Thelinid' -Jr R-]

1_rar.L_ri,rLar2ss2,17-17._[3

r_7-] JO. r-] THEliNid' -Jr r-]

,_, A -IE r-i rt-] Ili L

E_-] -i

,...... , ri e<°. '...

44<1/4., ...... 3::<: .".'; ',,-'14'"V''''

LA[_-] El

1i, 1/ r[] _.2, J----- /-7.

r'l p PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE F.] AMERICAN INSTITUTEOF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 1 33 WEST 39TH ST. NEW YORK CITY. i_J-21--J-1._ri._r_r_ri,....rzriu-Lre._r=,....re.r..rei" American Institute of ElectricalEngineers

COMING MEETINGS

Midwinter Convention, New York, N. Y., February 8-1 I Annual Business Meeting, New York, N. Y., May 2 I Annual Convention, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., June 21-25 Pacific Coast Convention, Salt Lake City,Utah, (Dates to be announced in sub- sequent issue) Regional Meetings Middle Eastern District, Cleveland, Ohio, March18-19 Great Lakes District, Madison, Wis., (early inMay) Northeastern District, Niagara Falls, May26-28

MEETINGS OF OTHER SOCIETIES

New York Electrical Society,Engineering Societies Bldg., New York, N. Y., January 6 Convention of Institute of RadioEngineers, Engineering Societies Bldg., New York, N. Y., January 18-19 Annual Meeting of AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers, Engineering Societies Bldg., New York, N. Y., January20-22 JOUR\AL (,vTHE AmericanInstituteofElectricalEngineers PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OFELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 33 West 39th Street, New York Subscription.$10.00 per year to United States, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaiiand the Phillipines, $10.50 to Canada and $11.00 to all other Countries.Single copies $1.00. Entered as matter of the second class at the Post Office, New York, N. Y., May 10, 1905, under theAct of Congress, March 3, 1879. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3. 1917,authorized on August 3, 1918.

Vol. XLV JANUARY, 1926 Number 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

. Papers, Discussions, Reports, Etc. Notes and Announcements 1 The Line of Maximum Economy.(Kirsten Theory of the Autovalve Arrester, by Joseph and Loew) 55 Slepian... 3 Improvement in Distribution Methods. Carrying Capacity of 60 -Cycle Busses for Heavy 9 (Hood)..56 Currents, by Titus G. LeClair The Study of Ions and Electrons for Electrical Motor Band Losses, by T. Spooner 14 Engineers.(Ryan).. 59 A New Edition of A..I. E. E. Standards, by F. D. Some Features and Improvements on the High - Newbury. 18 Wattmeter.(Carroll) 61 One IrGenuine Method of SolvingtheAuto - Induction fromStreetLighting Circuits- mobile Headlight Problem.. 24 Effects on Telephone Circuits.(McCurdy.) . 62 Kilocycle -Meter Conversion Table 24 Distribution Practises in Southern California. (Cunningham) 63 Transmission Systems with Over -Compounded Engineering Research-An Essential Factor in Voltages, by H. B. Dwight 25 Engineering Education.(Magnusson) 64 Properties of the Single Conductor-New Funda- Relation between Engineering Education and mental Relations, by Carl Hering 31 Engineering Research.(Sorensen) 64 Parameters of Heating CurvesofElectrical A New Departure in Engineering Education. Machinery, by Vladimir Karapetoff 40 (Pender) 64 Alternating Current Analysis, by Ralph D. Fundamental Considerations of Power Limits Mershon 43 of Transmission Systems. (Doherty and The Luminous Fountain in Paris 15 Dewey) 68 Analytical Discussion of Some Factors Entering Study of Time Lag of the Needle Gap, by K. B. into the Problem of Transmission Stability. McEa,chron and E. J. Wade 16 (Fortescue) 68 Discussion at Pacific Coast Convention Illumination Items

220-Kv. Transmission Transients and Flash- Interesting Aspect of the Inside Frost Lamp . 77 overs.(Wood) 52 Chapters on Light 78 Institute and Related Activities A. I. E. E. Nominations 79 Engineering Foundation Cummings C. Chesney 79 Professor Marx Succeeds Professor Derleth, Plans for Midwinter Convention Jr 86 80 Engineering Council Five Regional Meetings Planned for Coming Adequate Salaries for Federal Judges 86 Year 82 Future Section Meetings. Industrial Cooperation with War Department... 87 83 Fuel and Power Meeting Held in Boston 88 New York Electrical Society 83 Sterling Fellowship for Research at Yale 88 Annual Meeting A. S. C. E. 83 Penn State Branch Holds Electrical Show 88 Edison Medal Awarded to H. J. Ryan 84 Personal Mention. 88 Wanted 88 First Convention of Radio Engineers....Addresses84 Obituary 88 A. I. E. E. Directors Meeting 84 Engineering Societies Library 89 Standards of A. I. E. E. 85 Past Section and Branch Meetings 90 Correction in Standards Pamphlets.. 85 Engineering Societies Employment 94 Doctor Parke Rexford Kolbe New Polytechnic Membership and Application and Transfer 95 President Officers of A. I. E. E. 102 85 Local Honorary Secretaries 102 American Roadbuilders'AssociationinCon- Sections and Branches 105 vontion 85 Digest of Current Industrial News..106

1 REQUEAT FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS must be received at Institute headquarters at least ten days beforethe date of issue with which it is to take effect.Duplicate copies cannot be sent without charge to replace those issues undelivered through failureto send such advance notice.With your new address be sure to mention the oldono, indicating also any change in business connections. Copyright 1925.By A. I. E. E. Printed in U. S. A. Premission is given to reprint any article after its dateof publication, provided proper credit is given. American Institute of ElectricalEngineers

