the American American Associationof Electric Company in facturers, now known Motor Manu-he was transferred Pittsburgh shortlythereafter.Later as the Electric Power to the Chicagooffice of the the formation ofthe American Gear Club, assisted inremained untilthe time of concern, where he Manufacturers' Association, his death.Mr Ryder's was chairman of thePower Club, Electric felt by hismany friends and loss will be and the Association Manufacturers' Club associates. of AmericanManufacturers of Electrical Frederick A.Huntress, for Supplies.During 1921, Mr. Brazilian Traction, many years anofficialof the Tariff Committee Nicholson was chairmanof the Light and PowerCompany, Ltd., of the Counciland represented in the city ofRio Janeiro operating industry on the the electrical27th at his and Sao Paulo,Brazil, died National IndustryConference Board: is apartment, Hotel January member of theElectrical Safety a Born in Biddeford, Somerset, Boston. Statistical Association Conference, theAmerican Maine, Mr.Huntress' late and the Bureau of technical educationwas through Harvard general and for CarnegieInstitute of Technology. Personnel Researchgraduated in 1891 College, from whichhe with the degreeof A. B. himself with theBoston Elevated In 1893, heaffiliated Railway, doingspecial work in ACTIVITIES 199 Feb. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED chose him as their for them.In 1894 he wasConsolidated Street Railway Company generation and distribution of power general manager and he remained withthem until his departure identified with the Montreal (Canada)Street Railway Company the Rio Janiero Tramway Engineer, to return in 1895 tothefrom the States to connect with as assistant to the Electrical Company of which he was first VicePresident at the time of his Boston Elevated Railway as assistant totheir master mechanic. death.In 1922 he returned from SouthAmerica to take In 1896 he was made assistant to thegeneral manager of the remained in the United Company, and later becameresidence in Lenox, Mass., and has Halifax Tramway Light and Power States ever since. general manager himself in 1898.In 1903, the Worcester lllll WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWI lllllll W llllllllllllll WOO, mmounINIllllll 1 llllll 111111111 llllllll U1 lllllllllllInemilemoultilitintimintillismsmomminiteimmeiniminneinimemouloommummisimum 0111 lllllll 111111111010111111110011 lllll lllll 011 lllll 1111111000100110111010000 EngineeringSocieties Library 1 lllll 1111111.1 lllllllll llllll I lllllllll WIWWWWWWW1111 lllll I llllllllllll 11111 llllll 11111111 lllllll 11111111111 lllllll WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWI lllllllllllll I lllllllWM. llllllHimllllllll llllllllMllll 11 llllllllllllllllllllllllllll 11 llllllllllll 1 llllllllll 11111 llllllllllllll mmmullu llllllllllllllllll 1 lllllllllllllllllll1/1.111millueummoumummu Societyof activity of the American Instituteof Electrical Engineers, the American The library is a cooperative of Mining and MetallurgicalEngineers and the American Society ofMechan- Civil Engineers, the American Institute Founder Societies by the United EngineeringSociety, as a public reference ical Engineers.It is administered for these It contains 160,000 volumes andpamphlets and receives currently library of engineering and the alliedsciences. Societies Building, 29 West Thirty- most of the important periodicalsin its field.It is housed in the Engineering ninth St., New York. of those unable to visit it in person, theLibrary is In order to place the resourcesof the Library at the disposal translations of articles, and similar assistance. prepared to furnish lists of referencesto engineering subjects, copies or Charges sufficient to cover the costof this work are made. be rented by members residing inNorth The Library maintains a collectionof modern technical books which may A rental of five cents a day,plus transportation, is charged. America. gladly give information concerningcharges for the various kinds of service to The Director of the Library will should be made as definite as possible, sothat the investigator may those interested.In asking for information, letters understand clearly what is desired. holidays throughout the year exceptduring The library is open from 9 a. m. to10 p. m. on all week days except July and August when the hours are9 a. m. to 5 p. m. the direction of the activities of the department,but has no BOOK NOTICES DECEMBER1-31, 1925 medical training. Unless otherwise specified, books inthis list have been presented by the publishers.The Society does not assume respon- HEPHAESTUS; OR, THE SOUL OF THE MACHINE. sibility for any statement made; these aretaken from the By E. E. Fournier D'Albe.N. Y., E. P. Dutton & Co., 1925. preface or the text of the book. 76 pp., 7 x 5 in., cloth.$1.00. All books listed may be consulted in theEngineering Societies An interesting, original study of the relationsbetween man and Library. his machines. How the age of machineryhas come about and DIE GLIECHSTROMMASCHINE MIT what influence machinery will eventuallyhave on society is AUFGABENSAMMLUNGUBER explained in striking fashion in this little book. LOSUNGEN. By Fr. Sallinger.Ber. u. Lpz , Walter de Gruyter & Co.,1925. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICITY, Part 2. 108 pp., diagrs., 6 x 4 in., cloth.1,25 gm. By Chester L. Dawes.N. Y., McGraw-Hill Co.,1925. This, the third. volume of ProfessorSallinger's concise text-(Electrical Engineering Texts) 480 pp., illus.,diagrs., 8 x 6 in., examples of book on continuous -current machines, is devoted to cloth.$2.75. the application of the formulas and rules givenin the previous illustrate D -c. machinery having been covered in thefirst volume of this volumes.These examples are worked out in detail and text, the present book takes up alternators.The fundamental clearly the practical use of the theory. principles and the simple laws of alternatingcurrents and circuits fill the first chapters.The construction and operating ELEMENTS OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINEERING. characteristics of a -c. generators and motors arethen discussed By Telford Petrie.Lond. & N. Y., Longmans, Green & Co.,and analyzed, and the relations of theircharacteristics to their 1925.236 pp., diagrs., 9 x 6 in., cloth.$3.75. industrial uses considered.The last three chapters are devoted The various types of gas and oil engines, their cyclesof opera-to general industrial applications ofelectricity, such as illumination, ideal cycles and their functions, the thermodynamicsof thetion, electron emission and radio communication. gas engine and the other theoreticalconsiderations of these engines are discussed.The work is confined to theory and does INDUSTRIAL FURNACES,Vol.2.ohn not discuss practical details of design. By W. Trinks.N. Y., .T Wiley & Sons, 1925. '405 pp., $5.50. L'EMPLOI DES INDICATEURS COLORES;LA DETERMINATION illus., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., cloth. DES IONS While the first volume of this importantwork was largely COLORIMETRIQUE DE LA CONCENTRATION theoretical and of particular interest to thedesigner, this volume HYDROGENS. is primarily devoted to practise and makesits appeal to those By I. M. Kolthoff. Translated from the 3rd German edition by who select, install and operate furnaceequipment.The author Edmond Vellinger.Paris, Gauthier-Villars et cie, 1926.250 discussesfuels,combustiondevices,temperaturecontrol, atmosphere control and labor-savingdevices, compares various pp., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., paper.50 fr. their selection. The simplicity and rapidity of the color indicator method offuels and types of furnaces, and offers advice on measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in aqueous Electric furnaces are included in the discussion. solutions have led to a wide extension of its use for this important L'INDUSTRIE CHIMIQUE DES BOIS; 1OUTSderives etextraits purpose.The author of this book gives a survey of the various methods used and studies their application under a wide variety industriels. of conditions, so that the work is of value to all who utilize By P. Dumesny and J. Noyer.Paris, Gauthier-Villars & cie., indicators in chemical or biological work. [ 19251 432 pp., illus., diagrs., 10 x 7 in., paper.50 fr. In writing this book, the authors havehad in mind the needs of EALTII MAINTENANCE IN INDUSTRY. practical men and have given specialattention to industrial By J. D. Hackett.Chicago & N. Y., A. W. Shaw Co., 1925. methods.The book is divided into two sections.The first 488 pp., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., fabrikoid.$6.00. opens with a review of thechemical composition of wood and Increasing appreciation of the relation between the healththe properties of the products obtained bycarbonization and of workmen and their efficiency has led to the establishmentby distillation.The principal processes of carbonization are of medical departments in many plants.This book gives anthen described. A chapter is devoted tothe manufacture of account of the organization of such a department and of the waysacetic acid, methyl alcohol and the acetates,and another to in which it may aid production.The subject is treated simply, secondary products of wood distillation.The second section from the point of view of the plant manager, who is responsible fortreats of the extraction and use of tannins. 200 INSTITUTE .1N IfIfEI.1TElf .11"I'l 1'1'11 ES .IA111(111'4'11le:It Journal .1. I1111 \ 1,1t 1.1111.i I. E. E. K. V. \1;1 '11.1 19'2'1. 1',5. Hallo (snide 1'I111."1. ror 112 pp., illus., 1, engineers Whit wishLo operate diagrh., 11x S diaper. Knapp, 191:5 engines. Ti, lift 7,s0 gm. STAl proileeilings at r nwilidos the annual a report of1110 Ity paid lieyer,-iliirler. meeting ,if I several of thepapers read at that ),,,p11,61.,1921, and I frosileit ii. Litz.,Theodor stoiokopn', 011 II1110. These Illelllde 19'2, P. I -1 pp., illur., tables, 9 x li in., palm. I iVeS for II:1101104, feldrliSSith .\Homily), of our ithowi,,,igo or 5,50 ink. Railways" byII. NO1%1111111111: DieSol LoiI/111O- dost by .1. 1.11;1'111.101., th.i DiNeloomm by It. Droves; Istitisz;"Large Diesel"Igell1011 l'110114/111V1111.in nod propertiesor dust,o1ro,1,,4 ,iiti ii , "Raising the Engines for Ships" riciIVivi! yI lit,11.(1 6)11Id or bout Pro -compression Power of (iits IrtIVCili 1(111. Tilt' is explosions andfiltithi)(114 of by Blowers,and the Use li:tigiows through Unveiled lepresent1110 Turbines toDrive those Of Exhaust(lases in (.m141111.40 lull in a Principles of Blowers" by tries. by those engagedin dusty High -SpeedSemi -Diesel W. (1. Noaek;"1`110 and "On the' Engines" by Dr. elH NumericalExpression of the BUeliner; .11.1.1j.11KIN 1.7\ Eln1A NI/ES Calorie" by W.Ostwald. Idea of the Quality DI:1( DEUTsuigEN DIE LEIsruNGI DES DRELISTROMOPENS. April 1925, Karl-rulie. By J. Berlin, VD! Verlag,1925. Wotsolike.Berlin, Julius diagrs., plates, 12x 9 in., paper. 132 pp., diagrs., tables,9 x 6 in., Springer,1925.70 pp., The proreeilings 111,-gui. paper.5,10 g. contain reportsand discussions Books on theelectric furnace number of importantmat tics relating upon a that exist less are not numerous,and in those Among these toboiler operation. attention is paidto the needs of temperature,are the tension in heavyboiler plates; engineer than ofthe chemist of the electrical sliant, ofI vst-pioeu and speed the influence the authorattempts to and metallurgist.In this booknoteheil bar tests;A inerieatt rtilits of testingupon cussion of the meet electrical aecessories for for water purifier electrical theoryand of therequirements bya dis- high-pressure operation; makeforthegreatest electrical factorsthatwelding for boilerparts; the high-pressureautogenotisand eleetrie opportunities for efficiency.He calls boilers are appended. boiler. research in thisfield. attention to Statistics of NIAGARA IN USINES 11YD110ELECTRIQUES. POLITICS; a CriticalAccount of the Electric Commission. Ontario Hydro- By Charles L.Duvaland J. L. Itoutin. et fils, 1925. Paris, .J. B.liailliere By James Mayor.N. Y., E. P. 512 pp., illus.,diagrs., 9 x 6 in., 8 x 5 in., cloth. Dutton & Co.,1925. A general textbook paper.60 fr. $2.00. 255 pp.,authors give on hydroelectricpower plants. Professor Mayor's a description of theseplants as a whole, The Power Commissionwork is anindictment of the various apparatusused and explaining showing the both public of Ontario,which he condemnsHydroelectricto its ehoice ineach case, its the reasons thathave led policy and ofeconomic advantage. on grounds ofhydraulic and electric dimensions andits use.Both construction of the features are discussed, PATENTS; Law andPractice.3rd edition. apparatus are omitted. but details ofthe TRADE -MARKS, 1924.56 pp. The book is basedon the course TRADE NAMES,UNFAIR COMPETITION. d'Electricite. at the Ecole tion.1925.48 pp. 4th edi- Superieure N. Y., Richards& Geier, 277 Gratis. Broadway: 9x 6 in., paper. Book Review SUPERPOWER: ITS These pamphletsprovide a convenient GENESISAND FUTURE. and trade -marklaws of the summary of the patent William S. Murray,New York. They are intended principal countriesof the world. 1923. McGraw-Hill Book to give laymenthe more 238 pp., illus., 6by 9 in. cloth. Co. a guide in meetingthe problems important facts,as In this book $3.00. that arise mostfrequently. Mr. Murray,the father of POWER PLANTLUBRICATION. an intimate andpleasingly Superpower, tells in By William Farrand of Superpower spontaneousway the complete Osborne.N. Y., McGraw-Hill and its possibilities, story 1925.275 pp., illus., Book Co.,ceived the idea from the timehe first diagrs., tables, 8x 6 in., cloth. up to its present con- A conciseaccount of the $3.00. possibilities.It is pointed development, andits future methods of buying, properties oflubricants and of out that the testing and usingthem on various thebeen frequently name, Superpower,has power -plant machinery. classes ofreal meaning misunderstoodor misrepresented Intended for operatingengineers. is the physical whereas its PRACTICAL MARINE plants within interconnection ofall generating DIESEL ENGINEERING. certain zones inorder to take By Louis R. Ford.N. Y., Simmons economy and thereby advantage of diversity 1925.512 pp., illus., -Boardman Publ.Co., greatly reducereserve equipment diagrs., 9 x 6 in.,fabrikoid. interruptions toservice from and avail Discusses the theoretical $7.50. cussed from breakdowns.The subject is construction of its principles of theDiesel engine, a wide varietyof aspects dis- various stationaryand moving thelanguage and and innon -technical accessories.Descriptions of parts, and its points out whythis movement, various typesare given, and a largetypical commercialengines ofway, cannot buteventually furnish already under to the operation part of the book isdevotedmeans of power and more adequate and to occur. of Diesel enginesand the derangements transportation, which economic The book isintended for practical likelyelements uponwhich the are the two essential enginemen,es-depend. industry andprosperity of the ...... nation ...... :,.1111 ...... 111111 ...... III ...... 111111111111111111111.1.111111 ...... 111111111011111111111111111111.111.111111...... PastSectionand ...... Branch ...... Meetings ...... SECTION MEETINGS ...... illonolmomion ...... mm81111111111 ...... 1111111$11 ...... HydraulicMaintenance 111111110111111111111111111.110.1 Akron November 21. at HoltwoodPlant, by T. Sleeve BearingsVersus Anti -Friction Attendance 280. C. Stabley. H. D. Else and Bearings, by J. L.Brown, ElectricRefrigeration, by L. E. Erickson.A dinner preceded Mr. Twilley, meeting.Joint with A. S. M.E. theIllumination, by.J. C. Fisher, The KelvinatorCo., and ance 54. December 18. Attend- Ladies Night. Consolidated Gasand Electric Co. December 18.Attendance 140. Baltimore Chicago Dielectrics and Insulation,by J. B. Whitehead, Power Flowin Electrical University. Johns Hopkins house Elec. Machines, by October 16.Attendance 85. & Mfg. Co.JanuaryJoseph,Slepian, 11. Westing- Holtwood Steam Station,by V. E. Alden, Attendance 210. Electric Light and Consolidated Gas, Cleveland Power Co. RailroadElectrification Recent Experience with Westinghouse -Present andFuture, by N. Water Power Company,Transmission System ofPennsylvania Elec. & Mfg.Co. W. Storer, by A. F. Bangand E. Hansson, November 20.Attendance 91. Illustrated withslides. Pennsylvania Water andPower Co., and Tendencies inPower Development Robert Treat.Dean C. and Transmission,by Ober, ClevelandElectric Illu- 201 RELATED ACTIVITIES Feb. 1926 INSTITUTE AND Portland howed pictures f new apparatusused in his minatingCo.,high-tension 17.Attend-Baker River Hydroelectric Development,by L. M. Robinson, company's lineDecember Stone and Webster, Inc.December 9.Attendance 81. ance 87. Providence Denve Plants, by R. L. Yates, by J. E. Loiseau, PublicCosts of Operation of Isolated Power M. E., Public Utility Securities and Finaning,Attendance 27. Skinner Engine Co.Joint meeting with A. S. Service Company.Decembe 18. Providence Engineering Society andIlluminating Engi- Detroit -An Arbor N. W. neering Society.January 5.Attendance 100. Recent Developments in HeavyPetrie Traction, by Rochester Storer, Westinghouse Elec. &Ifg. Co. A motionpicture, precededthetalk. Development and Research Work of the BellTelephone Laboratories, entitled"ElectrifiedTravelsie," by S. P. Grace, Bell Telephone Laboratories.December 4. November 17.Attendance 1(. F. W. Alexanderson,Radio Attendance 300. Polarization of Radio Waves, by I entitled CorporationofAmerica. motionpicture, "The Story of the Storageittery," preceded thetalk. San Francisco Attendance 450 Symposium on Power -Distribution Systems,by S. J. Lisberger, December 4. G. H. Hager, L. J. Moore and D. K. Blake.A dinner pre- Erie Attendance 190. poration of America.The ceded the meeting.October 2. Radio, by P. J. Larsen, Radio C pictures and the latestOil Circuit Breakers, by J. S. Thompson,Pacific Elec. Mfg. Co. lecture was illustrated with n ving A dinner preceded the meeting.October 30.Attendance a -c. receiving sets andloud )eakers weredemonstrated. Attendance 2E 215. camber 15. Some Engineering Aspects of the TelephoneBuilding, by C. W. Fort Wane Burkett, G. M. Simonson and L. W. Whitton.December 11. De( mber 15.Attendance 80. f//i by F. W. Peek, Jr. Attendance 250. Electrons and Hobbies, by W. R.alley, General ElectricCo. Spokane January 11.Attendance 150 Reflections on Power Factor, by W. T. Ryan,Washington Water Ithac Power Co.December 18.Attendance 18. rical Transmission of Speech, fusicand Noise, by Harvey F' Laboratories.The Springfield ',.t cher,BellTelephone 1ystem Storage Batteries, by R. D. Harrington,Electric Storage Battery cure was demonstratedwitl:pecial wave -filter apparatus. Attendance 47. )..cember 7.Attendance 20( Co.December 21. Los Ant les Syracuse Angeles Bureau of WaterHydroelectric Developments in Japan, by S. Q.Hayes, Westing- Electrolysis, by I. D. Van Giesen, os Illustratedwithslides. Works and Supply.Illustr;ed with slides.A dinner houseElectric & Mfg.Co. preceded the meeting, at wha talks weregiven by E. A. December 14.Attendance 100. r),,1 i be, Los Angeles EngineengDept., and J. E. Philips, Toronto Angeles Water Distribut n Dept., on"The Proposed The Chronograph Method of Speed Measurement,by P. A. Borden, ,lorado River, Los Angeles lueduct"and "The Existing Hydro -Electric Power Commission ofOntario.Illustrated. Lueal Water Situationin Jos Angeles,: respectively. Mr. F. K. D'Alton also gave a shorttalk on this same January 5.Attendance 134. subject.Two moving pictures on the "Wizardyof Elec- Lyn) tricity" were shown by Mr. Johnston ofthe Canadian Attendance 45. The Quest of the Unknown, by B B.Smith, Worcester Poly- General Electric Co.December 18. technic Institute.Illustrate with slides.December 17. Urbana Attendance 50. A Message from Herbert Hoover, by W.A. Durgin, Common- Mexii. wealth Edison Co.December 9.Attendance 44. Annual Banquet.October 24. tendance 43. Mechanical Force between Electric Circuits, byR. E. Doherty, Parasite Currents in the Bearing of A -CMachinery, by A. General Electric Co.December 17.Attendance 108. rnejo. Worcester of Distributing SystemsElectrical Energy, by J. V.Lightning and Other Transients on TransmissionLines, by F. W. te.December 3.Atte lance 24. Peek, Jr., General Electric Co.Illustrated with slides and Milwax ee moving pictures.December 10.Attendance 50. struction of the Nca!iverside Pumping Station,by ill.December 11Attendance 60. BRANCH MEETINGS Minne .ta University of Alabama vice on R tilrols, by J. C. Rankine, Great of moving pictures. Tway Co.Th talk was demonstrated byThe meeting was devoted to the showing equipnie;andapparatus.Motion December 15.Attendance 36. the (iat Northern Railway were University of Arizona tten awe 37. Railroad Electrification, by Charles Dunn, and bra cat Electrification of Ships, by Leo Wolfson.November 7.At- nla4, General Electric Co.Joint tendance 13. December 14.Attendance Electrically Driven Vehicles, by Wm. R.Brownlee, and Electric Welding, by E. Brooks.November 14.Attendance 14. ontier The Electron Theory, by T. E. Davis.November 21.Attend- estinghouse Elec. & Mfg. ance 16. Opportunities in theTelephone Industry.A motion picture, entitled "Rolling Steel by Electricity," wasshown. Decem- n, by J.P. Maxfield, ber 5.Attendance 23. December 14.Attend - The Big Creek Project, by Jos. Denzer.Moving picture, entitled "Speeding Up the Deep -Sea Cables,' wasshown. December 12.Attendance 20. r Karapetoff, CornellA motion picture, entitled "Beyond theMicroscope," was shown. ance 348. December 19.Attendance 17. Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 8, by H. B. Williams, Engineering Features of Long -DistanceTelephony, by C.S. Attendance 260. Hawkins, American Telephone &Telegraph Co.Illus- ence of Radio, by trated with slides, and tion of America.High -Frequency Radio Oscillations,by B. Adler, student. Decem- ber 16.Attendance 55. 2110 INSTITUTE .1N1 .1( "1'1 V ITI ES al.k111(111.1'11 1/1.:II Itlfl. \ \ 1,1(kr Jew led .1.I.Ie.. E. 1.1.11NISCIIEN Arr. N.1"21. ra 112 pp., illus., \'5'"all' 'Saul"). H11,11.11111111.fil11,lirM diagrs., II Will"'" Kilit1)1), engines. wish ti) eperate111,44' x s in diaper.7,50 gni. The fifth;etirbooli. Of the proceedings atthe annual Society ineltidestl report. of the several of the meeting of Ity Paul Iteyersdorfer.Dresden e. papers remt ut that December, 1921,mid l'.)25. 1,1)4., TheodorSteinhopfT, on -Internal time.These include 12-, jr.,)) tideles, x 11 II1 CombustionEngines, Esueeiull, addresses paper.5,50 nth. tives for Railways"by II. Nordmann; Diesel Lociono- A sumnia,y ofour hilowledeeof d Gas Engines" tiutir OlitYavtor, tilt/ ItX1111)Mi111114. )1'.4.1P01414 by J. "Ignition Phenomenain 1111.1114On/11sprOpPri by R. Droves; l'ittisz; "LargeDiesel Engines for and slit) ii 11114 ofHunt,Off1.11 "Raising the ships" elevi ricity,t he all ion ,. /wilt. Power of Gas The bunk is iutllnded \ Plosions Mill 1114'111,011i Pre-eompression byBlowers, and the Engines through topresent the situation of Turbines to Drive Use of Exhaust( form eonvenientfor eonsultation in a these Blowers" in industries. I hese engaged in Principles of High-Speed Semi -Dieselby W. G.Nottek ;"The dusty and "On the' Engines" by Dr. TACIUNU Numerical Expression Buchner; DES ti.1 \ VI.1(11 \ Calorie" by W. of the Ideitof the Quality 111.11 1)1.II -LIIEN Ostwald. DAMPFKESSFL-UnEit:WM Nt;s DIE LEISTUNG DES DREIISTROMOFENS. April 1925, Karlsruhe.Berlin, Viii Vorlug, By J. Wotschke. illus., diagrs., 1925. 132 pp., Berlin, JuliusSpringer, plates, 12 x 9 in.,paper.16, -gin. diagrs., tables, 9x 6 in., paper. 1925.70 pp., The proemilings Books on the 5,10 g. in. number of importantcontain reports anddiseussionsupon a electric furnaceare not numerous, matters relating to that exist lessattention is paid and in thoseAmong theseare the tension in heavy boiler operation. engineer than of to the needs ofthe electricalof temperature,shape Of test -pieceboiler plates; theinfluence the author the chemist andmetallurgist. notched bar tests; and speed oftesting upon attempts to meet In this book American rules forwater purifier cussion of theelectrical theoryelectrical requirementsby a dis-accessories forhigh-pressure boilers; operation; makeforthe and of the electricalfactors thatwelding for boilerparts; the high-pressureautogenotis and electric greatestefficiency.He calls attention boilers are appended. boiler.Statistics of opportunities forresearch in thisfield. to NIAGARA IN POLITICS; USINES HYDROELECTRIQUES. a Critical Accountof the Ontario By Charles L. Electric Commission. Hydro - Duval and J. L.Routh'.Paris, .J. B. Bailliere By James Mayor. et fils, 1925.512 pp., illus., N. Y., E. P. diagrs., 9 x 6 in.,paper.60 fr. 8 x 5 in., cloth. Dutton & Co.,1925.255 pp., A general textbookon hydroelectric $2.00. authors givea description of these power plants.The Professor Mayor'swork is an indictment various apparatusused and explainingplants as a whole,showing the Power Commissionof Ontario, which of the Hydroelectricto its choice in each the reasons thathave led both public policy he condemnson grounds of case, its dimensions and of economicadvantage. hydraulic and electricfeatures are discussed,and its use.Both construction of the but details ofthe PATENTS; Law andPractice.3rd edition. The book is apparatus are omitted. TRADE -MARKS, 1924.56 pp. based on thecourse at the Ecole TRADE NAMES,UNFAIR COMPETITION. d'Electricite. Superieure tion.1925.48 pp. 4th edi- N. Y., Richards& Geier, 277 Gratis. Broadway.9 x 6 in.,paper. Book Review SUPERPOWER: ITS These pamphlets GENESIS ANDFUTURE. and trade -mark provide a convenientsummary of the patent William S. Murray, laws of the principal New York.McGraw-Hill Book They are intendedto give laymen thecountries of theworld. 1925.238 pp., illus., 6by 9 in. cloth. Co. a guide in meeting the more important facts,as In this book $3.00. problems that arisemost frequently. Mr. Murray, thefather of Superpower, POWER PLANT an intimate andpleasingly spontaneous tells in LUBRICATION. of Superpower way the completestory By William FarrandOsborne.N. Y., McGraw-Hill and its possibilities, 1925. Book Co., ceived the idea from the time befirst con- 275 pp., illus., diagrs.,tables, 8 x 6 in., up to its present A concise account cloth.$3.00. possibilities.It is pointed development, and itsfuture of the propertiesof lubricants and out that the methods of buying,testing and using of thebeen frequentlymisunderstood name, Superpower, has power -plant machinery. them on variousclasses ofreal meaning is or misrepresentedwhereas its Intended for operatingengineers. the physicalinterconnection of PRACTICAL MARINE plants withincertain zones in all generating DIESEL ENGINEERING. order to takeadvantage of diversity By Louis R. Ford.N. Y., Simmons economy and therebygreatly reduce 1925. -Boardman Publ. Co.,interruptions to reserve equipment andavail 512 pp., illus., diagrs.,9 x 6 in., fabrikoid. service frombreakdowns. Discusses the theoretical $7.50. cussed from The subject isdis- principles of the Dieselengine, the a wide variety ofaspects and in construction of its variousstationary and moving language and pointsout why this non -technical accessories.Descriptions of typical parts, and itsway, cannot but movement, alreadyunder various typesare given, and a large partcommercial enginesof eventually furnish to the operation of of the book isdevotedmeans of power and more adequate andeconomic Diesel engines andthe derangements transportation, whichare the two essential to occur.The book is intended likelyelements upon whichthe industry and for practical enginemen,es- depend. prosperity of thenation

...I ,,,,,,,,,, ...... i ...... nionitiont..11111.1/111111111111114000 llllllll I llllll I llllllll 1111110111111111111...... 1...... I ...... 111.111...... 0.111.0.11.11.111111,1111111011.01111/111,11111.11.1.1111111/1111111i11111immulimistisiniiiiiiii...... Past Sectionand Branch tiannoomyrrimio...... Meetings

SECTION MEETINGS ...... Hydraulic Maintenanceat Holtwood Plant, Akron November 21.Attendance 280. by T. C. Stabley. Sleeve Bearings VersusAnti -Friction Bearings, Electric Refrigeration, H. D. Else and L. by J. L. Brown, by Mr. Twilley,The Kelvinator meeting. E. Erickson. A dinnerpreceded theIllumination, by J.C. Fisher, Co., and Joint with A. S. M.E.December 18. Attend- Ladies Night. Consolidated Gasand Electric Co. ance 54. December 18.Attendance 140. Chicago Baltimore Power Flow in Dielectrics and Insulation,by J. B. Whitehead, Electrical Machines,by Joseph, Slepian, University. Johns Hopkins house Elec. &Mfg. Co. Westing- October 16.Attendance 85. January 11.Attendance 210. Holtwood Steam Station,by V. E. Alden, Cleveland Electric Light and Consolidated Gas, Railroad Power Co. Electrification-Presentand Future, by Recent Experience with Westinghouse Elec.& Mfg. Co. N. W. Storer, Water Power Company,Transmission by System ofPennsylvania November 20. Illustrated withslides. A. F. Bang and E.Hansson, Attendance 91. Pennsylvania Water and PowerCo., and Tendencies in PowerDevelopment and Robert Treat.Dean C. Ober,Transmission, by Cleveland ElectricIllu- RELATED ACTIVITIES 201 Feb. 1926 INSTITUTE AND Portland minating Co., showed pictures of newapparatus used in his 17.Attend-Baker River Hydroelectric Development, byL. M. Robinson, company's high-tensionlines.December Stone and Webster, Inc.December 9.Attendance 81. ance 87. Providence Denver Plants, by R. L. Yates, by J. E. Loiseau,Public Costs of Operation of Isolated Power E., Public Utility Securities and Financing,Attendance 27. Skinner Engine Co.Joint meeting with A. S. M. Service Company.December 18. Providence Engineering Society andIlluminating Engi- Detroit -Ann Arbor neering Society.January 5.Attendance 100. Recent Developments in HeavyElectricTraction, by N. W. Rochester Storer, Westinghouse Elec. &Mfg. Co. A motion picture, precededthetalk. Development and Research Work of the Bell TelephoneLaboratories, entitled"ElectrifiedTravelogue," by S. P. Grace, Bell Telephone Laboratories.December 4. November 17.Attendance 100. F. W. Alexanderson,Radio Attendance 300. Polarization of Radio Waves, by E. entitled CorporationofAmerica. A motionpicture, "The Story of the StorageBattery," preceded thetalk. San Francisco Attendance 450. Symposium on Power -Distribution Systems, by S.J. Lisberger, December 4. G. H. Hager, L. J. Moore and D. K. Blake.A dinner pre- Erie Attendance 190. Corporation of America.The ceded the meeting.October 2. Ritdio, by P. J. Larsen, Radio pictures and the latestOil Circuit Breakers, by J. S. Thompson, PacificElec. Mfg. Co. lecture was illustrated with moving A dinner preceded the meeting.October 30.Attendance a -c. receiving setsand loud speakers weredemonstrated. Attendance 255. 215. December 15. Some Engineering Aspects of the TelephoneBuilding, by C. W. Fort Wayne December 11. Attendance 80. Burkett, G. M. Simonson and L. W. Whitton. Lightning, by F. W. Peek, Jr.December 15. Attendance 250. Electrons and Hobbies, by W. R.Whitney, General Electric Co. Spokane January 11.Attendance 150. Reflections on Power Factor, by W. T. Ryan,Washington Water Ithaca Power Co.December 18.Attendance 18. Electrical Transmission of Speech,Music and Noise, by Harvey Springfield BellTelephoneSystemLaboratories.The Fletcher, special wave -filter apparatus. Storage Batteries, by R. D. Harrington, ElectricStorage Battery lecture was demonstrated with Attendance 47. December 7.Attendance 200. Co.December 21. Los Angeles Syracuse Hydroelectric Developments in Japan, by S. Q. Hayes,Westing- Electrolysis, by I. D. Van Giesen, LosAngeles Bureau of Water with slides. Works and Supply.Illustrated with slides.A dinner houseElectric & Mfg.Co. Illustrated preceded the meeting, at which talks weregiven by E. A. December 14.Attendance 100. Bailie, Los Angeles EngineeringDept., and J. E. Philips, Toronto Los Angeles Water DistributionDept., on "The ProposedThe Chronograph Method of Speed Measurement,by P. A. Borden, Colorado River, Los Angeles Aqueduct"and "The Existing Hydro -Electric Power Commission of Ontario.Illustrated. Local Water Situation in LosAngeles." respectively. Mr. F. K. D'Alton also gave a shorttalk on this same January 5.Attendance 134. subject.Two moving pictures on the "Wizardy ofElec- Lynn tricity" were shown by Mr. Johnston of theCanadian Attendance 45. The Quest of the Unknown, by H. B.Smith, Worcester Poly- General Electric Co.December 18. technic Institute.Illustrated with slides.December 17. Urbana Attendance 50. A Message from Herbert Hoover, by W. A.Durgin, Common- Mexico wealth Edison Co.December 9.Attendance 44. Annual Banquet.October 24.Attendance 43. Mechanical Force between Electric Circuits, byR. E. Doherty, Parasite Currents in the Bearings of A -C Machinery,by A. General Electric Co.December 17.Attendance 108. Cornejo. Worcester Operation of Distributing Systems of Electrical Energy,by J. V.Lightning and Other Transients on TransmissionLines, by F. W. Crotte.December 3.Attendance 24. Peek, Jr., General Electric Co.Illustrated with slides and Milwaukee moving pictures.December 10.Attendance 50. Design and Construction of the New Riverside PumpingStation, by Ralph Cahill.December 16.Attendance 60. BRANCH MEETINGS Minnesota University of Alabama Communication Service on Railroads, by J. C. Rankine, GreatThe meeting was devoted to the showing ofmoving pictures. Northern Railway Co.The talk was demonstrated by Attendance 36. specialtelegraphequipmentandapparatus.Motion December 15. pictures taken along the Great Northern Railway were University of Arizona shown.January 4.Attendance 37. Railroad Electrification, by Charles Dunn, and Nebraska Electrification of Ships, by Leo Wolfson.November 7.At- Automatic Stations, by C. W. Place, General Electric Co.Joint tendance 13. meeting with Engineers Club.December 14.Attendance Electrically Driven Vehicles, by Wm. R. Brownlee,and 78. Electric Welding, by E. Brooks.November 14.Attendance 14. Niagara Frontier The Electron Theory, by T. E. Davis.November 21.Attend- The Klydonograph, by J. F. Peters, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. ance 16. Co.January 8.Attendance 35. Opportunities intheTelephone Industry.A motion picture, Philadelphia entitled "Rolling Steel by Electricity," was shown.Decem- High -Quality Phonographic Reproduction, by J.P. Maxfield, ber 5.Attendance 23. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.December 14.Attend-The Big Creek Project, by Jos. Denier.Moving picture, en- ance 315. titled "Speeding Up the Deep -Sea Cables,' wasshown. Pittsburgh December 12.Attendance 20. Breakdown of Solid Dielectrics, by Vladimir Karapetoff, Cornell A motion picture, entitled "Beyond theMicroscope," was shown. University.December 8.Attendance 348. December 19.Attendance 17. Pittsfield Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute Electrical Measurements in Medical Diagnosis, by H. B. Williams, Engineering Features of Long -DistanceTelephony, by C.S. Columbia University.December 15.Attendance 260. Hawkins, American Telephone &Telegraph Co.Illus- Recent Theories and Developments in the Science of Radio, by trated with slides, and E. F. W. Alexanderson, Radio Corporation of America. High -Frequency Radio Oscillations, byB. Adler, student. Decem- January 5.Attendance 375. ber 16.Attendance 55. 200 INSTITI"I'E AND j la;1,.1TE1) .111'11'1'1'1ES M( 111(1 hi, 1,1.1 .1.I.E. E. I:.V.1021.v.5. lluIh. ptieially for thetitar.titii si emit engineers 112 pp., illus.,dittgrs., IIxs 19.15. engines. %% let 1('1411 lit I/1)11/101iIiimsi Ti",111Th yearhoek per. 7.st)f.!"1. ST kit -I.: N. i'Llthl(iNEN. 11111 pl'oe(1141111gs at 111(1nuti1171I aropurt IIII Ill' By htiii loyOr.1(11111111.. SOVDralor 11111 II1Mtillg ofI )W.01111101.. D11,-011111 piipors rvittiat (hal HO I,anti 1923. 12-, pp., illus., tables, TIIIIIIIII)r "111torInd ('oMi)11StiO11 'These iunlu111 addrosSCS x li in., paper. ri,[11) tivt's fur Railways" Engines, EspeeittllyDiesel Lociono- A summary ofour knowledge of dust Gas Engines" H. Nordmann:"Ignition Phenomena their elutrueter, the eplosions.Diseusses by J.1.`attsz; "Large in Bad dangerous propertiesor dust, effeets or by R,. Droves;"Raising the Diesel Enginesfor Ships" static, ohwtriciiy, twat Pre -compressionby Blowers,Power of (lasEngines through provlai.,11. T11(1 is int 1114,1 111,11,4 of Turbines to Drive and the Useof Exhaust fOrin annVOInDlit ti,presom !lie situationin a those Blowers" Gases in for 401041111ationhy 11111,1. Principles of High-Speed Semi -Dieselby W. ( LNoack; '"I'lle (lardy and "On the. Engines" by 1)r. TA(111Nn DES Numerical Expression Huebner; A1.1.1;ENI El NEN V EMI A NOES Calorie" by W.Ostwald. of the Idea ofthe Quality DER DEFTscHEN DIE LEISTUNG liAMPFKESSEL-UnEltWA('llUNnHVEREINE. DES DREHSTROMOFENS. April 1925, larlsritliu.Berlin, V1)1 Verlag, By J. Wotschke. illus., diagrs., plates, 1112.1. 132 pp., Berlin, JuliusSpringer, 12 x 11 in.,paper.16, -gin. diagrs., tables, 9x 6 in., paper. 1925.70 pp., The proceedingscontain reports Books on the 5,10 g. in. number of important and discussionsupon a electric furnaceare not numerous, matters relatingto that exist lessattention is paid and in thoseAmong theseare the tension in heavy boiler operation. engineer than of to the needs ofthe electricalof temperature,shape of test-piecoboiler plates;the influence the author the chemistand metallurgist. notched bar tests; and speed oftesting upon attempts to meet In this book American rules forwater purifier cussion of theelectrical theoryelectrical requirementsby a dis-accessories forhigh-pressure boilers; operation; makeforthe and of the electricalfactors thatwelding for boilerparts; the high-pressureautogenotts and eleetrie greatestefficiency.He calls attention boilers are appended. boiler.Statistics of opportunities forresearch in thisfield. to USINES HYDROELECTRIQUES. NIAGARA IN POLITICS;a Critical Account of the OntarioHydro - By Charles L. Duvaland J. L. 'Louth'. Electric Commission. et fils, 1925. Paris, B. Bailliere By James Mayor. 512 pp., illus.,diagrs., 9 x 6 in., N. Y., E. P.Dutton & Co., A general textbook paper.60 fr. 8 x 5 in., cloth.$2.00. 1925.255 pp., on hydroelectric authors give a descriptionof these plants power plants.The Professor Mayor'swork is an indictment various apparatusused and explainingas a whole, showingthe Power Commissionof Ontario, which of the Hydroelectricto its choice in each the reasons thathave led both public policy he condemnson grounds of case, its dimensions and of economicadvantage. hydraulic and electricfeatures are discussed,and its use.Both construction of the but details ofthe PATENTS; Law andPractice.3rd edition. apparatus are omitted. TRADE -MARKS, 1924.56 pp. The book is basedon the course at the TRADE NAMES,UNFAIR COMPETITION. d'Electricite. Ecole Superieure tion.1925.48 pp. 4th edi- N. Y., Richards& Geier, 277 Gratis. Broadway.9 x 6 in.,paper. Book Review SUPERPOWER: ITS These pamphlets GENESIS ANDFUTURE. and trade -mark provide a convenientsummary of the patent William S. Murray, laws of the principal New York.McGraw-Hill Book They are intendedto give laymen thecountries of theworld. 1925.238 pp., illus., 6by 9 in. cloth. Co. a guide in meeting the more important facts,as In this book $3.00. problems that arisemost frequently. Mr. Murray, thefather of Superpower, POWER PLANT an intimate and pleasingly tells in LUBRICATION. of Superpower spontaneous way thecomplete story By William FarrandOsborne.N. Y., McGraw-Hill and its possibilities, 1925. Book Co., ceived the idea from the time hefirst con- 275 pp., illus., diagrs.,tables, 8 x 6 in., cloth. up to its present A concise account $3.00. possibilities.It is pointed development, and itsfuture of the propertiesof lubricants and out that the methods of buying,testing and using of thebeen frequentlymisunderstood name, Superpower, has power -plant machinery. them on variousclasses ofreal meaning is or misrepresentedwhereas its Intended for operatingengineers. the physical PRACTICAL MARINE plants within certain interconnection ofall generating DIESEL ENGINEERING. zones in order to takeadvantage of diversity By Louis R. Ford.N. Y., Simmons economy and therebygreatly reduce 1925. -Boardman Publ. Co., reserve equipment and 512 pp., illus., diagrs.,9 x 6 in., fabrikoid. interruptions to servicefrom breakdowns. avail Discusses the theoretical $7.50. cussed from The subject isdis- principles of the Dieselengine, the a wide variety ofaspects and in construction of its variousstationary and moving language and pointsout why this non -technical accessories.Descriptions of typical parts, and itsway, cannot but movement, alreadyunder various typesare given, and a large commercial enginesof eventually furnish part of the book isdevotedmeans of power and more adequate andeconomic to the operation of Dieselengines and the transportation, whichare the two essential to occur.The book is intended derangements likelyelements upon whichthe industry and for practical enginemen,es - depend. prosperity of thenation

M. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,, ,,,,,, ...... MM...... M ......