COMING MEETINGS

Midwinter Convention, New York, N. Y., February 8-1 I Annual Business Meeting, New York, N. Y., May 2 Annual Convention, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.,June 21-25 Pacific Coast Convention, Salt Lake City, Utah,(Dates to be announced in sub- sequent issue) Regional Meetings Middle Eastern District, Cleveland, Ohio,March 18-19 Great Lakes District, Madison, Wis., (earlyin May) Northeastern District, Niagara Falls, May26-28

MEETINGS OF OTHER SOCIETIES

New York Electrical Society,Engineering Societies Bldg., New York, N. Y., January 6 Convention of Institute of RadioEngineers, Engineering Societies Bldg., New York, N. Y., January 18-19 Annual Meeting of AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers, Engineering Societies Bldg., New York, N. Y., January20-22 JOURNAL ,),,,THE American InstituteofElectricalEngineersi PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OFELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 33 West 39th Street, New York Subscription.$10.00 per year to United States, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii andthe Phillipines, $10.50 to Canada and $11.00 to all other Countries.Single copies $1.00. Entered as matter of the second class at the Post Office, New York, N. Y., May 10, 1905, under the Actof Congress, March 3, 1879. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3. 1917,authorized on August 3, 1918.

Vol. XLV JANUARY, 1926 Number 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Papers, Discussions, Reports, Etc.

Notes and Announcements 1 The Line of Maximum Economy.(Kirsten Theory of the Autovalve Arrester, by Joseph and Loew) 55 Slepian 3 Improvement in DistributionMethods. Carrying Capacity of 60 -Cycle Busses for Heavy (Hood) 56 Currents, by Titus G. LeClair 9 The Study of Ions and Electrons for Electrical Motor Band Losses, by T. Spooner 14 Engineers.(Ryan) 59 A New Edition of A..I. E. E. Standards, by F. D. Some Features and Improvements on the High - Newbury 18 Wattmeter.(Carroll) 61 One'IGenuine Method of SolvingtheAuto - Induction fromStreetLighting Circuits- mobile Headlight Problem.. 24 Effects on Telephone Circuits.(McCurdy) . 62 24 Distribution Practises in Southern California. Kilocycle -Meter Conversion Table (Cunningham) 63 Transmission Systems with Over -Compounded Engineering Research-An Essential Factor in Voltages, by H. B. Dwight 25 Engineering Education.(Magnusson) 64 Properties of the Single Conductor-New Funda- Relation between Engineering Education and mental Relations, by Carl Hering 31 Engineering Research.(Sorensen) 64 Parametersof Heating Curves ofElectrical A New Departure in Engineering Education. Machinery, by Vladimir Karapetoff 40 (Pender) 64 Alternating Current Analysis, by Ralph D. Fundamental Considerations of Power Limits Mershon 43 of Transmission Systems. (Doherty and The Luminous Fountain in Paris 45 Dewey) 68 Analytical Discussion of Some Factors Entering Study of Time Lag of the Needle Gap, by K. B. into the Problem.ofTransmission Stability. McEaehron and E. J. Wade 46 (Forteseue) 68 Discussion at Pacific Coast Convention ' Illumination Items 220-Kv. Transmission Transients and Flash- Interesting Aspect of the Inside Frost Lamp... 77 overs.(Wood) 52 Chapters on Light 78 Institute and Related Activities A. I. E. E. Nominations 79 Engineering Foundation Cummings C. Chesney 79 Professor Marx Succeeds Professor Derleth, Plans for Midwinter Convention Jr 86 80 Engineering Council Five Regional Meetings Planned for Coming Adequate Salaries for Federal Judges 86 Year 82 Industrial Cooperation with War Department... 87 Future Section Meetings..83 Fuel and Power Meeting Held in Boston 88 New York Electrical Society 83 Sterling Fellowship for Research at Yale... . 88 Annual Meeting A. S. C. E. 83 Penn State Branch Holds Electrical Show 88 Edison Medal Awarded to H. J. Ryan.. 84 Personal Mention 88 First Convention of Radio Engineers. AddressesWanted. 88 84 Obituary 88 A. I. E. E. Directors Meeting 84 Engineering Societies Library 89 Standards of A. I. E. E.. 85 Past Section and Branch Meetings 90 Correction in Standards Pamphlets.. 85 Engineering Societies Employment 94 Doctor Parke Rexford Kolbe New Polytechnic Membership and Application and Transfer 95 President. Officers of A. I. E. E. 102 85 Local Honorary Secretaries 102 American Roadbuilders'AssociationinCon- Sections and Branches. 105 vention 85 Digest of Current Industrial News 106

A REQUE AT FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS must be received at Institute headquartersat least ten days before the date of issue with which it is to take effect.Duplicate copies cannot be sent without charge to replace those issues undelivered through failureto send such advance notice.With your new address be sure to mention the old one, indicating alsoany change in business connections. Copyright 1925.By A. I. E. E. Printed in U. S. A. Premission is given to reprint any article after its dateof publication, provided proper credit is given. Current Electrical Articles Published by Other Societies

'Irransactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 1 lc ()her, 1925 Lighting Service, an 1sset, by C. B. !legal. Bulletin of the Minnesota Federation of Architectural & Engineering Societies, November, 1925 110,000 -Volt Loop of the Northern Stales Power Company, by Meyer Burned Engineers & Engineering, November, 1925 Recent Developments in Hydroelectric Generators, by F. D. Newbury Iron & Steel Engineer, November, 1925 Electricity in the Iron and Steel Industry, by J. C. Reed Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, November, 1925 Starters and Controllers for Navy D -C. Motors -Types and Principles of Operation, by C. Huey Mechanical Engineering, November, 1925 Springs for Electrical Measuring Instruments, by B. W. St. Clair High Speed Induction Motors and Frequency Changers, by C. Fair Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, November, 1925 General Criterion for the Circular Locus of the Current Vector in A -C. Circuits and Machinery, by V. Karapetoff Agricultural Engineering, December, 1925 A Study of the Isolated Farm Electric Plant, by D. C. Heitshu and F. M . Sommerville Applying Electricity to Agriculture, by M. H. Aylesworth Relation of Electrical Power Development to the Farm Equipment Industry . by 0. B. Zimmerman Journal of the Optical Society of America, December, 1925 An Alternating -Current Bridge for Measuring Small Phase Angles in High Resistances, by Irving Wolff Capacity Measurement with a Double Oscillator, by A. L. Fitch Hydro -Oscilloscope, by Vladimir Rojansky Simplified Lecher Wires for Short Wave Measurements, by R. R. Ramsey N. E. L. A. Bulletin, December, 1925 Potentialities of Electrical Power for Farm Use, by William M. Jardine Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, December, 1925 An Analysis of Regenerative Amplification, by V. D. Landon and K. W. Jarvis An Investigation of Transmission on theHigher Radio Frequencies, by A. Hoyt Taylor Designs and Efficiencies of Large Air Core Inductances, by W. W. Brownand J. E. Love Journal of the A. I. E.E. Devoted to the advancement of the theory and practise of electrical engineeringand the allied arts and sciences

Vol. XLV JANUARY, 1926 Number 1

Lighting and ability to do conspicuous damage is concerned, are of Continuity of Service sufficiently high voltage to flash over insulators. This view is strongly supported by the evidence of In spite of the great development within the lastthe record of lightning disturbances on the Taylots few years of devices for the protection of electrical apparatus against lightning and the vast improvementFalls line* where many insulators were shattered within the insulation of transmission lines, this source ofout power on the line, and some poles were splintered, a condition which could hardly be caused by any charges disturbance still remains one of the most serious threats induced on line conductors. against continuity of service in our large overhead Considering the use of overhead ground wires as a systems.In perfecting remedies, or preventatives, it is highly desirable to know the cause and nature ofmeans of protection, we have the following considera- the attack of lightning on the line, for it is on the trans-tions to indicate some material practicable limitations Con- mission line rather than in the station, that interruptionsin the effectiveness of overhead ground wires. sider a transmission line with ground wire protection to service usually occur. Lightning may as a theoretical matter affect a trans-just the moment before the discharge of the cloud by a mission line either by electrostatic induction; that is,lightning stroke. A considerable bound charge has by the release of a bound charge that has been graduallybeen drawn to the surface of all the conductors and of drawn onto the line, or by direct stroke from the at-the ground wires but the potentials are normal.The mosphere which may be a heavy and conspicuousinstant the cloud is discharged, these bound charges stroke or a minor, almost unnoticed flash.As a practi-raise the pOtential of all the wires, conductors and cal matter, especially when considering the installationground wiresaliketo appropriate voltages which of one or more ground wires over a transmission line,may be very high.So far, the presence of the ground it is important to know which sort of action is domi-wire is no relief to the voltage on the conductor.But nating.Mr. Peek has pointed out that under certainthe charge on the ground wire is free to run to earth conditions of cloud discharge we may expect a voltagethrough the tower, which it does; and when the potential to appear on a transmission line from the release of aof the ground wire has fallen toward earth potential bound charge sufficiently high to flash over even asufficiently, it establishes a static capacity to the line 220-kv. insulator string.Of this there can be littleconductors, and this tends to reduce the potential pro- doubt.On the other hand, some considerations mayduced by the original bound charge.This might be of be raised tending to indicate that the line will in allvery material benefit, except that in all probability, probability actually be subject todirectstrokes,(at least with long span construction), the time required usually of a minor magnitude.This may be reasonedto empty the charge on the ground wire through the as follows: tower into the ground thPbugh whatever ground It can hardly be doubted that on all occasions whenresistance may exist, is enough to give the charges on a person notes a flash and thunderclap substantiallythe conductors time to flash over, if they are at suffi- simultaneously,(and this happens to the averageciently high voltage to do so. individual several times a season), this means a lightning Of course, the presence of the ground wire tends to flash within one or two hundred feet, since sound travelsreduce the original bound charge on the conductors, about 1000 ft. per second.Yet it may be years beforesince the flux from the ground wire must traverse much any notable lightning damage occurs in any one villageof the same path as the flux from the conductors, but or town.This clearly means that most dischargesarethe numerical relations are such that at least with six of very limited energy or severity and find some pathconductors and one ground wire, the effect of the to ground without leaving any trace, presumably,seventh wire must be almost negligible. usually down tree trunks.There is further ample However, broadly speaking, from the point of view direct evidence that strokes of minor severity doac-of absolute continuity of service, since it must be ad- tually occur.It would seem to follow, then, that theremitted that occasional failures due to one cause or is every reason to suppose that' transmission lines, *Reference.Three papers.A.I.E. E. TRANSACTIONS, extending for many miles and being twentyto fiftyVol. XXVII, Part 1, 1908,By J. F. Vaughan, pp. 397, N. J. feet in the air and usually free of the protection ofNeall, pp. 421, P. H. Thomas, pp. 755. A review of these three papers treating this remarkable set of records will be well worth trees, will be actually struck occasionally by these low- while to a person interested in the attack of lightning on trans- power strokes, which, while of low power so far as themission lines.