...... r ...... Past Sectionand BranchMeetings SECTION MEETINGS ,,,,,,, ..... ,,,,, ...... Hydraulic Maintenanceat Holtwood Plant, Akron November 21.Attendance 280. by T. C. Stabley. Sleeve Bearings VersusAnti -Friction Bearings, Electric Refrigeration, H. D. Else and L. by J. L. Brown, by Mr. Twilley,The Kelyinator meeting. E. Erickson. A dinnerpreceded theIllumination, by J.C. Fisher, Co., and Joint with A. S. M.E.December 18. Attend- Ladies Night. Consolidated Gasand Electric Co. ance 54. December 18.Attendance 140. Baltimore Power Flow in Chicano Dielectrics and Insulation,by J. B. Whitehead, Electrical Machines,by Joseph,Slepia,n, University. Johns Hopkins house Elec. &Mfg. Co. Westing- October 16.Attendance 85. January 11.Attendance 210. Holtwood Steam Station,by V. E. Alden, Cleveland Electric Light and Power Consolidated Gas, Railroad Co. Electrification-Presentand Future, by Recent Experience with Westinghouse Elec.& Mfg. Co. N. W. Storer, Transmission System ofPennsylvania November 20. Illustrated withslides. Water Power Company, byA. F. Bang and E.Hansson, Attendance 91. Pennsylvania Water and PowerCo., and Tendencies in PowerDevelopment and Robert Treat.Dean C. Ober,Transmission, by Cleveland ElectricIllu- 201 INSTITUTE AND RELATEDACTIVITIES Feb. 1926 Portland minating Co., showed pictures of newapparatus used in his December17.Attend-Baker River Hydroelectric Development, byL. M. Robinson, company's high-tensionlines. Stone and Webster, Inc.December 9.Attendance 81. ance 87. Denver Providence by J. E. Loiseau,Public Costs of Operation of Isolated Power Plants,by R. L. Yates, Public Utility Securities and Financing,Attendance 27. Skinner Engine Co.Joint meeting with A. S. M.E., Service Company.December 18. Providence Engineering Society andIlluminating Engi- Detroit -Ann Arbor neering Society.January 5.Attendance 100. Recent Developments in Heavy ElectricTraction, by N. W. Rochester Storer, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg.Co. A motion picture, precededthetalk. Development and Research Work of the Bell TelephoneLaboratories, entitled"ElectrifiedTravelogue," by S. P. Grace, Bell Telephone Laboratories.December 4. November 17.Attendance 100. W. Alexanderson, Radio Attendance 300. Polarization of Radio Waves, by E. F. entitled CorporationofAmerica. A motionpicture, "The Story of the StorageBattery," preceded thetalk. San Francisco Attendance 450. Symposium on Power -Distribution Systems, by S. J.Lisberger, December 4. G. H. Hager, L. J. Moore and D. K. Blake.A dinner pre- Erie Attendance 190. Corporation of America.The ceded the meeting.October 2. Radio, by P. J. Larsen, Radio pictures and the latestOil Circuit Breakers, by J. S. Thompson, PacificElec. Mfg. Co. lecture was illustrated with moving October 30.Attendance a -e. receiving sets andloud speakers weredemonstrated. A dinner preceded the meeting. Attendance 255. 215. December 15. Some Engineering Aspects of the Telephone Building,by C. W. Fort Wayne December 11. Attendance 80. Burkett, G. M. Simonson and L. W. Whitton. Lightning, by F. W. Peek, Jr.December 15. Attendance 250. Electrons and Hobbies, by W. R.Whitney, General Electric Co. Spokane January 11.Attendance 150. Reflections on Power Factor, by W. T. Ryan,Washington Water Ithaca Power Co.December 18.Attendance 18. Electrical Transmission of Speech, Musicand Noise, by Harvey Springfield BellTelephoneSystemLaboratories.The Fletcher, special wave -filter apparatus.Storage Batteries, by R. D. Harrington, Electric StorageBattery lecture was demonstrated with Attendance 47. December 7.Attendance 200. Co.December 21. Los Angeles Syracuse Hydroelectric Developments in Japan, by S. Q. Hayes,Westing- Electrolysis, by I. D. Van Giesen, LosAngeles Bureau of Water with slides. Works and Supply.Illustrated with slides.A dinner houseElectric & Mfg.Co. Illustrated preceded the meeting, at which talks weregiven by E. A. December 14.Attendance 100. Bailie, Los Angeles Engineering Dept.,and J. E. Philips, Toronto Los Angeles Water Distribution Dept., on"The Proposed The Chronograph Method of Speed Measurement,by P. A. Borden, Colorado River, Los Angeles Aqueduct"and "The Existing Hydro -Electric Power Commission of Ontario.Illustrated. Local Water Situation in LosAngeles,:respectively. Mr. F. K. D'Alton also gave a short talk onthis same January 5.Attendance 134. subject.Two moving pictures on the "Wizardy ofElec- Lynn tricity" were shown by Mr. Johnston of theCanadian The Quest of the Unknown, by H. B. Smith,Worcester Poly- General Electric Co.December 18.Attendance 45. technic Institute.Illustrated with slides.December 17. Urbana Attendance 50. A Message from Herbert Hoover, by W. A.Durgin, Common- Mexico wealth Edison Co.December 9.Attendance 44. Annual Banquet.October 24.Attendance 43. Mechanical Force between Electric Circuits, by R.E. Doherty, Parasite Currents in the Bearings of A -CMachinery, by A. General Electric Co.December 17.Attendance 108. Cornejo. Worcester Operation of Distributing Systems of Electrical Energy,by J. V.Lightning and Other Transients on Transmission Lines,by F. W. Crotte.December 3.Attendance 24. Peek, Jr., General Electric Co.Illustrated with slides and Milwaukee moving pictures.December 10.Attendance 50. Design and Construction of the New Riverside PumpingStation, by Ralph Cahill.December 16.Attendance 60. BRANCH MEETINGS Minnesota University of Alabama Communication Service on Railroads, by J. C. Rankine, GreatThe meeting was devoted to the showing ofmoving pictures. Northern Railway Co.The talk was demonstrated by Attendance 36. specialtelegraphequipmentandapparatus.Motion December 15. pictures taken along the Great Northern Railway were University of Arizona shown.January 4.Attendance 37. Railroad Electrification, by Charles Dunn, and Nebraska Electrification of Ships, by Leo Wolfson.November 7.At- Automatic Stations, by C. W. Place, General Electric Co.Joint tendance 13. meeting with Engineers Club.December 14.Attendance Electrically Driven Vehicles, by Wm. R. Brownlee, and 78. Electric Welding, by E. Brooks.November 14.Attendance 14. Niagara Frontier The Electron Theory, by T. E. Davis.November 21.Attend- The Klydonograph, by J. F. Peters, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. ance 16. Co.January 8.Attendance 35. Opportunities intheTelephone Industry.A motion picture, Philadelphia entitled "Rolling Steel by Electricity," was shown.Decem- High -Quality Phonographic Reproduction, by J.P. Maxfield, ber 5.Attendance 23. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.December 14.Attend-The Big Creek Project, by Jos. Denier.Moving picture, en- ance 315. titled "Speeding Up the Deep -Sea Cables,' wasshown. Pittsburgh December 12.Attendance 20. Breakdown of Solid Dielectrics, by Vladimir Karapetoff, CornellA motion picture, entitled "Beyond theMicroscope," was shown. University.December 8.Attendance 348. December 19.Attendance 17. Pittsfield Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute Electrical Measurements in Medical Diagnosis, by H. B. Williams, Engineering Features of Long -DistanceTelephony, by C.S. Columbia University.December 15.Attendance 260. Hawkins, American Telephone & TelegraphCo.Illus- Recent Theories and Developments in the Science of Radio, by trated with slides, and E. F. W. Alexanderson, Radio Corporation of America. High -Frequency Radio Oscillations, by B.Adler, student. Decem- January 5.Attendance 375. ber 16.Attendance 55. 200 INSTITUTE ANDRELATED ACTIVITIES JAHRBUCHDER BRENNKRAFTTECHNISCHEN Journal A. I. E. E. E. V. 1924. GESELLSCHAFT. V. 5.Halle (Scale), peeially for the marinesteam engineers who wish 112 pp., illus.,diagrs., 11 Wilhelm Knapp,1925. engines. to operate these x 8 in.,paper.7,80 gm. The fifth yearbookof the Society STAUB-EXPLOSIONEN. proceedings at the includes a reportof the By Paul Beyersdorfer. several of the annual meetingof December, Dresden u. Lpz., Theodor papers read at thattime. 1924, and 1925.125 pp., illus., tables, Steinkopff, on "Internal Combustion These includeaddresses 9 x 6 in., paper.5,50 mk. tives for Railways"by H. Nordmann;Engines, EspeciallyDiesel Locomo- A summary ofour knowledge of dust Gas Engines" "Ignition Phenomena their character, the explosions.Discusses by J. Tausz;"Large Diesel in dangerous properties ofdust, effects of by R. Dreves;"Raising the Engines for Ships"and static electricity,the action of explosions heat Pre -compressionby Blowers,Power of GasEngines throughprevention.The book is intended and methods of Turbines to Drive and the Use of form convenient for to present the situationin a these Blowers"by W. G.Exhaust Gases inindustries. consultation by thoseengaged in dusty Principles of High-Speed Semi -Diesel Noack; "The and "On theNumerical Engines" by Dr. TAGIING DES Expression of the Buchner; ALLGEMEINEN VERBANDES Calorie" by W.Ostwald. Idea of the Quality DER DEUTSCHEN DAMPFKESSEL-UBERWACHUNGSVEREINE. DIE LEISTUNG April 1925, Karlsruhe. DES DREHSTROMOFENS. Berlin, VDI Verlag,1925.132 pp., By J. Wotschke.Berlin, Julius illus., diagrs., plates,12 x 9 in.,paper. Springer, 1925.70 pp., The proceedings 16, -gm. diagrs., tables, 9x 6 in., paper.5,10 g. m. contain reports and Books on the electric number of important discussionsupon a furnace are not Among these matters relating to boiler that exist lessattention is paid numerous, and in those are the tension in heavy operation. engineer than of to the needs ofthe electricalof temperature,shape of test -pieceboiler plates; theinfluence the chemist andmetallurgist. notched bar tests; and speed oftesting upon the authorattempts to meet In this book American rules forwater purifier operation; cussion of the electrical electrical requirementsby a dis-accessories forhigh-pressure boilers; makeforthe theory and of theelectrical factors thatwelding for boilerparts; the high-pressureautogenous and electric greatestefficiency.He calls attention boilers are appended. boiler.Statistics of opportunities for researchin this field. to USINES HYDROELECTRIQUES. NIAGARA IN POLITICS;a Critical Account of By Charles L. Duval Electric Commission. the Ontario Hydro- and J. L. Routin.Paris, J. B. Bailliere et fits, 1925.512 pp., illus., diagrs., By James Mayor.N. Y., E. P. Dutton 9 x 6 in.,paper.60 fr. & Co., 1925.255 pp., A general textbookon hydroelectric 8 x 5 in., cloth.$2.00. authors give a description power plants.The of these plantsas a whole, showing Professor Mayor'swork is an indictment various apparatusused and explaining the Power Commissionof Ontario, which of the Hydroelectricto its choice in each the reasons thathave led both public policy he condemnson grounds of case, its dimensions andits use. and of economicadvantage. hydraulic and electricfeatures are discussed, Both PATENTS; Law and construction of theapparatus are omitted. but details of the Practice.3rd edition.1924. The book is based TRADE -MARES, TRADE 56 pp. on the course at theEcole Superieure NAMES, UNFAIRCOMPETITION. d'Electricite. tion.1925.48 pp. 4th edi- N. Y., Richards& Geier, 277 Gratis. Broadway.9 x 6 in.,paper. Book Review SUPERPOWER: ITS GENESIS These pamphlets provide AND FUTURE. and trade -mark a convenient summaryof the patent William S. Murray,New York. laws of the principal 1925. McGraw-Hill BookCo. They are intendedto give laymen thecountries of the world. 238 pp., illus., 6 by9 in. cloth. a guide in meeting the more important facts,as In this book Mr. $3.00. problems that arisemost frequently. Murray, the fatherof Superpower,tells in POWER PLANTLUBRICATION. and pleasinglyspontaneous way the of Superpowerand its possibilities, complete story By William FarrandOsborne.N. Y., McGraw-Hill from the time he 1925. Book Co.,ceived the ideaup to its present first con- 275 pp., illus., diagrs.,tables, 8 x 6 in., cloth. development, and itsfuture A concise account of $3.00. possibilities.It is pointedout that the methods of buying, testingthe properties oflubricants and of thebeen frequently name, Superpower, has and using themon various classes of misunderstoodor misrepresented power -plant machinery.Intended for operating real meaning isthe physical whereas its engineers. interconnection of allgenerating PRACTICAL MARINE DIESEL plants within certainzones in order to take By Louis R. Ford. ENGINEERING. economy and thereby greatly advantage of diversity N. Y., Simmons-Boardman Publ. Co., reduce reserveequipment and avail 1925.512 pp., illus., diagrs.,9 x 6 in., fabrikoid. interruptions to servicefrom breakdowns. Discusses the theoretical 87.50. cussed froma wide variety of The subject is dis- principles of the Dieselengine, the aspects and innon -technical construction of its variousstationary and moving language and pointsout why this accessories.Descriptions parts, and its movement, alreadyunder oftypical commercialenginesof way, cannot but eventuallyfurnish more adequate various types are given,and a large part of thebook is devotedmeans of power and and economic to the operation of Dieselengines and the derangements transportation, whichare the two essential to occur.The hook is intended likelyelements upon whichthe industry and for practicalenginemen, es -depend. prosperity of the nation

Past SectionandBranchMeetings SECTION MEETINGS Hydraulic Maintenanceat Holtwood Plant, Akron November 21.Attendance 280. by T. C. Stabley. Sleeve Bearings VersusAnti -Friction Bearings, byJ. L. Brown. Electric Refrigeration,by Mr. Twilley, H. D. Else and L. E. The Kelvinator Co.,and Erickson.A dinner preceded theIllumination, by J. C.Fisher, Consolidated meeting.Joint with A. S. M. E.December 18. Attend- Ladies Night. Gas and ElectricCo. ance 54. December IS.Attendance 140. Chicago Baltimore Power Flow in Dielectrics and Insulation, by Electrical Machines,by Joseph.Slepian, J. B. Whitehead, JohnsHopkins house Eke. & Mfg.Co. Westing- University.October 16.Attendance 85. January 11.Attendance 210. Hopwood Steam Station, by Cleveland V. E. Alden, ConsolidatedGas, Railroad Electric Light and Power Co. Electrification-Presentand Future, by N. Recent Experience with Westinghouse Eke.& Mfg. Co. W. Storer, Transmission System of Pennsylvania November 20. Illustrated with slides. Water Power Company, byA. F. Bang and E. Hansson, Attendance 91. Pennsylvania Water and PowerCo., and Tendencies in PowerDevelopment and Robert Treat.Dean C. Ober,Transmission, by Cleveland ElectricIllu- 201 INSTITUTE ANDRELATED ACTIVITIES Feb. 1926 Portland minating Co., showed pictures of newapparatus used in his 17.Attend- Baker River Hydroelectric Development,by L. M. Robinson, company's high-tensionlines.December Stone and Webster, Inc.December 9.Attendance 81. ance 87. Denver Providence by J. E. Loiseau,PublicCosts of Operation of Isolated PowerPlants, by R. L. Yates, Public Utility Securities and Financing,Attendance 27. Skinner Engine Co.Joint meeting with A.S. M. E., Service Company. December18. Providence Engineering Society andIlluminating Engi- Detroit -Ann Arbor neering Society.January 5.Attendance 100. Recent Developments in HeavyElectricTraction, by N. W. Rochester Storer, Westinghouse Elec. &Mfg. Co. A motion picture, Telephone Laboratories, precededthetalk. Development and Research Work of the Bell entitled"ElectrifiedTravelogue," by S. P. Grace, Bell Telephone Laboratories.December 4. November 17.Attendance 100. F. W. Alexanderson,Radio Attendance 300. Polarization of Radio Waves, by E. entitled CorporationofAmerica. A motionpicture, San Francisco "The Story of the StorageBattery," preceded thetalk. Attendance 450. Symposium on Power -Distribution Systems,by S. J. Lisberger, December 4. G. H. Hager, L. J. Moore and D. K. Blake.A dinner pre- Erie Attendance 190. Corporation of America.The ceded the meeting.October 2. Ricdio, by P. J. Larsen, Radio pictures and the latestOil Circuit Breakers, by J. S. Thompson,Pacific Elee. Mfg. Co. lecture was illustrated with moving A dinner preceded the meeting.October 30.Attendance a -c. receiving setsand loud speakers weredemonstrated. Attendance 255. 215. December 15. Some Engineering Aspects of the TelephoneBuilding, by C. W. Fort Wayne December 11. Attendance 80. Burkett, G. M. Simonson and L. W. Whitton. Lightning, by F. W. Peek, Jr.December 15. Attendance 250. Electrons and Hobbies, by W.R. Whitney, General ElectricCo. Spokane January 11.Attendance 150. Reflections on Power Factor, by W. T. Ryan,Washington Water Ithaca Power Co.December 18.Attendance 18. Electrical Transmission of Speech,Music and Noise, by Harvey Springfield BellTelephoneSystemLaboratories.The Fletcher, special wave -filter apparatus.Storage Batteries, by R. D. Harrington, ElectricStorage Battery lecture was demonstrated with Attendance 47. December 7.Attendance 200. Co.December 21. Los Angeles Syracuse Hydroelectric Developments in Japan, by S. Q.Hayes, Westing- Electrolysis, by I. D. Van Giesen,Los Angeles Bureau of Water withslides. Works and Supply.Illustrated with slides. A dinner houseElectric & Mfg.Co.Illustrated prec9ded the meeting, at which talks weregiven by E. A. December 14.Attendance 100. Bailie, Los Angeles Engineering Dept.,and J. E. Philips, Toronto Los Angeles Water DistributionDept., on "The Proposed The Chronograph Method of Speed Measurement,by P. A. Borden, Colorado River, Los Angeles Aqueduct"and "The Existing Hydro -Electric Power Commission of Ontario.Illustrated. Local Water Situation in LosAngeles,'respectively. Mr. F. K. D'Alton also gave a short talk onthis same January 5.Attendance 134. subject.Two moving pictures on the "Wizardy ofElec- Lynn tricity" were shown by Mr. Johnston of theCanadian Attendance 45. The Quest of the Unknown, by H. B.Smith, Worcester Poly- General Electric Co.December 18. technic Institute.Illustrated with slides.December 17. Urbana Attendance 50. A Message from Herbert Hoover, by W. A.Durgin, Common- Mexico wealth Edison Co.December 9.Attendance 44. Annual Banquet.October 24.Attendance 43. Mechanical Force between Electric Circuits, byR. E. Doherty, Parasite Currents in the Bearings of A -CMachinery, by A. General Electric Co.December 17.Attendance 108. Cornejo. Worcester Operation of Distributing Systems of Electrical Energy,by J. V.Lightning and Other Transients on TransmissionLines, by F. W. Crotte.December 3.Attendance 24. Peek, Jr., General Electric Co.Illustrated with slides and Milwaukee moving pictures.December 10.Attendance 50. Design and Construction of the New Riverside Pumping Station,by Ralph Cahill.December 16.Attendance 60. BRANCH MEETINGS Minnesota University of Alabama Communication Service on Railroads, by J. C. Rankine, GreatThe meeting was devoted to the showing ofmoving pictures. Northern Railway Co.The talk was demonstrated by Attendance 36. specialtelegraphequipmentandapparatus.Motion December 15. pictures taken along the Great Northern Railway were University of Arizona shown.January 4.Attendance 37. Railroad Electrification, by Charles Dunn, and Nebraska Electrification of Ships, by Leo Wolfson.November 7.At- Automatic Stations, by C. W. Place, General Electric Co.Joint tendance 13. meeting with Engineers Club.December 14.Attendance Electrically Driven Vehicles, by Wm. R. Brownlee,and 78. Electric Welding, by E. Brooks.November 14.Attendance 14. Niagara Frontier The Electron Theory, by T. E. Davis.November 21.Attend- The Klydonograph, by J. F. Peters, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. ance 16. Co.January 8.Attendance 35. Opportunities intheTelephone Industry.A motion picture, Philadelphia entitled "Rolling Steel by Electricity," was shown.Decem- High -Quality Phonographic Reproduction, by J.P. Maxfield, ber 5.Attendance 23. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.December 14.Attend-The Big Creek Project, by Jos. Denzer.Moving picture, en- ance 315. titled "Speeding Up the Deep -Sea Cables,' wasshown. December 12.Attendance 20. Pittsburgh Breakdown of Solid Dielectrics, by Vladimir Karapetoff, Cornell A motion picture, entitled "Beyond the Microscope," wasshown. University.December 8.Attendance 348. December 19.Attendance 17. Pittsfield Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute Electrical Measurements in Medical Diagnosis, by H. B. Williams, Engineering Features of Long -DistanceTelephony, by C.S. Columbia University.December 15.Attendance 260. Hawkins, American Telephone & TelegraphCo.Illus- Recent Theories and Developments in the Science of Radio, by trated with slides, and E. F. W. Alexanderson, Radio Corporation of America.High -Frequency Radio Oscillations, by B.Adler, student. Decem- January 5.Attendance 375. ber 16.Attendance 55. 202 1 N 8T1TETE AN I) TEli \I "11 V ES .141i1l Intl.\ 1 11'; Carnegie Instituteof Technology Ebririficatma ihr A'mfaik and l'ithemlly of Noire 1)t Weslingli4mmiti ll'rdern kadrami,I.Thumas .\ I I v11(11,11(4, :it Eleetrie tt Mfg. "I'he y le.fEl I tit( lig, b.% Co. N11114'1)1111 luuii 111141 Thr 1)1111, 1,Dr .1. A '1111111.11 Case School ofApplied Science .\ MA11111111'1' 37. 1)11.111111111'9, Itusint, NIceting. 'I'I,1 fullueeing ollleersN%tre i'lltluir 1111w, Oklahoma Agricultural Itiddee in;V ivc-Clittinntill, I 1116E - and Sltelitooltal E. W. Svert'IttrYA.it Drexler; b 1114,611gitttI tat -4. l' Andersen: Treasurer, 111111 octolier .1.('. "'flit. kit:. t Tri"1.1"1.011"," 19. Attendance 30. Erickson. N%ere .1t iendative Is. 1)eeentbcr 17. University ofCincinnati Be of the %Wiliam! University of ()klititosoo \ V hit e home, Journal to the 1mlustry, by Earl \V. CommercialEt1 for Three tem nig 111'1N, of Electrical Big le , "IC ink December 3.At tench,,(',' 59. World. und mithurio.1ill...ofrupi.r...of lin, University of Denver Neret shoo n. 1)Vel'iiiI/Cr 10. Atiendane4. 11)7. Business Aleut intr.January 8. Attendance IS. Transusi,mvm University of Pittsburgh Georgia School Design, by E. Nunn, siudi,10 Business Meeting. of Technology December 15.Attendance 40. "B" -Buttery Eliminator,by N. Orr, student, and Inspection trip toBoulevard Sub -Station PhobfrEiceiric ('ells, by \V. 1). and Power Company. of the GeorgiaRailway .1. Caruthers, student.December December 17.Attendance 35. Attendance 22. University of Idaho The .lie,e,mement of Film, entitled Earth Currents, by J. A.Bella, ,Indent, and "Pillars of Salt,"was shown. 7'he Allegheny BridgeProbli in, by Chas. M. Attendance 24. December 8. Public Werlis, and V.R. I 'men, Bureau ofReppert, Dept. of State University ber 10.At tendance 25. Bridge,. Decem- A film, entitled of Iowa "The Story of The l'ransmission ofI. 1111(1 161111() BMW/M:41 an Electric Meter," h.\II. I December 18.Attendance 50. was shown. Metz, student.Decimber 17.Attendance 28. Unipolar Generators, by Herman Wacker,and Purdue University Electrons and Ions, byL. A. Ware. Shaft Behavior, by Dr.G. E. Newkirk, General January 6.Attendance 44. Joint meeting with A. Electric Co. Kansas State College S. M. E. December17. Attendance Opportunities of the 60. Graduate, by ProfessorC. E. Reid. December 14. Attendance 83. Rensselaer PolytechnicInstitute Lehigh University What We can Learn fromTechnical Education in Wickenden,Societyfor Europe, by C. E. Making the Most ofOpportunities, by H. P. Education. the Promotion ofEngineering delphia Electric Co.,and Liversidge, Phila- December 9.Attendance 385. Automatic Train Control,by 0. M. Corson, Rhode Island StateCollege 17. student.DecemberA moving picture, Attendance 89 entitled "From Mineto Consumer," Lewis Institute of shown.January 7.Attendance 27. was Business Meeting. Technology December 10.Attendance 11. Rose PolytechnicInstitute Marquette University The Student Course with the WestinghouseCompany, by R. Ir. Picking a Job, by F. J.Mayer, Wisconsin Bolin, WestinghouseElectric & Mfg. Co. 15.Attendance 29. Telephone Co. October tendance 43. January 6. At- Super -Power, by G.G. Post, Milwaukee Rutgers University Light Co.November 19. Electric Railway &The Giant Power Attendance 28. System was the titleof a debate heldat this Massachusetts Instituteof Technology meeting.December14. Attendance 24. The M. I. T.Power *System, by A moving picture, Theodore Taylor, student. entitled "The Storyof Copper from Mineto Illustrated with slides. Consumer," was shown. December 15.Attendance 18. January 11.Attendance 105. Inspection trip to the CanibridgePlant of the Simplex Cable Company.December 16. Wire and South Dakota StateSchool of Mines Attendance 5. Business Meeting.December 16. University of Michigan Business Meeting. Attendance 12. Smoker.December 9.Attendance 65. January 8.Attendance 18. School of Engineeringof Milwaukee University of SouthDakota Industrial Management, by Business Meeting. E. E. Brinkman, HoleproofHosiery October 13.Attendance 15. Company.January 7.Attendance 28. What is Matter? by M.Nelles, and Missouri School of Minesand Metallurgy Productionof High -Frequency A general discussion on November 10. Oscillations,by R. Brackett. motor windings, synchronousmotors, Attendance 9. advantages of theiruse, and power transmissions took Progress of Science, byDr. Millikan, January 7.Attendance 10. place. and was read by A. Muchow, Wind -Mill Electric Power Montana State College for the Farm, by W.Daohen. Lightning Generators, bySam Thompson, and ber 8.Attendance 9. Decem- Advantages of Electric Traction, 14. by Rudolph Scovil.December Swarthmore College Attendance 159. The Steel Industry, byMr. Munson, Atlantic College of the City of NewYork 7.Attendance 40. Steel Co. .January What the Designing EngineerHas to Do in Practise, byE. S. Henningsen, General Electric Co.January 14. Syracuse University ance 24. Attend-A -C Railway Electrification,by C. R. Fugill. University of North Carolina Attendance 20. December 2. A Supersensitive Microphone Lightning Arresters, by R. and Its Application to Surgery,by M. Kelly.December 9.Attend- J. F. Clemenger, student.December 4. ance 18. Attendance 26. Types of Relays and Their University of North Dakota December 16. jpplication, by W. H.Lawrence. Asbestos, by H. G. Thinnes, Johns-Manville, Inc. Demonstrated. Attendance 19. A motion picture, entitled shown. "The Story of Asbestos,"was Texas Agriculturaland Mechanical Joint meeting with A. S. M.E. December 14.Two moving pictures, College Attendance 5. "Wireless Wizardy,"entitled "Manufactureof Paper" and Northeastern University ance 71. were shown.January 8.Attend- The Work of a Public -UtilityElectrical Laboratory, by H. C. Hamilton, Edison Electric Illuminating Washington University with slides. Co. IllustratedInspection trip to United December 30. Attendance 34. matic Substation. Railway Company'sTwo -Unit Auto- November 27.Attendance 35. ACTIVITIES 203 Feb. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED The Development of the Railroad, by G. T.Reid, Northern Profession, by Mr.Tresco'tt, Commercial Attendance 125. TheEngineering Attendance 28. Pacific Railroad Co.December 2. Electric Supply Co.December 3. University of Wisconsin University of Washington Illus- Frame, Kenworth MotorThe Panama Exposition, by Professor C. M.Jansky. Products of the Northwest, by R. W. trat (41 with slides.December 15.Attendance 64. Truck Co., and ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, n ,,,,, moms ,,,,,,, 11111/1110111101111111f.M.INIIIM1.1.1111111111111111111110 ,,,,,,,,, n ,,,,,,, ,,,,,, uonntnneninnannmnsnmennennx ,,,,, lonnnnunnnnnynnnnn tan nnnnonnnt ,,,,,,, .nitnunn, ,,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, Engineering SocietiesEmployment Service

Mechanical and Electrical Engineers cooperating Under joint management of thenational societies of Civil, Mining, The service is available only to theirmembership, and is maintained as a coopera- with the Western Society of Engineers. who are directly benefited. tive bureau by contributions from thesocieties and their individual members York, N. Y.,-W. V. Brown, Manager. Offices: -33 West 39th St., New Manager. 53 West Jackson Blv'de., Room1738, Chicago, Ill., A. K. Krauser, will be published without charge but will not berepeated except upon MEN AV AI LA BLE.-Brief announcementsNames and records will remain in the active files of thebureau for a requests received after an intervalof one month. Notices for this Department should be addressed to period of three months and arerenewable upon request. EMPLOYMENT SERVICE, 33 West 39thStreet, New York City, and should be received prior tothe 15th of the month. engineering positions available is publishedweekly and is available to OPPORTUN I T I ES.-A Bulletin of payable in advance. Posi- members of the Societies concerned at asubscription rate of $3 per quarter, or $10 per annum, tions not filled promptly as a result ofpublication in the Bulletin may be announcedherein, as formerly. VOLUNTARY CON T RI BU TIONS.-Membersobtaining positions through the medium of this service are financing of the work by nominal contributions madewithin thirty days after invited to cooperate with the Societies in the paying a salary of $2000 or less per annum; $10 plus one percent of all placement, on the basis of $10 for all positionstemporary positions (of one month or less) three per centof total salary received. amounts in excess of $2000 per annum; above, will The income contributed by the members, togetherwith the finances appropriated by the four societies named it is hoped, be sufficient not only to maintain,but to increase and extend the service. announcements published herein or in the Bulletin,should REPLIES TO ANNOUNCEMENTS.-Replieswith to a two cent stamp attached for reforwarding, andforwarded be addressed to the key number indicated in each case, which they refer have been to the Employment Service as above.Replies received by the bureau after the positions to filled will not be forwarded. Northern part of United States preferred POSITIONS OPEN operation of large high head hydro electric plant.once. position.Availablenow.B-3103. DESIGNER, for manufacturing purposes ofDesirespermanent A-895. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING GRADU- such equipment as air break switches, gang oper- ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, 26, six years ironATE, 1917, age 29, single, desires construction, Ex- ated disconnect switches, bus supports, etc. and steel works electrical plant, installation, lay-operation or maintenance with public utility, or perience in simple station operation, design ofout and maintenance both A. C. and D. C., threeconsulting engineer; design, research, teaching also substations, etc., does not qualify a man for this years manufacturing works,test,design andconsidered. Two years Westinghouse student position.Experience in the actual design andconstruction of industrial electrical plant, twoand tester.Some radio, electrical drafting and manufacture of the class of equipment described repair work. Now in fifth year as assistant in R -8118-C. years oilfields electrical construction engineer. essential. Location. Pennsylvania. Desires position either construction or mainte-E. E. in large Middlewest state university teach- ENGINEER. experienced in selling industrialnance of power plant, factory, oil fields or ironing design and power plant economics.M. S. electric heating furnaces, for manufacturing con- and steel works.C-8625. degree 1925.Available in Juno.Salary $200 cern.Apply by letter stating age. experience and EDITOR OR STATISTICAL ENGINEER,per month.tl-2758. education.Location. Pennsylvania. R -8328-C. ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, age 27, research, ENGINEER, with experience in design and in-general scientific and electrical engineering training, including two years' post graduate study.in charge of electrical testing, three years chief stallation of power station switching equipment. magazinedraftsman; inventive,tactful.Desires respon- Must be able to supervise and make schematicBroadexperiencewriting,editing booklets.hooks.sible position with manufacturing concern. Greater drawings.Thisarticles,newspaperarticles, diagramsofstationlayout Thorough knowledgeNew York preferred. Best references. At present is not a drafting job, but requires design ability.advertising literature, etc. statistical work, salesemployed.Availableontwoweeks'notice. Permanent.Opportunity.Apply by letter. Lo-printing.Experience promotion, businessadministration, business13-7270. cation, Pennsylvania.R -8530-C. MANAGER -*GESERAL SUPERINTEND- ELECTRICAL. ENGINEER, particularly in-efficiency methods asassistantto prominent executivelargecorporation.Location,NewENT -SALES ENGINEER, age 44, unmarried. terested and experienced in relay and breaker degree Ph. 13 in E. E., twelve years with West- applications and protection problems on largerYork City, Chicago, or Boston.0-549. ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, age 28. single,inghouse, ten years in utility field.Design, con- power systems.Location, Pennsylvania. R-8506. struction, operation tom' utilities in United States, ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, experienced intechnical graduate, desires position with manu- ex-Alaska, BritishColumbia.Available at once. design and calculation of small high tension trans-facturer electrical apparatus.Five years' B-6910. formers both closed and open core type.Salaryperience with engineering department of large company manufacturing industrial control equip- MANUFACTURERS' REPRESENTATIVE, $4000-45000 a year.Location,NewYork. Minimum sal-located in Sydney. N. S. W., Australia. desires 13-s346. ment.A little sales experience. notice.additional agencies for American products of elec- ENG !NEER, to develop nr.iv grinding machinesary$2500.Availableonreasonable 13-6274. trical anti mechanical nature.Technical ttaln- line, especially versed in electrical and hydraulic ing, experience, knowledge of conditions.0-798. application.Must have had practical shop train- ELECTRICAL -MECHANICAL ENGINEER, ago 37, married, M. E. and E. E. degrees, experi- ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, age 27, married, ing and particularly a thorough scientific and 1923 graduate of University of Washington, hydro- technical education. Location,enced in design, Installation, operation, rehabilita- Apply by letter. electricexperience:nineteen months General Ohio. R -s396 -C. tion of hydroelectric and steam power plants, automatic anki manual substations, transmissionElectric Test.Desires to locate on Pacific Coast, MEN AVAILABLE lines underground and overhead. diversified in-position leading to executive responsibility with orlarge 1; BA()FATE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,dustrial experience Insugar' mills, paper mills,power company,industrialconcerti, age 2.1. married, desires position with electricalmining (gold and coal),public utility,Marini,distributor of electricalequipment.Available rruumfacturcr or public utility company.West-engineeringaridmachine shop manufart uringon short notice.C-742. inghouse experience.Location. East. or M processes. Location anywhere, I tnited Stales or EXECUTIVE, age 43,married, thoroughly west . 11-9,;0s. Canada. 11-7944 competenttotake charge of °Mee, plant or ELEI"l'ItICAL ENGINEER, age 37, college MECHANICAL ENGINEER, age 32, single,factory.Many years act nal experience in organi- graduate, eighteen years' 11xpprienee. G.le,.testnine years' experience In 1'11'0 rice" and inecliani.)a.1zation,personnelmatiagvinviil,valuation and Ctill me, system operation, operation,maintenance,engineering. It:lectriclighting and power dis-appraisal,Installat hint.'andsupervision,office contornetion, design of steam and hydroelectrictribution, motors and control. for industrial use. 11111,11/14(4'1111.11C,corrosrpondent and special ronfiden- plum sand wand r°mpltedI twee Designofholierplants,heat big andpiping. la' invest igat ions. Available at once.Loral ion, year ronnection litvolving design. erection andMachinery layouts forplants.Can report,at,New N'nrk or New Jersey.('-521. 201 INSTIATTE ANDliE1.11.1.:1) \ IT I Eti .\ I EXECUTIVE E NtI N 1`.1`. It, ellallitti LW' ,11'hir" I" Illspuri1lutt, cpci I.it. till in- Ilas IIntl four 411111. ,+,-dustrial ASSINT 1NT 1..1.1..t "1'1114 ' 1)1.1.44.114.4as tutititaitt, superintendent eleetritleatillip4. and superin-lay -ton work. ost Mottos andfur (*mood! nig tdsitintstr.lasitlic ulilily ta tendentfisr various Dosiros conto.t.tion sIthpower or Indio! trical, manufacturers makingelec-engineering votitinos). ftwttirer.Teilualosi graduate. 1,,o, moclitotiettl. At alluble February15th.year,' devilled! yleys. and eittetro-mechatilcaldo- IN etr plantitml istinnatichu lug Work vomit...toil orthuo ..111,11... Unncmitroi, curt 1,..rur .1114,119g 11.1111:,last -at uuulyslx,cullforecasts. goikunti TEcll NIGAL GRADUATE,class11411,Aim factory Lung no1,11. 1111111*'clkst10-1 vapor v titian, Lae. warrlod. desires pohltion 1.1. t'l t Graduateelectrical Its lintliagprof small tol .14.1 11111 110111011, ritrim-)Insortti.al cogitator. 11-5435, electriclightplant.Have operated Ito -A ..omanttd., IllyutII gotssitt altesting.associatedIll ELECTRICAL ENGINEER plant until it waspurchased by a large gt n. calknIgli and 1,0,11E01 with wide ex-Lion. corpielt- Tn.)%rel.+. WO W.- perience in developing Bought this plant when 1,11111(11111 intricate eleetro meelutnittul Itwas on the iuuuatl rhll. Mislay)1410.:110 if 9111f, and structural problems.College graduate 1010,verge of failure and unaidedput it on a good pay- Al.E. anti "1,1114 E. E. degrees.Fifteen years' ex-ing basis in five years.C -73S. Ni ;INEI,:i(,nut' 311. 'Harried, perience here and siztoon Ilet,11111.1. abroad.Age 40. GRADUATE ELECTItlf I11/11 In - preferred, Now York Location !AL ENGINEER, 001,10 City.A-165. three years' experience Inlaboratory, testing and 11.'11-I)all kinds ELECTRICAL oloctriral apparatth ell ut ets1trnI 114411t1111141 11141111 ENGINEER, universitydesigning of steam andgas -electric power plants,of rullruud, graduate, age 28, married,one year testing course,including commercial work in 1114'1114141W Fuld 1111.4 0f all kinds,ttttt tor 91- four years' experience responsible position.MA1911.1091.OVilrlisq141, in construction and designCan speak and writeSpanish, German, French, mind dist rilmilint of railway substations, andtransmission, NU11111111.111t. outdoor stations and largeRussian,Norwegian.Willingtogoabroad. Minding hydro wid steampower plants. Available on two weeks' notice. wiring, !tower !Mutt eledricaleolitnineetindus- Efftelont worker. 0-503. trial high tension substations, Desires positionas assistant engineer or Illel, rstir% n.in- designer TEACHER OF E. E., dustrial trucks. or resident engineer.Available on three weeks' young man with ex- 11-9772 notice.C-792. tensive training and broadexperience desires position.M. S. degree from Cornell YOUNG .1AN GRADUATINGIN ELECTRICAL ENGINEEROR SUPERIN- University.from NI.I.'1'.in TENDENT, age 34, Practical experience atWestinghouse and other electrical engineeringtv fishes married, eleven years'exposition.11 as spentSLIM perience power plant places.Teacher in university forlive years, in moors in public utility construction, operation and work, both construction and01114.e. lidsdone maintenance of same, charge of department twoyears.Successfulas on steam and hydro, in-manager.Well liked by students and graduate work in central stationsand distribution cluding electric railway, associates.at \I. I.'1'. substations, power dis-Good references.0-4968. Prominent In undergraduateactivi- ties,Location, East.0-503. rttt . ,,,,, 11111$11,111111111111/1111111111111111111111/111111161111111111111111111111111111111111111111i ili11/11111111111111111.11.11...11111111111111.11111111111111111110.11111.111111111 ,,,,,,,,, 1 ...... 1111111111111110111 ,,,,,,,,, 11111 ,,,,, 101111 ,,,,,,, II/111111 iiiiiiii 1 iiiiiii 1 iiiii 1 ...... 11.1 ...... 1 ...... 11.1 ...... 1 ...... MEMBERSHIP- Applications, Elections, Transfers,Etc. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,111,,,.,.,,,.,,.,1.11.11111111,111