1 2 NOTES AND COMMENTS Jourual A. I. E. E. another must occur onany line, the use of independentthe induction regulator, patented in 1888, being among lines, double circuitor single circuit as may be mostthe most important inventions upon which the suc- suitable, running by separate routes wouldseem to becessful transmission and distribution of alternating- the only way of getting continuous service. current power has since depended. PERCY H. THOMAS In 1899, while still at Niagara, he was appointed by the Manhattan Railway Company Consulting Elec- Some Leaders trical Engineer, and in that capacity had charge of the of the A. I. E. E. electrification of the elevated railways in Manhattan Lewis Buckley Stillwell, the twenty-second presidentand the Bronx.For something over a year, he divided of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,washis time between Niagara Falls and New York City, and, born in Scranton, Penn., March 12, 1863.He pre-in September, 1900, the first power house unit at pared for college at the Scranton High School; matricu-Niagara having been completed, and the commercial lated at Wesleyan University in the class of 1886;success of transmission to Buffalo having been demon- transferred to Lehigh University at the end of hisstrated, tendered his resignation as Electrical Director sophomore year and completed thecourse in Electricalof the Niagara Companies and established his office Engineering at that institution in 1885, following thisas Consulting Engineer in New York. by special work in mechanical engineering during the In 1900, he was appointed Electrical Director of the next academic year. Rapid Transit Subway Construction Co., and during In October, 1886, he entered the employ of thethe next eight years directed the electrification of the Westinghouse Electric Company at Pittsburgh, andNew York subways. before the end of that year became Assistant Electrician In addition to the electrification of the elevated of the company, which position he retained for aboutand subway lines in New York, some of his more im- five years.During this period, he was actively asso-portant professional engagements included consulting ciated with George Westinghouse, 0. B. Shallenberger,engineer for the following: William Stanley, Albert Schmid, Nikola Tesla, Charles Consulting Engineer, Hudson Companies, in charge F. Scott and others, in the rapid development of theof electrical, mechanical and rolling stock equipment, alternating current system. 1905-1913.Member, Erie Railroad Electric Com- In 1889 and 1890, he was sent to Europe as technicalmission,1906;United Railways & ElectricCo., adviser to the British Westinghouse Company andBaltimore; Interborough Rapid Transit Company; traveled extensively in Great Britain and on N. Y., New Haven & Hartford R. R. Co., (Hoosac tinent, investigating the development of alternatingTunnel Electrification); N. Y., Westchester & Boston current and other electric systems. Railway Co.; Lehigh Navigation Electric Co., N.Y.; In 1890, while in London, he first met Mr. EdwardMunicipal Railway Corporation; N. Y. State Bridge D. Adams, President of the Cataract Construction Co.,& Tunnel Commission; and N. J. Interstate Bridge & and Dr. Coleman Sellers, its Chief Engineer, who wereTunnel Commission.He was also a Member of the investigating the problem of power development andBoard of Economics & Engineering, National Associ- distribution at Niagara Falls, and from that time untilation of Owners of Railroad Securities, 1921-1922. the adoption of the polyphase system and award of the As Consulting Engineer to the Lehigh Navigation initial Niagara contract to his company, his attentionElectric Company, in cooperation with his associates, was closely concentrated upon the development ofM. G. Starrett, John Van Vleck and the late H. S. electrical machinery for power transmission. Putnam, he designed and supervised the construction As Electrical Engineer of the Westinghouse Com-of the initial 45,000 -kw. power plant at Hauto, Penn., pany, he installed the first three 5000 -horse power unitswith its distribution system-the first large power. at Niagara. plant erected in America, at the "mouth of the mine." Resigning from the Westinghouse Company and oc- During the war, he served as a member of the cepting appointment as ElectricalDirector of theNational Research Council. Niagara Falls Power Co., he removkl his residence to Mr. Stillwell is a Fellow of the American Institute of NiagaraFalls, and devoted three years to the extensionElectrical Engineers, Past -President of the American and completion of power plant No. 1, with local distribu-Institute of Consulting Engineers (two terms), mem- tion and transmission to Buffalo.During this period,ber of the. National Academy of Sciences, the Ameri- he assumed responsibility for the operation of the plantcan Society of Civil Engineers and of the British In- as well as for the electrical engineering incident to itsstitution of Electrical Engineers. increase from the original three 5000 -horse power units He is a Life Trustee of Princeton University, and for to eleven units. three years served as a member of the Board of Direct- While at Niagara, he invented and patented theors of the United States Chamber of Commerce-the first time -limit circuit -breaker and the diagrammaticonly man elected to that body to represent the engineer- switchboard control, these inventions together withing profession. Theory of the Autovalve Arrester BY JOSEPH SLEPIANI Member, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-The advantage of valve typearresters for high -voltage, power -system protection is briefly discussed.The theory of the autovalve arrester is given.

I.INDUCTION AND REGULATION OF SURGES difficulties in the design of arresters of the arc -resistance IN the last few years, considerable light has been shedtype for higher voltage circuits.This is not due to the on the manner of induction of high voltage on powerenergy of the surge itself, which is only moderate in systems by lightning,2 and some estimates of theamount because of its short duration, but to the energy magnitudes involved have been made.Charges onsupplied by the normal working voltage, which lasts clouds produce electrostatic fields extending down tothroughout the whole arcing period, and may be from the ground, which induce charges on power lines.Theone-half cycle to several seconds.For example, a vertical gradient at the earth's surface due to these fieldssurge 1.86 mi. long, will discharge for only 1/100,000 has been estimated3 to be of the order of 100 kv. per ft.sec.If an arrester connected to a line, the normal When the inducing charges on the clouds disappearvoltage of which to ground is 10,000 volts, discharges suddenly by a lightning discharge, the induced charges900 amperes from this surge and reduces the voltage on the power lines produce voltages to ground equalthereby to 30,000 volts, the energy involved will be to the height of the lines multiplied by the inducingonly 30,000 by 900 by 1/100,000, or 280 watt- gradient, and, therefore, of the order of hundreds ofseconds.On the other hand, if the normal line voltage kilovolts.The induced charges may be a few miles indischarges 300 amperes for one half cycle, or 0.0083 extent.4 The power line becomes then a source of voltage, so high as to be dangerous to connected machines, and Volts the very important question arises when considering Rreakliown Voltage the possibility of relief by lightning arresters as to what This Slope gives Arrester is the regulation of this source of voltage.It is now Resistance well recognized5 that voltage due to a free charge of this The Critical type on a power line regulates like a generator having VoltRop an internal resistance of a few hundred ohms.Hence the voltage can be quickly materially reduced if, and only if, sufficient current is drawn from the line.An arrester will be effective, if, and only if, it draws nearly two amperes per kilovolt of induced surge6.An arrester then must be able to discharge hundreds of amperes with only a moderate rise of voltage.

II.ENERGETICS OF SURGE DISSIPATION Am eres FIG. The large current which mustpass through an ar- 1-THE VALVE CHARACTERISTIC rester if it is to be really effective introducesgreat second, the energy will be 10,000 by 300 by 0.0083or 1. Research Engineer, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg.Co.,24,900 watt -seconds, or more than 90 times theenergy East Pittsburgh, Pa. due to the surge alone. 2.A. L. Atherton, TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol. XLII,p.179 (1923); E. E. F. Creighton, TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol.XLI, p. 52 (1922); Valve type arresters, being builtup of elements D. W. Roper, TRANS. A. I. E. E. Vol XXXIX,p. 1895 (1920); having the characteristic shown in Fig. 1,are not sub- C. P. Steinmetz, TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol.XXXIX, p. 1941 (1920).ject to the disadvantage of disposing of this large draft 3.F. W. Peek, TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol.XLIII, (1924);of energy from the normal voltage.With the passing H. Norinder, Electrical World, Feb. 2,1924; E. E. F. Creighton,of the surge, and the restoring of normal voltage, the TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol. XLIII, (1924). discharge ceases. 4. It is, therefore, entirely practical H. Norinder, loc. cit.; F. W. Peek, loc. cit. to construct valve type arresters with adequate dis- 5.H. Rudenberg,"Elektrische Schaltvorgange,"Berlin 1924, p. 330. charge capacity for even the highest voltages. 6.E. E. F. Creighton, TRANS. A. I. E.E., Vol. XLII, p. 179 Some illuminating calculations made foran arrester (1923). set at the center of a freed chargeas shown in Fig. 2 To be presented at the Midwinter Conventionof the A. I. E. E.,are given in the curves of Fig. 3.The initial surge New York, N. Y., February 8-11, 1926. voltage is taken as 250 kv.The normal voltage to 3 4 SLEPIAN: THEORY OP THE AUTOVALVE ARRESTER Journal A. I. E. E.

ground is taken to be 8660 volts, and the linesurgeSo far the only systems which have been found impedance, 400 ohms.The heavy line curves show theto possess the valve characteristicto a necessary reduction in voltage for varying resistance inan ar-degree havebeencertainfilms which are made rester of the arc type andone of the valve type withconducting by application of sufficient voltage, but criticalvoltage,10,000volts.Evidentlysuitablewhich are subject to constant repair action, requiring protection is not obtained until the arrester resistancethe continued application of the high voltage for is less than 50 ohms. the maintenance of the conductivity and in which the The light lines show theenergy dissipated in theoriginal resistivityisrestored when the voltage is arrester.In order to get the curve for the valve typereduced.Three practically used arresters have been well into the picture, it isnecessary to consider a surgedeveloped utilizing films of this type. 400 mi. long; the more reasonablesurge length, 4 mi. The Electrolytic Arrester.The film in this arrester would be barely visible on the scale chosen. consists of a layer of gas -laden, aluminum oxide, which forms on an aluminum anode in a suitable electrolyte. Application of a few hundred volts breaks this film down, but the flow of current brings about a repairing t.. electrolytic action. The Oxide Film Arrester.In this arrester, the film is 11 initially a layer of varnish, which, in use, is gradu'ally replaced by litharge, PbO. The repairing action lies in the thermal effect of the current upon lead peroxide, which reduces it to litharge at the points of breakdown JE.200 xI of the film. Voltage Reduction = 200 x Arrester Current The AutovalveArrester.Here the film isa thin layer FIG.2-BASIS OF CALCULATION -OF FIG. 3 ,0 600