ASSOCIATES ELECTEDJANUARY 15, 1926 BAUMGARDNER, CLAUDEGEROLD, Eke. ALBER, GROVER F., *BOSTWICK, WILLIAM E.,Estimator, Elec. Primary Meter Inspector, Construction Foreman,Monongahela West Dept., Wisconsin Public The Detroit Edison Co.,2000 Second Ave., Penn. Public Service Co.,504 Bethlehem Service Corp., 100 Detroit, Mich. Bldg., Fairmont, W. Va. S. Washington St., GreenBay, Wis. *ALEXANDER, DONALD FORD, BEART, ERNEST ALFRED, BOSWAU, MANS PAUL, Asst.Chief Engineer, Electrical Estimating Dis- North Electric Mfg. Co., Design Engineer, WestinghouseElec. & Mfg. tributionDept.,Toronto Hydro -Electric Galion, Ohio. Co., East Pittsburgh; System, Duncan St., Toronto, BOYAU, JEAN, ResidentRepresentative, French res., Wilkinsburg, Pa. Ont., Can. Thomson -Houston Co.; International *ALIFANO, ANTONIE, SeniorEngineering Stu-BEAUMONT, WILLIAM M.,Telephone En- Gener- dent, Brooklyn Polytechnic gineer, Bell Telephone Laboratories, al Electric Co., Schenectady,N. Y. Institute, 85 Inc.,BRACEMAN, HAROLD, Jr., Livingston St., Brooklyn;res., Ridgewood. 463 West St., New York, N.Y.; res., Summit, Asst. Distribution Queens, N. Y. N. J. Engineer. Union Electriclight & Power *APPLETON, WILLIAM EDGAR, BECKER, THEODORE, Co., 315 N. 12th Blvd., St.Louis. Mo. Electrical Inside PlantDiv.,BRANDT, WILLIAM A., Dist. Dept., Gary Heat, Light &Water Co., Gary, Engg. Dept., CommonwealthEdison Co., Operating Engi- Ind. 72 W. Adams St., Chicago,Ill. neer, Automatic Electric Co.,427 Bourse ARNOLD, GUY WALKER,- BECKERLEA, HERBERT, Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. Electrical Engineer, Sub -Foreman, Pa-*BRIDGE, LAWRENCE Canadian Westinghouse Co., Ltd.,Hamilton, cific Gas & Electric Co., 245Market St., San RAYMOND, Instruo Ont., Can. tor, Elec. Engg. Dept., CornellUniversity, Francisco; for mail, Oakland, Calif. Ithaca, N. Y. ASHLINE, ROBERT, Asst.to Head Dept. Elec-BENDER, ERHARD, Electrician,Goodyear trolysis Mitigation, City of Tire & Rubber Co., Plant *BRIXNER, FREDERICK W.,Electrical Engi- Los Angeles, 2, Akron, Ohio. neer, Engg. Dept., General Railway 207S.Broadway, Los Angeles; for mail,BENSON, OSCAR E., TelephoneEngineer. Bell Signal Inglewood, Calif. Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Co., Rochester, N. Y. 463 West St,, BROOKE, HENRY L., AVERY, ARTHUR BENJAMIN.Jr., Student & New York, N. Y. Jit.,Sales Manager, Assistant, University of Arkansas, BENTLEY, ELLSWORTH F., Pacific Electric Mfg. Co.,5815 Third St., University Chief Draftsman, San Francisco, res., Mill Valley. Station, Fayetteville. Ark. G. & W. Electric SpecialtyCo., 7789 Dante Calif. *AYRES, EDMUND DALE, Ave., Chicago, Ill. *BROUGHTON, WILLIAMGUNDRY, Student Engineer, Jackson Engineer, General Electric Co., & Moreland, 31 St. James Ave.,Boston,*BERGEVIN, WILLIAMPETER, Instructor, Schenectady. Mass. N.Y. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,Troy. N. Y.BROWN, JOHN FRANKLIN, *AYRES, FRANK,Student,TheSouthernBERRY, CLARENCE HERVEY, Supt., Elec.Dept.. Sierras Power Co., Riverside; Telephone City of Longmont, Longmont,Colo. res., Highgrove, Engineer, Bell Telephone Laboratories,Inc ,*BROWN, NELSON E., Chief Calif. 463 West St., New York, N. Y. Draughtsman, Niagara Lockport &Ontario Power Co., BABCOCK, GERHARDT M., Electrician,Los*BERRY, HENRY PARMENTER. 604 Lafayette Bldg., Buffalo, Angeles Gas & Elec. Corp., LosAngeles, Engineering N. Y. Calif. Assistant, Chesapeake & PotomacTelephone*BROWN, ROY LEO, DesignEngineer, Westing- Co., 725 13th St., Washington,D. C. house Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Sharon, Pa. *BAILEY, CORNELIUS OLIVER,Radiologist, BROWNE, OSBORNE 912-14 Medical Arts Bldg., Dallas, Texas. BEST, EUGENE M., In chargeof Electrical, ARTHUR, Asst. Elec- Work, De Vilbiss Mfg. Co., 3750 trical Engineer, West Lynn *BAKER, ACKLAND JAMES, Lakeside,Ont., Detroit Ave.. Works, General Can. Toledo, Ohio. Electric Co., West Lynn:res., Belmont, Mass. BEVERS, PLEZ T., Traveling *BROWNLEE, THEODORE,Lighting Arrester BARSDORF, LEONARD WILLIAM,Switch- Representative, Engg. Dept., General board & Meter Engineer, General Electric Electric Railway ImprovementCo., Cleve- Electric Co., Pittsfield, land, Ohio. Mass. Co., Magnet House, Kingsway, London,Eng. *BURKE, CHARLES BATTISTA, LOUIS M., Service & BLAY, J. A.. Salesman, Canadian THOMAS,Electrical Inspection Westinghouse Engineer, General RadioCo., 30 State St., Work, Socony Burner Corp., 40 FranklinSt., Co., Metropolitan Bldg., Toronto.Ont., Can. So, Norwalk, Conn. Cambridge: res., Watertown.Mass. *BOCK, JOHN A.: Design Engineer,Westing-*BURROWS, CHARLESRUSSELL, Radio Re- *BATY, LAURENCE EDWIN, MeterTester, house Elec. & Mfg. Co., Sharon,Pa. search Engineer,Bell Telephone Labora- The Topeka Edison Co., 12th & Jackson Sts.,BOOLBA, P.At, tories, Inc., 463 West St., Topeka, Kans. Engineer,Bell Telephone New York. N. Y.; Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St., NewYork, res., South Orange, N. J. *BAUMAN, HAROLD ADAMS, Assistant, Com- N. Y. *BUTTON, CHARLESTITSWORTH, Asst. bustion Dept., Bethlehem Steel Co., Grey Engineer, Union Gas & ElectricCo., 1107 *BOOTH, LOUIS FARRAND,Production Clerk, Plum St., Cincinnati, Ohio. Mill Office, Bethlehem; res., So. Bethlehem, Century Electric Co., 18th & PineSts., St. Pa. *BUTZER, J .D., Tester,Westinghouse Elec. & Louis; res., Webster Groves, Mo. Mfg. Co., Sharon, Pa. 205 Feb. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES FARMER, ERICIWESTOVER, Test Engineer; CARMER. B. H., JR., Instructor, RensselaerDAUS, GEORGE ADOLPH, Elec. Engg. Dept., The Detroit Edison Co., 2000 Second St., Can. Marconi Co., 173 William St., Mon- Polytechnic Institute. Troy. N. Y. treal, Que., Can. *CARVILLE, ELLSWORTH MAGUIRE, Small Detroit, Mich. *DAVENPORT, JUNIUS CLAYJn., Engineering*FARRAR, WALTER BATTEAL, Graduate Motor Engineer, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Student, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Springfield Works,Springfield, Assistant, Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Co., East Co.. 725 13th St., N. W., Washington. D. C. East Pittsburgh;res.,Wilkinsburg,Pa. Mass. *FEASTER, WILBUR CULLER, Elec. Con- *CASE, HARLOW MILLS, Engg. Apprentice,DAVIS, RICHARD CHURCHILL, Telephone Engineer, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., struction Dept., The Potomac Edison Co., Traffic Dept., Western Union Telegraph Co., Hagerstown: res.. Baltimore, Md. Cor. Congress & Shelby Sts., Detroit, Mich. 463 West St.. New York, N. Y. *DEL DUKE, VENOSTEN JOSEPH, MeterFENLON, DERMOT RALPH JOHN, 73 W. CASS, JOHN CLARENCE, JR., Mgr., Eastern 102nd St., New York, N. Y. Service Div., Music Master Corp., 128-130 Dept., Utah Copper Co., Magna; res., Salt Lake City, Utah. *FEARN, ELLSWORTH ELMER, Radio Engi- N. 10th St., Philadelphia, Pa. DELO, WILLIAM ALBERT, Electrical Engi- neer, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., East CATLIN, F. H., Head of Standardizing Labora- Pittsburgh; res., Wilkinliburg, Pa. tory, General Electric Co., Erie, Pa. neer, Pennsylvania & Ohio System, Engg. Office, Youngstown, Ohio. *FISCHER, HERBERT B.,Engineer,Bell CHAMBERLAIN, HARRY LEE, Jn.. Asst. Elec. Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St., Repair Foreman, Pennsylvania Power &*DENAULT, CLINTON LOUIS, Laboratory Assistant, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. Light Co., Hauto. Pa. FISHER, GEORGE HENRY BEATTY, Cana- CHAMBLISS, JOSEPH MAURICE, Testman, East Pittsburgh, Pa. DENMEAD, HARRELL, Electrical Engineer. dian & General Finance Co., Ltd., 357 Bay Utica Gas & Electric Co., 222 Genesee St., St., Toronto, Ont., Can. Utica, N. Y. Appalachian Power Co., Bluefield, W. Va. *CHAMBLISS, LAUREN MORGAN, Asst.*DEXTER, HOWARD WALKER, JR., Elec-FITHIAN, LESLIE S., President & Electrical Material Engineer, Dixie Construction Co., trical Engineer, H. C. Fugate Engineering Engineer, West Jersey Electrical & Con- Co., West Palm Beach, Fla. struction Co., 905 Division St., Camden, N. J. . Alabama Power Co. Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. *CHANG, WAKEN, Student Engineer, Westing-*DHAR, MATILAL, Graduate Student, Frick*FITZGERALD, JOSEPH WILFRID, Time- house Elec. & Mfg. Co., 417 Center St.. Co., Waynesboro, Pa. keeper & Engineer, The Van Blarcom Con- Wilkinsburg, Pa. *DONALDSON, KENNETH MILLER,In- struction Co., 606 National City Bldg. Cleve- *CHANN, THOMAS, Radio Engineer, Boston spection Bureau, Electric Bond & Share Co., land, Ohio. Radio Co., 506 West 122nd St., New York, 71 Broadway, New York;res., Brooklyn,FORD, R. B., Memphis Power Sr Light Co., N. Y. N. Y. Memphis, Tenn. CHAPMAN, WALLACE, Appliance Salesman,DONOVAN, WILLIAM ERNEST, PersonnelFRANCE, WALTER HAMILTON, Division Mississippi Power Co.,Biloxi;res., Bay Dept.,Consumers PowerCo.,Jackson, Plant Engineer, Michigan Bell Telephone Co.. Saint Louis, Miss. Mich. 131 S. Franklin Ave., Saginaw, Mich. CHAREST, JOHN J., Supt. of Transmission,*DOTY, WENDELL E.,Radio Technician,FREEMAN, MAURICE TILSON, Teacher of East Penn Electric Co., Pottsville, Pa. Brunswick, Balke-Collender Co., 1102 Far- Electrical Construction, East Technical High *CHETHAM-STRODE, ALFRED, Switchboard num St., Omaha, Nebr. School, Cleveland, Ohio. Oil Engineer, General Electric Co., 1 River*DOW, LOWELL JORDAN, Student Engineer,*FRESHWATERS, EDISON CREAL, Road, Schenectady, N. Y. New York Telephone Co., 158 State St., Al- Engineer, Fairbanks -Morse Co., South Haven, CHILOF SKY, JOSEPH, Electrical Construction, bany, N. Y. Mich. Richmond Station, Philadelphia Electric Co.,*DRAPER, THOMAS, Electrical Test Man.,FULLER, JOHN BRADLEY, Meter Repair Philadelphia, Pa. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., East Pitts- Man, Philadelphia Electric Co., 2301 Market CHOPRA, HUKM CHAND, Electrical Engineer. burgh; res., Swissvale, Pa. St., Philadelphia, Pa.; res., Pitman, N. J. Supply Dept., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg,DRODJIN, ALEXANDER JOHN, Graduate*FURBER, JOHN ROSCOE, Sales Engineer. Co., Newark. N. J. Student, Stanford University, res., Palo Alto, Northern States Power Co., 15 S. 5thSt., CISIN, HARRY GEORGE, 1400 Broadway, Calif. Minneapolis, Minn. New York, N. Y. DUNLOP, JOHN JOSEPH, Testing ApparatusGALLAGHER, JOHN DONALD, Ass't. Elec- CLARK, WILLIAM BRYAN, Sales Agent, Gen- Inspector, New York Telephone Co., 204 trical Engineer, Underwriters' Laboratories, eral Electric Co., 508 U. S. National Bank Second St.. Now York. N. Y. 207 E. Ohio St., Chicago, Ill. Bldg., Denver, Colo. DURANT, WILLIAM T., Steam -Electric, Oper-GARIN, ALEXIS NICHOLAS. Transformer CLAYTON, CHARLES JAMES, Engg. Appren- ating Engineer, Power House No. 2, City of Engg. Dept., General Electric Co., Pittsfield, tice,Canadian WestinghouseCo.,Ltd., Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Can. Mass. Hamilton, Ont., Can. *EARLE, JAMES WILLIAM, Engineer of Con-GAUBERT, JOHN QUINN, Instructor, Elec- CLEMENCE, ELLIOT IRVING, Consulting struction, General Electric Co., 20 Washing- trical Trade Drawing, New York City Board Engineer, 154 Kensington Ave., Jersey City, ton Place, Newark, N. J. of Education, Vocational School forBoys, N. J.; for mail, New York, N. Y. EASLEY, ROBERT MARSHALL, A. C. De- 138thSt. & 5th Ave., New York; res., COBBAN, ROLLO J.,Special Representative, signing Dept., General Electric Co., Schenec- Yonkers, N. Y. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., 801 Porter tady, N. Y. GIALIAS, GEORGE E., Engineering Assistant, Bldg., Portland, Ore. EASTMAN, AUSTIN V. Instructor,College New York Edison Co., 5S. Oxford St., *COOPER, JOHN BRADLEY, Test Man, of Engineering, University of Washington, Brooklyn, N. Y. General Electric Co., Schenectacy, N. Y. Seattle, Wash. *GIERING, PERCIVAL L., Chief Electrician, CORWIN, JOSEPH W., Equipment Engineer,*ELDRIDGE, TAUSIAS IRVEN, JR., Labora- Hudson Valley Coke & Products Corp., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 West tory Assistant, Electric Service Supplies Co., Troy, N. Y. St., New York, N. Y. 7th & CambriaSts.,Philadelphia;res.,*GLENN, KARL BROWNING, Manager, Cen- COWAN, CLIFFORD SAMUEL, Technical Brookline, Del. Co., Pa. tral Florida Power & Light Co., Brooksville, Fla. Inspector, Brooklyn Edison Co., Inc., 561EMANUELS, HUBERT S.,Sales Engineer, Grand Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. GOODWIN, ALAN MAURICE,Engineer, CRAIG, DONALD K., Sales Engineer, Weston Fairbanks Morse & Co., 550 1st Ave. S., General Electric Co., 84 State St., Boston, Electrical Instrument Corp., 112 S. 16th St., Seattle, Wash. Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. *ENGSTRAND, WALDO A., Inspector, Edison*GOODWIN, ROBERT CARROLL, Regular 'CRANE, RALPH EMERSON, Telephone Engi- Elec. Illuminating Co. of Boston, 1165 Massa- Tester, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.. neer, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 483 chusetts Ave., Boston, Mass. Wilkinsburg, Pa. West St., New York, N. Y. EPLETVEIT, HALVOR H., Elec. Constr. Man,*GRANTHAM, FREDERICK WILLIAM, JR., ORITSKY, MITROPHON,Engineer,Trey United Electric Light & Power Co., Hell Commercial Engineer, Brooklyn Edison Co., Motors Corp.; Neutroliser, Inspector's Dept., Gate Power Station, New York; res., Brook- 380 Pearl St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Freed -Eiseman Co., 501 W. 21st St., New lyn, N. Y. GREEN, ALBERT, 1st Class Electrical Me- York, N. Y. EWALD, HARRY W., In charge of Publicity on chanic, Brooklyn Edison Co., Inc., Hudson *CRONE, ROBERT HENRY, Material Engi- Automatic and Outdoor Stations, General Ave. Sta., Brooklyn, N. Y. neer, Phoenix Utility Co., Hazleton, Pa. Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. *GREENE, F. MELVILLE, Sales Engineer, CROSBY, MURRAY GRIMSHAW, StudentFALEY, GEORGE J. V., Telephone Engineer, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., 150 Broad- Engineer, Radio Corp. ofrAmerica, Belfast, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 West way, New York; res., Brooklyn, N. Y. Maine. St., New York, N. Y. *HAMBURGER, FERDINAND, Jn., N. E. L.°A. *CURL, HERBERT C., Engineer, Bell TelephoneFARKAS, SANFORD. Illuminating Engineer, Research Assistant, Johns Hopkins Univer- Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St., Now York, Holophane Glass Co., 342 Madison Ave., sity, M. Sr E. Bldg., Homewood, Baltimore, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Md. CURLEY, JAMES CLAUD, Electrical Fitter,FARMAN, CHARLES D., Electrical Engineer,HANNA, WILLIAM McAFEE, TestDept., Newcastle City Council, 48 Lawson St., Murrie & Co., 45 E. 17th St., New York, General Electric leo., 1 River Rd., Schenec- Hamilton, Aug. N. Y. tady, N. Y. 206 INSTITUTE AND RELATE I) ACTT V (TIES Journal A. I. E. E. HANSEN, BENJAMIN HARRISON, ElectricalJOHNSON, GROVER, Inside Designer, Constr. Dept.,II. L. Doherty & Co. Plant Div., ltngg*LASHER, GEORGE WILLIAM,Inside Man, 60 Wall St., Now York,N. Y. Dept., Commonwealth EdisonCo., 72 W. New York Telephone Co., 220 W. HANSEN, EARL B., Adams St., Chicago, Ill. 124th Ht., Eudineer, The PacificTel.JOHNSON, MARION New York; for moil. Poughkeepsie,N. Y. & Tel. Co., 140 NewMontgomery St., San STEWARD, Engineer,*LAURITZEN, CARL WILLIAM, Francisco, Calif. Cumberland Tel. & Tel. Co.,Jackson, Mies. Instructor, University of Arlotansas, Emig, Hall,Fayette- *HARDY, HELEN JOHNSON, RICHARD C.,Telephone Equip- ville, Ark. WILLIAMS, Asst. to Gen- ment Engineer, Bell Telephone eral Lighting Representative,Public Service Laboratories,LAWSON, CHESTER BARNARD, Electric & Gas Co., 80 Inc., 463 West St., New York,N. Y. Acting Div. N. J. Park Place, Newark,*JOHNSON, WALTER CH Manager, Pennsylvania Power &Light Co., AR LES,Facility . cor. Main & Oak Stn., Shnandoah: Engineer, Ohio Boll Telephone res., HARPER, ROBERT W.,Telephone Engineer, Co., 523 W. Pottsville, Pu. Boll Telephone Laboratories, Main St., Springfield, Ohio. Inc., 463 WestJOHN SON, WILLIAM, TH *LEE, EDWARD MYERS, JuniorEngineer, St., New York, N. Y. EO DO RE Electri- Potomac Electric Power Co., 14th & HEATH, CORNELIUS cian, Blau's Electric Shop, MainSt., Middle- C Mts., ELLIOTT, Sales Dept., town, Conn. Washington, D. C. General Electric Co., 123Spring St., Atlanta; *LEH RH A UPT, BARNET, ElectricalEstimator, res., Augusta Ga. JOHNSTON. OSWALD DANIEL,Sales Engi- neer, D. M. Fraser, Ltd., 24 Adelaide 3968 Third Ave., New York, N. Y. *HENDERSON, FRANCISLOUIS,Switch- St.,LEMLY, FREDERICK WINDEODER, board Requisition Engineer, East, Toronto, Ont., Can. Engg. General ElectricJOLY, PAUL FRANCIS, Asst. Dept., Philadelphia Electric Co.,2301 Market Co., 6801 Elmwood Ave.,West Philadelphia; Station Tester, St., Philadelphia, Pa. res., Philadelphia, Pa. Brooklyn Edison Co., 14 RockwellPlace, Brooklyn; res., New York, N. Y. LESTOURGEON, ARTHUR LLOYD,Equip- *HESSELMEYER, CLARENCETHEODORE, ment Development Engineer, Bell JONES, LESTER S., ResearchEngineer, Socony Telephone TestingCourse,GeneralElectricCo., Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St.,NowYork, Schenectady, N. Y. Burner Corp., 41st & 2nd Ave.,Bush Ter- N. Y. *HILL. BYRON R., Meter minal Bldg., Brooklyn, N. Y. Specialist, Westing-JORE, BJORN, Tester, LEVITSK Y, NICHOLAS BASIL,Engineer -in - house Elec. & Mfg. Co., Ill W.Washington Brooklyn -Manhattan charge,BhivpuriPower House, Transit Corp., 500 Kent Ave.,Brooklyn, Andhra St., Chicago, Ill. N.Y. Valley Power Supply Co., Ltd., P. 0.'Cadet, HINKLE, AMBROSE H., ChiefElectrician,KAYSER, CHARLES FREDERICK, Bombay, India. Chas. M. Dodson Coal Co.,Beaver Brook, GeneralLIEBERT, HERMAN HENRY, Foreman, Commonwealth Edison Co.,72 W. Electrical Pa. Draftsman. Alabama Power Co.,Birming- HOARD, JAMES L., Electrical Adams St., Chicago, Ill. ham, Ala. Instructor, Ral-*KELLER, CHARLES W., Salesman, ston Industrial School, 15th &Penn. Ave., CentralLIEBRECHT, EDWARD FRANCIS,Engineer- Pittsburgh, Pa. Station Dept., General ElectricCo.508 U. S. National Bank Bldg., Denver, ing Assistant, Chesapeake &Potomac Tel. *HOEDEMAKER, PETER, JourneymanElec- Colo. Co., 725 13th St., N. W., Washington, KELLY, MAURICE JAMES, Elec.Engineer. D. C. trician, 1066 McBride Ave.,LittleFalls, Asst. Supt. of Operation, Electric LIGHTBAND, DENIS ADRIAN,Motor Engi- N. J. Service neer, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,East *HOLLADAY, WILLIAM LEE, Corp., Shawinigan Falls, P. Q., Can. Pittsburgh; res., Wilkinsburg, Pa. RefrigeratorKENNEALLY, DANIEL JAMES, CableTester, Specialist, General Electric Co., Schenectady, *LIN DVALL, FREDERICKC., Teaching N. Y. The New York Edison Co., 7081st Ave.. Fellow, California Institute of . New York, N. Y. Technology. HOLROYD, HOWARD B.,Engineer, Power*KENT, PAUL NICHOLAS, Pasadena; res., Los Angeles, Calif. Engg. Dept., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Draftsman, CityLODAS, FRANCIS J.,Electrical Co., Engineer's Office, City Hall, KansasCity, Designer, East Pittsburgh, Pa. Mo. Electric Bond & Share Co., 65Broadway. HOOD, KUPER JR.,Columbia Power Co., New York; res., Astoria, N. Y. 1107 Plum St., Cincinnati, Ohio. KEPPICUS, HERBERT, TelephoneEngineer.LOGAN, CHARLES RUSSELL, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.,463 West Appraisal Engi- *HOTCHKISS, THOMAS MYRON, Student St., New York; res., Queens Village, neer, Murrie & Co., Inc., 45 E. 17th St., New Engineer, General Electric N. Y. York; res., Tuckahoe, N. Y. Lynn, Mass. Editor,LUCAS, MICHAEL JOHN, ElectricalWorld,McGraw-Hill Co.,10th Laboratory *HOWITT, NATHAN, Instructor, Elec.Engg. Assistant, General Electric Co., Eastlake Dept. The Harvard Engineering Ave. & 36th St., New York, N. Y. Road, Erie, Pa. School,*KINGDON, HOWARD F.. TransformerEngi- Pierce Hall, Cambridge, Mass. *LYONS. GEORGE WADE,JR., Electrical neer, Canadian Crocker -Wheeler Co.,St. Engineer, HTJGGETT, WILLIAM HENRY, Electrical Catharines, Ont., Can. Dept.ofElectricity,Cityof Engineer, Borough of New Plymouth, New Chicago, Chicago, Ill. *KNOPP, OTTO REINHOLDHERMAN, Plymouth, N. Z. Technical Assistant, Patent Dept.. MAcGILLIVRAY, ALMON LLOYD.Electrical *HUGHES, LESTER LEONARD, Commercial Submarine Engineer, Western Electric Co.. Inc., 268W. Signal Corp., 160 State St., Boston 9;res., Engineer, International General Electric Co., West Somerville, Mass. 36th St., New York; res., Brooklyn. N. Y. Schenectady,N. Y. *KOCH, CHARLES J., *MAcGILLIVRAY, MALCOLM STUART, HUNTLEY, HARRY LEWIS, Electrical Engi- Designing Engineer, Demonstrator, Elec. Engg. Dept., University Induction Motor Dept., General ElectricCo., neer, Wilkes-Barre Lace Mfg. Co.. Court- Schenectady, N. Y. of Toronto, Toronto. Ont.. Can. right & Darling Sts., Wilkes-Barre; res., MACMILLAN, JOHN. Computer, Interborough KONN, FELIX, Student Engineer,General Pittston. Pa. Electric Co., SchenectadY, N. Y. Rapid Transit Co., 600 W. 59th St.,New HYATT, CLINTON BROWN, Radio Engineer, York, N. Y.; res., East Newark, N. J. 1701 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. KONSTANTINOWSKY, KURT, Technical Ex-*.MAHLEY, FRED W., Tester, pert, CableManufacturingCo.. Ltd., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg.Co.,E.Pittsburgh;res., IDE, CLINTON, Salesman, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. Wilkinsburg, Pa. Co., 917 Coal Exchange Bldg., Wilkes-Barre,KRAMER, WILLIAM BRENT,Fieldman, Pa. DuquesneLightCo.,DuquesneBldg.,MANIGAULT, EDWARD LINING, Sales Pittsburgh, Pa. Engineer, General Electric Co., Fairmont, IRWIN, BRYAN, Inspector, Transmission & W. Va. Distribution Dept., United Electric Light &KREIDER, ROY H., Telephone Engineer,Bell Power Co., E. 15th St., New York, N. Y. Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St.,MARETZO, CHARLES B., JuniorEngineer, *JACKSON, GEORGE J., Inspector, Brooklyn New York, N. Y. Test Dept., Brooklyn Edison Co., 380Pearl Edison Co., 360 Pearl St., Brooklyn; res.,*KRIEGSHAUSSER, JOHN, Elec. Shop St., Brooklyn, N. Y. West New Brighton, N. Y. Teacher, John S. Hart Continuation School,MASON, HOWARD F.,Elec. Engg. Dept., Philadelphia. Pa. Llewellyn Iron Works, 1200 N. Main,Los *JACKSON, JOHN. EARLY, Electrical Engineer,KRON, JOSEPH, Trade Work, 69 W. 52ndSt., Angeles; res., Eagle Rock, Calif. Lynchburg Traction & Light Co., Lynch- New York, N. Y. burg, Va. *MASON, RURIC COIN, Engineer,Materials & *KRUEGER, DAVID E.,Engineer, Western Process Engg. Dept., Westinghouse Elec. JACOBS, ALBERT KENNING,Electrical Union TelegraphCo..230S.11thSt., & Draftsman, Engg. Dept., Alabama Power Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Co., East Pittsburgh; res., Wilkinsburg,Pa. Birmingham, Ala. KUBALE. JOHN CHARLES, Student Engineer,MAYS, PAUL EDGAR, MeterTester, Virginia - General Electric Co., Schenectady, N.Y. Western Power Co., Clifton Forge,Va; res., JACOBY, ARTHUR CLARK, Asst. Local Test Lewisburg, W. Va. Engineer, Pennsylvania Power & Light Co.,ICURTZ, HENRY J.,Elec.Engg.Dept., Allentown, Pa. Commonwealth Power Corp:, Jackson, Mich.McCLAIN, WALTER J., ElectricalConstruction KUTTICH, JOHN, ElectricalEngineer,463 Designer, Philadelphia ElectricCo., 1035 JENKS, LOREN MORGAN, Salesman, West- Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. inghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., 425 E. Water St., Manhattan Ave., New York, N. Y. *LAMBORN, RICHARD. Student Engineer,McCLUSKEY, FRANCIS J.,Division Supt.. Milwaukee, Wis. General Electric Co., Erie. Pa. JENSTEAD, SEVER EDWARD, Construction Utah Power & Light Co., Park City,Utah. *LANDER, HAROLD M., Engineer, New Eng-*McCULLOUGH. Foreman, North Pacific Public Service Co., land Tel. & Tel. Co., 50 Oliver St., Boston; MAURICE BARNARD, Engineer, General Electric Co.,Schenectady, 309 Fourth St., Bremerton, Wash. res., Dorchester, Mass. N.Y. INSTITUTE AND RELATEDACTIVITIES 207 Feb. 1926 Electrical Engineering,ROBSON, JOHN GREENFIELD, Operator. McCURDY, BRUCE HUDSON, EngineeringOLSON, MARVIN S., ElectricRailwayCo., Radio & ElectricLaboratory, BritishColumbia Assistant, New England Tel. & Tel. Co., Carver Vancouver, B. C. 50 Oliver St.. Boston. Mass. Carver, Minn. Brook- OWEN, FREDERICK CARLISLE.Inventor &ROE SER, JOSEPH PETER. Inspector, *McELHENY. GEORGE BUSHFIELD, Tech- Manufacturer of Electric Welding Apparatus, lyn Edison Co., Inc., Pearl & Willoughby nical Clerk in Office of V. P. & G. M., Du- Sts., Brooklyn, N. Y. Pittsburgh. Fayetteville, N. C. quesne Light Co., 435 6th Ave., *PALMER, GLENN HUNTER, CommissionedROHDE, CHARLES F.,Appraisal Engineer, Pa. Officer, Signal Corps, U. S. A., c/o Adjutant Murrie Sr Co., 45 E. 17th St., New York; *McMURRAN. MARSHALL J., Station Opera- General, U. S. A.. Washington, D. C.; for res., Brooklyn, N. Y. tor, Grace Power Plant, Utah Power & Light Inst.of Technology,ROLLOW, JAMES GRADY, Electrical Engineer, Co., Grace. Idaho. mail, c/o California Pasadena, Calif. Los Angeles Gas & Electric Corp.. 810 South *MEAKER, OSCAR PHELPS. Illuminating Flower St., Los Angeles, Calif. Engineer. National Lamp Works, GeneralPARKER, JOHN, JR., Draftsman, Philadelphia Electric Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. ROLNICK, Harry,Electrician.International Electric Co., Nela Park. Cleveland, Ohio.*PARKER. RAY H., Engineer, Pacific Tel. & Motor Co., 216 Seaman St., New Brunswick, *MEARS, GILBERT ELTON,Equipment N.J. Inspector, Michigan Bell TelephoneCo., Tel. Co., 140 New Montgomery St., San Francisco, Calif. *ROSENBURG, EVERETT REYNOLDS, Stu- 1365 Cass Ave., Detroit, Mich. PAUL, HARRY J.,Sales Engineer, Century dent, Cornell University, 306 Stewart Ave., MERIGAN. EDMUND LESLIE, Test Man, Ithaca, N. Y. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Electric Company, Saint Louis, Mo. PAUL, THEODORE, Telephone Engineer, BellROSS, DONALD, Member, TechnicalStaff, MERRILL. LELAND HAWTHORNE, Resident Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 West Engineer. Elec. Construction. Chas. H. Ten- Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St.. Boston; res., New York, N. Y. St., New York, N. Y. ney & Co., 200 Devonshire St., PENNEY, GAYLORD WALLIS,Engineer,*ROTH, JESSE E., Multiplex Plant Attendant, Melrose, Mass. Power Dept., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Western Union Telegraph Co., 7th & Walnut MEYER. FRANK THEODORE. Telephone Sts., Kansas City, Mo. Equipment Engineer, Bell Telephone Labora- East Pittsburgh, Pa. PENNEY. WILLIAM MARCHANT, JR., Ass't.*ROWLAND, DAVIDGE HARRISON, Engi- tories. Inc., 463 West St., New York, N. Y. Distribution Engineer, Union Electric Lt. neer, Locke Insulator Corp., S. Charles& MILLER, RALPHJ.,TelephoneSystems Cromwell Sts., Baltimore, Md. Engineer, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., & Pr. Co., 315 N. 12th St., St. Louis, Mo. *PHILLIPS, STANLEY NEVILLE, Engineer-*RUMSEY, PAUL TRUMAN, Instructor, Dy- 463 West St., New York. N. Y. namo Laboratory Dept., Mass. Instituteof MILLIGAN, ROBERT J., Asst. Engineer, Sta. ing Apprentice, Century Electric Co.. 1806 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo. Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Elec. Design & Construction Dept., The Je.,Student, Philadelphia Electric Co., 1000 Chestnut St.,PILKINGTON, JOHN HENRY,Technical*SAMS, JAMES HAGOOD.