300 30 z = 500 InitiaSurge Voltage 250 25

i Energy Arc Type 400 Single Cycle 200 20,8 2 400 MileSurge 0 05 300 Energy ValveType 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 150 15'n GAP LENGTH IN CMS. FIG.4-SPARKING POTENTIAL FOR SHORT AIR -GAPS 0 100 102 Reduced4.4e 1 - Voltage isse of air next to a cold cathode which is the seat of the cathode drop in a glow discharge.With the applica- 50 14,000 Volts 5 S.Virrterovalve tion of sufficient voltage, this air film becomes highly 40 MileSurge ValveType ionized, but the discharge of these ions into the elec- 0 r -1--0 50 100 150 200 250 300 trodes and recombination quickly restore the normal OHMS . resistivity when the voltage is reduced. FIG. 3-ENERGETICS OF SURGE DISSIPATION IV.THE BREAKDOWN OF AIR BETWEEN PARALLEL The energy relations illustrated in Fig. 3 have proven PLANE ELECTRODES determining factors.The only practical arresters with Since the active element in the autovalve arrester is adequate discharge capacity for high -voltage lines areair, any explanation of the arrester's design and func- the valve type arresters. tioning must include a discussion of the properties of air with respect to electrical breakdown and resulting III.MODERN VALVE TYPES conductivity.Fig. 4 shows therelation between The so-called valve characteristic, shown in Fig. 1, breakdown voltage and distance between parallel plane- has been frequently discussed, and the terminologyelectrodes. A striking feature of thiscurve is the indicated in the figure is generally used.Conductingminimum at electrode separation of 0.001cm., so that systems having this characteristic are numerous inshorter separation than this requires increased voltage nature.However, in most of these systems the criticalfor breakdown.This remarkable fact is readily ex- voltage is too low(as in contacts or electrolyticplained by the current theory of ionization by collision'. polarization cells) or the current which may be carried 7.J. J. Thomson, "Conduction of Electricity in Gases," is too small, (as in thermionic or low-pressure gas tubes),p. 381J. S. Townsend, "Electricity in Gases," Chap. VIII to be useful for lightning arresters for power lines.and IX. Jan. 1926 SLEPIAN: THEORY OF THE AUTOVALVE ARRESTER 5 The existence of a minimum breakdown potential ofvoltage is not practically useful if metal electrodes are about 350 volts for short gaps may seem contradictoryused.The discharge must start at the mica, and if it is to experience.For example, a widely used type ofpermitted to concentrate at its point of origin, as with telephone protector consisting of two small carbonmetal electrodes, the mica, is quickly destroyed.In blocks separated by 0.002 in. will usually break downtheautovalvearresterrelativelyhighresistivity at 200 volts, or sometimes even less.In this case,electrodes are used, which limit the intensity of ,the dis- however, the breakdown is due to the lining up ofcharge next to the mica.Hence, thousands of discharges carbon dust particles in the intense electric field so thatmay be sent through it with no deterioration of the mica. a conducting bridge which starts an arc is formed.If precautions are taken to prevent contacts taking place V.ELECTRIC DISCHARGES IN AIR in this or any other manner, the existence of a minimum Arc Discharge.The breakdown of a gap is due to the breakdown voltage may be shown experimentally. ionization produced by the high electrostatic gradient. In the autovalve arrester, as will be explained later, it is necessary to use gaps between resistance material electrodes with a breakdown voltage of little more than 350 volts.The curve of Fig. 4 indicates that an 40 electrode separation of 0.0003 in. is necessary for this. At first sight, so minute an electrode separation would

appear impracticable in a commercial arrester. 20 This difficulty was overcome in the early experimental autovalve arresters by merely placing the 10 resistance electrode disks incontact.Due to the

resistivity of the electrode material, the gap would not 8 12 16 20 be short-circuited at the contacts.At the same time, AMPERES FIG.6-ARC CHARACTERISTICS FOR COPPER Resistance Disk

Resistance Disk If the gap is to remain conducting for the duration or -4 F - Mica a discharge, this ionization must somehow be main- Resistance Disk tained.If the cathode remains cold the ionization is Resistance Disk effected by the field becoming so distorted that with FIG. 5-THE AIITOVALVE GAP carbon electrodes approximately 350 volts are impressed across a layer of air 0.001 cm. thick next to the cathode. in the neighborhood of each contact, there would beThe discharge then takes the form of a glow.If, how- points at which the electrode separationwas 0.0003 in.,ever, the cathode becomes sufficiently hot for ther- and there, breakdown at 350 volts would occur. mionic emission, much less voltage need be expended at A better solution now used was found later andthe cathode and the discharge takes the form of an arc. consists in using a mica, spacer, 0.003 to 0.005 in. thick, In the arc discharge the voltage expended at the placed directly between the disks.Fig. 5 shows the standard autovalve element (right) and section at the A mica,spacer,highly magnified(left).The mica, having a dielectric constant of six toseven, distorts the electrostatic field, very much as if itwere conducting. Thus there is a concentration of electrostaticstress at the corners of the mica.Due to inherent variations in the nature of the surface of the resistancedisk and its FIG.7-THE GLOW DISCHARGE (MAGNIFIED) contact with the mica, spacer, the total voltage applied is not expended symmetrically betweenthe two diskscathode must be sufficiently great to maintain the and the edges of the mica, but atsome points nearby, allcathode at a temperature sufficiently high for thermionic the voltage appears betweenone resistance disk and theemission, and also must be sufficiently great, andcon- adjacent mica edge, and at other pointsbetween thecentrated on a sufficiently small space next to the other resistance disk and adjacentedge.Hence, whencathode, so that the electrons liberated thermionically a little more than 350 volts is applied, these highlywill ionize by collision.Twenty volts is sufficient for stressed points break down and precipitatethe dis-both these purposes for most electrode materials. charge of the wholegap.Numerous tests have shown In addition to the voltage expended at the cathode that in commercial autovalvearresters, the breakdownsome must be expended in carrying current in the re- of the column of disks is less than400 volts per gap. mainder of the discharge.This additional voltage is This expedient of using the electrostaticinfluence offound to vary inversely as the current strength, the mica spacer to precipitate so that the discharge at lowcharacteristics such as shown in Fig. 6are obtained. 6 .14,11t old .1 I V. I.; S1.14:1'IAN: '1'111.:1da /1,"1'111'; IV 11: I': IlEsTE1( It is now Hear whyan arc discharge is not suitablecharge must begin us a glow.After a short but finite for givingt he valve characteristic to a gap.Asidetime, the energy input at t he cathode, clue to the glow, from the inch ing or burning of the cathode due to itsheats some spot to such- a degree that thermionic necessary high temperature the voltage of the arcemission begins there.The cathode drop then falls to discharge is too low,about 20 volts for short gaps)about 20 volts and the currenI concentrates at the point in comparison with the lowest reliablegap breakdownto sufficient degree to maintain the point hot.For a of about 350 volts. definite time, then, immediately following a sparkover, Glow Discharge.When the cathode is too cold forthe discharge is in the form of a glow. thermionic emission the glow form of discharge takes heating of Antovalre Dig.It would seem, then, place in which the ionization is primarily produced bythat if the time taken between the sparkover of a gap ionization through collision due to high gradient inaand the transition from the resulting glow into an arc film of air about 0.001 cm. thick next to the cathode.is long compared to the duration of a surge, it should be The voltage expended in this film is about 350 volts forvery easy to make a lightning arrester which would only carbon electrodes.Fig. 7 shows on a magnified scaledischarge in glow form.It is easy to get an estimate the appearance of such aglow between copper electrodes.of the time involved.The formula given on page 98 This was obtained by reducing the current to a fewof"Mathematical TheoryofHeat Conduction," milliamperes by means of a high series resistance.

When the current is so small, the heating of the cathode 1500

% is insufficient for an arc, and so the glow discharge may 1400 t be maintainedindefinitely.A,the cathode dark 1300 t t space, is the 0.0003 -in. film which is kept broken down 1200 tt by the high gradient due to the 300 volts (cathode drop 1100 for copper) across it; B, the cathode glow is a highly 1000 900 ionized blue region, about 0.005 in. thick.C, the 1 800 Faraday dark space, is also highly conducting, and is t > 700 1r -- t about 0.010 in. thick.D, the pink pOsitive column, 600 Minima(1 extends to the anode. 500 Ilimetet So long as the cathode is not completely covered by 4 CO 0,3 Millimeters ,00 the discharge, the cathode drop and the cathode current 1.1 :', meters density are approximately independent of current, the cathode glow simply increasing or decreasing in 'Co 10 20 30 40 60 area as the current is varied.The cathode drop and MILLIAMPERES current density do vary with the nature of the cathode; FIG. 8-GLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR COPPER for carbon, the cathode drop and current density are respectively about 350 volts, and 10 amperes per cm2. Ingersoll and Zobel, Ginn & Co., may be readily When the cathode is completely covered by glow,transformed into further increase of current must of course increase the current density.An increase of current density causes T = a moderate increase in the cathode drop.Extrapola- 4.18 N/ k c & tion of a theoretical formula shows that an increase inwhere k, c and & are heat conductivity, heat capacity and current density of 25 amperes per sq. cm. increasesdensity, respectively of the material making up an the cathode drop by 37% volts. infinite solid; W is the power input per unit area on an The conductivity of the blue glow and the Faradayinfinite plane surface in that solid, and T is temperature dark space is so great that little voltage is consumed inrise at that surface.Units are deg. cent., small calories, thesd parts.In the pink column, however, the resistiv-grams, centimeters and watts. ity is greater, and for small currents, the gradient in it For the resistance material electrodes used in the may amount to over 5000 volts per cm.However,autovalve arrester, c = 0.185 cal. per gr., k = 0.016 this gradient decreases, as the current increases. cal. per cm2. per deg. cent. per cm3. 5 = 2.0 gr. per cm3. Volt-ampere characteristics of a glow between copperFor a glow discharge at normal current density we have electrodes are shown in Fig. 8.The longer gap lengthsapproximately 10 amperes per cm2. at 350 volts, show a falling characteristic due to the properties of thegiving W = 3500.Using these numerical values, we pink positive column.For the 0.1 mm. gap, the posi-get the curves shown in Fig. 9.Remembering that tive column is completely eliminated and so, a flateach one -thousandth of a second corresponds to 186 characteristic is obtained. miles of surge, it is evident that the heating of the Transition from Glow to Arc Following Sparkover.electrode surface is so slow that in any surge of practical At the moment a spark -gap is broken down by highlength the temperature rise will be only a few degrees; voltage, the electrodes and, in particular, the cathodehence the discharge will still be in the glow form when are, of course, cold.It follows, then, that the dis-the surge has ended, and if the normal line voltage per Jan. 1926 SLEPIAN: THEORY OF THEAUTOVALVE ARRESTER 7 disk is less than glow voltage, the discharge will stop Another effect which is even more important for very when the surge voltage disappears. short gaps in hastening the transition from glow to arc, Current Concentration at Inhomogeneities.So far, itis the lining up of minute conducting dust particles, would appear from the formula for the surface tem-under the intense electrostatic field.In the cathode perature rise under a glow that the most desirabledark space, the electric gradient is of the order of materials for electrodes would be those having the350,000 volts per cm.The mechanical force on highest thermal conductivity and capacity.Metals,conducting particles in such fields is relatively enor- then would seem to be particularly suitable, and onemous, and there is a tendency for theseparticles to form would expect to find them superior to the resistanceinto chains almost instantly.In very short gaps, five material used in autovalve arresters.However, whenmils or less, these chains bridge the electrodes and start put totest contrary resultsare obtained.Witharcs by the current concentration in themwith re- metal electrodes, a heavy discharge only ten micro-sulting rise in temperature. seconds long, will usually end as an arc, whereas, with autovalve arrester disks, it will still be a glow for a discharge 100 times as long.Some as yet unconsidered factor is playing a part here.This factor is the great current concentration in the glow which takes place at FIG.10-CURRENT FLOW AT A CONTACT any points of the metal surface whichhappen to have a Temperature of a Contact.The effects of surface lower cathode drop than the rest of the metal surface. inhomogeneities and conducting bridges in causing It has been mentioned before that the cathode droppremature heating of some cathode surface point and striking of an arc is combated in the autovalve arrester 600 I