Cornell University, 324 College Ave., Ithaca, Philadelphia, Pa. Assistant, Brooklyn Edison Co., Pearl & *MILLS, NEIL, Engg. Apprentice,Century Willoughby Sts., Brooklyn, N. Y. N. Y. *PREISMAN, ALBERT, Elec. Engg. Assistant,SAPPER, ROBERT T., Asst. Purchasing Agent, Electric Co., 1827 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo. Century Electric Co., 1806 Pine St., St. Louis, *MONSETH, INGWALDT., Switchboard The New York Edison Co.,140th St.Sr Engineer, Switchboard Eng. Dept., Westing- Rider Ave., New York, N. Y. Mo. RAE, 0. O., Sales Engineer. Westinghouse Elec.*SCHACHT, DELBERT HERMANN, Sales house Elec. & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh; Engineer, Century Electric Co., 628 Granite res., Wilkinsburg, Pa. & Mfg. Co.. 426 Marietta St., Atlanta, Ga. *MOORE, CARLTON H., Technical Assistant,*RANSON, RICHARD R., Electrical Engineer, Bldg., Rochester, N. Y. Experimental Dept., Cutler -Hammer Mfg.SCHARDT, FREDERICK 0., Foreman. Elec- U. G. Div., Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, trical Construction, Public Service Produc- Pa. Co., Milwaukee, Wis. *MOORE, LAURISTON GREENE, JR., Mana-RAPP, CARL P., Transmission Engineer, Bell tion Co., Kearny; res., Edgewater, N. J. Telephone Co. of Pennsylvania, 1230 Arch*SCHLECHTER, ARTHUR HERMAN, Esti- ger, Florida Electric Supply Co., 120 N. E. mator, New York & Queens Electric Light & 20th St., Miami, Fla. St., Philadelphia, Pa. Sta., Flushing: MOSCHEL, WILLIAM K., Underground Engi-REARDON, MICHAEL F.. Technical Clerk, Power Co., Central Service neering, Commonwealth Edison Co., 72 W. Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co., 800 14th for mail, Corona, N. Y. St., Denver, Colo. *SCHMIDT, EUGENE, Tester, New York & Adams St., Chicago, Ill. Queens Electric Light & Power Co., Flushing; *MUCKENHAUPT, CARL FREDERICK,*REED, CALVIN FRANCIS, Student, Inter- Transmission Engineer, Westinghouse Elec. national Standard Electric Corp., 25 Broad res., Brooklyn, N. Y. & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. St., New York. res., Brooklyn, N. Y. SCHMITTER, RAY M., Inspection Mainte- MUELLER, REINHOLD, Draftsman & De-REED, F. FOSTER, LaboratoryAssistant, nance Engineer, Western Electric Co., Inc., signer, G. & W. Electric Specialty Co., Public Service Elec. & Gas Co., 21st St. & HawthorneSta.,Chicago,Ill.;for mail, 7780 Dante Ave., Chicago, Ill. Clinton Ave., Irvington; res., Jersey City, Mercedes, Texas. *MUELLER, WALTER E.,Instructor,Elec. N. J. *SCHROEDER, JOHN HENRY, Specification Engg., Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y.REED, GEORGE VICTOR, Chief Engineer, Engineer, Commonwealth Edison Co., 635 *MURPHY, ELOY JOHN, Maintenance Engi- ProvincialHospital, Province ofSaskat- Edison Bldg., Chicago, Ill. neer, New York Telephone Co., 309 Washing- chewan, for mail. Weyburn, Sask., Can. *SHEA, DENNIS C., Asst. to Electrical Engi- ton St., Newark, N. J. *REED, HARRY R., JR.,Special Apprentice, neer, Standard Oil Co., Bayway Refinery, Norfolk & Western Railway Co., Roanoke, Elizabeth, N.J. MURPHY, FORD ANDREW, Sales Engineer, Engr., AlfredCollyer & Co.,183GeorgeSt., Va. SHELLEY, HARRY SANDBERG, Toronto, Ont., Can. Engineer, DistributionDept.,Consolidated Gas & REED. WILLIAM H.,Electrical Electric Co., Monument & Constitution Sts., MYERS, DAYLS.,TelephoneEquipment Tietjen & Lang Dry Dock -Co., 17th St. & Engineer, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Baltimore, Md. Park Ave.. Hoboken, N. J;res.,South Telephone Systems 463 West St., New York, N.Y. Norwalk, Conn. SIMON, RAPHAEL B., NELSON, WILLIAM ARTHUR, Member, Engineer, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., RICHARD, ERNEST CAMP, Asst. to Trans- 463 West St., New York, N. Y. Technical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories, mission Engineer. Florida Power & Light Co., Inc.. 463 West St., New York, N. Y. *SIPKIN, GEORGE, Estimator, Interborough Miami Beacn, Fla. *NI VEN, CHARLES KEARNF.Y, Mechanic, Rapid Transit Co., 600 W. 59th St., New Atlantic Basin Iron Works, Van Brunt &RICHARDSON, MARSTON SAMUEL, Facili- York; res., Brooklyn, N. Y. Imlay Ste., Brooklyn, N. Y. tiesEngineer, Wisconsin TelephoneCo.,SISKIND. CHARLES S., Instructor, Milwaukee NOBLE, WILLIAM DAVID, Laboratory Assist- 418 Broadway, Milwaukee, Wis. VocationalSchool,6th& PrairieSts., ant.BellTelephoneLaboratories,Inc.,RICHARDSON, RICHARD PAUL, Asst. Engi- Milwaukee, Wis. 463 West St., Now York, N. Y. neer, Electricity Dept., Sydney MunicipalSKENE, ANDREW ALLISON, Engineer, Union *NOVY, ALOIS JARDSLAV, Asst.to Mr. Council, Sydney, Austrailia. Switch & Signal Co., Swissvale, Pa. Payer, Wappler Electric Co., Inc., 162-194RIHANEK, LADI SLAV V., Electrical Designer,SKINNER, WILLIAM A., Electrical Foreman, Harris & Val Aist Ave., Long Island City; T. E. Murray, Inc., 55 Duane St., New York: Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., 117 E. res., Great Neck, N. Y. res., Brooklyn, N. Y. Broad St., Hazleton, Pa. NUMATA, SHICHIJIRO, Telephone Engineer,RIPLEY, NELSON ALDEN, Head of MaterialSMITH, ARTHUR WILLIAM, Valuation Engi- The imperial Government Communication 1)ept., Phoenix Utility Co., Cienfuegos, Cuba, neer, Murrie & Co., 45 E. 17th St., New MinistryinJapan,Nakanomachinear OBERTS, GEORGE ARTHUR, Telephone York, N. Y.; res., Jersey City, N. J. Tokyo, Japan. Equipment, Engineer, Bell Telephone Labora-SMITH, ERMY R., Telephone Engineer. Bell OFFERDAHL, EINAR, Engg. Draftsman, New tories, Inc., 463 West St., New York, N. Y. Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St., York Central Railroad Co., 466 Lexington*ROBERTSON, GEORGE BAKER MAHN, New York N. Y.; res., Maplewood, N. J. Ave., New York; res., Brooklyn, N. Y. Supervisor of Testing, Motor Laboratory,SMITH, HOWARD MARSHALL, Vice -Presi- *OLIVER, RODOLPH STEWART, hr., Sales- Philadelphia Electric Co., 2301 Market St., dent, S. Edw. Eaton & Co., 591 Hudson St., man. Florida Electric Supply Co., Miami, Fla. Philadelphia, Pa. New York, N. Y. 20S INSTIITTE .\\ ICEI,V11:1)\( "1'1 \ ITIEs .111firnill A. I. E. E SONNENIANN, NVILLIAN1 liNoX. EleetrivalW A LI, CII A Itl,,ES I, Tt ,N, .1 , student Engineer, West instants,' Klee.,tNI ooTA. A 1,10 A N1)1(11 It . Armes'Editor.Inealtinatas Engineer, I lettered Ek'die' , East Pittsburgh;res., W l'a %Vest Ly tin, Publishers International'urn14(1:1 Pettitsyl. SON NEN FELD, res., Lynn, Mans, vale a II lit; t),chiefEngineer & Bldg . New York. resQueen.. V linage, General Superintendent,Cable NI iiiiithieter-W A LTE It,'El )IC4 1), Eke! N. Y. lug, CoLtd., Bratislava, czeritoslovitkiii. DI AZ, EN It IQU E,ControllerEngine.- t The *STANK A, ERHARDT WATSON, DON ALI) It., Designer, Philadelphia British Tie meant' 1 1 nusi tin W., Elecirki IDesigner, Electric Co., 1000 Ltd `11t,Pil 11111 , 11. I.. Doltert y & SI , Eng lin Nall St.,New furl., Pa. N. Y.: N. .1 1)1)1)1iIC, W 11.1.1 A MI.A\III,lCnttine.t urn tt'EAVIC11, EARLE F.. 01% ision Supt.,Petite -01 'Telephone Laboratories, lice , STANLEY, JACK SQUIRE,LineForeman, 403 Vi CO. Sl , yank' Power & Light co.. NI I. Carmel, Pa New York Los Angeles RailwayCorp., 717 E. Itith St.,WERNER, HAROLD Los Angeles, Calif. )1'4; LAS,Engineer.lI I.Kit, W 11.1,1 AI1..,TelephoneEngineer, S'PER N BERG THEODORE Foundry Dept., General Electric ('o., Erie, AUGUST, Eke- Pa. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc463 West trical Draftsman, Now YorkRapid Transit Si., New York, N. Y. Co.. 55 Clinton St., Brooklyn, WETHERELL, 1)0N ALI) HENRY,Nleiniar,II oft it, It A V LECK LE N. V.; res., Technical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories, , supervisor of M ethods North Bergen, N. J. & Results, Nlountairi states Tel. & Tel.Co., STROESSLER, HANS M.. Inc., 403 West St., Now York, N. Y. 500 III h SL, Denver, t'olo. Draftsman, Com-WILLIAMS, HARRY KA STE, GeneralFore- monwealth Edison Co.. 72 W.Adams St., 1 1(1 sll, JosE1111, Member ofTechnical Stall, Chicago, man, General Underground ('onstruction, Bell 'Telephone Laboratories, Inc Ill. Hartford Electric Light Co., 266 Pearl .163 West *STRONG, EVERETTMILTON, Instructor, St., St., New York, N. Y. Elec. Hartford, Cont. KELLY, ME It VI N, Engg.Dept.,CornellUniversity,WILLIAMS, THOM AS, 1)ist ResearchEIO/1101..1 Hell Ithaca, N. V. Manager, East Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 WestSt., STUN' PI.% MALCOLM WEN Penn Electric CO.. Miller:I% ilk, Pa. New York, N. V DLI N , StudentWILSON, MYRON SHEDWOOD, Asst. Engineer, Now Orleans Public Engi- ELTON14:D W 1 N COI T, Major, Corps of Service, Inc., neer,StandardizingLaboratory,General 201 Baronno St., New Orleans,La. Electric Co., West Lynn, Mass. Engineers, U. S. Army, Washington, 1). C.; SUMMERS, CLIFFORDJOHN,ArmatureWIN SLOW, JOHN res., Bethesda, Md. Winder, U. S. S. Now Mexico, cio CLI 10100 It I), Electrical Post- Engineer, Westinghouse Eke. & Mfg.( 'o.,KEMP, CHARLES GEORGE RI IN; ELY, master, San Francisco, Calif. East Springfield, Mass. Electrical Engineer, 16 S. 5th St., Reading; SUMMERS, HARRYANDERSON,Engg.WITBECK, ALLEN LEE, Special Apprentice, res., Wyomissing. Pe.. Dept.,Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co..LATHROP, GEORGE MARTIN, Telephone 463 West St.. Now York;res., Brooklyn, N. Y. Chicago, Ill.; for mail, Pullman, Wash. Engineer, Boll Telephone Laboratories,Inc., WOLF, HERMAN B., MaintenanceForeman, 403 West St., New York, N. Y.;res., East SUTHERLAND, GEORGE ELMER,Elec- Southern Power Co., Salisbury, N. C. Orange, N.J. trician,Gibbs & Hill,Mullins; for mail,WOLFE, T. M., Salesman, Westinghouse Princeton, W. Va. Elec.MATTHIES, WILLIAM H., TelephoneEn- & Mfg.Co.,1224Miners Bank Bldg., gineer, SWORDS, EVERETT LAVON,Foreman of Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Bell Telephone Laboratories,Inc., Operation, California -Portland CementCo.,*WOODS, STEPHEN RICHARD, 463 West St., New York, N. Y. Colton; res., San Bernardino, Calif. StudentMORTIMER, LOUIS ANDREW, Employ, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg.Co., Telephone *TANCK, HENRY, Asst.Engineer,Motor Murfreesboro,Tenn. Engineer, Bell Telephone LaboratoriesInc., Engg. Dept., General Electric 463 West St., New York. N. Y. Co., RiverWRIGHT, ROLAND M., Act. General Works, West Lynn; res., Boston,Mass. ForemanMURPHY, PAUL BUCKNER, TAYLOR. ALFRED LINDSAY, of Equipment, Cincinnati Street RailwayCo.. Telephone Engineering Cincinnati. Ohio. Engineer, Bell Telephone Laboratories,Inc., Assistant, New York Telephone Co.,158 463 West St.. New York; res., Nyack,N. Y State St., Albany, N. Y. WYNKOOP, FRANCIS BRUYN, Chargeof OBERNDORF. EDWIN S.,Asst. TAYLOR, JAMES REUBEN, Salesman,West- Elec. Lab. & Meter Dept., Interborough Electrical inghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., 1224 Miners Rapid Transit Co., 600 W. 59th St., New Engineer, The J.G.White Engineering Bank Bldg., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. York, N: Y. Corp., 43 Exchange Place, New York,N. Y. *TAYLOR, WILLIAM PRESTON, ElectricalTotal 352. NOBLE, ROY EDWIN, Member,Technical Testman, Cons. Gas Electric Lt. & Pr. Co.,*Formerly enrolled Students Staff.BellTelephone Laboratories,Inc., Baltimore, Md. 463 West St., Now York, N. Y. *TEALL, HARLEY ALBERT, Student, ASSOCIATES REELECTED JANUARYIS,SHOPE, HARRY STEPHENSON, Kansas 1926 Telephone StateAgriculturalCollege,Manhattan, Engineer, Bell Telephone Laboratories.Inc., Kansas. DRAKE, WILLIAM A.,Member, Technical 463 West St., New York, N. Y. THERRIEN, RUSSELL WILLIAM,Elec. Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.,463SMITH, GORDON K., Equipment West St., New York, N. Y. Development Engg. Dept., Commonwealth Power Corp., Engineer, Boll Telephone Laboratories,Inc.. Jackson, Mich. JOHO, E. C., Telephone EquipmentEngineer, 463 West St., New York, N. Y. THIELEMANN, GEORGE J., Station Electric- Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.,463 WestTURNER, CLARENCE PORTER, ian, Public Service Co. of No. Illinois, Blue St., New York, N. Y. Administra- Island, Ill. tive Assistant, Marine Engg. Dept.,General MAcDONALD, DANIEL F., 171 E.94thSt., Electric Co., 1 River Road, Schenectady, *THOMSON, JOHN MILTON, Transformer New York, N. Y. N. Y. Engg. Dept., Canadian Crocker -Wheeler Co., Katharine St., St. Catharines, Ont., Can. SWAN, WALTER DOUGLAS, Asst.Foreman,VOORHIES, MICHEL B., Asst. Professor, Elec. Elec. Laboratory, Interborough Rapid Engg. TOWNSEND, RICHARD LEE,Engineer's Tran- Dept., Louisiana State University, Assistant, Chesapeake & Potomait Telephone sit Co., 600 W. 59th St., New York, N.Y. Baton Rouge, La. Co., 725 13th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.THOMPSON, STEPHEN WILKINS,Voca-WISHART, RONALD S_, Printer & Automatics tional *TRAVERS, FRED HARTT, Student Engineer, Instructor,DaytonCo-operative Engineer, Postal Telegraph -Cable Co253 New England Tel. & Tel. Co., 50 Oliver St., Industrial High School, Stivers HighSchool Broadway,NewYork;res.,Rockville Boston: res., Everett, Mass. Bldg., Dayton, Ohio. Center, N. Y TREPTOW, FREDERICK WILLIAM, Tele- ASSOCIATES REINSTATED JANUARY15,FELLOW ELECTED JANUARY15,1926 phone Engineer, Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1926 Inc., 463 West St., New York, N. Y.; res., CHATELAIN, MICHAEL A., Professor,Poly- Weehawken, N.J. GREGSON, MONTRUVILA EDW.. Asst. technic Institute of Leningrad; Vice -President UPHAM, EDGAR HARVEY, Supt., French Superintendent, Bronx District, New York Central Electrotechnical Council, Prosp.of Cable Co., Orleans, Mass. Edison Co.. 140th St. & Rider Ave., New 25 October 6, Apt. 7, Leningrad. Russia. York, N. Y. VAN DENBURG, EARL D.,Engineer, The TRANSFERRED TO GRADE OF FELLOW Montana Power Co., Great Falls, Mont. MEMBERS ELECTED JANUARY 15,1926 JANUARY 15, 1926 VASSALLO, ANTHONY, Electrical Expert.BARKER, JOSEPH WARREN, Assoc. ProfessorCOPLEY, ALMON W., Manager,Engineering Service Shop, General Electric Co., 627 of Elec. Engg., Mass. Institute of Technology, Division, Westinghouqe Electric & Nlfg. Co., Greenwich St., New York; res., Brooklyn, Cambridge, Mass, San Francisco, Calif. N. Y. BOMAN, CARL EMANUEL. SupervisingHIBBARD TRUMAN, Secretary andChief VROOM, EDWARD, Telephone Engineer, Bell Equipment Design Engineer, Bell Telephone Engineer,ElectricMachinery Mfg.Co.. Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St., Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St., New York, Minneapolis, Minn. New York; res., Ossining, N. Y. N. Y. LEEDS, MORRIS E.,President.Leeds & *WAITS, CHARLES EDWARD, Student Engi-CLARKSON, ALBERT J., General Inspector, Northrup Co., Philadelphia, Pa. neer, Utica Gas & Electric Co., 222 Genesee Elec. Div., New York Central Railroad Co St., Utica, N. Y. , WENNER. FRANK,Physicist,Bureauof Grand Central Terminal, New York, N. Y. Standards, Washington, D. C. 209. RELATED ACTIVITIES Feb. 1926 INSTITUTE AND Co., BELL, JOHN H., TelegraphEngineer,BellBauerschmidt, G. J., Commonwealth Edison TRANSFERRED TO GRADE OFMEMBER York, N. Y. Chicago, Ill. .t _ Telephone Laboratories, New Chas. Freshman Co., New York, JANUARY 15, 1926 BOSTATER, HERBERT L.,Telephone Engi-Baum, S.H., TRUMAN W.. Superintendent, Laboratories, New York, N. Y. EUSTIS. neer, Bell Telephone Baxter, N. M., (Member), The Ohio PublicServ- Canadian National Carhon Co.,Ltd., To- N. Y. ronto, Ont. DAVIS, URIAH, LoadDispatcher, Common- ice Co., Sandusky, Ohio FREEMAN, HADLEY F.,PatentLawyer, wealth Edison Co., Chicago, Ill. (Applicant for re-election.) Cleveland, Ohio. EASTHAM, MELVILLE. Presidentand Engi-Berk, H. H., Puget Sound Power & Light Co., Engi- Seattle, Wash. GILT, CARL M., Assistant Inside Plant neer, General Radio Co.,Cambridge, Mass. Y. neer, Brooklyn Edison Co.,Brooklyn. N. Y.ENGLE, MELVIN D.,Engineer,StationBiosca, L. F., Federal Radio Corp., Buffalo, N. GREEN, CHARLES W., TelephoneEngineer, Engineering Dept., Edison ElectricIllu-Black, W. L., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Inc.,New Mass. New York, N. Y. BellTelephone Laboratories, minating Co. of Boston, Boston, Blanding, W. P. T., Bureau of Pr. & Lt. of Los York, N. Y. EVANS, ROBERTD.,General Engineer, HOFFMAN, WILLIAM L., AssistantEngineer. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co.,East Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif. Bollinger, N. H., Florida Pr. & Lt. Co., Miami, Puget Sound Power & Light Co.,Seattle, Pittsburgh, Pa. Wash. FRIEND, HENRY M., Cable Engineer,Hugh L. Fla. JENNINGS. PHILIP D., AssistantEngineer. Cooper & Co., New York, N. Y. Boyce, E. 0., Philadelphia Electric Co., Phila- Puget Sound Power & Light Co.,Seattle,GARY, LAURENCE A., Engineer,Transmission delphia, Pa. Wash. Dept., Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co., SanFrancisco,Boyce, W. H., Delta Star Electric Co., Chicago, B.,ConsultingEngineer, Ill. LAMB, FRANK Calif. EdisonCo., Member of Firm, West VirginiaEngineeringHASTINGS, MILTONB.,Vice -President,Boyer, Q.0.,Commonwealth Co., Charleston, W. Va. Powerlite Devices, Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Chicago, Ill. LOCKWOOD, ALVAH M., Field Superintendent.INNES, FRANK R., Asst. Editor,ElectricalBradfield, C. W., Duquesne Light Co., Pitts- Phoenix Utility Co. of Cuba,Cienfuegos, World, New York, N. Y. burgh, Pa. Cuba. KERSEY, GLEN B., Field Engineer,Common-Braun, A. W., William Braun & Co., New York. LOWENBERG, MAURICE J., ElectricalEngi- wealth Edison Co., Chicago, Ill. N. Y. neer, Stone & Webster, Inc.,Boston, Mass.McDOWELL, H. E., Electrical and MechanicalBronslci,C.R., Commonwealth Edison Co.. LOWRY, HITERH.,TelephoneEngineer, Engineer, Texas Power & Light Co.,Dallas, Chicago, Ill. York. Brown, G. R., Western Electric Co., Chicago, 111. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New Tex. MACIAS, CARLOS, Chief Engineer, Electro-NASH, JOHN F..ElectricalEngineer andBrugger, K. A., Public Utility Co., Chicago, Ill. motor, S. A., Mexico D. F., Mexico. Division Manager, Appalachian Power Co.,Budden, A. N., General Electric, S. A., Mexico MUSSER, HARRY P. President, West Virginia Bluefield, W. Va. D. F., Mex. Engineering Co., Charleston, W. Va. RADER, RAY, Assistant Engineer, PugetSoundBuell, R. C., General Electric Co., Schenectady, NETTLETON. LEROY A.. Engineering Assist- Power & Light Co., Seattle, Wash. N. Y. ant, Brooklyn Edison Co.. Brooklyn,N. Y.ROBERTS, SPENCER,Engineer,Day &Buhler, A. A., New York Telephone Co., New REINMANN, F. L., Supt. Electric Department, Zimmerman, Philadelphia, Pa. York, N. Y. Northein Indiana Gas & ElectricCo.,SCOFIELD, EDWARD H., Engineer of Power,Bunce, L. I., The Belamose Corp., Rocky Hill, Hammond, Ind. Twin City Rapid Transit Co., Minneapolis, Conn. RHOADES, WALTER K., Professor of Electrical Minn. Button, F. E., Hudson View Garden, W. 180th Engineering,BucknellUniversity,Lewis-SMITH, GEORGE S., Instructor of Electrical St., New York, N. Y. burg, Pa. UniversityofWashington,Cadavero, A., New York Telephone Co., Brooklyn, SHEDD, HORACE E., Superintendent, Appa- Engineering, N. Y. Seattle, Wash. (Member), Ohio InsulatorCo., lachian Power Co., Bluefield, W. Va. VANHALANGER,L.J., Sales Engineer,Call,C.A., STA HL, CHARLES J., Manager, Illuminating Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Chicago, Barberton,Ohio Carney, J. S., Narragansett Electric Lighting Co.. Engineering Bureau, Westinghouse Elec. & Ill. Mfg. Co., South Bend. Ind. WAY, HOWARD E., Special Agent,Electrical Providence, R. I. VALK, EUGENE E., Engineer, Los Angeles Equipment Div., Bureau of Foreign andCarr, A. V., Philadelphia Electric Co., Phila- Office, General Electric Co., Los Angeles. Domestic Commerce, Washington, D. C. delphia, Pa. Calif. WREAKS, HUGH T., Manager, Detroit Office,Carrington, W. W., City of Norwich Gas & Elec. WALKER, EWART B.,Electrical Engineer, Boston Insulated Wire & Cable Co., Detroit, Dept., Norwich, Conn. Canadian National Railways, Toronto, Ont. Mich. Charlton, 0. E., Mass. Institute of Technology, WHITE, EDWARD J.,Secretary, Treasurer, Cambridge,Mass. Engineer, Harris Wright Co., Inc., Newark, APPLICATIONS FOR ELECTION Chawner, W. R., Southern Sierras Power Co., N. J. Applications have been received by the Sec- Riverside, Calif. WILLIAMS. LEROY C.,DistrictManager,retary from the following candidates for electionChurchill, H., Public Service Production Co., Pacific Electric Mfg. Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Unless otherwise Newark, N. J. to membership in the Institute. Clark, G. D., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., RECOMMENDED FOR TRANSFER indicated, the applicant has applied for admission as an Associate.If the applicant has applied Sharon, Pa. The Board of Examiners, at its meetings heldfor direct admission to a higher grade than Asso-Clark, J., Brooklyn Edison Co., Inc., Brooklyn. January 11and 25,1926, recommended theciate, the grade follows immediately after the N. Y. following members for transfer to the grade ofname. Any member objecting to theelectionCobb. P. G., Weston Electrical Instrument Corp., membership indicated.Any objection to these Newark, N. J. transfers should he filed at once with the Nationalof any of these candidates should so inform the Secretary before February 28, 1926. Codding, L. W., Public Service Electric & Gas Secretary. Co., Newark, N. J. Aaroe, E., Electric Bond & Share Co., New York, To Grade of Fellow Colbert, H. H.,Southern UtilitiesCo., Fort N. Y. DIXON, AMOSF.,SystemsDevelopment Meyers, Fla. Alger, C. S., Puget Sound Power & Light Co.,Comly, J. M., Brooklyn Edison Co., Brooklyn, Engineer,BellTelephoneLaboratories, Seattle, Wash. Now York, N. Y. N. Y. Allschwager, 0, A., Northern States Power Co.,Conner, J. S., Davis Clinic, Marion, Va. McIVER, GEORGE W., Ja., Asst. Manager, Minneapolis, Minn. Electrical Dept., Toledo Edison Co., Toledo, Cook, A. C., Western Electric Co., Chicago, Ill. Altamirano, S. E., General Electric, S. A., MexicoCook, L. D., Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, Ohio. D. F., Mex. THOM S,ALEXANDERP.,Asst.Supt., Ill. (Applicant for re-election). Coop, E. R., General Electric Co., Lynn, Mass. Street Department, Commonwealth EdisonAnderson, D. P., Western Electric Co., Chicago, Co., Chicago, Ill. Coughlin, J. G., Brooklyn Edison Co., Brooklyn, Ill. N. Y. WILLIAMS, SAMUEL B., Telephone Engineer,Anderson, W. B., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., BellTelephone Laboratories, Now York, Crawford, G. W., Garrison Vacuum Tube Div., East Pittsburgh, Pa. G. E. Co., Harrison, N. J. N. Y. Apps, W. G., School of Engg. of Milwaukee, To Grade of Member Milwaukee, Wis. Crumley, H. L., Georgia Railway & Power Co., Atlanta, Ga. A DK E It SO N, BRA NCH0.,InsidePlantBaker, H. 0., Western Electric Co., Inc., Now Engineer, American Tel. & Tel. Co., Now York, N. Y. Cummings, E. 13., United Hudson Electric Corp., York, N. Y. Barrow, L. G., Brooklyn Edison Co., Brooklyn, Now Paltz, N. Y. AMBUHL, FRANK F., Asst. Chief Engineer, N. Y. Datta, R. S., Bucyrus Co., S. Milwaukee, Wis. TorontoHydro -ElectricSystem, Toronto,Basurto, It., Control Electrotocnico do Mexico,Davis, P. R. J., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Ont. Secretaria do Industria y Comorclo, Mexico, East Pittsburgh, Pa. A R('EO,A NTONIO,Supt.ofDistribution, D. F., Mox. Mexican Light & Power Co., Ltd., MexicoBauer, C. A., Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago,Davis, J. I., Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, City, Mex. Ill. 210 I NSTITUTP:.1\I) I.:1. 1'I' I) "1'1 V IT I CS Amino,' I I.:, Do)le, E.II., Westlitithottsc Elev. & Nlfg.co IIlmun.E, 1. I.: 1.11e1.41111,e1, I ) ,ru, r,tlI' I I. New Yuck, N. V. t'hieiuu, 11,'11,4 DuBois,A.D., III tad),N. Electric NlachitteoNlfu.co.. Illl,1111,% II I': \ Minneapolis, Minn. lc,\lulu. W. thall. oil,\ I n Iglu (Applientit for re-elcction. vk ,I, uuI'.) 11111111illi,.1.I,., 1ii ilit lel,Telepli ttttt Dunn. It It . al iii James Walker, t Iticago, III III. Saint John,. N It I 'all. I Eaton, II.I. \lullln I. 1., 11.1,11l',11.11j I 1 1/ control Coal & Coke co., Kansas111)11t1Th., J. A., (NItiol.cr), Diamond ('it), \10. Alkali Cif , N .1. Ohio Eiser. A, I... Commonwettlth EdisonCo., Chicago,Host kkit. Masotti), T,cone & Webst,T Insit.,,t,,n\ lass. ill. Eltct ijr Cu., chleago, Ill.Matisshai .11 I.It.,1(e)',),trio Transit co Ellison, Huffman, 11. F., l'oicrsit Kansas, Lawrence, I ('alit. NI.A., The Puente Tel. & Tel. Co., Kansas MeClart. E., Puget sowed Sun Francisco, Calif. Ingersoll, R. E., Westinghouse International Co.. &Light. Elsie, C., Standard 011 Co. ofN. J., Bayway New York, N. Y. Refinery, Elizabeth, N. NICI;OWILII,I. . Il/1.111.111I' & F.11,11 IlI',, Jarund, W.11., Estrada, J. NorthernElectricCo.,Ltd., \1'. F., Havana Central Railroad Co., Montreal, Qut., Can. Havana, Cuba Niel( Ude., . .1 I.Public Sef , ire v., nl col.trallo, Felt y, Jensen, P.J.S., Conunono valthEdison Co., Den.1 \V.D.,PittsburghTransformerCo., Chicago, Ill. Pittsburgh, Pa. NIeLean, .1 f',,1111 iiiii 1W111.11.11 EIIIN011 I'0., (Iiiragu, Johnson, O. E., (Member), The Norwich Electric Field, A., Commonwealth EdisonCo., Chicago, Co., Norwich, Conn. Ill. Nlereereatti, .I. T., Westinghouse Elev. & Mfg.('o., Jones, R. II., The Milwaukee Elec. Ely. & Lt.Co.. East Pittsburgh, Fital ugh, C. D., CommonwealthEdison Co:, Milwaukee, Wis. Chicago, Ill. Merrill, .N1. S., (1eneral Electric sehetteetatly, Jordan, W. C., Bell Telephone Laboratories,Inc.. N .Y. Forsyth, J.,Jr.,Electric Bond & Share Co., New York, N. Y. .1 Commonvsealth Ed km, .1/ Now York, N. Y. Joseph W., Union Electric Light & Power Co.. III. Fosdick, E. R., Washington Water Power Miehael I I , Pfeifle Tel. & Tel.( seat He, Co., New York, N. Y. Wash. Spokane, Wash. Jost, E. R., Western Electric Co., Chicago, Ill. Fredrichsen, A., Johns -Manville, NIIIIIIT,F.IL, Kith Frank A.Hoetlieher, New Inc., Chicago,Kaegi, E., American Brown 13overi Electric Corp., York, N Y. Ill. Camden, N. J. Frisbie, C. G., Public Service Co. of No. Miller,J.II.,Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Illinois,Kannenberg, W. F., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Johnstown, Pa. Chicago, Ill. Inc., New York, N. Y. Gaezler, H., Electro-Dynamic Co., Bayonne, Miller,It.F., Naomi Pines Electric Co., Inc.. N. J.Kanzler,0.C., Commonwealth EdisonCo., Pocono Pines, Pa. Gahn, M. H., Adirondack Power & LightCorp., Chicago, Ill. Schenectady, N. Y. It.F., Westinghouse Elec. & NIN Katz, B. J., 187 Bank St., Burlington, Vt. East Pittsburgh, I'a. Galassi, D., (Member), Bell TelephoneLabora-Keith, F. E., General Electric Co., Chicago, Ill. tories, Inc.. New York, N. Y. Aliller, W. H., Canadian Westinghouse Elec.& Kidd, J. R., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Mfg. Co., Toronto, Ont., ( 'an. Galloway, R.P.,Northwestern Electric Co., New York, N. Y. Underwood, Wash. Mistier.F.D., Commonwealth Ponce Corp., Kilstofte,I.N.. Commonwealth Edison Co., Jackson. Mich. Gary, McC. L., Radio Corp. of America, Mexico, Chicago, Ill. D. F.. Mex. Mitchell, J. I., Public Service Co. of Ni,. Illinois. Knost, J. H., Jr., (Member), Westinghouse Elec. Evanston, Ill. Gentry, F. M., The New York Edison Co., & Mfg. Co., Los Angeles, Calif. New York, N. Y. Aliyasaki, M., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Knox, E. H., Electric Co. of New Jersey, Bridge- Wis. Gibson,F.D.,Commonwealth EdisonCo., ton, N. J. Chicago, Ill. Mode, H. C., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.. Knowlton, W. D., Commonwealth Edison Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Gillis, J. A., New York Edison Co., New York, Chicago, Ill. N. Y. Molina,ixF., J., Calle 59 No. 447, Merida, Yucatan, Koschmeder, L.A.,EastPenn. Electric Co Mex, Goetschius, W. L., Commonwealth Edison Co., Pottsville, Pa. Chicago, Ill. (Applicant for re-election). Kramer,J.,Jr.,Western ElectricCo.,Inc.,Monaco, J., with M. R. Greenblatt, Brooklyn. Gordon, G., Research & Consulting Engineer, Chicago, Ill. Ridgewood. N. J. N. Y. Krejci,F. CommonwealthEdisonCo..Mussfeldt, A., Public Service Co. of No. Goring, F. C., Norwich Electric Co., Norwich, Chicago, Ill. III., Conn. Chicago, Ill. Kremer, J., 135 Central Park West, New York,Muth, L. R., Junior Elec. Draftsman, City of Gould, A. I., Thos. E. Murray, Inc., New York, N. Y. N. Y. Seattle, Seattle, Wash. Krueger, N.C., Commonwealth Edison Co.,Myers,F. W. A.,PhiladelphiaElectric Gould, A. S., General Electric Co., Schenectady, Chicago, Ill. Co., N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Kuhles, W.J.,Commonwealth EdisonCo.,Nelson, N., Adirondack Power & Light Corp., Graham, W. F., Continental Gin Co., Birmingham, Chicago, Ill. Ala. Schenectady, N. Y. La Fever, L. H., 444 Cass St., Milwaukee, Wis.Olds, C. D., Puget Sound Pr. & Lt. Co., Belling- Grant, J. B., General Electric Co., St. Louis, Mo.Lambert, T. J., Brooklyn Edison Co., Brooklyn, ham. Wash. Grenzebach, S. L.. TorontoHydro -Electric N. Y. Ortlieb, 0. P.,Street Lighting Engr., City of System, Toronto, Ont., Can. Langley, E. J., Union Elec. Light. & Power Co., Grimm, G.A., Trenton, Trenton. N. J. Commonwealth EdisonCo., St. Louis, Mo. Otto, E. D., Royal Eastern Electrical Supply Chicago. Ill. Langsam, H., 2215 N. 29th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Co.. Grossman, A. J., Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, N. Y. Largy, V. P., New York Dock Co.. Brooklyn, N. Y.Over, H. A., Commonwealth Edison Co.. Chicago, Inc., New York, N. Y. Larson, Q. A., Auto Specialties Co., Elkhart, Ind. Haifleigh, C. J., Commonwealth Edison Co.,Laws, F. R., Edison Electric Ill. Co., Boston, Mass.PalmerIll.O. W., L. D. Smith Dock Co., Sturgeon Chicago, Ill. Leidenheimer, F.J., Baldor Electric Co.,St. Bay, Wig. Hallead, H. A., Kohlenite Products Co., Inc., Louis, Mo. Patterson, E. B., "Public Ledger" & "Evening Chicago,Ill. Leon, C., Jr., Havana Central RailroadCo., Ledger," Philadelphia, Pa. Hammond, 0. W., General Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Havana, Cuba Pennybacker, M., Raytheon Mfg. Co., Cam- Hansen, T., Pratt Low Preserving Co., SantaLeonard, R. N., New York Edison Co., New bridge, Mass. Clara, Calif. York, N. Y. Perry, D. J., Bell Tel. Co. of Pa.. Philadelphia. Pa. Hartman, H. E., Kansas Gas & Electric Co.,Lindblom,R.E.,University of Washington,Peterson, V. C., Western Electric Co., Cicero. Wichita, Kans. Seattle, Wash. Pettet,C.C.,Northern ElectricCo..Ltd., Hartshorn, K. L., Commonwealth Edison Co.,Long, F. A., Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, Montreal, P. Q., Can. Chicago, Ill. Philleo, E. W., Victor X -Ray Corp., San Francisco, Haynes. R. F., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Long, P. B., Union Switch & Signal Co., Swiss- Calif. East Pittsburgh, Pa. vale, Pa. Polley, L. P., Puget Sound Power & Light Co., Hazen, H. L., Mass. Institute of Technology,Lorich, H. A., N. Y. & N. J. State Bridge & Tacoma, Wash. Cambridge A, Mass. Tunnel Comm., New York, N. Y. Price, A. V., Northern Electric Co., Toronto, Hebling, A. G., United Electric Light & PowerLoshbough, L., General Electric Co., Chicago, Ill. Ont., Can. Co., New York, N. Y. Love, E. L., Western. Electric Co., Inc., New York,Price, J. R., Western Electric Co., New York, N. Y Hebrew, J. S., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., N. Y. Pruddhomme,D.J., Sharon, Pa. OregonState College, Lund, A., Stone & Webster, Inc., Boston, Mass. Corvallis, Ore. Hecht, J. L., (Member), Public Service Co. of Putnam, R. C., Case School of Applied Science, No. Ill., Chicago, Ili. Lundgren, F. E., General Electric, S. A., Mexico Cleveland; Ohio Henig, C. W., Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Mich. D. F., Mex. Rankin, H. C., The New York Edison Co., Heisler, F., Public Service Co. of No. Ill., Chicago,Maheu, J. J., Western Electric Co., Inc., Chicago, New York, N. Y. Ill. Ill. Reilly, F. W., General Electric Co., Boston, Mass. 211 INSTITUTE ANDRELATED ACTIVITIES Feb. 1926 Rancagua, Thompson, A. C., AmericanTel. & Tel. Co.,Jacobsen, C. J., Braden Copper Co., Reimel. S. R.. B. D. GoodrichCo., Akron. Ohio Chile, S. A. State College. State New York, N. Y. Kirkpatrick, K. J., Metal ManufacturersPropri- Rice. J. M.. Pennsylvania Thompson, G. S., ColoradoFuel & Iron Co., W.. Aus. College. Pa. etary. Ltd., Port Kembla, N. S. Schenectady, Pueblo, Colo. (Fellow),TechnischeHochschule, Richards. F. I.. (general Electric Co., Thompson, H. E., BrooklynEdison Co., Brooklyn.Kloss,M., N. Y. Charlottenhurg, Germany Gas & Electric N.Y. & Electrieal Rieman. H. M.. Central Hudson Thomson, T. B., U. S. E. M.Co.. New York, N. Y.Longy, V.. British Engine, Boiler Co.. Pouzhkeepsie. N. Y. Power Corp., Ins. Co., Barcelona. Spain Co.. New York.Thorson, W. R., Commonwealth Milne, K. H., Adelaide Electric SupplyCo., Ltd., Rodewig. L. F.. General Electric Jackson, Mich. N. Y. Railway, Power & Adelaide, South Australia & Dryer, Ltd.,Thurston, H. A., Columbus HydroelectricDept., Hobart, Roger. W. H. 0.. c/o Fraser. Frew Light Co., Columbus, Ohio McCulloch,H., Vancouver. B. C. Inc., Chicago. Tasmania Co., Big Creek,Tietz, W. J., Western Electric Co., Monroe. G. W.. Braden Copper Co.,Rancagua, Rose, ,D. L., So. California Edison Ill. Calif. Co., Middle- (Pangal), Chile, S. A. York, N. Y.Tisdale, W. H., Connecticut Power Mountain, C. E., Burma Elec. Tramways& Ross, W., with James Martin. New town, Conn. Roughen, R. H., (Member), DuquesneLight Co., Corp., Newark, Lighting Co., Ltd.. Mandalay, Burma.India Torgan, N., Jr., Horni Signal Mfg. Nixon, J. H. R., Messrs. Brush Elec. Engg.Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. N. J. Rowley. C., Commonwealth EdisonCo., Chicago, Co., Chicago, Ltd., Loughborough, Leicestershire, Eng. Trimble, L., Commonwealth Edison Noguchi, K., Mitsubishi ResearchLaboratory, Construction Corp., Ill. Rupw.11. E. A.. Kimball Elec. Trove, E. M., Western Electric Co., Inc.,Chicago, Komagome, Hong°, Tokyo, Japan New York. N. Y. Patel, D. B.. Brown, Boveri & Co.,Baden, Scranton. Pa. Ill. Sassen. C. H., Hudson Coal Co., Tuckerman, L. P., De Forest RadioCo., Jersey Switzerland P.E., Commonwealth EdisonCo., Sahgal, G. R., Engineering College. Poona.India Schaefer, City, N. J. Chuqui- Chicago. Ill. Van Etter', F. C., Delta Star ElectricCo., Colum-Scanlon, D. L., Chile Exploration Co.. Schnug. G.. Pacent Electric Co.,Inc., New York. camata, Chile, S. A. bus. Ohio N.Y. Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Sharma,S.M., Messrs. India Elec. House, Schroeder. H. W., CommonwealthEdison Co.,Van Sickle, R. C.. Westinghouse Delhi, India Wilkinshurg, Pa. & Chicago. Ill. Van Why, F. W.. Passadena Star -News,Pasadena,Sleeman, H., (Member), Electric Tramway H.0.. Commonwealth EdisonCo., Supply Co., Rangoon, Burma, India Schultz, Calif. Chicago. Thomspon, A. L..(Fellow), La Carlota Sugar Co.,Walker, F. V., Bureau of Pr. & Lt. ofLos Angeles, Schultz, S.W., Commonwealth Edison Central, La Carlota., Negros Occ., P. I. San Fernando, Calif. Chicago. 111. Lenin- Co., Chicago,Wallis, C. 0.. Westinghouse Elec. &Mfg. Co.,Timoffeeff, W. A., Electrotechnical Inst. of Scott, C., Commonwealth Edison East Pittsburgh, Pa. grad, Leningrad, Russia Ill. Commonwealth EdisonCo.,Total 62 Sederberg, N. W., Brooklyn Edison Co.,Brooklyn,Weber,H.P.. Chicago,Ill. N. Y. Lake STUDENTS ENROLLED Seelye, A. F., Boise Payette LumberCo., Barber,West, G. H., Louisiana Electric Co., Inc., Charles, La. Agnew, Norman F., Ohio State University Idaho de Sharpsteen, J. K.. Pacific Gas & ElectricCo.,Westbrook,J.L.,Compania Agricolay Akers, Chauncey Lee, Rose Poly. Inst. Fuerza Electrica del Rio Conchos, S. A., C.Anderson, Aldrich B., Case School of Applied San Francisco, Calif. Inc., Camargo, Chih., Mex. Science Shulze, G. F., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Co.. New York, N. Y. Westerman, A. G., Commonwealth Edison Asfalt, Filip J., Univ. of Minn. & Chicago, Ill. Bailey, Homer L., Worcester Poly. Inst. Shuman, U. S.. Philadelphia Suburban Gas Co., Electric Co.. Newtown. Pa. Westhoven, C. J., Commonwealth Edison Bailey, Stuart L., Univ. of Minnesota Sibley,W.C..Commonwealth EdisonCo., Chicago, Ill. Baines, Harold A., Worcester Poly. Inst. Chicago. Ill. Whitaker, E. R., Union Electric Light & PowerBaker, Allan K., Univ. of Sister. F. G., The Electric Controller & Mfg. Co., Co., Ashley Station. St. Louis, Mo. Barberie, Frederick M., Virginia Military Inst. Cleveland, Ohio Wick, R. J., Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago,Barton, James P., Univ. of Minnesota Smith,H.W., Commonwealth EdisonCo.. Ill. Bates, Allen W., Northeastern Univ. Chicago, HI. Wilbur, D. E., Pennsylvania Pr. & Lt. Co.,Bauer, Rudolph W., Penn. State College Smith. J. L., Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, Allentown, Pa. Beach, George, Univ. of Minnesota Wilcox, J. E., New York Telephone Co., NowBenedict, John C., Univ. of Michigan Smith, 0., Thomas E. Murray, Inc., New York, York, N. Y. Berger, Harold J., Univ. of Wisconsin N. Y. Williams, 0. H., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Berglund, Erick B., Univ. of Minn. Smith, V. 0.. University of Toronto, Toronto, East Pittsburgh, Pa. Berkner, Lloyd V., Univ. of Minn. Ont.. Can. Williams, N. B., Puget Sound Power & Light Co.,Bezek, Albert J., Univ. of Minnesota Smith,W.J.,CommonwealthEdisonCo., Seattle, Wash. Bickmore, William J., Ohio State Univ. Chicago. lir. Winograd, H., American Brown BoVeri ElectricBishop, W. E., Univ. of Maryland Spencer. It. M., (Member), Los Angeles Gas & Corp., Camden, N. J. Blanchard, J. Wayne, New York Univ. Elec. Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Wishard, W. W., Commonwealth Edison Co.,Blankenbeker, Everett L., Kansas State College Stahl, C. P., General Electric Co., Schenectady, Chicago, Ill. Boger, Clair E., Ohio State Univ. N. Y. Wollehak, T., Delta Star Electric Co., Chicago, Ill.Boisseau, Alexander C., Washington & Lee Univ. Starr. A. L.. Clapp & LaMores Los Angeles,Wright, C. T., (Member), The Pennsylvania -Bonner, Arthur L., Univ. of Minnesota Calif. Ohio Pr. & Lt. Co., Toronto, Ohio. Boyce, Harold J., Univ. of Minn. SteinbergB. B., New York Edison Co., NewYoung, P. N., Brooklyn Edison Co., Brooklyn,Bricker, Lowell E., Ohio State Univ. York, N. Y. N. Y. Brightfelt, John C., Univ. of Minn. Stock, R. .1.,supervisor. Electrical Equipment,Turner, H. E., General Electric Co., Schenectady,Briscoe, Andy, Montana State College Cincinnati. Ohio N. Y. Brooke, Edward F., Ohio State Univ. Story, T. H., Turner Construction Co., New York,Zimmer, F. M., Ohio Power Co., Canton, Ohio Brooks, James W., Cornell Univ. N. Y, Total 242 Brooks, Ralph R., Univ. of Wisconsin Stover, M. M., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Foreign Brown, Frederick A., Lewis Inst. East Pittsburgh, Pa. Akers, R. E., (Member), Carrick Wedderspoon,Brown, George E., Ohio State Univ. Stover, .1.It.. Metropolitan Edison Co., Reading, Ltd., Christchurch, N. Z. Brown, George W., Ohio State Univ. Pa. Albiston, W. A., Christmas Island Phosphate Co..Brown, Percy S., Univ. of Southern California Stowers, L. (., Southern Bell 'rel. & Tel. Co., Christmas Island, Indian Ocean Broyles, Harmon E., Virginia Poly. Inst. Atlanta, (;a. Shaman, R. C.. 'l'ata Iron & Steel Co., Ltd.,Buccowleli, Paul, Univ. of Minnesota Huffier, E. 0 , Bliss Electrical School, Washington, Jamshedpur, India Burmeister, Charles H., Univ. of Minnesota 1). C. Buchanan,'I'.,The British Thomson -HoustonCampbell. James L., N. Car. State College Taggart, c. W., (711.,y of Norwich (las & Elec. Co., Ltd., Willesden, London, N. W., 10, Eng.Carlson, C. Paul, Univ. of Michigan 1)1.1)1 N(trwich, Conn. Downie, C. (1., etropolitan-Vickers Elec. Co.,('arson. Lester (I., N. Car. State (701Iege Taylor, E.F.,Salt River Valley Water Users Ltd., Manchester, Eng. Carson, Sam A., Jr., Virginia Military inst. Assn., Roosevelt, Ariz. Case, Myron D., Stanford Univ. Tarzian, S., Atwater Kent Mfg. Co., Philadelphia,Ferreira, A. C., The Sao Paulo Tramway' LI, &Cooley, Jospeh A., Case School App. Science Pa. l'r. Co., Sao Paula, Brazil, S. A. Chute, Dudley IL Northeastern Univ. Thomas, C. H., Electrical Testing Laboratories,German, C., College of Rugg., Univ. of Philip- Walter .1., 11niv. of Pa. NOW York, N. Y, pines, Manila, P. I. Connolly, Ethan F., Univ. of Toronto Thomas, W. A., 3rd, (Member), Sonora Phono-Glover, O. C., Chile Exploration Co., (limed-Conk, P. W., OhmStale Univ. graph Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. camata, chile, S. A. Conic, minim P., Ohio Stale Univ. 212 INSTITUTE AND RELATED AVIIVITIES Journal A. 1. E. E.

Cooper, C. M., N. Car. State College Hutcheson, Richard M., VIrginIn Poly. Inst. Cooper, George V., Univ. of Denver °berg, Rudolph 0., Northeastern Univorkity Hyde, 1L, Univ. of Toronto 011 ver,1.'1'11111(1111S., Va. l'oly. Inst. Copper, Joseph B., Wash. & Lee Univ. flyer, John, Kansas State Agri. College Paisley, S. Hoy, Univ. of Toronto Cox, Lester D., Ohio State University Joehlin, Homer W., Ohio State Univ. Palmer, Cud (,,, Purdue Univ. Cram, Charles C., Ore. Agri. College Jones, Robert F., Ohio State U. Craugh, Paul T., N. Y. Univ. Parr, Merl W., Univ. of Wisconsin Kadota, Koichi, Univ. of Toronto Patrick, Horace NI., Penn. Stale College Crawford, Kelsey, Univ. of Okla. Kane, Elias K., Univ. of III. I'ealog. Alfred V., Stanford Univ. Croll, Raymond H., Ohio State Univ. Kappanadze, Roman J., Case School of AppliedPeters, C. Nlax, Univ. of Minnesota Cruse, J. W., Univ. of Arizona Science Petersi )11. car! L., Case School of Applied silent'e Dannecker, Martin C., Purdue Univ. Karaklz, Socrates, Lewis Ins! it tile Petiiimoc, Illibert W., Univ. of Southern Calif. Davis, Julius E., North Car. State College Keller, (I. V., Jr., N. Car. State College t 'arty A., N. Car. State College Dearth, Sam C., Ohio State Univ. Kemp, Russell E., Ohio State Univ. Plekford, stanicy 11., Worcester Poly, Inst. Decino, Alfred, Univ. of Cob. King, Belton D., Clemson College Pilger, Clarence L., Univ. of Minnesota DeHaven, Thomas V., Univ. of Denver Kingston, George H., McGill Univ. Plank, Lewin H., Univ. of Denver Deist, John W., Univ. of Wisconsin Kinnear, Arthur, Stanford Univ. Plott, Hubert K., N. Car. State College De Joan, Clare L., Penn. State College Kinsey, Alfred S., Cornell Univ. Polloek, C. A., Univ. of Toronto Delong, Carl I., Ohio State Univ. Kleiner, Eugene M., Ore. Agri. College Porter, Charles S., Northeastern Univ. DeStefano, Anthony C., Polytechnic Institute ofKloster, Walter W., University of N. Dak. Brooklyn Prasai', flans R., Univ. of Wisconsin Knowles, Howard F., Northeastern Univ. Prentke, Edwin M., Case School of Applied Science Dexter, D. M., Univ. of Arizona Kohler,RichardWilliam,WashingtonStatePrescott, Harold It., Univ. of Kansas Divguid, John H., Virginia Military Inst. College Pritchett, Edward Ii., Univ. of Alabama Dolezal, Edward G., Case School of AppliedKrebs, Sylvester G., Case School Applied ScienceQuinean, H. D., Univ. of Toronto Science Kres, Alfred J., Case School of Applied Science Quinlan, Joseph W., U. of Notre Dame Dortort, Isadore, Univ. of Pa. Kromm, Charles F., Brooklyn Poly. Inst. RaichiLson, Robert, Univ. of Michigan Douglas, A..T., Univ. of Toronto Lally, C. K., Univ. of Toronto Rauscher, Patti F., Univ. of Minn. Dreher, Carl E., Rose Poly. Inst. Lane, William C., Jr., N. Car. State College Rawlins, Herbert L., Ohio State Univ. Dresser, Weyburn H., Univ. of Wisconsin Leahy, Edward F., Univ. of Pa. Rawls, James A., Va. Polytechnic Inst. Due, Paul A., Ore. State College Lee, Albert C., Univ. of Minn. Recer. Beo W., Okla. Agri. & M. College Dunn, Charles, Jr., Univ. of Arizona Lee, Paul R., Univ. of Minn. Reed, Donald P.. Worcester Poly. Inst. Dunn, W. Francis, Cornell Univ. Leedy, Walton 0., Ohio State Univ. Rembusch, Joseph E., Purdue Univ. Eatman, Frank L., Jr., Univ. of Alabama Legge, Thomas A., Univ. of Toronto Hew, Clair W., Case School of Applied Science Eckstein, Moritz, N. Y. Univ. Lehman, Charles D., Ohio State Univ. Richart, Ralph R., Univ. of III. Edgar, Merton W., Univ. of Denver Leider, Albert E., Univ. of Minn. Rindlaub, Willard W., Univ. of Pa. Edgar, Robert F., Univ. of Minn. Lewis, Lloyd W., Univ. of Minn. Rinehart, Vene E., Oregon Agri. College Edwards, Manley W., Cal. Inst. of Tech. Ligh, Charles, New York Univ. Riordan, Forrest H., Jr., Univ. of Pa. Ellis, Clarence W., Rose Poly. Inst. Lightfoot, Thomas C., Swarthmore College Ritland, Hubert 0., Stanford Univ. Fagan, James W., N. Car. State College Lowrance, Frederick H., Univ. of Minn. Roberts, Walter F., Ohio State U. Fahlstrom, Clifford I., Worcester Poly. Inst. Lussky, Lionel B., Denver Univ. Roberts, William F., N. Car. Slate College Fairchild, Marshal T., N. Car. State. College MacCannon, Bruce T., Univ. of Denver Robinson, Lawrence T., Univ. of Minn. Falls, Theodore F., Univ. of Pa. Magne, Robert, Drexel Inst. Robinson, Richard B., Univ. of Minnesota Fatig, Raymond 0., Ohio State Univ. Marquette, Fabian W., Ohio St. U. Rockfleld, Martin L., N. Car. State College Ferris, W. Robert, Rose Polytechnic Inst. Marzulli, Angelo M., Purdue Univ. Rohn Richard L., University of Denver Fischer, Edgar C., Newark Technical School Matsch, Leander W., Lewis Inst. Rolston, David R., Va. Polytechnic Inst. Fowler, Robert E., Cornell Univ. Mathews, William E., N. Car.State CollegeRooney, Lewis K., Case School of Applied Science Fraser, Willard B., McGill Univ. Mattes, William F., Jr., New York Univ. Rumble, George, Univ. of Toronto Freston, Robert B., Lewis Inst. Maxim, George, Case School of Applied Science Rutherford, James F., McGill University Frink, Frederick W., Leland Stanford Univ. May, John Willard, Washington State College Sabbagh, Elias M., Ohio State U. Fulton, Walter J., Univ. of Pa. Mayer, Philip H., Univ. of Pa. Sano, Joseph Y., Stanford Univ. Gartin, James W., Univ. of Idaho McColl, F. Harold, Univ. of Toronto Scaraflno, Anthony J., Poly. Inst. of Brooklyn Gerhan, Charles F., Case School of Applied ScienceMcCulloh, Marvin W., N. Cat. State College Seim:nal, Charles L., Lewis Inst. Gibson, Robert, Univ. of Minn: McCullough, J. R., Univ. of Toronto Scholz, Edmund H., Univ. of Minn. Glover, Robert L., Univ. of Pa. McDonnell, Lawrence, Univ. of Minn. Schramm, John W., W. Va. Univ. Goldman, Samuel, Lewis Inst. McGarrell, Edmund J., Worcester Poly. Inst. Schultz, Albert W., Univ. of Minnesota Goldsmith, Lloyd T., Poly. Inst. of Brooklyn McGuire, C. H., Univ. of Toronto Schulze, Leroy E., Univ. of Minn. Goodlin, Carl L., Ohio State Univ. McPheeters, John W., Purdue Univ. Sciotti, Fred, Brown University Graf, Glenn F., Ohio State Univ. Mead, Rolan J., Northeastern Univ. Sckerl, Alfred, S. Dakota State College Graham. William M., Montana State College Mebs, Russell W., Ohio State Univ. Shiland, J. E., Case School of Applied Science Green, Francis N., University of Tennessee Mekeel, Nelson M., Ore. Agri. College Sinclair, Shull A., Univ. of Arizona Griffith, Lewis S., Virginia Military Inst. Mendelsohn, Harry, Univ. of Michigan Singer, Ferdinand Leon, New York Univ. Hamilton. Sam, Univ. of Alabama Merkle, Joseph D., Ohio State Univ. Singer, Willard E., Ohio State Univ. Hammen, Kemper M., Ohio State Univ. Messex, Leland C., Univ. of Cob. Skilling, Hugh H., Stanford Univ. Haner, Norman W., University of Washington Michels, Walter C., Rensselaer Poly. Inst. Smathers, James L., N. Car. State College Hansen, Elmer, Worcester Poly. Inst. Miller, Earl R., Okla. A. & M. College Smith, James A., N. Car. State College Hardy, Wilbur G., Ohio State U. Miller, Edward F., State Univ. of Iowa Snively, L. Clifton, Univ. of Cob. Hargreaves. William, Northeastern Univ. Miller, John W., Ohio State University Sparrow, Chester D., Univ. of Missouri Hargrove John W., Va. Poly. Inst. Miller, Sennet W., Case School Applied of ScienceStallard, Guy H., Rose Poly. Inst. Harris, Henry J., Va. Poly. Inst. Milligan, Fred C., Ohio State Univ. Stone, Walter, Purdue Univ. Harris, William A., Rose Poly. Inst. Mills, Lester F., N. Y. U. Stuart, Paul L., N. Car. State College Hawk, 0. L., Lewis Inst. Minici, Joe, Jr., Univ. of Cob. Stuff, Arthur R., Ohio State Univ. Hayashi, Francis M., Stanford U. Moccabee, Frederick M., Ohio State Univ. Summers, Erwin R., Univ. of Wisconsin Haydock, Jesse G., Jr., Univ. of Pa. Mong, Frederick M., Ohio St. U. Sundblad, Everts, Univ. of Minn. Hendershott, Leroy W., Ohio State University Montgomery, C. G., N. Car. State College Swain, Robert R., Univ. of Michigan Hicks, Ben C., McGill Univ. Moore, Gordon B., Univ. of Minn. Taber, Lloyd E., Northeastern University Hitchcock, Jackson G., Jr.. Univ. of Alabama Moore, William H., McGill Univ. Tanner. Stephen C., Univ. of Cob. Hilbert, Walter F., Worcester Poly. Inst. Morris, Edmund T., Jr., Virginia Military Inst. Tarnoczi, Stephen, Jr., Ohio State U. Hill, Carl C., N. Car. State College Morris, John C., Cornell, Univ. Taugher, Frank P., Ohio State Univ. Hobson, Leland S., Kansa-s State Agri. College Morrow, Thomas A., N. Car. State College Tchinnis, Paul M., Poly. Inst. of Brooklyn Hoody, J. Stanley, Ohio St. Univ. Muir, Walter, Cornell U. Teed, Currie N., Univ. of Idaho Hopkins, Alva R., Ohio State U. Murray, John M., Northeastern Univ. Test, Laurence J., Swarthmore College Hortberg, Reynold 0., Univ. of Minn. Mustoe, Anthony Q., Virginia Poly. Inst. Thomas, Almon D. Thomas, Univ. of Colorado Howe, James S., Lewis Inst. Neisser, Wilson R., Univ. of Pa. Thompson, Samuel, Montana State College Huggins, Allen E., N. Car. State College Nelson, Clarence E., Univ. of Minn. Thomson, William L., Cornell Univ. Hughes, Kenneth M., Ohio State Univ. Nelson, John M., Univ. of Iowa Townsend, H. J., Northeastern University Hulstede, George E., Stanford Univ. Nemela, Hugo W., Univ. of Wisconsin Tucker, Everett L., Oregon Inst. of Technology Humbert, Locke R., N. Car. State College Nielsen, Andres H., Univ. of Minnesota Van Cleve, Charles F., Ohio State Univ. Humphrey, George D., N. Car. State College Nolan, George C., Univ. of Minn. Vaughn, Gerald 0., Stanford U. Hurley, Henry C., N. Car. State College Nuhfer, William.L., W. Va. Univ. Verman, Lal C., Univ. of Michigan 213 INSTITUTE ANDRELATED ACTIVITIES Feb. 1926 Minn. Wirtel, William E., Univ. of Missouti State College Weeks, L. H., Univ. of Wood, John Samuel, N. Car. State College Vest, William L., Jr., N. Car. Wehlitz, Hubert F..Univ. of Minn. College Vietzen, Elmer R., Lewis Inst. State Univ. Woodring, William R., Kansas State Agri. Weis, Jacob F., Ohio L.,Jr.,GeorgiaSchoolof Vieweger, Arthur, Univ. of Pa. Westerberg, Oliver D.,Lewis Inst. Word,George Volkenant, Gordon W., Univ. ofMinn. Y. U. Technology White, James W.. N. Worth, Donald G., Univ. of Southern Cal. Wahrman, Harry, Va. Poly. Inst. Whitely, Howard 0., Univ.of Minn. Wald, Joseph H., Univ. of Minn. Wiggins, Leonard A., OhioState U. Wrasman, John J., Ohio State Univ. Ward, Stanley A., Univ. of Minn. Wike, Reginald E., OhioState Univ. Yarling, Frank C., Purdue Univ. Wasson, Arthur, Kansas State Agri.College Williams, William W., Jr., OhioState U. Yeager, Robert, Jr., Virginia Military Inst. Watts, Plato Hilton, N. Car.State College Willson, Harry Leon, RosePoly. Inst. Yusas, Mathew, Lewis Inst. Webb, G. Kenneth. NortheasternUniversity Wilson, Edwin W., N. Car.State College Zulandt, George K., Ohio State Univ. Webb. Grady W.. Va. Poly. Inst.

SPECIAL COMMITTEES OFFICERS OF A. I.E. E. 1925-1926 INSTITUTE PRIZES-POLICIES AND PROCEDURE, L. W. W.Morrow President LICENSING OF ENGINEERS, Francis Blossom M. I. PUPIN TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES, A. G. Pierce Junior Past Presidents HARRIS J. RYAN TECHNICAL COMMITTEES AND CHAIRMEN FARLEY OSGOOD Vice -Presidents COMMUNICATION, H. P. Charlesworth EDUCATION, Harold Pender HAROLD B. SMITH P. M. DOWNING HERBERT S. SANDS ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, H. M. Hobart EDWARD BENNETT W. E. MITCHELL ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROMETALLURGY, George W. Vinal JOHN HARISBERGER ELECTROPHYSICS, J. H. Morecroft L. F. MOREHOUSE ARTHUR G. PIERCE W. P. DOBSON INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS, A. E. Knowlton H. W. BALES APPLICATIONS TO IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION, F. B. Crosby Managers PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF LIGHT, Preston S. Millar H. M. HOBART JOHN B. WHITEHEAD J. M. BRYANT APPLICATIONS TO MARINE WORK, L. C. Brooks ERNEST LUNN APPLICATIONS TO MINING WORK, F. L. Stone G. L. KNIGHT E. B. MERRIAM M. M. FOWLER GENERAL POWER APPLICATIONS, A. M. MacCutcheon WILLIAM M. McCONAHEY POWER GENERATION, Vern E. Alden W. K. VANDERPOEL H. A. KIDDER H. Thomas E. C. STONE POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION, Percy H. P. CHARLESWORTH PROTECTIVE DEVICES, E. C. Stone National Treasurer National Secretary RESEARCH, John B. Whitehead GEORGE A. HAMILTON F. L. HUTCHINSON Honorary Secretary A. I. E. E. REPRESENTATION RALPH W. POPE (The Institute is represented on the followingbodies;the names of the LOCAL HONORARY SECRETARIES representatives may be found in the January issue of theJOURNAL.) SCIENCE, COUNCIL T. J. Fleming, Calle B. Mitre 519, Buenos Aires,Argentina, S. A. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF Carroll M. Mauseau, Caixa Postal No. 571, Rio deJaniero, Brazil, S. A. AMERICAN BUREAU OF WELDING Charles le Maistre, 28 Victoria St., London, S. W. 1,England. AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON ELECTROLYSIS A. S. Garfield, 45 Bd. Beausejour, Paris 16 E, France. AMERICAN ENGINEERING COUNCIL H. P. Gibbs, Tata Sons Ltd., 24 Bruce Road. Bombay-1; India. AMERICAN ENGINEERING STANDARDS COMMITTEE Guido Semenza, 39 Via Monte Napoleone, Milan, Italy. AMERICAN MARINE STANDARDS COMMITTEE Eiji Aoyagi, Kyoto Imperial University, Kyoto, Japan. AMERICAN YEAR BOOK, ADVISORY BOARD P. H. Powell, Canterbury College, Christchurch, NewZealand. APPARATUSMAKERS.AND USERS COMMITTEE Axel F. Enstrom, 24a Grefturegatan, Stockholm,Sweden. BOARD OF TRUSTEES, UNITED ENGINEERING SOCIETY W. Elsdon-Dew, P. 0. Box 4563, Johannesburg, Transvaal,Africa. CHARLES A. COFFIN FELLOWSHIP AND RESEARCHFUND COMMITTEE COMMITTEE ON ELIMINATION OF FATIGUE, SOCIETY OFINDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS A. I. E. E. COMMITTEES ENGINEERING FOUNDATION BOARD (A list of the personnel of Institute committees may be found inthe January JOHN FRITZ MEDAL BOARD OF AWARD JOINT COMMITTEE ON WELDED RAIL JOINTS issue of the JOURNAL.) JOINT CONFERENCE COMMITTEE OF FOUR FOUNDERSOCIETIES GENERAL STANDING COMMITTEES ANDCHAIRMEN LIBRARY BOARD, UNITED ENGINEERING SOCIETY ELECTRICAL COMMITTEE EXECUTIVE, M. I. Pupin NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION, FINANCE, G. L. Knight NATIONAL FIRE WASTE COUNCIL NATIONAL MUSEUM'OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRY,BOARD OF TRUSTEES MEETINGS AND PAPERS, E. B. Meyer NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, ENGINEERINGDIVISION PUBLICATION, L. F. Morehouse ENGINEERING SECTION COORDINATION OF INSTITUTE ACTIVITIES, Farley Osgood NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, ELECTRICAL. COMMITTEE OF THE NEWCOMEN SOCIETY, RADIO ADVISORYCOMMITTEE, BUREAU OF STANDARDS BOARD OF EXAMINERS, Erich Hausmann EDUCATION, BOARD OF INVEST'. SECTIONS, Harold B. Smith SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF ENGINEERING STUDENT BRANCHES, C. E. Magnusson GATION AND COORDINATION NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONALELECTROTECHNICAL MEMBERSHIP, J. L. Woodress U.S. COMMISSION HEADQUARTERS, H. A. Kidder INTERNATIONAL ILLUMINATION COM- LAW, W. I. Slichter U. S. NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE PUBLIC POLICY, Gano Dunn MISSION STANDARDS, H. S. Osborne WASHINGTON AWARD, COMMISSION OF EDISON MEDAL, Gano Dunn CODE OF PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT, John W. Lieb A. I. E. E. SECTIONS ANDBRANCHES COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY SCHOLARSHIP, W. I. Slichter published list.The Institute now AWARD OF INSTITUTE PRIZES, E. B. Meyer See the January issue for the latest SAFETY CODES, Paul Spencer has 50 Sections and 84 Branches.

ii 214 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E.

llllllllllll ...... $1 tttttttt ttttt 111111 lllll 11111111 ...... 1111111111111111/1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 lllll lllll 11111/.0111.11111111111411111111111111111.1 lllll 111111111111111 lllllll 111111111111/11011111 111111111N.14111111.144114 1.11111111111111111111111111 lllll 1 llllllllllll 1 lllll 1111111111111111111111111111111 lllllll 1111ry0111.111/111 DIGEST OFCURRENT INDUSTRIAL NEWS

wonmseloomarnammen lllll 111,11111011111.1111.1161,1 llllllllll1101111 lllll 1.111111111111111 llllllll num nrtnomemoununi lllll tomsimtuntummxtommerni$111111iitrititninnitinlinimeinimiliiireiisionumnioniemiom lllll lllll 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 lllllll 1111111111111111111111111111s NEW CATALOGUES AND OTHERPUBLICATIONS Marysville station.The turbines are being made by the General Mailed to interested readers by issuingcompanies Electric Company and will be delivered within eight months. Switchboards.-Bulletin111,4pp. Describes "Ideal" Largest Lighting Contract to Westinghouse.-What is switchboards and synchronous motor startingpanels.The said to be the largest contract for street lighting equipment ever Ideal Electric & Mfg. Company, Mansfield, 0. placed, consisting of 10,000 standard lighting units, reflectors Blowers.-Bulletin 1608, 16 pp.Describes "ABC" pressureand auxiliary equipment, was recently awarded to the Westing- blowers and exhausters.American Blower Co., Detroit, Mich.house Electric & Mfg. Company through the Ryckoff Construc- Steam Turbine Generators.-Bulletin GEA-54,44 pp. tion Company of Chicago for a new street lighting system for the Principally a photographic presentation of the Curtis turbineCity of St. Louis.A plant will be erected in St. Louis for as installed in notable power plants, ranging up to 60,000 kw.delivery of the hollowspun concrete poles at the rate of 1000 General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. each month, as required by the contract. Safety Switches.-Catalog, 56 pp., entitled "Westinghouse General Radio Company Promotions.-At the annual Safety Switches," describes industrial, motor starting and metermeeting of the company on January 12, the position of Chairman service switches.Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Company,of the Board of Directors was created to meet the growth of the East Pittsburgh. company.Henry S. Shaw, Treasurer for the past eight years, Switchboards.-Bulletin No.1006-2,16pp.Describes was elected to this position.H. B. Richmond, formerly Secre- construction and pictures installations of Condit switchboards intary and Assistant Treasurer, was elected to the position of various industries.Condit Electrical Mfg. Corporation, Boston,Treasurer. No other changes were made in the officers; Melville Mass. Eastham who has served as. President for the past eleven years Automatic Switching Equipment.-Bulletin GEA-295, 24 will continue in that office and E. H. Locke enters his sixthyear pp.Describes the application of automatic switching equip-as Vice -President, in charge of manufacturing.During the ment to railway service, hydro -electric generators, mining,past year the company completed its new factory at Cambridge, industrial, central station service, etc.General Electric Com-Mass., which provides 50,000 square feet of ideal manufacturing pany, Schenectady, N. Y. space. Rail Bond Testers.Bulletin 200, 8 pp.The Type BBT Master Electric Sales Conference.-On January 11 and 12 bond tester and Type B contact bar described are new devicesthe branch office representatives and the distributing agents of just placed on the market.The particular application of the The Master Electric Company met at the factory, Dayton, Ohio, new tester lies where the current on the rail is very feeble, orfor a sales conference.The primary object of the meeting was absent altogether.The sensitivity of the new device is claimed to acquaint the field organization with the greatly increased to be five times as great as any heretofore made.It can befacilities offered by the new plant at Linden and Master Avenues used with the current from a single No. 6 dry cell.Roller - and into which the company just recently moved. On the Smith Company, 12 Park Place, New York. evening of January 11 the visiting representatives and a number Automatic Direct -Current Starter.-Bulletin 215, 4 pp. of plant executives held a banquet at the Engineers Club. Describes Type C-1220 current limit automatic d -c.starter, General Electric Orders for 1925.-Orders received by the for use in starting constant speed shunt or compound wound General Electric Company for the year ending December 31, motors up to 30 h. p.,115 volts; and 50 h. p., 230 or 500 1925, amounted to 8.302.513,380, according to an announcement volts, for any applications where it is desired that the time of by Gerard Swope, president of the company.Compared with $283,107,697 for the year 1924, this is an increase of seven per acceleration correspond with the load on the motor.Crane,cent.For the three months ending December 31, 1925, orders Bulletin 330, 8 pp.Describes Hoist and Mill Controller. totalled $78,636,669, compared with $80,009,978 for the same Type F-2250 controllers, for general crane and millservice. quarter of 1924, a decrease of two per cent. Allen-Bradley Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Sales.Organization Changes in W. N. Matthews Cor- NOTES OF THE INDUSTRY poration.-Louis M. Meckler has succeeded W. J. Malvane as Simplex Wire & Cable Company, Boston, has opened aNew York representative of the W. N. Matthews Corporation, branch office in the Union Trust Building, Cleveland, in order to St. Louis, manufacturers of Matthews electrical specialties. The better care for a steadily increasing volume of business.William Baltimoreterritory,which was formerly covered by Mr. H. Lomond will be manager of the new office. Mcllvaine, will be under thesupervision of H. C. Biglin, Kohlenite Products Company, Inc., New York, manu-southern district manager of the corporation.J. T. Pearson, facturer of carbon brushes, has opened a branch office located atdistrict manager in Detroit, has resigned and this territory will be 1555 Monadnock Block, ('hicago.This office will be in chargecovered by H.L. Brueck, Chicago district manager.The of H. A. Hallead. Iowa territory which was formerly covered by Mr. Brueck will be taken care of by W. M. Watters.The northern section of The Griscom -Russell Company has moved its generalPennsylvania, which has been covered by the New .York office, offices in New York to the new Murray Hill building, 285has been transferred to J. A. Jaques of the Pittsburgh office. Madison Avenue. J. H. Bunnell & Company Changes Hands.-Control of The Foxboro Company, Inc., Foxboro, Mass., maker ofJ. H. Bunnell & Company, founded in 1879 and known as one indicating, recording and controlling instruments, has movedof the world's leading manufacturers of .high-grade telegraph its Pittsburgh office from the Park Building to what will now beapparatus; also as manufacturers of fire alarm apparatus and known as the Foxboro Building, located at the corner of Sixthother electrical equipment, has been acquired by J. J. Raftery Avenue and Grant Street.The four upper floors will be utilized and J. G. Dougherty.Mr. Raftery was previously connected for offices and the maintenance of a substantial stock of newwith the Western Electric Co., and later with Manhattan equipment. Electrical Supply Co., Inc., as Eastern General Manager.Mr. 130,000 Kilowatts to be Added to Detroit Power Supply.-Dougherty was formerly with the Illinois Steel Corporation. Throe turbine generators, totalling 130,000 kilowatts in capacity,The retiring President, J. J. Ghegan, who has been associated are to be added to the facilities of the Detroit Edison Company. with Bunnell for forty years, will retain a financial interest in the Two of these machines, 50,000 kw. each, will be placed in thebusiness and will continue to give it the benefit of his long Trenton Channel station, and the other, 30,000 kw., in the experience.Plans for expansion are being worked out. ADVERTISING SECTION Feb. 1926

From the Early Period of the Tel*a ph to the present remarkable development in the field ofElectricity KERITE has been continuously demonstrating the fad that it is the most reliable and permanent insulation known KERITE,WM COMPANY" NE 'YORK 0©f,CHICAGO

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. BURNING ALL KINDSOF FUEL

POWER stations making records foreconomy with all kinds of fuel are among recent Stone & Webster work. They include stations with stokers burninga wide range of coals, and stations burning pulverized fuel, oil, and natural gas. Some of the coal burning and some of the oil -burning stations are designed for changing at any time to pulverized fuel. Where gas is burned the stations permit changing to oil or pulverized fuel. RIVER -DREDGED ANTHRACITE This Stone & Webster experience covering conditions American Sugar Refining Company, Baltimore, Mal. in all parts of the country and with all kinds of fuels is

offered to those contemplating new plants or extensions. OIL (orPulverized Fuel) Including the plants here shown, Stone & Webster MosueupElectric Company, installations for industry and the public utilities exceed Fall River,14116 b. 2,500,000 horse power.

BITUMINOUS COAL The .Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston,- Edgar Station.

NATURAL GAS (orOil PULVERIZED FUEL Southern California Edison Compans Ford Motor Company, Los Angeles, Cal.-Long Beach Station. St. Paul, Minn.

STONEINCORPORATED & WEBSTER DESIGN BUILD OPE RATE BOSTON, 147 MILK STREET FINANCE PHILADELPHIA, REAL ESTATE TRUSTBLDG. NEW YORK, 120 BROADWAY SAN FRANCISCO, HOLBROOK BLDG. CHICAGO, FIRST NATIONAL BANK BLDG. PITTSBURGH, UNION TRUST BLDG.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 3 ADVERTISING SECTION Feb. 1926

One Way toCut Thar Overhead Electric motorsequipped with New DepartureBall Bearings will save youfrom one-half to three -fourths of your motor maintenance expense. The superiority oftheball type of anti -friction bearingfor this purposeis evidenced by thefact that most makers of motors use ball bearings in preference to any - other anti -friction type. And this, too, notwithstanding ball bearings cost more. They areworthmore.

The New Departure Manufacturing Company Detroit Bristol, Connecticut Chicago

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. \ DVERTIS1N(/ SECTION .lourna.1 A. 1. E. E. The Red Band and Timkens Distinguish Howell Motors

To all their distinctive features of design, and to their distinctive red -band identi- fication, Howell motors add the equally great distinction of using Timken Tapered Roller Bearings. Timken -equipped Howell motors can run for life without any bearing attention except lubrication a very few times a year under worst conditions ! Clearance is always perfect. Starting is quicker, and running is cheaper, since needless friction is gone. Greater rigidity and compactness improve Howell drives. Thrust and shock are carried equally well with radial load in Timken -equipped Howell motors. By the use of Timken Ta- pered Roller Bearings Howell provides all the latest economies in electric motor usage. CTHE ANTON,TIMKEN ROLLER BEARING OHIO CO.

Tapered Roller Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 5 Feb. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

It requires a force of approximately four thousand voltstobreak through a piece of National Vul- canized Fibre ten one -thousandths ofaninchin thickness!

--into every industry! THERE seems no end to the uses for National Vulcanized Fibre in electrical insulation!. . .But that is only a small part of its adaptability. National Vulcanized Fibre is now being used for shuttles, spool heads, gears, gaskets, cable conduits, waste baskets- because in many cases it will do the work better and cheaper than wood, steel or hard rubber ...National Vulcanized Fibre is made in grades to meet the exact requirements of specific uses. As a part of our service to industry, we maintain an organization devoted solely to experimental work . . . Put it up to us ! National Vulcanized Fibre Co. WILMINGTON, DEL., U. S. A. We operate six great plants and maintain sales and service offices at Balti- more, Birmingham, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Denver, Detroit, Greenville, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, New Haven, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Rochester, San Francisco, Seattle, St. Louis, Toronto Insulation-it is the measure of quality in radio reception.Phenolite meets the most exacting requirements of America's leading manufacturers of radio re- ATI 0 NAL ceiving sets. VULCANIZED HENOLITE Laminated BAKELITE FIBRE the material with a million uses`' SHEETS : RODS : TUBES : SPECIAL SHAPES

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. A I)VEItTISIN(1 BECTIt )N .1 r Hill.1.I.I.;

;BIM p - up ,!fcif1

You owe your workers and your equipment the best protection you can secure rrHERE are no half -way measures when it comes to safe- guarding valuable electrical installations and the employees operating them. You want the best and you know it. Overloads and short circuits can reduce, in a second's time, your most valuable motors andelectrical equipment to worthless scrap, unless they areadequately protected. That is the reason why the leading industrial executives and the most efficient consulting engineers in the country specify

U-Re-Lite is made in designs to fill prac- UNRE-LITE tically every requirement for A. C. or D. C. Drop us a line and we will for- when they want to be sure of having the rightkind of electrical protection. ward you a fully illustrated, completely detailed Handbook on Electrical Protec- U-Re-Lite, in short, is an electric safety valve. It isthe I -T -E Circuit Breaker tion, containing valuable data written in the Steel Box, designed by masterelectrical engineers to protect, from by engineers of 36 years' experience in overloading, electric motors and power or lighting circuits. the electrical and manufacturing field. The U-Re-Lite is fool -proof. The steel case is lockedby the man in charge and no one can tamper withthe setting or mechanism. When an overload trips it open, a twist of thehandle on the front of the box restores service - anyone can do it.No need for the electrician. There are noblown fuses, no fuse - hunting, no production losses. U-Re-Lite has been chosen by the leadingindustrial executives, efficiency I -T -E isa Cutter trade -mark that in- experts, safety engineers andother engineers as the ideal means of protection sures you of thebest for electrical equipment worth many timesthe cost of the U-Re-Lite. in circuit breaker construction. U-Re-Lite is a Cut- (Tested and approved by the Underwriters'Laboratories) ter trade name that means the finest electrical protective device obtainable. THE CUTTER COMPANY The famous "Cutter Curve" trade -mark ESTABLISHED 1888 -PHILADELPHIA on the U-Re-Lite means: First to the left, then to the right, 1829 Hamilton Street Turn the handle, and 13-Re-Lite.

UCUTTER -RE - LITE ar I - T- E CIRCUIT BREAKERS a Please mention the JOURNAL of the A.I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION Feb. 1926

Reducing the"Shut -Down"Hazard Men, money, motors and motor-driven machines are all alike inthis- they are useful only whenactive.Idle, they add nothing to the profit of those who employ or possessthem. Where motors, and motor -drivenmachines, Motor and machine builders know that, in are concerned,continuity of service-which the large majority of cases, the bearings are means freedomfrom shut -downs andlost the weakest elements inthe construction. production-isfundamentallyrequisiteto I t is in the bearings, usually, that wearfirst maximum earnings on the investedcapital. manifests itself and trouble starts.

A logical and common-sense step, then, in making motorsbetter and motor -driven machines more productive, is to equip both motor andmachine with bearings that are more wear -proof, moretrouble -proof, more neglect -proof. "Norma" Precision Ball Bearings meet the high- Made to an unmatched precision-vibrationless, sweet- speed requirements of small motors in a manner which running-in dust -proof mountings with magazine lubri- practically amounts to insurance against bearing cation needing renewal only at intervals of months-in troubles.Their successisdaily demonstrated in both open and closed types, as conditions maydemand hundreds of thousands of trying installations. -"Norma" Ball Bearings make good motors better. Write forCatalog 905 - or put your individual bearing problem up to our engineers, for their opinion. NAMMA-I-IVFFMANN BEARINGS CURPARATIVN SLamrvrd- Connecticut PRECISIVN BALL, RV LLER AND THRUST BEARINGS

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. S ADVERTISINO SECT I ON .1(iiirmtl A. I.I.. E.

25,000 -Volt, Three -Phase, Outdoor SV Arrester

What Other Arrester Has Half the Good Points of the Autovalve? 1.A simple spark -gap arrester, yet 5. A straight discharge path, no having the "valve" operating reverse turns.The ground leg principle. is located directly under the 2. Non -chemical, and without pro- phase leg. gressive deterioration. 3. High speed of discharge-no 6.Takes less floor or ground space. solid di -electric materials to be 7.Less weight-pole mounting is punctured, merely a series of air - entirely practical up through gaps. 37,000 volts. 4. A full capacity' discharge path from each line to ground-a 8.Shipped assembled-installation ground leg for each phase leg. time is cut in half. For more complete information on Autovalve Arresters request a copy of Circular 1737 and Descriptive Leaflet 20149

WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING COMPANY EAST PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA Sales Offices in All Principal Cities of the United States and Foreign Countries

X86449 estinghouseof the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. Please mention the JOURNAL Feb. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

QARVASWESTINGHOUSE Battery-Chargibig Board for 50circuits, NewYork Edison ' s new electric -vehicle service station, showing Ward Leonard Ribohm Resistor Units. Board designed and built by the Sar- vas Electric Company, New York City.

Ward Leonard Ribohm Rheostats used in the mostmodernbattery -charging station WARD LEONARD of resistance value, great heat - capacity.Because oftheir Ribohm Rheostats radiating capacity and free- compactness for a given watt are used throughout on the dom from burnouts. capacity itis estimated that a floor area equivalent tothat 150 -circuit battery -charging Ribohm resistors are made board of the New York of rolled and cold -pressed occupied by three trucks was special alloy ribbon which is saved through the use of Edison electric -vehicle charg- Ribohm resistors instead of ing station, the most modern moisture -proof, acid -resisting and will not crystallize in cast-iron grids. in the world. service. They are rigid and You have some resistor Among the factors leading self-supporting even at red problem which we would to the selection of Ribohm heat, are light in weight and like to assist you in solving. were lightness, permanence have great heat -radiating Let us get acquainted.

25.r-3 Ward Leonar ctric Company

37-41 South Street Mount Vernon, N. Y. Atlanta-G. P. Atkinson St. Louis-G. W. Pieksen Baltimore-J. E. Perkins Detroit-C. E. Wise Pittsburgh-W. A. Bittner Co.Montreal-Bishop Sales Corp. Boston-W. W. GaskiR Los Angeles-Elec. Material Co. San Francisco-Elec. Mat'l Co.Toronto-D. M. Fraser. Ltd. Chicago-Westburg Eng. Co. New Orleans-Electron Eng. Co., Inc. Seattle-Elec. Material Co. London. Eng.-W. Geipel & Co. Cleveland-W. P. Ambos Co. Philadelphia-W. Miller Tompkins Melbourne and Sydney, Australia-Warburton, Frank', Ltd. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 10 A OV E UT I SI NO SECTION Journal A. I M. E.

Foralarge saving in transformer first cost Heretofore the station without plenty of cooling water has been obliged to use self -cooled transformers and the larger the units the greater the increase in cost over the water-cooled or forced - oil type. Through development work recently completed by the General Electric Company, it has been found that air jets of small volume advantageously placed can be made to break up the air filmwhich normally adheres to the radiating surfaces of transformer tanks, thus increasing the heat convection from these surfaces and bringing the cost of such trans- The availability of this air - jet oil -cooled design intro- formers within a relatively small differential over ducesa newpossibility, which for many applications the water-cooled type. will represent a large advance in economical oper- The volume and pressure of air is small, the cooling ation. This development is typical of the service which system is simple and reliable, and the maintenance G -E transformer engineers can render. cost practically negligible.

AL ELECTY., SALES OFFICES IN ALL PRINCIPAL IC CITIES GENEGENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY,SCHENECTADY, N Please mention the JOURNAL ofthe A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 11 ADVERTISING SECTION Feb. 1926

HOW SHARPLES DID A 3WEEKS' JOB IN 72 HOURS! One of the large Public Utilities Companies ofthe Middle West recently found it necessary to quickly cleanthe oil from a battery of transformers of6,000 K. V. A. capacity each. Three weeks were allotted to perform this job by a 12 x12 The world's outstanding filter press.At the suggestion of the Sharpies Engineers, a centrifugal installations Sharpies Portable Super Centrifuge was wheeled up tothe transformers and the oil was completely cleaned in 72 hours. are Sharples. The final dielectric strength tested far in excess of N. E. L. A. specifications.

Not only did the Sharpies effect a great saving in the actual operation and labor involved, but the work was splendidly done at a fraction of the cost per gallon required for filter pressing. * * * The Sharpies Portable Super Centrifuge and the Sharpies ChemicalCentrifugalProcessforreconditioningbadly carbonized switch oils should be investigated by every plant responsible for economical switch and transformer operation. A completely detailed bulletin on the Sharpies Switch and Transformer Oil Process will be mailed upon request. * * * If it's a centrifugal job-you need a Sharpies! THE SHARPLES SPECIALITY COMPANY, 2324 WESTMORELAND STREET,PHILADELPHIA Boston, New York, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Detroit, Tulsa, New Orleans, San Francisco, Los Angeles,Seattle, London, Paris, Tokio

SUPER CENTRIFUGALFORCE Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. 1..I.. wI rI WI111111.! ,1.1%, 16 \I )1I..I I 1,,1", ,

.1.. ' , 30.0 I 0 . & . . ..II "It .61 4;,,*., %. -..: * . . r ft/. . 9,i

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Outwhere troublemaybegin

Community life stops when trouble starts out on the line. So vital is electric service. Have you taken every precaution to insure that line troubles are stopped before they become serious? Circuit breakers equipped with explosion chambers are the most reliable protective device for sub -station service.They reduce the extent of interruptions by confining trouble to the The success of G -E Oil Circuit feeder where it begins. Breakers reflects the value of the experimental work done by a large organization at a cost of millions annually. Only by means of the experimental and testing facilities at the disposal of G -E engineers could G -E devices and complete switching equipment have been perfected as they are today. This applies also to other apparatusfor control, protection and distribution, all of which can be furnished by General Electric.

GENERALGENERALELECTRIC COMPANY, SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 13 Feb. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

One typeof ExplosionChamber Oil CircuitBreaker

and where that trouble is ended In the operation of G -E Explosion Chamber Breakers, the pressure generated inthe explosion chamber projects oil, vapor and arc into a body of cool oil, allowing the combustible gases to escape. This feature minimizes the possibility of secondary explosions and contributes to the breaker's ability to interrupt high-uoltage high - capacity circuits so successfully.

*. eri -Nkisd17.7.141. ",,,,i.",,Tsdifiermifm,41114t - e

ik - cialli:, Aa AlliMilk- La..arlt ,-v...v..sp._iiratourld am 04741:11ipni. .1. /2 MI P.P.:i.r%.47.--refa.: ..'., .7%.41 ex.v..--- - _ftp...... - makNNW I' ' ' -.41111111.11411141 0:11 tjflq 4,) pe U VI .r...- et

SALESLECTRICOFFICES I N A L L PRINCIPAL CITIES Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 14 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. Youcanmake these joints DOSSERT JOINTS QUICKER for BETTER Connectingcables,stranded CHEAPER or solid wires, rods and tubing. WITH Connecting two conductors of same size or different sizes.

Connecting wirestocables, cables to rods or tubing. DOSSERTS Connecting conductors at right The prime consideration in making a joint is to angles. have it dependable.Dosserts make a 100% joint -will not heat more than the conductor itself Making three-way splices at when subjected to heavy loads.You make a right angles or other angles or Dossert Joint quickly too-the time saved pays for with wires parallel. the Dossert-and you have no more trouble with THAT joint. Connecting branch circuitto The big power companies depend on Dossert Joints. main circuit. The big industrial companies use Dossert Joints. Connecting one or two con- The reason for Dossert preference is the Dossert ductors to lug direct or at an tapered sleeve principle of connection. angle.

Connecting wires to studs. This book shows how you can put dependability into every joint Connecting one or two cables you make with Dosserts.It alsocon- to anchor. tains valuable data on wires and cables. The coupon below is for your convenience. To equalize load on two feeders. Connecting to service boxes and cutouts. The cLassete: tie ore .4 a mcas. 10. (`ABLE:-; MILE Connecting grounds. \wl"'',.....tv.:Lt:::1.-'''''" f..iTE!Er. 11.ECT 711BI win Type B Caned. e Type B C..rsaret.4, a:. DOSSERTS Connectors for all iron pipe flan No.P.arlhe H, Ll IF 411.111.KI-EiS sizes of tubings. Row to Put Tootbet a TIpe ('r r.tie Special connectors fur special .1c.st I, vel fur -miller -is, . services. ffelL IF it 0 ti Get the book FREE 1t

To DOSSERT & CO., 242 West 41st St., New York City Plea -t -end your 1926 data book and catalog to the adolress below.

1 r.

Please mention the JOURNAL of theA. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 15 Feb. 19211 CitizensNational Bank Buildingof Baltimore-Uses AmericoreWire IN every office on everyfloor, of I this beautiful newbuilding, you will find evidence ofthe dependable service deliveredby Ameri- core RubberCovered Wire. Contractors and engineers everywhere, specify the useof Ameri- core Wirewith every confidence in the results. Let us send you an indexed catalogueand handbook of Electrical Wires and Cables. Estimates furnished promptly from any of our offices in all of the principal cities. Below are shown some of the Americore wires used in the new Citizens NationalBank Buildinr American Aearl mer,I6a 14 Rubber -coIni1111re --=24111111 11 11 Solid Tinned Copper Conductor num,JJ 11 11 :IL 11111:iiii IIa3 33Iii Stranded Tinned Copper Conductor

Solid or StrandedTinned Copper Conductor

Americore Feeder Cable Chicago New York Boston Birmingham Dallas Denver Salt Lake City U. S. Steel Products Co. San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 16 I I 1 I( .1 oil it I.1 1 I.; . Doyour instrument transformers permit accurate meteringon varying power-factor? PHASE -ANGLEerrors ininstrument transformers havea greater effect upon the registration ofa watthour meter when the power -factor of the load is low than when the power -factor of the load is high. In the ordinary single -stage transformer it is impossible to compensate for phase -angle errors at all power -factors, but it is possible to reduce the phase -angle error to such a small amount that it will not seriously impair the accuracy of the meter on varying power -factor. All Sangamo Instrument Transformers are designed and built to reduce ratio and phase -angle errors to a minimum in theser- vice for which they are intended. Types F and G Current Transformers are especially recommended for exception- Sangamo Type F-2 S Current Transformer ally high accuracy on varying load and with two separate secondary circuits, cne for meters and the other for auxiliary de- power -factor conditions where the secon- vices. dary burden is relatively heavy. The Sangamo Two -stage Transformer is recommended where super -accuracy is desired under adverse conditions. This type of transformer, due to its two -stage construction, inherently and automatically com- pensates for. ratio and phase -angle errors. Write for Bulletin 65 which discusses the subject of instrument transformer accuracy and whichshows characteristic curves Sangamo Type BC Two -stage, Busbar-type for all types of Sangamo Instrument Trans- Current Transformer.Also made in wound - primary, opening for busbar and bushing formers. types. SANGAMO ELECTRIC COMPANY SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS New York Boston Chicago Birmingham San Francisco Los Angeles

SANGAMOFOR EVERY ELECTRICAL METERS NEED Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 1. ADVF,RTIsING SECTION Feb. 1926 PacificElectric OilCircuitBreaker

Built to withstand a burstingpres- sureof 400 lbs. per square inch.

Rupturedthirty shortcircuitsat 260,000 KVA in quicksuccession, reaching 16,000 amperes, and without change of oil or part replace- ments.

Test this breaker on your system. Injureitif you can. Wewill help. SEND FOR BULLETIN 9000 AND INFORMATION REGARDING A RECENT FIELD TEST.

PACIFIC ELECTRIC MANUFACTURINGCO. Manufacturers of Oil Circuit Breakers and High Voltage Switch gear 5815 Third St., SAN FRANCISCO 280 Madison Ave., New York Hoge Bldg.. Seattle, Wash. Interurban Bldg.. Dallas. Tex. 1001 McCormick Bldg.. Chicago Pioneer Bldg.. St. Paul. Minn. 930 Wyandotte St.. Kansas City, Mo. Symes Bldg., Denver, Colo. H. W. Hellman Bldg.. Los Angeles American Trust & Savings Bldg., 135 High St., Boston, Mass. Birmingham. Ala.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. IS A 01.' E NT I SI N1i SECTION I \I.E. E.

The greater quality of Moloney Transformers is responsible for their greater usage Ask for details olone ransfonners

MOLONEY ELECTRIC COMPANY Main Office and Factories: ST. LOUIS, MO. Sales Offices in Principal Cities

Please mention the JOURNAL. of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 19 Feb. 1926 lta SIA* Some men in your organization will This heading islifted from our enjoy reading it each month.Just "Monthly Message of Common send their names.Copies Gratis. and Uncommon Sense"

IIETED ItlII N\ \I; CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 2400 BLOCK, FULTONST.

OF INTERESTONLY TO THEGREAT MAJORITY which has consistently made real Now and then you find a manwho thinks he knows allcompany like ours there is to know about anindustry, a product or aprogress. manufacturer and is not interestedin an advertisementSo this message isaddressed to the great majority, like this-so he doesn'tread it. those who use UnitType equipment and are naturally But the majority of men in theelectrical industry areinterestedin ourconstantly improved facilitiesto wide awake, aggressive andkeenly interested in aproduce it.

SHOP EQUIPMENT MECHANICAL TESTS VOLTAGE TESTS This is no better than anyone canTwo 50,000 lb. mechanical testingTesting transformers of 50 k. v., buy who hasthe experience tomachines are provided. One is used100 k. v. and 200 k. v. are provided for testing metals used in the manu-for routine test bench work.An select and the price to pay for it-facture of equipment and testing we have both.The buildings areinsulators in compression, tension,outstanding set and one found in modern, well lighted and have rail-torsion, and cantilever. few laboratories are the three large road tracks running into the plant,The other is a 50,000 lb. hydrauliccapacity transformersincascade which is fullyequippedwithtype designed and built in our fac-connection, permitting testing up to cranes, etc., for speedy handling oftory for testing assembled equip-750 k. v. to ground. By connecting equipment. ment under combined mechanicalthe transformers three phase star, and electrical stresses up to 50,000with grounded neutral, 435 k. v. THE LABORATORY lbs. and 500 k. v. between conductors can be obtained. Here is where you will see the dif- Other details of this laboratory will ference between the average manu-HEAT TESTS be given in our monthly message. facturer and DELTA STAR.ThisFor heat runs on switches,lugs, fittings, conductors, etc., currents Each month we circulate our publica- important element was designed by tion, The DELTA STAR, amongst en- up to 20,000 amperes can be supplied gineersandexecutivesofpublic one of the most experienced labora- utilities.Your name will insure its through current transformers of the delivery to you. tory men in the country. laboratory form. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. A !WI': RTISI N11 SI,;( "NON .1101ilia.tI.

STANDARDCONDENSERS For CarrierWave Transmission-All Voltages Replace Long Inefficient Coupling Wires Improve Communication Possess High Factorof Safety for Surge Voltages Attachingtoline doesnot increase normal hazard

pan. capi Carrier Cul rent Saved Day When fin ov Faradon Storm Isolated Wenatchee, Wash.Bau Couplings Hold are -Schenectady, Nov. 23-How communica- with the outside world was maintainedbuil Dependable by carrier current, a development of radio,porat whena Pros, cloudburst and flooddestroyedTivrr d railroad, telegraph and telephone lines at Wenatchee, Wash., was made known today Scfl Faradon Coupling Unit in a report received by the General Elec-vestn tric Company.The carrier current tele-par v Made in .002 MFD. and .003 MFD. phone system SchNV c recentlyinstalled bythe Puget Sound Power & Light Company onward its high -power electric transmission lines Col, Typical Installations: over the mountains from Seattle to We-hotel ALABAMA POWER CO. natchee, was unharmed by the storm and$250 Birmingham, Ala. it was over this new type communicationsson, systemthatnews of the disasterfirstHing EDISON ELECTRIC ILL. CO. reached the outside world.For several Natick, Mass. days the only messages reaching pr leaving llo Wenatchee weer transmitted by this means.Worc ILLINOIS POWER & LIGHT CORP, Carrier current for communication overincw Atchison, Kan. electric power lines was first used late inert NO. INDIANA GAS & ELECTRIC CO. 1921 on the Adirondack Power Company'sBe Hammond, Ill. thirty -mile,33 -000 -voltline. The appa-rid ratus is similar to a radia outfit but in-Wor OKLAHOMA GAS & ELECTRIC CO. stead of radiaing waves through space inAub Oklahoma City, Okla. all directions the voice currents are kept P PHOENIX UTILITY CO. concentrated about the power lines. Soture Hazelton, Pa. long as there is a single transmission cir-inco cuitinoperation communication can beArth PUGET SOUND POWER & LIGHT CO. carriedon Ordinarytelephonewires,than Wenatchee, Wash. many times smaller than the high power 0 electric lines, generally are first to sufferman in a storm. ' capi Preliminaryestimatingdatawithcomplete E. information and quotations furnishedon request From Boston EveningTranscript Nov24. /925 Wireless Specialty ApparatusCompany Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass. ELECTROSTATIC CONDENSERSFOR ALL PURPOSES Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. whenwriting to advertisers. 21 ADVERTISING SECTION Feb. 1926

Massive steel pole tops-cylin- drical tanks with heavy dished bottoms-rugged frame construction-high speed of circuit interruption-for higher voltage super power developments. For further information ee Li?. in io-ttc/h with Condij.

CONDIT ELECTRICAL MFG. CORP. Manufacturers of Electrical Prorec-tive Devices Boston, Mass. Maher.. Electric Company Sole Distributor for the Dominion of Canada

Specifications: 800 Amperes or less, 73,000 Volts; 50,000 Volts; 37,000 Volts. Interrupting Capacity 1,000,000 Kv-a or less. Breaker illustrated is 37,000 Volt B size. / z

A 8681 Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 9.) ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

Apply Historyas a Test A large mill shut downmost of an afternoon.Hundredsofmensenthome. Production stopped.Losses running into thousands of dollars. Why? A few insulators out of severalthousand on a high line blew up. Was it a puncture failure?No! Was it a flash -over?No! Was it a mechanical failuredue to weight of the line?No! Was it a failure thatany test could have foretold?No! It was due to cracking of theporcelains from internal thermal stresses. Only thehistory of these units would have foretoldthis failure. Are you compiling such historyfor your future guidance? Areyou buying insulators now on the basis of their records in service? Ohio Brass Company Mansfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

TIME THE TEST Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E.when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING sl.:( -1.1( Feb. 1926

Union Station, Chicago, Lighted Through Kuhlman Transformers

KUHLMAN TRANSFORMERSWERE CHOSEN FOR THE NEW UNIONSTATION, CHICAGO Undoubtedly there is no other instance where abuilding needs as continuous lighting service as in a railroad station. An officebuilding or industrialplantcould perhaps do without electricservicefor a few moments, but therailroad stations must have service continuously. It is significant that KUHLMAN transformers were chosen for the newUnion Stationin Chicago. KUHLMAN ELECTRIC COMPANY Manufacturers of Power, Distribution and Street Lighting Transformers Bay City, Michigan

RANSPORME

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. DVEIZTISINC, SE("I'ION Journal T. I. P.MorrisHydraulicTurbines The Wm, Cramp &Sons Ship & EngineBuilding Co. Richmond and Norris New York Office:100 Broadway Sts., Philadelphia Birmingham Office: American TrustBuilding

20600 30000 40000 100 50000 6000 0 70000 80000

80----. MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY93.8% FROM48000 H.P TO 66000H.P Z 70 FROM 38000 H.P TO 82000 93% OR OVER ihi H.R. 90% OR OVER (..) wCC 60 a. z 50 THE WM. CRAMP8c 0 SONS SHIP 8 ENGINE BUILDINGCO. - Z I. P MORRIS DEPARTMENT - 0W 40 ACCEPTANCE TEST BY THE GIBSONMETHOD ON E 70000 H.P. I.P. MORRIS TURBINE - E UNIT NP 19 - 1-d 30 THE NIAGARA FALLSPOWER CO. HEAD2I3.5 FT. - STAT I 0 N -3 -C SPEE0.107.1 R.P.M. APPROVED FORTHEPR. COCQ NIA=k 20 APPROVED FORTME WCCRWP & SONS SA E.B.00 - ..711.2 EP.s-,._..-ER 'N.V? IrIEN ER VICE PRESIDENT A C.D.E2.04_,...7,ER nct PR D -'.------10

i 1 1 HORSEPOWER DELIVEREDTO GENERATOR SHAFT 20000 30000 40900 I 50000 [ 60000 70000 80000

Official test shown aboveresulted in the following world's recordperformance: Maximum efficiency of turbine 93.8c," From 48.000 H.P.to 66,000 H.P 93 or over From 38.000 H.P. to 82.000H.P 90' "(-or over This unit, which includesanI.P. Morris turbine anda generator of General Electric Company manufacture,developeda combined efficiency of92("c, whichisa WORLD'S RECORD IN HYDRO - ELECTRIC UNIT PERFORMANCE. Both turbine andgenerator efficiencies ratelydetermined from independentwere accu- conducted fieldtests byEngineersoftheNiagaraFalls Power Co.. and approvedby Engineersrepresent- ing both the United Statesand Canadian Govern- ments who were present duringtests. I. P. Morris turbines recently installedat Niagara Falls have, under official veloped the following efficiencies: test, de- 37.500 H. P. turbine for Niagara Falls Power Co. Plant No. 3-B 55,000 H. P. turbine for Hydro -Electric Power Commission ofOntario. Queenston Plant 58,000 H. P. turbine for Hydro -Electric Power Commission of 933.1:13(;Cc9 70,000 H. P. turbine for Niagara Falls Power Company, Ontario, Queenston Plant93.8w Plant No. 3-C 93.81 Designers and builders of thejohnson Hydraulic Valveand the Moody SpiralPump ASSOCIATED COMPANIES THE PELTON WATER WHEEL CO., San Franciscoand New York DOMINION ENGINEERING WORKS, LTD., Montreal,Canadian Licensees SOCIEDADE ANONYMA, HILPERT, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilianLicensees

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. whenwriting to advertisers. 25 Feb. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

The Worlds' Largest Manufacturer of Signaling,Communicating, Lighting and Control Equipment 183-7 VARICK ST., NEW YORK BOSTON BALTIMORE DETROIT SEATTLE 110 High St.74 Knickerbocker Bldg.155 W. Congress515 Hodge Bldg. PHILADELPHIANEW ORLEANS CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO The Bourse 826.. Baronne 22 W. Quincy 11 Mission St.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 26 A DVERT181N( )N vummumuummomiumumnr, I.f: I: 04 ..iii111111111111111111111111ilith

MEE;lit-IICA,N TRANS tOMERS

TalkingtoEurope from Radio Central MAO fans often wonderwhat stands back of the wonderful present-dayperformance suchas the recent successful demonstrationof talking to Europe from Radio Central, RockyPoint, L. 1. In the illustration at the left is a 300 Kva. oil-cooled special -servicetransformer made by theAmerican Transformer Co. for thisfamous radio installation.This is just another typicalinstance of special transformer service for a special industry. For the last twenty-four pany engineers have consistentlyyears American Transformer Com- formers for almost designed and built trans- every conceivable purpose, thathave always delivered maximumservice at minimum cost. If you have a transformer problem the services of our engineering staffare . offered you without obligation This transformer photograph bycourtesy of the AMERICAN TRANSFORMERCOMPANY Western Electric Co. 176 Emmett Street,Newark, N. J.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII111111IIIIIIIIII IIIIIiiimomomimini a ono IIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIII itionlinummoini Hinioninoinini tot it imummuminouniii aE -E = M 2 P. P 2 E STEEL a

... = T 0 WE R S andcomponent parts FOR ELECTRICTRANSMISSION :§.

P.: .-4 = 2 g aE E . a AMERICAN BRIDGECOMPANY E E ---4. If- E- E E- 71 Broadway, New YorkCity E. g_ E. E

E-* P. TOWER DEPARTMENT E ,.... E Frick Building, Pittsburgh,Pa. P = E. aE- ff. E P. E Offices in PrincipalCities

Lomminiumiliornininismillimminionillimmillomonoininainimilumilimuliumulimilimolilliiiiiiiiiii,.. f.. .1Jiiiiiiiintionioniiiiint,J oliiiiiiiiiihnowniummiliminimminitionoonimmuunimmminnininfinionioninniiimE Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E.when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 27 Feb. 1926 FERRANTI

66000 VOLTS 10 KVA.

Intensive Researchincluding the production of a pow- erful spark of onemillion volts enabled us to produce

small capacity transformers for very high voltages. The research, being practical, includes the questionof price, and our transformers are available at economic prices including profit for you and for us. Ferranti Limited The Ferranti Meter and Trans- Hollinwood former Manufacturing Co., Ltd: Lancashire 26 Noble Street England Toronto, Canada

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 2S Al)VCRTISINti

Jlnlrnnl . I.

- Copper Conductors Bare, Solid, Stimuli -,I Weatherproof Varnish Cambric Cable SIMPLEX Lead or Braid Covered WIRES ANDCABLES Paper Lead Cable. ANACONDA SIMCORE - NationalElectrical Code Standard. is subjected tosearching electrical Every length COPPER MINING COMPANY quality product. Askfor specifications.tests to insure a first CAOUTCHOUC- "B. C." A. rubber covered Ill W. wnointion tiL, ChIcaeo braided wire insulated with a S0';. Paracompound. Send for LEAD COVEREDCABLES AND WIRES specifications. THE AMERICAN BRASS CO, distribution where - For under -ground 25 STEEL TAPED CABLEa conduit system is used. Broadway, New York available.It carries its- Used where a conduit systemis not /t/i//, upon request. own conduit. Descriptivebooklet Ansonia, Coon.Waterbury, Cosa. CONDEX PARK CABLE Hastings -on -Hudson, N. Y. by an overlapping, - Adequately insulated andprotected Brest Falls, Monl. series lighting circuits.interlocking flexible steelconduit. For - Kenosha, Wis. OVERHEAD SERVICECABLE - Designed for pole and house whereservice is not carried use between NW- FIBREX OVERHEADSERVICE CABLE underground. connection from pole to house - For aerial service trees. when service mustpass through FIBREX TREE WIRE chafing may occur. It- is For installation among treesor where FIBREX FIRE ALARM non -inductive. Send for circular. tor cable protected withCABLE - Consists ofa multiple conduc- t which protects FIBREXthe abrasion resistingfiber tape Service Cable. Tree Wire and FIBREXOverhead SUBMARINE CABLES phone or telegraph service.- For power transmission or fortele- always available for Our engineering departmentis SIGNAL CABLE consultation. NACIAD - Dependable insulated cable for signals and policeor fire alarm service. railway IGNITION WIRES- Used extensively, and with satisfaction throughout the automotivefield. COPPER WIRE TIREX PORTABLE CORD Rubber -armored. Flexible.- For electrical tools and appliances. wearing qualities of an automobileIt cannot kink,-and hasthe TIREX SJ CORD tire. table lamps; made- Ain rubbercolors. armored cord for drop lightsor TIREX MINING MACHINESend for folder. rubber -armored, portable cablesCABLES - Heavily insulated, of a cord tire. with the wearing qualities POLEFIXTURE CABLE - For wiring from the base oforna- mental lighting standards to thelamp fixture at the top from line to lamp ongoose neck fixtures. or ARC CABLE - For connecting mission lines. swinging arc lamps withtrans- AUTOMOBILE - Wires and cables COPPERWEID" systems. for lightingandignition OVERHEAD GROUND RUBBER INSULATED CABLES- For any commercial Voltage. WIRE Special descriptive bulletinon request. CAMBRIC INSULATED CABLES- For power transmission TELEPHONE WIRE service, submarine, underground on request. or aerial. Special bulletin GUY WIRE PAPER INSULATED CABLES- For high voltage power transmission. Descriptive bulletinupon request. MESSENGER WIRE SPECIAL INSULATED WIRESAND CABLES - To meet conditions of service. On specification any neers or to conform to customers' specifications.drawn by our engi- CABLE RINGS GROUND RODS Technically trained experts and who know how LONG SPAN CONDUCTORS to impart the qualitieswhich insure satisfactory service supervisethe manufacture Impart of all Simplex Wires andCables. Reliability- Long Life Non -RustingProperties SIvillEX %RE &CABE @ and MANUFACTURERS Freedom fromMaintenance 201 DEVONSHIRE ST., BOSTON to your CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO NEW YORK Line Construction Your reference files are incompletewithout - "Engineering Data- Copperweld." Write for your copy (no chargesor obligation to you). ger VoAkivi MAIN OFFICE 6 MILLS:-BRADDOCK P.O. RAMON. PA 30 CHUPCN ST. NEW YORK. 129 S JEFFERSON ST. CNICAGO 403 RIALTO BOG. SANFRANCISCO. In Canada: Northern ElectricCo., Ltd. There is no other "copper -covered steel"or "copper -clad steel" made like "COPPERWELD"-by the MoltenWelding Process.

Please mentionthe JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E.when.,writing to advertisers. 29 Feb. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

SULATING PAPERS

A T-CABLES

Trade Mark-"INSULONE" Made under Highly Specialized Tech- nical and Practical Control resulting in the Production of Paper Combining Greatest Mechanical Strength with HighestInsulatingProperties by TULLIS, RUSSELL & CO., LTD., PAPER MAKERS HEAD OFFICE AND MILLS MANCHESTER OFFICE ESTABLISHED 1809 376 CORN EXCHANGE BUILDING MARKINCH, SCOTLAND CORPORATION STREET CABLES-"TULLIS, MARKINCH" SALES OFFICE MANCHESTER 1. TUDOR STREET LONDON, E. C. 4, ENG. CABLES: AUCHMUTY. LONDON

Please mention the JOURNAL of theA.I. E. E. when wrilink to advertisers I)VElei Journal A I K.

...... :: - ...... f, ,-.11f a'"""k I, , 'ii ...... , . 0 SPRAC() . ...,.:, , . ' L. r 1 t '' '' FILTERS I ':I t

.. 71.. Embody Such Features . as - d...I ( tiRRECT MEDIA 4 .( PRINCIPLE with resultant t cleaning efficiency. high 0 Maximum dust collectingsurface area li with low resistance.Ample space for retention ar 7"..m.e..rwid e -imutated dirt. of beau- ,, 1 MULTIPLE SECTION hers extend continuouslyFRAMEWORK-Verticalmem- It from top to bottom.Horizon - tal members weldedto vertical members for strength and rigidity. increasing Minimum erectingexpense and no chance for air leakagethrough framework. At TWO POINT SEALbetween cell and framework. Itir must pass throughfilter media. All ,..,\ \\\, QUICK ACTING SPRING \\\V in framework. LATCHES for lockingcells . Facilitates removal and cells in framework. replacement of NO ROTARY WASHINGTANKS for cleaning filter NO large installations insure cells on S.11.41,1, complete removal of allaccu- AIR mulated dirt from filtermedia with a minimum FRAMES LEAKS of effort. Send for BulletinF-69. Air Washers PATS. PEND. Spray Engineering Cooling Ponds Company Air Filters Spray Nozzles 60 High Street BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS Strainers Flow Meters

A NeededPower Recorderfor loads of all kinds

Cell and Frame Midwest Air Filter Type U2

Have YouThoroughly Investigatedthe Need for Clean Bristol's Recording Air in Your Plant? Wattmeter Every electricpower station needs clean air for is important to record loadfluctuation and especially the ventilation of its generators, equipment-turbo the variation from hourto hour and from day to day. motor generators, converters, Data is thus made availablethat will be of great assist- condensers, etc.-andthe various departments ance in securing the best operating conditions. where dustcan cause damage-battery switch rooms, etc. rooms, Bristol's Recording Wattmetersare available for alternating or direct current and forsingle, two- or three- Midwest Air Filtershave completelydemon- phase current and furnishedin round as well as strip strated their abilityto supply cleaner airat chart models in switchboardand portable cases. lower cost thanany other equipment for The purpose."Clean Air for Electrical the accuracy of these instruments is guaranteed within 1 Equipment," per cent of full scale but theyaverage even better. tells how, and why. Full information and bulletinswill be sent promptly Write Dept. Fl for on request. this bulletin. 2(Ike 'Bristol Company. (-Waterbury, Connecticui )1ICEWlik.

RECORDING BRISTOL S "INSTRUMENTS

Please mention the JOURNAL of theA. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 31 Feb. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

hig Electric Blower with Bakelite Insulation in the Starting Switch. Chemical fumes have no effect onBakelite insulation In this Ilg Electric Blower, which is would ruin most insulations. designed for exhausting fumes from The unique combination of properties chemical laboratories, every exposed possessed by Bakelite adapts itto part must be of a material that will many unusual insulation needs.It resist destructive chemical action. combines high dielectric and mechan- The electric motor starting switch on ical strength with resistance to mois- the end of the rotor shaft is insulated ture, oil, heat, cold and most acids. with laminated Bakelite, because it Our engineers and laboratories are retains its high insulating properties ready to aid you in solving difficult even when exposed to fumes that insulating problems. Write for Booklet 3 BAKELITE CORPORATION 247 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Chicago Office: 636 West 22nd Street

It 'e have an industrial motion picture film called "THE STORY OF B.IKELITE", which .rhow.r the various stages of the manufacture of Bakelite from the raw materials, down to the jahrication of a wide variety me finished productr.It is a two -reel subject, prepared on standard width non -inflammable stock. ii a will be glad to send a print to any manufacturer who has the proper prVectiOn apparatus.

BAKELITEREGISTERED U. S. PAT. OFF. THE MATERIAL OF A THOUSAND USES "The registered Trade Mark and Symbol shown above may be used only on products made from materials manufactured by Bakelite Corporation. Under the capital "B" is the numerical sign for infinity. or unlimited quantityIt symbolizes the infinite number of present and future uses of Bakelite Corporation's products'. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. A DV

susHoommommummummunnummonwommommumminimommimunimmummuNdwilmimmilmommommommunflonnommommurommflumufloommonnow, THREE PHASESAT AGLANCE WITHTHIS ROLLER -SMITH TRIPLEXAMMETER Three ammetersin oneand all inone 71 inch case.The particularapplication of the Triplex Ammeteris for three phasemetering and other circuits, high and lowtension.Its outstanding feature isthe simultaneousindi- cation of thecurrent inallthree phases. Themany other distinguishingfeatures forth in are set Bulletin AE -30,sent onrequest. Or, better still,get in touch withthe R -S office nearestyou.There isone in every principal city.

Another "Over thirty years' Bulletin of specialinterestto engineers and experience is back ofRoller-Smith- switchboard designersis new R -S Just off the Bulletin AE -450. press. This Bulletincovers a most complete line of A. C. [ Electrical Ammeters, Voltmeters,Wattmeters, FOLLER-SMITH..hd Measurtn and Protective COMPApparatus Power Factor Meters,Frequency Meters, Ground Detectors, Synchroscopesand Transformers. Main Office: Your 12 Park Place, NEW YORK WORKS: copy is ready.Send for it. Bethlehem, Penna. Offices in principal cities in U. S. A. and Canada, alsoin Havana, Cuba. 3 III III 111111111 H 111111 I III 111111 III111111119 1111111 11111 11111111111 11111111111 11111 III III II III 11111 III I I III 1111111111111 111111111111 1111111111111 11111 1111111111 III 11111 11111 III 11111 111111111111111 1111111111111111 11111 11111 111111111 II I I I I I I I 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111I II 11111111 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 i 11111 III 1111 III II = III II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II1111 II I 111111111111i -N. E oNTAo.

= E = APB' ,.. F. - = - '0 g The Elements 42..:' = % of Our Business = 7=- -=A4 = = a UND TRADE -MA RK !. Alarm. High and Low Liquid Level Bulletin ...7., Pressure Regulator Panels (See Panels,Special). Automatic Fire Pump Panels, CombinedHand and 3610-3615 Regulator.Pressure(See Pressure Regulator). (See Panels, Fire Pump). Regulators, Speed (See Speed Regulators). Automatic Starters (See Starters, Automatic). Relay, Tumbler Bulletin H. Automatic Transfer Switches Remote Controlled Lighting Panels 7250 Ei Brakes, Magnetic 5600 Remote Controlled Speed Regulators 7100 frit Circuit Breakers 9920 Remote Liquid Level Indicator (See Speed Regulators). -E- Contactors (See Switches, Magnet). 3800-3815 Remote Switches (See Switches, 3625 Control, Machine Tool Self Starters (See Starters. Remote, also Switches. Magnet). E Controllers, Elevator 9000 Solenoids (See Magnets).Automatic). E Elevator Controllers 9999 Solenoid Operated Valves -E Fire Pump Panels (See Panels, FirePump). 9999 Special Panels (See Panels, Special). 5700 g Float Switches Speed Regulators Hand and Automatic Fire Pump Panels, 3600-3625 ."3 Combined. Starters, Automatic, A. C 8500-8520 E See Panels, Fire Pump). Starters, AutomaticAutomatic 5800-6200 a Hand Operated Switches Starters, Hand 5300-5350 a Hand Starters (See Starters. Hand). 3600 Starters. Manual (Bee Starters.Hand). 8320 a High and Low Liquid Level Alarm Switches Sump Switches (See Switches, Float). 2 Indicator, Level, Liquid, Remote 3610-3615 Switches, Float E Level. High and Low Liquid, Alarm Switch 3625 Switches, Hand Operated 3600-3625 Level Indicator, Remote 3610-3615 3600 3625 Switches, High and Low Liquid LevelAlarm Lighting Panels. Remote Control Switches, Magnet, A. C. 3610-3615 E. Low Levels, High and, Alarm Switches 7100 Switches, Magnet, D. C 7000 E Machine Tool Control 3610-3615 Switches, Remote (See also Switches, 7500 Magnetic Brakes (See Brakes. Magnetic). 9000 Switches, Sump (See Switches, Float).Magnet) 7200-7250 Magnet Operated Valves Switches, Tank (See Switches Float). E Magnet Switches, A. C. 5700 Switches, Time Magnet Switches, D. C 7600 7500 Switches, Transfer. Automatic 6900 E Magnets 5600 Manual Fire Pump Panels (See Panels, FirePump). 6500 Tank Switches (See Switches. Float). E. Manual Starters (See Starters, Hand). Terms --1 Panels, Fire Pump Time Switches 300 B. E Panels, Lighting, Remote Control 8800-8830 Transfer Switches, Automatic 8900 E Panels, Pressure Regulator (See Pressure 7100 5600 E Special.) Regulator,alsoPanels Tumbler Relay : Panels. Special Valve Control 7250 = Pressure Regulator, Gauge Type 5400-5423 Valve, Magnet Operated 5700 E E 4900-4902 Valve, Remote Controlled 5700 8 5700 a a- E WRITE FORCATALOG E

E- SUNDH ELECTRICCOMPANY, NEWARK,N. J. E Branch Offices:Chicago, New York a- E - Atlanta Boston Cleveland Dallas Sales Representatives: E Baltimore Kansas City Minneapolis Philadelphia Buffalo Cincinnati Detroit Los Angeles New Orleans Portland, Ore. St. Louis a Pittsburgh San Francisco Montreal, Can. a - YoungstownToronto, Can. E Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION Feb. 1926

JENOLLE

Best materials, mostefficient tools, skilled operators, determine Jewell measuring accuracy The control springs of electrical instruments are attached to the moving elements by soldering. This is an operation of extreme delicacy, sincethe hot soldering iron must not touch thepivot, nor draw the temper of the spring itself.Special flux and solder is used to get the desired results.Our operators with years of experience are highly trained and know the importance of their work. It is this exactness and careful application all the way thru that assures Jewell pcyfection.1 Jewell Electrical Instrument Co. 1650Walnut Street, Chicago,Illinois Where instruments must beread from a distance as in large plating rooms,classrooms,lecturehalls. boilerrooms,etc.,thelargeillu- minated dialinstrument, our pat- tern42,becomesofgreatvalue. The scaleis 12 incheslongon translucent material illuminated from rear.The instrument ...anhe furnished with movements fOr D. C. aswellas A.C.On special order any special movement asthat for measuringpowerfactor orfre- quency may he incorporated init.

Inductance Standards

E.-

Type 106 The Type 106 Standardsof Inductance are adapted to use Here's a Precision Instrument at commercial, audio orradio 7.4 Built to Precision Standards! frequencies. AN INSTRUMENT that is intended for precision work must, in itself, be precision built.The Pacent TRUE Straight Line Fre- quency Condenser is truly precision instrument becausefrom Astatically wound lo minimize start to finishitis built to the strict standards usually associated only with laboratory instruments.Ratio of 3 to 1 covering the frequency range between 500 and 1500 kilocycles, or other ranges, external field. such as 1000 to 3000 kilocycles. To meet varying capacities it is designed for 30 microfarads. Thoroughly insulated and sturdily built. 17 Walt+. .'swa mrd. Max.Cat. NO. 2311i, frier $3 irf ' High current -carrying capacity .0004 Mfd. Max.tat. No. SIC, Prier Woe 1/.ru one hotrod raltshoi r 11.110 Px.i'll I !Wm PACENT ELECTRIC COMPANY, Inc. 0.1; 1.0; 10.0; 100.0; millihenry. 91 Seventh Avenue, New York City Washington Minneapolis Bulletin 306E. Chicago Philadelphia Buffalo Detroit Birmingham San Francisco Pacent St. Louis Jacksonville GENERAL RADIO COMPANY Boston RADIO ESSENTIALS Pittsburgh Canadian Licensed Manufacturers. Whit., Radio,Ltd., Hamilton,Ont. 30 State Street Manufacturing Licensees for Great Britain and Ireland: !panic Electric Co., Ltd., London and Bedford, England. Cambridge, Mass.

4 vcjirPON'T PACgtsIttzEWV iii.1,,1.1,1,.,,,,,..rnimmoimmilmoimoilimmonimoimmomonffirnwommoollomommffivii.monumififfiffinimmumo 1

Please mention the JOUR NM, r.f ihe A.I. I.. I .. whenwriting to advertisers. :.I .1,,itriffil 1 I I I Modernizing Switchboardswith WESTON RectangularInstruments

ENGINEERS fromcoastto coast are availing themselves I ) -113 of the savings inswitchboardspace made possible by WestonRectangular instruments. These WestonRectangulars have been acceptedeverywhere because Balkite the leadingmen in the various electrical Rectifiers fields have been lookingfor a solutionto the reduction ofswitchboard space without for Substation a loss of instrument efficiency. Control Weston dependability,accuracy and precision assembly holdgood throughout.The famous Westonmovement has simply been BatteryCharging enclosed in anew case - which has already revolutionized modernswitchboard design. A common methodof operating circuit Longer scales,greater legibility and iliary apparatus in breakers andaux- extreme transformer substations,particularly in accessibility for maintenanceare found in this new isolated locations, is bymeans of storage batteries. Weston line. Current draw is only forshort periodsso that low charg- Weston Rectangularsare available in A. C. Am- ing rates are sufficient.The bestway to charge such batteries meters, Voltmeters, Wattmeters,Frequency Meters, is by means of Power Factor Meters a "trickle" charger operating fromA. C. cir- and Triplex Ammeters;and cuits practically alwaysavailable. D. C. Voltmeters andAmmeters. The Balkite Rectifier is particularly satisfactoryfor such service. It provides for suchbatteries ameans of charging characterized by reliability,economy and freedom from maintenance. The diagram show's a transformer designed withtaps to enable charging from1 to 6 cells ata 1 -ampere maximum rate. This makes a veryflexible unit.Other types to meet various requirements. are supplied Detailed information will besent if we are informedas to the voltage of battery, chargingrate desired, and supply voltage and frequency.

"ir,D.eL Balkite .13.7j7:7 -1P.) Rectifiers FANSTEEL PRODUCTSCOMPANY, INC. NORTH CHICAGO, ILL. For further informationaddress FANSTEEL PRODUCTS COMPANY, Inc.,North Chicago,Illinois WESTON ELECTRICAL Gentlemen: Please send me informationon uses of the Balkite Rectifiers INSTRUMENT in the type of work checked below.

!,:** CORPORATION 1 Substation Control 48 Weston Avenue, Time Recording Systems Name Newark, N. J. Burglar Alarm Systems Fire Alarm Systems Emergency Lighting Company Communication Systems STANDARD THE WORLD OVER Signaling Systems Address Power Plant Control Instrument Operation WESTON Yioneers since 1888 Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E.when writing to advertisers. 35 Feb. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

mi.

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to - dB A - - ikt '-

ADubilierTransmittingCondenser 40,000 - -Volts-800Amperes THEBritish Government's new transmitting station at Rugby has the largest mica condensers in the world. After 2 long series of investigations and tests, Dubilier condensers were specified. The illustration shows oneof these condensers capable of operating at approximately 800 amperes at 40,000 volts continuously without any noticeable heating. In Germany, England, Japan, France and the United States, Dubilier condensers are used by high-powered radio stations wherever unfailing accuracy and reliability under all conditions are required. Dubilier experience in the manufacture of fixed condensers for transmitting and receiving apparatus has set a standard for the world. 0 D ilb le CONDENSER AND RADIOher CORPORATION

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 36 .11)\'1.:ItTISIN11 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII10111.1111.11.mu, .11ffirmilA. I. K. I.:.

"BURKELECT" By the use of Moulded ControleadTerminal Blocks these Terminal Blockssimplifications in all methods of and offer control wiring circuitsare possible many other advantages whichare fully described in Bulletin H-2. a BURKEELECTRIC COMPANY HIGH TENSION EQUIPMENTDIVISION ERIE, PA.

FOR COPPERTUBING ANDCABLES CLAMP AND FITTED TYPES STRAIGHT- CONNECTORS T-CONNEC TORS END -CONNECTORS ELBOWS MINER/ILIAC TUBING CLAMPS INSULATING CO1CPOUNDS (1)bagelt-Voltatietines -in\ Cable Joints and PoikAlds \,NN AlvilaysReliable nth dideciricsh.enifitiN ApproVedrhysicaPporerties\ 14inerallacElectricCompany IIIIRND'Y 1045 Washington ENGINEERING CO. INC BouleVard 10 EAST 43RD STREET NEWYORK

Pittsburgh TransformerCompany Largest Manufacturers ofTransformers exclusively in the United States Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania

Please mention the JOURNAL mina of the A. I. E. E. whenwriting to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION Feb. 1026 G&WBOXES ANDPOTHEADS More thanprotection for cableends

The actual connection to the motor is made thru a G & W AT YOUR MACHINES pothead.A simple means of protecting the individual braided G & W Potheads and Boxes are the logical terminals for cable ends at your conductors above the pothead is shown at the motor.This machines.Theyprotectthecableagainstmoisture.They provide preventslaborers,handlingmaterial,frominjuringthe mechanical protection at the end of conduit.They provide a means of conductors. disconnection, both quickly accessible and safe.Accidental contact with The disconnecting pothead, in the right hand photo, permits the than live partsiseliminated.G & W potheads and boxes are more motor to be quickly disconnected from the cable.Simple as protection. pulling a knife switch, yet there are no exposed live parts.There The Type C Box, in the left hand photo, has a main and auxiliary feed.The are no nuts to unscrew and lose.An upward pull, and the caps main and auxiliary feed are right beside the fan motor.The length of cable are disconnected. from the Type C Box to the starting compensator to the motor is a minimum. The cable is protected against moisture entrance.The mechan- Therefore, motor outages due to cable failures are a minimum.If the main ical protection afforded by the conduit is c3ntinued up to the feed goes dead, it can be cut off at the Type C Box.The auxiliary feed can porcelain. The live parts are enclosed in porcelain.Quick dis- continue to function.Continuity of service here is important. connection is possible in case of trouble at the machine. Dummy There is more to the flexibility feature at this point.The auxiliary cable porcelain caps can cover the live tubes. to Station B can feed into the fan motor.It can also feed out to Station B. G & W potheads and boxes are the logical, safe, quick, and And there is an auxiliary feed to Fan Motor No. 6. economical means of connecting cables to your machines. The Type C Box, at this point, For helpful suggestions see our representatives or write us direct. 1. Protects all cable ends against moisture 2. Brings the main and auxiliary feed right to the motor 3. Permits main and auxiliary feeds to be cut in and out EXACTLY WHAT YOU WANT! 4. Provides a complete mechanical protection for disconnects and cables G & W design and manufacture 6. Provides a moisture proof enclosure for disconnects practically every device for the end 6. Provides auxiliary feeds to distant other locations of a cable. Potheads Underground Boxes 7. Is equipped with hinged cover bolts and wing nuts'for speedy removal Series Cutouts Conduit Bells of cover Primary Cutouts Ground Pipe Caps Oil Fuse Cutouts Ground Pipe Points Use the Type C Box to get distribution flexibility and service continuity Transformer Vault Units safely,It is economical.

lionm!fi, lerA G(&W ELECTRICSPECIPLLTYCO. 780 DANTE AVE.CHICAu0, ILL.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 38 A DV ERTISINO S "I' I N Journal A. I.I.;.

WISIIIIIIII1111101111,

Far and Iligh,T&NI Switch QualityPrevails SwiTCIIES of tf. lie illustrated here,tire useditt the copp,r rLining platitti or Ow 11;xploration!on' pa o. nee.La. Titicata, ('hile. Our South Americanticiglibursrecognize quality! As Lake Talent a is the !light/Ptlake in the world, it may well be said thatthe quality of & M Switches maintainsa higher level than any others on the market. In the United States, T& M Switchesare used on the greatest power systems andspeoifiod regularly by the largest engineeringorganizations. 14,000 Ampere, zoo Volt Thoner & Martens I D. C. Switch 963 Commercial Street, BOSTON,MASS.

rff

Simpler-- Stronger Better-.

Lapp Insulators Installation K -P -F 60 KV. Switches, San Joaquin Lt. & do not fail! Pwr. Corpn., Calit. LAPP INSULATORCO., Inc. LEROY, N. Y. K -P -F POLE TOPSWITCHES consist of fewer Sales Representatives parts, are more ruggedand require less labor BIRMINGHAM, ALA.,Industrial Supply CHARLOTTE., N. C., J. W. Fraser & Co.,714 Brown -Marx Bldg. and material for installationthan any other. CHICAGO, Transelectric Co., Inc.,Co., Commercial Bank Bldg. CLEVELAND, 0., Engineering 360 No. Michigan Ave. Each pole becomesaself-containedunit. Rockefeller Bldg. Merchandising Syndicate. 608 Switches are shipped ready COLUMBUS, 0., Engineering to bolt on to cross- Realty Bldg. Merchandising Syndicate, 600 Joyce arm in place of line insulator. DALLAS, TEX., Jack D. Milburn,304 Interurban Bldg. DENVER, The 0. H. DavidsonEquipt. Co., 1633 Tremont St. One crossarm supportsit.Contacts are far INDIANAPOLIS, W. D. Hamer Co., 518Trac. Terminal Bldg. removed from insulators KANSAS CITY, Mo., Power MachineryCo., 301 Dwight Bldg. and a unique device MINNEAPOLIS, J. E. Sumpter Co., 940Security Bldg. prevents sticking or freezing. NEW YORK CITY, Shield ElectricCo., 149 Broadway. PHILADELPHIA. Rumsey Electric Co.,1007 Arch St. Send for bulletin K105 PITTSBURGH, Henry N. Muller Co.,812 Westinghouse Bldg. containing full details. PORTLAND, 0., S. Herbert Lanyon, 1120Board Trade Bldg. SAN FRANCISCO, S. Herbert Lanyon,509 New Cal. Bldg. -=- SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, Chas. M. Terry. K -P -F ELECTRICCO. WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND, Jas. J. Niven& CO. 855-859 Howard St. San Francisco

LI, iimissusifinsisussslissisississusSISSissisissussississussissiiiiiiissississlisfisiisissussisimill'i- "- -" IllM11111111allIng E I ...-...."7",..._. = itle. ..,,,...... ,.... = 1 Specify er, bo Inas It Quality i.. 'Insulators 11/1114 GRAY for Permanently ' Dependable 0/1/114 ) GLASS' SERVIC-E. INSULATORS The transparency of HemingrayGlass Insulators makes line inspection verysimple.The lineman can tell at a glance whether theinsulator is intact or not. Hemingray insulatorsare mechanically and dielectrically dependable,non-jporous and uniform in structure. defy moisture andage. They THE R. THOMAS & SONS CO. Send for Bulletin No. 1. East Liverpool, Ohio HEMINGRAY GLASS COMPANY New York Boston Chicago London Muncie. Indiana

Eninullnimitimninimiiiiiilimillimummosnionsmitintimmomumiummimininommummilishisimmtmenunimunnomminij Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E.E. when writingto advertisers. 39 Feb. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

Lockeinsulatorsonthelinessupplying power to the Moffat Tunnel near Denver. This view shows the snow level even with the top of the pole which is about 30 feet high.The wires-pasx_through a tunnel inthesnow,formed by theheatradiationffom -the wire. IO CKE PorcelainInsulators are more than"fair weather" friends. They cheerfully endure the monotony of long years of ordinary duty without fatigue. They respond with fortitude to the suddenly imposed burden. Adaptable to all conditions, alert to every vicissitude of service, they instill confidence and a comforting sense of security-whether in the station or along the far-flung lines of the system. With hardy indifference they accept assignments to the torrid This view heat of the tropics, or the drifting snow and ice blasts of the shows one of frozen north. the high points on thesameline. The reason exists in the incomparable fibre of Locke Porcelain Atthis pointmost of the snow had andinthe long years ofexperience culminatingin modern beenblown away Locke Designs. by the high winds. LOCKE INSULATOR CORPORATION BALTIMORE, MD. Factories at Victor, N. Y., and Baltimore, Md. Sales Offices: Boston, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Chicago, Ill. Salt Lake City, UtahSan Francisco, Calif.Portland, Oregon 84 State St. 803 Atlantic Bldg. 7701llinois Merchants Bank Bldg. P. O. Box 1877 575 Mission St. 61 Fifth St. North New York, N. Y. Dallas, Texas Atlanta, Ga. Denver, Colo. Los Angeles, Calif. Seattle. Wash. 120 Broadway1801-15 North Larmar St.414 Red Rock Bldg. 819 Seventeenth St. 236 S.LosAngelesSt.570 First Ave. South Victor, N. Y. Export Agents: International General Elec. Co., Schenectady, N. Y.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 10 A DVERTISiN(; SE( "I' ON .14)IirtialA. I.l',.le, "AMERICAN BRAND" B imaM1111111111111.11111 Weatherproof Copper m ATLANTIC Wire and Cables INSULATED WIRES 7, COST .g OLP/i/ You can buy weatherproof 04LN'L wire cheap, but isitworth what it costs? 17 n.-,77 "AmericanBrand"gives you more mileage per dollars R.4 ON "AMERICAN BRAND' with a longer life on the line. Including all types of rubber covered, and WEATHERPROOF WIRE AND CABLES Get a sample and satisfy rubber HAS NO EQUAL covered load encased wires and cables, barewire, yourself. magnet wire, and flexible cords. American InsulatedWire & Cable Co. ATLANTIC INSULATED WIRE CABLE COMPANY 954 West 21st Street, Chicago Rome, N. Y.

John A. Roebling's SonsCompany Trenton, New Jersey WIRE PRODUCTSPRODUCTS EFor Varied Applications ..f_. - :4 E ELECTRICAL WIRES ANDCABLES We manufacture many types ofwires, cords E g and cables for specificuses. Among them are: of Highest Conductivity Rubber Covered Wire-Solid Conductor,Stranded Conductor, Flexible Conductor, Extra FlexibleConductor. Wires are drawn from carefully Lamp Cords, Reinforced Cords, HeaterCord, Brew- selected metals ery Cord, Canvasite Cord, Packinghouse Cord,Deck Cable,StageCable,BorderLight Cable, Flexible and insulated with the best materials,to insure Armored Cable, Elevator Lighting Cable, ElevatorOper- ating Cable, Elevator Annunciator Cable.Switchboard long and satisfactory service. Cables, Telephone Wire, Flameproof Wiresand Cables, RailwaySignalWires,HighVoltageWiresand Cables.Automobile Ignition Cables, Automobile Light- ing Cables, Automobile Starting Cables,Automobile Charging Cables.Moving Picture Machine Cable. E Boston Insulated WireMt Cable Co. E Main Office and Factory: Dorchester District Boston, Mass. Canadian Branch, Office and Factory, Hamilton,Ont. DU NC A Watthour Meters De Laval Accurate Oil Purifiers and 111 - protect turbines and Diesels with cleaneroil Dependable andreducelubricating costs. Write for bulletins The De Laval Separator Company New York Chicago Snit Frunelmeo = E a DUNCAN ELECTRIC MFG. CO. Model M2. Lafayette, Ind. 2- =A

. - 7 ---,

7.01Al'o--if E E ' -2 Atith. Transmission Line k: Structures 74 -2 Aqik Builtof High Elastic LimitSteelel Refined- Rolled - Fabricated- Galvanizedin Our Own Plants 2 E. .2 a PACIFIC CLIAST STEELCIIMPANY E- 2 -MANUFACTURERS OF -.±.- a 2- OPEN HEARTH STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES MERCHANTAND REINFORCINGBARS -5 --=- k: t= TRANSMISSION TOWERS AND STRUCTURES m- E- .-_ Gen`l Office: Rialto Bldg., San Francisco Plants: San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, :-= Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E E. when writingto advertisers. 41 ADVERTISING SECTION Feb. 1926

42. C.4Lc.....),

tThe greatest knowninstalled depth of a MatthewsScrulix Anchor is 139feet, yet we can citethousands of installa- feet. "They neither tions greaterthan one hundred Creep nor Crawl"

MATTHEWS numbers800-1000-1200 Scrulix Anchors are verysatisfactory for under water and muckinstallations. Due to thedesign -of the Scrulix they holdsecurely under the most severe strains and are easyto install, as yousimply screw them into theearth. f > f For twenty-seven years MatthewsScrulix Anchors havedemon- strated their all-aroundsuperior holding qualities in all kinds ofsoil and under the mosttrying CORPORATION giving excellent service ST.LOUIS,U.S.A. circumstances. Besides ESTABLISHED 1899 they will reduce youranchor installation costs over anyother method ofanchoring. Distributors of Matthews products are located in all principal cities. Send for information on Matthews Fuswitches W. N. MATTHEWSCORPORATION Matthews Disconnecting Switches r St. Louis, U. S. A. Matthews Scrulix Anchors 3706 Forest Park Blvd. Matthews Slack Pullers Matthews Guy Clamps Matthews Adjustable Reels Matthews Cable Clamps Matthews Woodpecker Telefault Matthews Teleheight Matthews Mechanical Painting MATTHEWS Equipment SCRULIXANCHORS There is a Matthews ScrulixAnchor for every need. Submit Your AnchorProblems to Us. 40 Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. 12 A 11V I.; WI' 1 sl N 11111111 I I I I 11111111111 I I sELT I oN I I 1111111111 I II 1 IIIIIIIIIII I I I I I 11111111111 illl thffil011,J,1 W11111111 I I I I 11111111111 4 I I I 111111111111 I I I I IIIIIIiilli .lournel A I E.1.; II II illitilltil litl 11.111,1ill 11111 ilillli,hti ii , lo .11' :1111111,1'1,11t1IJIIIIIIN!II. ,,i1111,

A. I. E.E.PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL.Publishedmonthly. An engineeringperiodical containing discussions as presented in full or in abstractengineering and theoretical of now developments before meetingsof the Institute and its papers and characterized by Sections and Branches;descriptions Institute and otherorganizations. notable advances, anditems relating to the Subscription price: activities of the count; a special discount$10.00 peryear.Agents, publishers and or public libraries. of 50 per cent isallowed on single dealers are allowed 20per wtnt dis- subscriptions receiveddirectly from (.1,11ege Postage to Canadaon annual subscription (Postage shouldnot be included when $0.50 additional,and to foreign Countries, computing discounts.) $1.00. TRANSACTIONS.Publishedannually. Contains such ofthe technical and elsewhereas are selected andpapers and reports publishedby the Institute in the technical authorized by the the JOURNAL papers.The TRANSACTIONS Publication Committee;also the discussions engineering. form a permanentrecord of the on Current volume progress of electrical binding. may be purchased bynon-members at $10.00 (Prices for halfmorocco bound copies furnished per year in eitherpaper or cloth Available volumesof the TRANSACTIONS on request.) prices.The volumes in published prior to1921 may be obtained Discounts allowedstock and prices willbe suppliedupon request. at reduced tion agents 50 on the current volumeare as follows: 20 per cent to college andpublic libraries per cent to publishers andsubscrip- upon direct subscriptionto. Institute headquarters. SEPARATE PAPERSAND DISCUSSIONS. Most of therecent papers and separately at thefollowing prices: discussions containedin the TRANSACTIONS or more copies of Single copies ofany paper, usually with can be furnished any paper, each $0.40. discussion, $0.50.Five A discount of 20per cent to publishers above prices toInstitute members and subscriptionagents; 50 per cent is and college and publiclibraries. allowed from the A. I. E. E.STANDARDS. The work of revisionof the A. I. E. E. now reached a stage where Standards which hasbeen in progress for Board of Directors and a large number of sectionsof the Standards have several years has are available in pamphletform, as follows: been approved bythe General Principles UponWhich Temperature Machinery, ($.20);Direct -Current Generators Limits are Basedin the Ratingof Electrical chines in General,(.40); Alternators, and Motors andDirect -Current (.40); Synchronous Synchronous Motorsand Synchronous Commutator Ma- Converters, (.40);Direct -Current and Machines in General, Power Metors, (.30);Railway Motors, (.30); Alternating -CurrentFractional Horse (.40); InstrumentTransformers, (.30); Transformers, InductionRegulators and Reactors, Mine LocomotiveControl Apparatus, Industrial ControlApparatus, (.40); Gap Switches, (.30); (.40); Oil CircuitBreakers, (.30); Railway Control and (.30); Telegraphy and Telephony,(.30); Disconnecting and Horn Electric Arc WeldingApparatus, (.40); Storage Batteries,(.20);Illumination, sulators, (.30); Symbolsfor Electrical EquipmentElectric ResistanceWelding Apparatus, A discount of 50% is of Buildings, (.20); (.30); In- allowed to Institutemembers. Wires and Cables(.40). MARINE RULESOF THE A.I. E. E. Recommended practise for the equipment of electrical installationson shipboard, drawn merchant ships with electricalapparatus for lighting,up to serve as a guidefor and power, but notincluding propulsion.The rules indicate signalling, communication practise with referenceto safety of the personnel what is consideredthe best engineering bility of the apparatus. and of the shipitself, as well The Marine Rulesare intended to supplement as reliability and dura- which should be followedwherever applicable. the Standards ofthe A. I. E. E. $1.00. Edition of 1921.Price per copy, (Discount of 25 per cent flexible linencover, allowed to members,libraries, publishers, purchasers of ten ormore copies.) subscription agents,and YEAR BOOK OFTHE A. Y. E. E. A directory, published betical order, the annually in March, of themembership of the names, occupations and addressesof all members. A. I. E. E.Gives in alpha- in geographical order. The Year Book contains The membership isalso listed activities bf the Institute,including the Constitutiongeneral informationregarding the the various committees, and By -Laws, lists scope and governing body, etc.Price per copy, of Sections andBranches, Discount of 20 per cent topublishers and subscription linen cover, $2.00. libraries.Single copies will be supplied agents; 50 per centto college and public to members withoutcharge upon application. American Instituteof ElectricalEngineers 33 West Thirty-ninthStreet, NewYork, N. Y.

1111111111111111111111111111111111111.IIIIIIII 111111 111111 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIII IIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II 1111111 1111111 111 ll IIIII IIIII II I IIIIII I II II I I IIIII 111111 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIiIII II IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiI 1111111 IIIII IIIII Please mention the JOURNAL IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUNIIIIIIUUI9E of the A. I. E. E.when writingto advertisers. I: ADVERTISING SE( 'T I( Feb.1926

Cable Insurance terminal de- secured through effective FOUR -CONDUCTOR vices representsthe best engineering 4 DOA TERmtral. FOR a MOUNTING ON CROSS - practise of today.When such devices & 6 ends of lead .11K ARMS areproperly applied to the 6 11, sheathed cables they protecttheinsu- Ja , \ lation from moistureand electrostatic discharges and preventloss of time and moneythrough cable breakdowns. STANDARD Outdoor (DOA) andIndoor (DS)Terminals have their protectivefeatures developedand perfected beyond anyother terminals onthe market.The effectivenessofthesefeatures has been demonstrated by many yearsof service under all sortsof climatic conditions.STANDARD Terminals arealso convenient to install, cheap tomaintain, and have disconnectingfeatures which make for flexibility inoperation. If interested in cable insurancewrite our nearest ofice Standard Underground CableCo. DETROIT KANSAS CITY NEW YORK ATLANTA WASHINGTON CHICAGO BOSTON ST. LOUIS LOS ANGELES SAN FRANCISCO PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURGH SEATTLE ONT. FOR CANADA: STANDARD UNDERGROUNDCABLE CO., OF CANADA, LIMITED, HAMILTON,

ELECTRICALCABLES of DISTINCTION!

Aoxe C.,21

&4.( kY(' dtel ct&ec& ACC° 0-`e 'N'tele e\ e ,1 e.NNe'N'\e' X5%-e k.e.,\'`I'A - 0.0. 'c". 'z5 .Ve:1'21.c Ile & 54 c ''sx,0<.(ec\)S en 1 eNq4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, \' 'C'e4\3°°\i''Ca- NAel'211 ec.kso 56N no. ',Cee'14.\\ ,i,NooNN't 'cc" '14 V.° ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,oretC,0 , % \ o e' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, In 'c'')\e \'''`C'sco& ) ,149:0 R ,,,,,,

Pleasemention the JOURNAL of the A.I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. .1I)VERTISINti til.:("1.14)N .11inriial .1.I is I.: 1711MMMIIHM MOM IP MOM Hloh.,IiliIMMO HMIIII1111111IM Hm Min MOM! M M1M wit,PaNWOIPM,HRMI,W West I FibreVirginia Board I

a a I -N a BOARD For ElectricalInsulation I -N Boardhas been testedand approved by theUnderwriters' Labora- tories for electricalinsulation. This board hasa very high tensile and LAVA dielectric strengthand is being used successfully bymany electricalmanu- Insulators facturers whoare finding it a decided Insulators that require factor for fine threading, economy. small perforations,special forms, andyet must be mechanically Pulp Products strong and heatre- Department sistant can best bemanufactured of lava. West VirginiaPulp & PaperCompany 502 Dime Rank Bldg.200 Fifth Avenue AMERICAN LAVACORPORATION Detroit, Mich. 732 Sherman Street New York. N.Y. Chicago. Iii. 27-67 Williamson Street Chattanooga Tennessee Manufacturers of Heat ResistantInsulators ifflaillafflafflaaaaaimiiiinimminiummaaiolimmaiimmiamiaimaiimmummionatholutoomanatiammathiniiinaffluam ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. TRUMBULL Y-26 High -HeatMica Plate 3 ELECTRICAL SHEETS For High TemperatureInsulation Possesses all the advantagesof natural mica for insu- for years have stoodthe most exacting lating heating appliances. tests 2 Is more economical, partic- a of scores of the largestmotor, dynamo, generator, ularly when used in thelarger units. 5E and radio builders in theUnited States. Supplied in sheetsup to 30" x 42", in thicknesses often -mils or over.Can be cut or punched Our Engineering Department to any form. E. is at your service. Ft. =---- Send for samples and = Write us concerning prices. -3 your requirements. Y-26 '2 I- E

.-. THE TRUMBULL STEELCOMPANY NEW ENGLAND MICACO. .=,_- Mills, Laboratories and General Offices ,4, ,,,,--i...;=;...,-4' Waltham 54, Mass. WARREN --. -2_ --f- New York Office - 220 Broadway OHIO Y. ALL FORMS OF MICA FORELECTRICAL PURPOSES 11111111llifi fi fi 5 0 1

E - ! _ = "IRVINGTON"PRODUCTS F: Black and Yellow for -is Varnished Cambric MANUFACTURING STANDARDS Varnished Paper 3 Varnished Silk :72 SALES DEMONSTRATION ANDDISPLAY USE IN LITIGATION Flexible VarnishedTubing

Insulating Varnishes Experimental Development under ClientSupervision and Compounds "Cellulak" Tubes andSheets MANUFACTURERS' & INVENTORS' f.- ELECTRIC CO. E- IRVI/iGTON VARNISHU INSULATOR e. (Smith Building) R. :-; es E IrvinOton,Ne2lelersey.-0 228 Wt Broadway, N. Y. City E- Incorporated 1897 Sales Representatives in allprincipal cities E 7.1 Thaffiaaitimiliamanninionommammanamamaimmaamanamiliniimnitamifflaaminimatiffluilimanig Faiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinowiiiiimourniiithill.mmumumminiimmilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiminioniourn..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,thia Please mention the JOURNAL of theA. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 45 ADVERTISING SECTION Feb. 1926

Irtitern Electric in 1877

Part of the Western Electric of today. The great telephone factory at Chicago.

GrownGreatrihroughService THE men of history grew ple idea-to make thebest tele- great according tothe mea- phones and telephoneequip- sure of theirservice.So with ment thathuman skill could institutions. build. Western Electric is an indus- In our work for theBellTele- trial institution whose growth phone System, our idealstoday is no miracle, but the resultof are the same asthose that have greater service.Nearly half a guided us for nearly fifty years- century ago it started on asim- to grow greaterby serving more. Slalom Electric SINCE 1882 MANUFACTURERS FORTHE BELL SYSTEM Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E.: E. when writing toadvertisers.. \ I \ ICH I N;( S ECT I ON Intl .1.I.I.; I.'

' I HHIMSII II I II I II II I IIII I Li II 1 I I I II I I II II I I II II I III III II I II III III III 111110111111111111111111111111111111111 I I l III I IIII IIlls THE ROWAN A.C.STARTING SWITCH ISIurievani Electric Mo PUSH BUTTONOPERATED or OIL IMMERSED -A. C. and D. C.; single andpolyphase-- builtin a sizes from small fractional a to250horse-power-designed to operate undera constantfullload where uninterruptedservice is demanded. B. F. STURTEVANTCOMPANY = HYDE PARK, BOSTON, MASS. E -. E

For Power Factor 55.1 % Special Purposes Efficiency 80.1 % at Full Load

FOR STARTING AND STOPPINGSMALL SQUIRREL CAGE 5 H. P, 28 poles, MOTORS THAT CAN BETHROWN ACROSS 250RPM, 3 -phase, THE LINE 60 -cycle, 220 volts Squirrel Cage Motor Noiseless Write for information CHANDEYSSON ELECTRICCOMPANY Mo. Pac. Ry. and Bingham Ave. St. Louie, Mo.

al I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I

Trade "ESCO" Mark ELECTRIC SPECIALTYCO liesentPOWEII Engineers and Manufacturers DESIGN- DEVELOP - PRODUCE Small Motors, Generators,Dynamotors, Motor Generators, RotaryConverters, Etc. FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES Send Us Your Problems

222 South Street STAMFORD,CONN., U.S.A.a

ffionsonsissossfflossisussossarsissusississisisinsisissisissississisisismilsislisissisosussossisiinsusussusssusussinii7

You get exceptional Reserve Power in every Master Motor at no increase in cost.Write us for details. THE MASTER ELECTRIC COMPANY Linden and Master Ases. DAYTON. OHIO BALL BEARINGs

STOCKS CARRIED IN PRINCIPAL CITIES for electric motors Because wear isnegligible,Super -Strom Ball GUARANTEED Bearings insure the maintenance of uniform airt: MASTER MOTORS gap.Requiring small bearing space, they permit .=7 a more compact design.By eliminating oil leak-E age, they reduce maintenance costs. E." Y8" 7y2 " MASTERLess than 40° Marlin -Rockwell Corporation, successorto Ohio STROM BALL BEARING MFG. CO. 4895 Palmer Street, Chicago Please mention the JOURNAL of theA. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION Feb. 1926 ale FinestPencil witAtAeFinestRubber IF you require pencils with erasers for youroffice use-you can employthe same unsurpassed VENUS Pencil Quality so long preferredin the leading drafting rooms. WHEN the ElectroDynamic Polyphase There can be no more satisfactory and econo- Induction motor was firstconceived, it was mical pencil for free -hand sketching, general writing our determination toproduce a motor asdepend- and figuring than the VENUS with highgrade tip able as human ingenuity andpractical limitations and rubber as illustrated below. would permit.A motor so welldesigned, electrically and mechanically, of suchsturdy construc- No. 3820 Venus with tip and rubber tion, of such expert workmanship,that it would be in 14 degrees -3B to 9H practically trouble -free and fool-proof. At stationers and stores everywhere Our engineers will be glad toexplain to you the American Lead Pencil Company many distinctivefeatures that mean absolutede- 204 Fifth Avenue New York pendability and true economy. and London, Eng. ELECTRO DYNAMICCOMPANY (Est. 1880) BAYONNE, N. J. Manufacturers of 4. C. and D. C. Motorsand Generators. A to 1000 H.P. ENUS

Star Ball BearingMotors PENCILS For Hard Usage

A. C. and D.C. Complete line of standard motors and generators, all sizes up to 75 h.p. and 50 kw. respectively. Our Engineering Department at your service for all special applications STAR ELECTRIC MOTOR CO. NEWARK, NEW JERSEY

1- Why Buy a MOTOR GENERATOR SET when a MARTIN ROTARY does the work? No. 3820 10% BETTER EFFICIENCY 3 and VENUS 100% POWER FACTOR with tip Sizes 134 KW to 50 KW and rubber with control panel. To con- vertfrom any voltage AC to any desired voltage DC. 14 Degrees INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES 3B to 9H BATTERY CHARGING S. MOTION PICTURES The World's What is your problem? finest pencil NORTHWESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY g-.7- for general F.: Also Mfrs. of "AK" Variable Speed A. C. Motors 409 So. Hoyne Avenue use E- CHICAGO, ILL. g niiiiinuiniumuniiiimmiliumnimisimmiumiiminummoimminiumuminummitimiiiiiiiiimmintiviiimoutiontiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimila Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I.E. E. when writing to advertisers. ADVEICHSINI; SI.:(71(IN

111111111111/111i11111111,0111111i111111111111111111 PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING DIRECTORY - For Consultants in the Fields of Engineering,and Related Arts and Sciences

1..%tabIsshed 1857 WALTER G. CLARK THOMAS FRANCIS FLYNN ALEXANDER & DOWELL Consulting Engineer Engineer Specializing in Public UtilityIndustrial Attorneys at Law Electrical, Mining and Industrial Mining Problems Reports Rates Cases Inventories PATENT, TRADEMARK AND Supervision of Organization and Arrange- Capitalization Cases Investigations COPYRIGHT CASES ments for Financing Reports Valuations Plant Construction and Management LOS ANGELES NEW YORK 909 F Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 1211 Insurance Exch. Bldg. 40 Wall St. Formerly with Public Service Commission of ALBANY New York State N. Y. AMBURSEN DAMS EDWARD E. CLEMENT Hydroelectric Developments Fellow A. I. E. E. FORD, BACON & DAVIS Water Supply and Irrigation Dams Attorney and Expert Incorporated DAMS ON DIFFICULT FOUNDATIONS in Patent Causes ENGINEERS AMBURSEN CONSTRUCTION CO. Soliciting, Consultation, Reports, Incorporated Opinions 115 Broadway, New York Grand Central Terminal, New York McLachlen Bldg. Washington, D. C. Kansas City, Mo. Atlanta, Ga. 700 10th St., N. W. Philadelphia Chicago San Francis,u

THE AMERICAN APPRAISAL CO. Valuations and Reports C. E. CLEWELL FRANK F. FOWLE & CO. of Consulting Engineer Public utility, industrial and all other properties Municipal Street Lighting Systems Electrical and Mechanical Rate Cases Condemnation Suits Factory and Office Lighting Engineers Reorganizations Liquidations NEW YORK MILWAUKEE 1896 And Principal Cities 1926 PHILADELPHIA MONADNOCK BUILDING CHICAGO

W. S. BARSTOW & COMPANY FREYN ENGINEERING COMPANY Incorporated HAROLD A. DANNE Industrial Electric Power Financial and Operating Generation-Application-Purchase Managers of LIGHT AND POWER Combustion Engineering Public Utilities Electric Furnace Installations 50 Pine Street New York 41 PARK ROW CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA NEW YORK 310 South Michigan Ave. 1500 Chestnut St.

BATTEY & KIPP DAY & ZIMMERMANN, Inc. VAL. A. FYNN Incorporated Engineers Consulting Engineer ENGINEERS Specializing in designing, solving manufac- Power Plants, Sub -Stations, turing difficulties, appraising value of inven- Transmission Lines,Industrial Plants tions, developing novel ideas, advising on Complete Industrial Plants Examinations and Reports, Valuations, all patent matters. Power Plants & Electrical Installations Management of Public Utilities Engineering Reports, Analyses & Appraisals Service to Manufacturers, Patent Attorneys 1600 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA and Capitalists. 123 W. Madison Street CHICAGO New York Chicago Boatmen's Bank Bldg. ST. LOUIS, MO.

BLACK & VEATCH Fellow A. I. E. E Member A. S. M. E. M. H. GERRY, JR. Consulting Engineers W. N. DICKINSON Consulting Engineer Water, Steam and Electric Power Investiga- Consulting Analyst Electrical Transmission of Power tions, Design, Supervision of Construction, BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING Hydroelectric Developments Valuation and Tests. Steam and Diesel Plants PROJECTS ANALYZED Industrial Applications Mutual Building KANSAS CITY, MO. Aeolian Hall, 33 W. 42nd St., New York City 1107 Hobart Building San Francisco

BYLLESBY DAVID V. FENNESSY ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT L. F. HARZA CORPORATION Consulting Power Engineer 231 S. La Salle Street HYDRO -ELECTRIC ENGINEER CHICAGO New York San Francisco MILLS BUILDING EL PASO, TEXAS Monadnock Bldg. Chicago

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Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 49 Fob. 19121; ADVERTISING SECTION PROFESSIONALENGINEERINGDIRECTORY For Consultants in the Fields of Engineeringand Related Arts and Sciences

HOOSIER ENGINEERING CO. N. J. NEALL SCOFIELD ENGINEERING CO. Engineers Consulting Engineer Consulting Erectors of Power Stations Gas Works Transmission Lines and Substations for Hydraulic Developments Electric Railways Electrical and Industrial Properties Examinations & Reports Valuations 325 South New Jersey Street BOSTON, MASS. Philadelphia INDIANAPOLIS INDIANA 12 PEARL STREET

ELECTRIC HEATING ENGINEERS NEILER, RICH & CO. J. E. SIRRINE & COMPANY Electricity applied for heating air, water, Engineers oils, chemicals, compounds, ovens, Electrical and Mechanical dryers, and industrial processes. TextileMills;Hydro -ElectricDevelop- Engineers ments; Tobacco Products Plants; Cotton, High voltage and large capacity work a Tobacco and General Warehousing; Indus- specialty. Utilization of surplus and off peak Consulting, Designing and power.Temperature and remote control. trial Housing; Steam Power Plants; Steam Consulting-Manufacturing-Erecting Supervising Utilization. Greenville Chattanooga Hynes & Cox Electric Corporation 431 So. Dearborn St. - - -Chicago South Carolina Tennessee 406 North Pearl Street, Albany, N. Y.

Dugald C. Jackson OPHULS & HILL, Inc. Edward L. Moreland Formerly Ophuls, Hill & McCreery, Inc. JOHN A. STEVENS JACKSON & MORELAND CONSULTING ENGINEERS CONSULTING POWER ENGINEER 112-114 WEST 42nd ST.,NEW YORK CITY CONSULTING ENGINEERS 8 Merrimack Street Ice Making and Refrigeration MASSACHUSETTS 31 St. James Ave. Boston, Mass. Investigations and Reports LOWELL

Patent Law - Electrical - General PUBLIC SERVICE STEVENS & WOOD Radio, Television, Photoelectric Cells, Tele- graphy, Automatic Telephony, Measuring, PRODUCTION COMPANY INCORPORATED Selecting Systems, Supervisory Control, etc. Engineers and Constructors LUTHER JOHNS Design and Construction of Power Plants, Engineers and Constructors Patent, Trademark and Copyright Lawyer Substations and Industrial Plants Examinations and Reports, Valuation and 120 BROADWAY, NEW YORK JOHN E. GARDNER, Associate Management of Public Utilities Youngstown, 0. First National Bank Bldg. Chicago 80 PARK PLACE NEWARK, N. J.

E. S. LINCOLN Inventions Developed William M. Stockbridge Victor D. Borst Patents Sold or Purchased Consulting Electrical Engineer STOCKBRIDGE & BORST Designs Investigations Reports RADIO PATENTS CORP. Patent Lawyers Electrical Research Laboratory Incorporated 1917 NEW YORK CITY 534 Congress St. PORTLAND, MAINE 247 Park Avenue New York City 41 PARK ROW

J. N. MAHONEY Dwight P. Robinson & Company STONE & WEBSTER Consulting Engineer Incorporated Incorporated Fellow A. I. E. E. Mem. Am. Soc. M. E. Design and Construct Examinations Reports Appraisals Design, Supervision, Specifications, Reports Power Plants, Hydro -Electric De- on Specialist in Electrical Power Switching and Industrial and Public Service ProtectiveEquipment,Industrialand velopments, IndustrialPlants, Railway Control and Brake Railroad Shops and Terminals Properties Equipment NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO 615 -77th STREET BROOKLYN, N. Y. Chicago New York Los Angeles

MCCLELLAN & JUNKERSFELD SANDERSON & PORTER PERCY H. THOMAS Incorporated ENGINEERS Consulting Engineer Engineering and Construction Power Developments-Industrial Plants PUBLIC UTILITIES & INDUSTRIALS ELECTRIC POWER Electrifications-Examinations Design Construction Management Generation Transmission Reports-Valuations Examinations Reports Valuations - NEW YORK Applications 68 Trinity Place 120 BROADWAY NEW YORK Chicago St. Louis Washington Chicago New York San Francisco

W. E. MOORE & CO. SARGENT & LUNDY ADDITIONAL CARDS Engineers Incorporated Plans and Specifications for Mechanical and Electrical ON Hydroelectric and Steam Power Plants Engineers IndustrialPlants and Electric Furnaces 1412 Edison Bldg., 72 West Adams Street NEXT PAGE Union Bank Building Pittsburgh, Pa. CHICAGO ILLINOIS

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THE U. G. I. CONTRACTING CO. THE J. G. WHITE J. G. WRAY & CO. Engineers & Constructors ENGINEERING CORPORATION Engineers J. G. Wray, Fellow A.I.E,E. Cyrus G. Hill Power Developments, Industrial Plants, Gas Engineers-Constructors Plants, Transmission Systems, Appraisals Oil Refineries and Pipe Lines, Utilities and Industrial Properties Steam and Water Power Plants, Appraisals ConstructionRate Surveys Broad & Arch Sts., PHILA., PA. Transmission Systems, Hotels, Apartments, Plans OrganizationEstimates 421 Peoples Gas 928 Union Trust Offices and Industrial Buildings, Railroads Financial Investigations Management Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. 43 EXCHANGE PLACE NEW YORK 1217 First National Bank Bldg..Chicago

E Rudolf Wildermann, E. E. E g VIELE, BLACKWELL & BUCK E.. Dr. 0. B. Zwingenberger --1- E.-- Engineers To be printed in the following If. E Designs and Construction Wilderrnann & Zwingenberger g- 3 issue, copy for cards must be f - Hydroelectric and Steam Power Plants -E E Transmission Systems Industrial Plants PATENT ATTORNEYS 2 received by the 20th of the month. g Reports Appraisals .74 160 Fifth Ave. sE. 1 49 WALL STREET NEW YORK New York a im i

;_NIMICIMI1111191111:111111M1111111111111111111411111111111111111111111111111!IIVIIIIIRIIIIIIPAIR!n11:li!!'l ELECTRICAL Inspections - Tests - Research Tests may be used by the purchaser for the following purposes: TESTING (1)To determine the quality of competing samples.This enables the purchase of the best quality for the money, LABORATORIES (2)To make sure that shipments comply with specifications,This makes possible the assurance to the customer that shipments match buying samples, 80th Street and East End Ave. (3)To furnish an impartial decision in case of disputes between purchaser and manufacturer, NEW YORK Testing places the whole bu)ing problem on a sound basis.

Science Abstracts electrical engineers actively engaged in the practice of theirpro- ALLfession should subscribe to "Science Abstracts." Published monthly by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, in association with the Physical Society of London, and with the cooperation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Physical Society and the American Electrochemical Society, they constitute an invaluable reference library. Through "Science Abstracts" engineers are enabled to keep in touch with engineering progress throughout the world, as one hundred and sixty publications, in various languages, are regularly searched and abstracted."Science Abstracts" are published in two sections, as follows: "A"-PHYSICS-deals with electricity, magnetism, light, heat, sound, astromony, chemical physics. "B"-ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-deals withelectrical plant, power transmission, traction, lighting, telegraphy, telephony, wireless telegraphy, prime movers, engineering materials, electrochemistry. Through special arrangement, members of the A.I.E.E Subscriptions should start with the January issue. may subscribe to "Science Abstracts" at the reduced rate The first volume was issued in 1S9S.Back numbers are of $5.00 for each section, and 510 for both.Rates to non- available, and further information regarding these can be members are $7.50 for each section and 51 2 . 5 0 for both. obtained upon application to Institute headquarters. American Institute of Electrical Engineers 33 West 39th street, Newt l ork

Is your name on our Morganite mailing list Weganite Brush Co., Inc. for bulletins and catalog? 519 W. 38th St. New York *: IlrUSheS\s \\\-, Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1.F.. E. when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISINU SE("I'ION Feb. 1026

ACME WIRE PRODUCTS Complete Armature of 3 Horse Power Century Type SC Motor Armatures That Stay in Service Armatures of Century Squirrel Cage Polyphase Induction Motors areas- sembled into a rigid unit that gives years of continuous uninterrupted service. 1.All materials entering the armature construction are liberally propor- tioned. .012" BLACK CABLE TAPE 2, Armature laminationsareaccu- rately stamped from highest grade Designed for high tension steel annealed sheets. cable construction ; works per- 3, Conductor bars are cut from com- fectlyontapingmachines. mercially pure drawn copper of Our standard cloth construc- generous cross section.High con- tion,68 x72threads per ductivity and ample mechanical square inch. strength are assured. Has high dielectric strength 4, End rings in the I., horsepower and larger sizes are of channel -section anduniformlylow power copper. punched toreceive the factor.Aging quality excep- conductor bars and are brazed to tionally good. them over an area equal to about Continuous rolls without splices. six times the cross sectional area of the bars. We also furnish .005, .006, 5, Sheetsteelfansprovide ample .007, .008, .009 and .010 for ventilation under all operating con- other types of cables. ditions. Cable tapes are furnished in Built in all standard sizes from LI any specified widths and di- to 50 horse power.Temperature rise not more than 40' Centigrade. ameters; or, the cambric can Send for form No. 536 and Bulletin be supplied in 36 -inch rolls. No.38 describing Century Squirrel Cage Inducticn Polyphase Motors. Ask for Catalog 3A. Century Electric Company 1806 Pine St. St. Louis, Mo. THE ACME WIRE CO. For More Than 22 Years at St. Louis Main Office and Plant NEW HAVEN, CONN. New York, 52 Vanderbilt Ave. Chicago, 427 West Erie St. Boston, 80 Federal Street Cleveland, Guardian Bldg. i4 to 50 H. P. 1.to 50 H. P.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 52 A nil I\ I I.:. Classified Advertiser'sIndex for Buyers Manufacturers and agents for machineryand supplies used in the electrical and allied industries. Note: For reference to the Advertisementssee the Alphabetical List of Advertisers on page 58. AIR COMPRESSORS COILS, CHOKE Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee FARM LIGHTING GENERATORS Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh AIR COMPRESSOR FILTERS burgh FIBRE Midwest Air Filters, Inc., Bradford, Pa. COILS, MAGNET Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Spray Engineering Co., Boston Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. National Vulcanized Fibre Co., Wilmington, AIR FILTERS, COOLING Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Del. Midwest Air Filters, Inc., Bradford, Pa. Dudlo Mfg. Corp., Ft. Wayne, FIRE PROTECTION APPARATUS Spray Engineering Co., Boston General Electric Co., Schenectady Kidde & Co., Inc., Walter, New York AIR WASHERS Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- FLOW METERS burgh Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York Spray Engineering Co., Boston CONDENSATION PRODUCTS Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston General Electric Co., Schenectady Bakelite Corporation, New York Spray Engineering Co., Boston ALARMS, TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE CONDENSERS, COUPLING FURNACES, ELECTRIC Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York For Carrier Current Telephone General Electric Co., Schenectady AMMETER COMPENSATING COILS Dubilier Condenser & Radio Corp., NewYork Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., Boston burgh CONDENSERS, RADIO FUSES AMMETER, VOLTMETERS Dubilier Condenser & Radio Corp., NewYork Enclosed Refillable (See INSTRUMENTS, ELECTRICAL) General Electric Co., Schenectady General Radio Co., Cambridge, Mass. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities ANCHORS, GUY Pacent Electric Co., New York Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis CONDENSERS, STEAM burgh ANNUNCIATORS, AUDIO -VISIBLE Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Enclosed Non -Refillable Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities BALANCING MACHINES, STATIC DYNAMIC burgh Olsen Testing Mach. Co.,Tinius, Phila- CONDUIT, UNDERGROUND FIBRE Open Link delphia General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn N. Y. BATTERY CHARGING APPARATUS CONNECTORS, SOLDERLESS Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. Dossert & Co., New York Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Fansteel Products Co., Inc., North Chicago Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities lligh Tension General Electric Co., Schenectady Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt.Vernon, N.Y. burgh Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities CONNECTORS AND TERMINALS GEARS, FIBRE Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago burgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. National Vulcanized Fibre Co., Wilmington, BEARINGS, BALL Burndy Engineering Co., Inc., New York Del. Marlin -Rockwell Corp., Chicago Dossert & Co., New York GENERATORS AND MOTORS New Departure Mfg. Co., The, Bristol, Conn. G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Norma -Hoffmann Bearings Corp., Stamford, Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Conn. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Century Electric Co., St. Louis Standard Steel & Bearings, Inc., Plainville, burgh Conn. CONTACTS, TUNGSTEN Chandeysson Electric Co., St. Louis BEARINGS, ROLLER Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. Fansteel Products Co., Inc., North Chicago Electro-Dynamic Co., Bayonne, N. J. Timken Roller Bearing Co., The, Canton, 0. General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady BOXES, FUSE CONTROL SYSTEMS Master Electric Co., The, Dayton, 0. General Electric Co., Schenectady Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Northwestern Electric Co., Chicago Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. CONTROLLERS Star Electric Motor Co., Newark, N. J. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities General Electric Co., Schenectady Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston Westinghouse Elec.& Mfg.Co.,Pitts- Rowan Controller Co., Baltimore Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis burgh Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities BOXES, JUNCTION Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- G & W Elec. Specialty Co., Chicago Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities burgh Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- GENERATING STATION EQUIPMENT Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh burgh Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee BRUSHES, COMMUTATOR CONVERTERS-SYNCHRONOUS Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Carbon Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee General Electric Co., Schenectady Morganite Brush Co., Inc., New York Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities National Carbon Co., Inc., Cleveland Northwestern Electric Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts burgh burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- GROUND RODS Copper Graphite burgh Copperweld Steel Co., Rankin, Pa. Morganite Brush Co., Inc., New York COOLING PONDS Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities National Carbon Co., Inc., Cleveland Spray Engineering Co., Boston Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- COPPER CLAD WIRE HEADLIGHTS burgh Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. BUS BAR FITTINGS Copperweld Steel Co., Rankin, Pa. HEATERS, INDUSTRIAL Burndy Engineering Co., Inc., New York Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Electrical Dev. & Mach. Co., Philadelphia CUT-OUTS Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., S. Boston burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady INDICATORS, LOAD burgh G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York CABLE ACCESSORIES Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. INDICATORS, SPEED Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Roller -Smith Co., New York Dossert & Co., New York Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- INDICATORS, WATER LEVEL Electrical Dev. & Mach. Co., Philadelphia burgh Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago DIMMERS, THEATRE General Electric Co., Schenectady Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. INSTRUMENTS, ELECTRICAL Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago DYNAMOS Graphic Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh (SeeGENERATORS AND MOTORS) Bristol Co., The, Waterbury, Conn. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities DYNAMOTORS Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. CABLES Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg. Co., SeeES AND CABLES) Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. Ltd., Toronto, Ont. CABLEWAYS ELECTRIFICATION SUPPLIES, STEAM General Electric Co., Schenectady American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago ROAD Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh CAMBRIC, VARNISHED Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, Ohio Indicating Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. Irvington Varnish & Ins. Co., Irvington, N. J. burgh Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg. Co., CARRIER CURRENT TELEPHONE EQUIP- ENGINEERS,CONSULTING AND CON- Ltd., Toronto, Ont. MENT TRACTING General Electric Co., Schenectady Dubilier Condenser & Radio Corp., NewYork (See PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities DIRECTORY) Roller -Smith Co., New York Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., Boston ENGINES Gas &Gasoline Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- CIRCUIT BREAKERS Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee burgh Air-Enclosed Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston Weston Elec. Inst. Corp., Newark, N. J. Cutter Co., The, Philadelphia Oil Integrating Roller -Smith Co., New York Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Duncan Elec. Mfg. Co., Lafayette, Ind. Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Steam Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg. Co., Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Oil Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston General Electric Co., Schenectady Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston FANS, MOTOR Roller -Smith Co., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Century Electric Co., St. Louis Sangamo Elec. Co., Springfield, Ill. Pacific Electric Mfg. Co., San Francisco General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Star Electric Motor Co., Newark, N. J. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston burgh CLAMPS, GUY & CABLE Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Radio Burndy Engineering Co., Inc., New York Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Radio Co., Cambridge, Mass. Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis burgh Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago Please mention theJOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. p

53 Feb. 192(3 ADVERTISING SECTION

liagne1Wire andWinta0 Produced by experienced Dudlo operators throughout. from the first drawing of the copper rod to the final testof the finished coil. Dudlo products possess qualities that earn for them mostfavorable consideration.With a largeorganization devoted to a special line of products.

Dudlo can produce wire and coils that not only will serve your requirements best, but will af- fordyou a substantial saving over those pro- Dudloservice induced in limited cludes the engineering quantities by small talent of a highly devel- departments. oped and specialized character. which will assist you in designing windings best suited to your unit.Manufacturing methods andspecialmachinery developed by Dudlo engineers and exhaustive research and tests of raw materials, insure you afinished product of decided superiority at reasonable expense. Let us figure on your requirements forIgnition.Radio.Telephone. Transformers. X -Rayor any similar type windings-Bare enameled, silk or cotton magnet wire. Antenna wire-Litzendraht wire. DUDLO 11"1k Manufacturing Corporation Ft. Wane, Ind. \\*

,..0N1111,11123.NZ 4111Niii t4 Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. ri I I. K. K. Classified Advertiser'sIndex for BuyersContinued IN STRU M F NTS, ELECTRICAL GIL SP.PARA TOR & l'URI1.1h1(S SUB SIAII(11Sh Repairing and Testing DeLaval Separator Co., The, New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Electrical Testing Laboratories, NewYork Sharpies Specialty Co., The, Philadelphia Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh Scientift,, Laboratory, Testing burgh SWITCHBOARDS General Electric Co., Schenectady PANEL BOARDS Allis-Chalmers WK. Co., Milwaukee Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago (See SWITCHBOARDS) Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. PATENT ATTORNEYS General Electric Co., Schenectady Roller -Smith Co., New York (See PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING Metropolitan Device Corp. Brooklyn, N. Y. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities DIRECTORY) Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- PLUGS Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago burgh Weston Elec. Inst. Corp., Newark, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady SWITCHES Automatic Time Telegraph Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg.Co., INSULATING MATERIALS burgh Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Board POLES, STEEL General Electric Co., Schenectady West Va. Pulp & Paper Co., New York American Bridge Co., Pittsburgh Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Cloth Pacific Coast Steel Co., San Francisco Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Acme Wiro Co., New Haven, Conn. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E.Pitts- Irvington Varnish & Ins. Co., Irvington, N.J. POLES --TIES, WOOD burgh Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Disconnecting Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- POTHEADS Burke Electric Co., Erie Pa. burgh Electrical Dev. & Mach. Co., Philadelphia Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Corn position G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago American Lava Corp., Chattanooga Standard Underground CableCo., Pitts- Electrical Dev. & Mach. Co., Philadelphia Bakelite Corporation, New York burgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities K -P -F Electric Co., San Francisco Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- PROTECTIVE DEVICES Matthews Corp., V/. N., St. Louis burgh Metropolitan Device Corp.,Brooklyn, N. Y. Pacific ElectricMfg. Co., San Francisco Compounds Western Electric Co., Allrincipal Cities Thoner & Martens, Boston Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago PULLERS, SLACK Fuse Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities PULLEYS, PAPER Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Fibre Rockwood Mfg. Co., The, Indianapolis Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. National Vulcanized Fibre Co., Wilmington, PUMPS Thoner & Martens, Boston Del. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Knife West Va. Pulp & Paper Co., New York PUMPS, SPIRAL Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Lava Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Bldg. Co., General Electric Co., Schenectady American Lava Corp., Chattanooga, Tenn. The Wm., Philadelphia Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Mica RADIO LABORATORY APPARATUS Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities New England Mica Co., Waltham, Mass. General Radio Co., Cambridge, Mass. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Paper Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. burgh Magnetic Irvington Varnish & Ins. Co., Irvington, N. J. Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. RAILWAY SUPPLIES, ELECTRIC Oil Tullis, Russell & Co. Ltd., London, Eng. General Electric Co., Schenectady Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Silk Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. General Electric Co., Schenectady Acme Wire Co.' New Haven, Conn. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Pacific Electric Mfg. Co. San Francisco Irvington Varnish & Ins. Co., Irvington, N. J. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities TaPe burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago REACTORS burgh Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Remote Control Okonite Co., The, Passaic, N. J. RECTIFIERS Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Fansteel Products Co., Inc., North Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady Rowan ControllerCo.,dewark,altimore burgh Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Sundh Electric Co., N. J. Varnishes Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co. Schenectady REGULATORS, VOLTAGE burgh Irvington Varnish &Ins. Co., Irvington, N. J. Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. TANTALUM

Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Fansteel Products Co., Inc., North Chicago INSULATORS, HIGH TENSION Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities TELEGRAPH APPARATUS Composition Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh TELEPHONE EQUIPMENT Glass " RELAYS Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York Hemingray Glass Co., Muncie, Ind. Cory & Son, Inc., Chas.,New York Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Porcelain Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- TESTING LABORATORIES General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh Electrical Testing Labs., New York Lapp Insulator Co., Inc., LeRoy, N. Y. RESISTOR UNITS TESTING MACHINES, MATERIAL Locke Insulator Corp., Baltimore General Electric Co., Schenectady For Tension, Compression, Ductility, Endurance, Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. etc. Thomas & Sons Co., R., East Liverpool, 0. RHEOSTATS Olsen Testing Machine Co., Tinius, Phila- Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Biddle, James G., Philadelphia delphia Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady TOWERS, TRANSMISSION burgh Post Type Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. American Bridge Co., Pittsburgh Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Pacific Coast Steel Co., San Francisco Electrical Dev. & Mach. Co., Philadelphia Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities INSULATORS, TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- TRANSFORMERS Hemingray Glass Co., Muncie, Ind. burgh Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Western Electric Co.. All Principal Cities ROPE, WIRE American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. LAMP GUARDS American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Duncan Elec. Mfg. Co., Lafayette, Ind. Matthews Corp., W. N. St. Louis Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities SEARCHLIGHTS Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg. Co., LAVA General Electric Co., Schenectady Ltd., Toronto, Ont. American Lava Corp., Chattanooga Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady LIGHTING FIXTURES burgh Kuhlman Electric Co., Bay City, Mich. Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York SHEETS, ELECTRICAL Moloney Electric Co., St. Louis LIGHTNING ARRESTERS Trumbull Steel Co., The, Warren, 0. Pittsburgh Transformer Co., Pittsburgh Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago SOCKETS AND RECEPTACLES Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh Factory burgh burgh SOLENOIDS American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. LOCOMOTIVES, ELECTRIC Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. Kuhlman Electric Co., Bay City, Mich. General Electric Co., Schenectady Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Moloney Electric Co., St. Louis Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Dudlo Mfg. Co., Ft. Wayne, Ind. Pittsburgh Transformer Co., Pittsburgh burgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis METERS, ELECTRICAL Sundh Electric Co. Newark, N. J. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities (SEE INSTRUMENTS, ELECTRICAL) Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Furnace MICA Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee New England Mica Co., Waltham, Mass. burgh American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. MOLDED INSULATION STARTERS, MOTOR Moloney Electric Co., St. Louis Bakelite Corporation, New York Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Pittsburgh Transformer Co.. Pittsburgh Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Metering Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Rowan Controller Co., Baltimore, Md. Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. burgh Sundh Electric Co. Newark, N. J. Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg. Co., MOLYBDENUM Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Fansteel Products Co., Inc., North Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Pittsburgh Transformer Co., Pittsburgh MOTORS burgh Mill Type (See GENERATORS AND MOTORS) STEEL, SHEET & STRIPS Pittsburgh Transformer Co., Pittsburgh OHMMETERS Trumbull Steel Co., The, Warren, 0. Radio Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York STOKERS, MECHANICAL American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston Street Lighting Roller -Smith Co. New York Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Kuhlman Electric Co.' Bay City, Mich. Weston Elec. Instr. Corp., Newark, N. J. burgh Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 55 Feh. 1926

What is Mowlybair Steel?

How Does ItIncrease The Lifeof SRB Ball Bearings? How DoesIt Give GreaterStrength Greater LoadCarrying Capacity -Greater Endurance Than WasEver Before PossibleIn Ball Bearings? 1 The element Molybdenum was found about1800 in Sweden and discovered to be similar to chromium. 2 Molybdenum like chromium increased the hardness and toughness of steel -but with ten times the intensity. 3 The War proved that Molybdenum strengthenedand toughened armour plate. 4 War -time demand for Molybdenum forced a searchfor quantity deposits which were finally found in America. 5 Standard Steel and Bearings Incorporated experimented with Molybdenum for five years to see itit would improve the capabilities of SRB forged balls. 6 Laboratory and service tests showed that the density and exceptionally fine grain of Molybdenum Steel gave SRB forged balls grca er toughness, greater hardness, greater resistance to shocks and greater wearingability than was ever before possible.

Following these experiments SRB Write for our booklet "The Burden put on the market last year the first Bearers" which tells a more com- annular ballbearings containing plete story of SRB forged Molyb- forged Molybdenum Steel balls- denum Steel Balls, and specify SRB offering Industry a shock proof, Annular Ball Bearings so equipped wear proof ball bearing capable of for greater load carrying capacity giving unheard of service, efficiency and durability. and long life. STANDARD STEEL AND BEARINGS INCORPORATED USE SRB BALLBEARINGs31141 CONNECTICUT PLAINVILLE -thval last

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E when writing to advertisers. ADVE RT IS I N SECT I ON 4\. I. E. E.

II III II I 11111 I 11111 11111111111111111 111111 III III III II III III III III III III I I I II I 11111III III III III III II I III II I II III III 111111 111111111111 III III III III II I II I II III III III III 11111 11111111111111 11111 II 11111111 I New ! (Nt NIQUE Popular Research Narratives THIN LEAD Volume 11 Colored 50 STORIES OF BF:SEARCH, INVENTION, AND DISCOVERY Pencils ,z0

Steam Turbo- Generators iamiiuimmiimuiuiiiumiim 111111111111

12,500 k. N%. Steam Turbine Generator Unit complete with Surface Condenser, Turbine -driven Circulating and Condensate Pumps, all of Allis-Chalmers manufacture.

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111 Therelativelylow steam velocities employed in Allis-Chal- mers Steam Turbines combined with low blade velocities and highest type of blade construction insures long blade life and sustained efficiency. Serving Public Utilities Many public service companies testify to the advantages and appreciable savings under the Allis-Chalmers plan of "Undivided Responsibility,- where the manufacturer assumes complete responsibility for the design, building and placing in operation of the principal equipment for the power plant. Complete equipment "from prime mover to switchboard" is built by the Allis- Chalmers organization.This includes all types of prime movers-steam turbines. hydraulic turbines, steam, gas and oil engines, together with complete electrical equipment.Condensers of all types. pumps, air compressors and many other auxiliaries are also supplied.Allis-Chalmers equipment is used in plants of all sizes, and includes some of the largest power units ever built. Let ./Hlis-Chalmers Engineers Serve You.

ALLIS -CHALMERS ...... ALLIS -CHALMERS PRODUCTS PRODUCTS Electrical Machinery Flour and Saw Mill Machinery Steam Turbines LL115CHALME Steam Engines Power Transmission Machinery Gas and Oil Engines MANUFACTURING CO M PA NY p ,_,....E....me-Gaffri ay. 1 1'1.w Hydraulic Turbines Steam and Electric Hoists Crushing and Cement Air Compressors - Aix Brakes Machinery Agricutrural Machinery Mining Machinery MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. U. S.A. Condensers Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. Olsen-Carwen

Static- Dynamic Balancing Machine The Standard for Quality the World Over

The OLSEN-CARWEN indicates unbalance both Special OLSEN-CARWEN machines for balancing statically and dynamicallyinounce inches onArmatures, Turbine Rotors, Crankshafts. indicating dials, together with the angle or planeFlywheels.Pulleys.PropellerShafts.Cutter - of unbalance; and also indicates the axial rotationHeads. etc. of the static unbalance along the length of the rotor.To ELIMINATE VIBRATION and secure per- The OLSEN-CARWEN is built in many sizes tofect balance with speed and economy use take in all types and weights of rotors. THE OLSEN-CARWEN. Sole Manufacturer., TINIUS OLSEN TESTINGMACHINE COMPANY 500 North Twelfth Street,PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ADVERTISERS PA GE PAGE PAGE .Cover 61 Pansies! Products Company, The 34 Okonite-Callender Cable Co., Inc., The . A,m, Wire Comi.1). The . 58 43 Fennessy, David V ...... 48 Olsen Testing Machine Co., Tinius Alezander & Dowell ...... 27 Ophuls & Hill, Inc. 49 Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. 57 Ferranti, Ltd. Ambursen Construction Company, Inc 48 Flynn, Thomas F. 48 Pacent Electric Company, Inc 33 American Appraisal Company, The... 48 Ford, Bacon & Davis, Inc.... . 48 Pacific Coast Steel Company 40 Fowle & Company, Frank F.... Pacific Electric Manufacturing Co. 17 . . . 16 American Bridge Company 48 American Insulated Wire & Cable Co 40 Freyn Engineering Company Pittsburgh Transformer Company . 36 44 Fynn, Val A .. 48 Public Service Production Company... 49 American Lava Corporation . . 42 American Lead Pencil Company 47, 66 G & W Electric Specialty Company. . 37 Publications of A. I. E. E. American Steel & Wire Company 16 General Electric Company ...... 10,12, 13 Radio Patents Corporation 49 American Transformer Company 16 General Radio Company . 33 Robinson & Co., Inc., Dwight P..... 49 Anaconda Copper Mining Company 211 Gerry, M. H., Jr. 48 Roebling's Sons Company, John A 40 Atlantic Insulated Wire & Cable Co 40 Hans, L. F 45 Roller -Smith Company 32 46 Bakelite Corporation 31 Hazard Manufacturing Company . 43 Rowan Controller Company, The. 48 Hemingray Glass Company 38 Sanderson & Porter 49 Barstow & Company, Inc., W. S. 16 Battey & Kipp, Inc ts Hoosier Engineering Company . 49 Sangamo Electric Company Belden Manufacturing Company Back Corer Hynes & Cox Electric Corporation 49 Sargent & Lundy, Inc. 49 43 Irvington Varnish & Insulator Company Science Abstracts 50 Black & Veatch 49 40 JacksonJ & Moreland 49 Scofield Engineering Company..... Boston Insulated Wire & Cable Co. 11 30 ewell Electrical Instrument Company . . 33 Sharpies Specialty Company, The. Bristol Company, The. 28 . 36 . . . . . 49 Simplex Wire & Cable Company ohms, Luther . . .. Burke Electric Company 49 Burndy Engineering Company, Inc 34 erite Insulated Wire & Cable Co., Inc 1 Simne & Co., J. E. . 33 411 Kidde & Company, Inc., Walter Spray Engineering Company...... Byflesby Engineering & Management Corp. 55 SI K -P -F Electric Company .... . 38 Standard Steel & Bearings, Inc . 43 Century Electric Company.... 46 Kuhlman Electric Company 23 Standard Underground Cable Company Chandeysson Electric Company. Lapp Insulator Company, Inc 38 Star Electric Motor Company 47 48 49 Clark, Walter G 48 Lincoln, E. S 49 Stevens, John A Clement, Edward E ts Locke Insulator Corporation. 39 Stevens & Wood, Inc 49 Clewell, C. E . 49 21 Mahoney, J. N 49 Stockbridge & Borst Condit Electrical Manufacturing Corp Manufacturers' & Inventors' Elec. Co 44 Stone & Webster, Inc 2, 49 Copperweld Steel Company 11 46 26 Marlin -Rockwell Corporation 46 Sturtevant, B. F., Company Cory & Son. Inc.. Charles Master Electric Company, The 46 Sundb Electric Company 32 Cramp & Sons. Ship & Engine Bldg.Co.. 49 24 Matthews Corporation, W. N.... . 41 Thomas, Percy 11 The Wm. McClellan & unkerdeld, Inc... 49 Thomas & Sans Company, The R 38 Cutter Company, The 6 38 4$ Metropolitan Device Corporation 60 Thoner & Martens Dan.ne, Harold A Midwest Air Filters, Inc.... 30 Timken Roller Besting Company.... . 4 Day & Zimmermann, Inc ts 36 Trumbull Steel Company, The .... 44 40 Minerallac Electric Company 29 Ue Laval Separator Company 19 Moloney Electric Company. 18 Tullis, Russell & Co., Ltd Delta -Star Electric Company 49 U. G. I. Contracting Company, The...... 50 411 Moore & Company, W. E Dickinson, W. N. Morganite Brush Company, The so Viele, Blackwell & Buck 60 Dossers & Company National Vulcanized Fibre Company. II Ward Leonard Electric Company 9 Dubiller Condenser & Radio Corp 49 West Va. Pulp & Paper Company.... 44 Neall, N. J 46 Dudlo Manufacturing Corporation 40 Reiter, Rich & Company...... 49 Western Electric Company Duncan Electric Manufacturing Co 3 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co... 8 46 New Departure Manufacturing Co., The Electric Specialty Company 44 Weston Electrical Instrument Corp 34 69 New England Mica Company .. Electrical Development & Machine Co. 7 White Engineering Corp., The J. G .. . 50 50 Norma-lioflmann Bearings Corporation Electrical Testing Laboratones 47 Wildermano & Zwingenberger 50 47 Northwestern Electric Company 20 . Wireless Specialty Apparatus Company.. Electro Dynamic Company 41, 49, 50 Ohio Brass Company, The... 12 Engineering Directory . Wray & Company, J. G 50 OkoniteCompany, The . .Inside Back Cover Engineering Foundation SG (For classified list of Advertisers see pages52.54 and 56.) Please mention the JOURNALof the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. Pen.1926 59

Franklin Franklin Type T Bus Supports CleatType Insulators

Franklin Products 411. and the plant Franklin TypeIBus Snopori their quality built Franklin Air Pressure Helga FranklinPot heads 111111otitl 1350 Bulletin 700

Franklin Type T Disconnecting/ Switches 111111/,11/1 G1141

Franklin Bulletin 15in Bulletin Compartment Door'. There arc hound loroute times when you will analmi.of thew hooklots probably in a hurry. Fran kiln Why not soul nowfor anise inwhich Bulletin 800 In.l ',Imre. 1( on, you an` inien.sled.and havc them S..1 1. hes hands in:k our files? .knil rvnii.mber. whether your nmuirc- nivnis arc larry or small.you'll Franklin SOA I`11111111`y ht' letting ustinutte. Type S Bua Supports

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