A - TemperatureonSurface of DISCDuri-ir 1 by giving the electrode material sufficient resistivity. Dischargeof 10Amperes at 0.50Volts B TemperatureonSurface of Discif Discharge We may say that if at any point less voltage is con- 500 Stopsafter 0.5 a10'Seconds C - TemperatureonSurface of Discif Discharge sumed in the discharge or gap space than at other points, Stopsafter 1.0 x10"Seconds D - TemperatureonSurface of Discif Discharge then this difference of voltage will be expended on the b..' 400-- Stopsafter 2.0010'Seconda C resistance of the path offered to current immediately A behind this point in the electrode material.Conditions 300 are then very similar to those which take place at a W cc 600 6200 D

500 100

400 00 I 2 3 4 6

. TIME IN 10-3 SECONDS

FIG. 9-TEMPERATURE RISE OF RESISTANCE MATERIAL CATHODE sa 300 in:a glow discharge is a function of the material making up the cathode, being 350 volts for carbon, 300 volts 200 for copper, 250 volts for iron, etc.However, like other properties of surfaces, these cathode drops are not 100 absolute constants of the material, but vary somewhat depending upon the state of the surface.Films of 00 100 200 300 400 500 600 absorbed gas or moisture change the cathode drop by a SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OHMS PER CENTIMETER small amount.Dust particles or adhering impurities of any kind may lower the cathode drop enormously. FIG.11-VOLTAGETO DRAW ON ARC BY CONTACT The alkali metals and their oxides are particularlypoint of contact between electrodes as illustrated effective in this respect, and may lower the cathodediagrammatically in Fig. 10, the arrows indicating the drop to less than 150 volts. lines of flow of current.It is not difficult to calculate Now imagine on a cathode carrying a glow dischargethe approximate temperature rise at such a contact, if a point at which the cathode drop is a few volts lessthe contact area is assumed circular.It is than that of the rest of the surface.It is evident that E2 instead of a uniform current distribution T = over the 33 k p cathode surface at the moderate density of tenamperes per cm2., there will be concentration of current at thewhere, E is the voltage on the contact, and point of low cathode drop.This point will heat up very k and p are the thermal conductivity and electrical much faster than is indicated by Fig. 9, and the transitionresistivity,respectively,of the electrode material. from glow to arc will take place ina much shorter time.Because of the very small thermal capacity of the 8 SI,EPIAN: THEORY 010 THEAUTOVAINE ARRESTER. .lotirmtl A. I. E. E.

contact, this temperature rise is almostinstantaneous.discharge plates and that each discharge path shall If copper electrodeswere used with k = 1.0 andhave such resistance that the dynamo current cannot = 10-6,a surfaceinhomogeneityor conductingfollow the static discharge." bridge which would throw 10 voltsonto the electrode However, it is only by using very short gaps with a material at a point would givea temperature rise offew hundred volts breakdown, that resistivity suf- 100x ficiently low for a practical arrester may be used.To T 33 X 1 10-6= 3 X 10° deg. cent., see this, consider again the curves of Fig. 8 for glow discharge between copper electrodes.Suppose that by so that an arc would form instantly.Autovalveusing mica spacers or otherwise, a 2 -mm. gap could be electrodes on the other hand with k= 0.016 and p = 20broken down by 1500 volts.Then the current and give voltage of the discharge would be determined by the intersection of the 2 -mm. glow curve, and the straight T= 100 33 X 0.016 x 20= 9.4 deg. cent., line drawn from 1500 volts on the voltage axis, with a slope equal to the resistance of the circuit.The line or a practically negligible increase in the tendency toshown in the figure corresponds to a resistance of strike an arc. 102,500 ohms, and with this resistance, the discharge Experiments on Arc Drawing ata Contact.Thevoltage is only 600 volts.If the discharge voltage is to considerations given above show that the voltageneces-be raised up to 20 per cent less than 1500 volts, that is sary to start an arc by contact, increases with the1200 volts, the line must be swung around until it resistivity of the electrode material.The results ofcorresponds to a resistance of 440,000 ohms.At its experiments confirming this are shown in Fig.11. point of intersection with the 2 -mm. glow curve the current will now be one milliampere.Taking 10 amperes per cm2. as the current density in the glow rzwArdairA this gives 0.001 cm2. as the area.The resistance in 0.261 an electrode up to such an area is given by a where p is the resistivity of the material, a is the radius LANkvkwitt. of the area, in this case 0.0056 cm.Thus, p X 46.6 = 440,000 or p = 9400 ohms per cm3.This is prohib- FIG.12-THE THOMAS ARRESTER itively large.If, however, the gap length and breakdown voltage are lessened, the resistance necessary to The parabolic relation found between voltage andkeep the discharge voltage nearly equal to the break- resistivity is predicted by the formula, down voltage decreases, and when 0.1 -mm.gap with E2 350 -volt breakdown is reached, no resistance isneces- T = 33 k p sary for keeping up the discharge voltage. For a practical arrester, then, it is necessary touse a Design of Autovalve Arrester.The three essentialgap so short that its glow volt ampere curve is substan- parameters in the autovalve arrester element whichtially flat.This will occur if the glow has no positive determine its electrical performance; are gap length,column and from the dimensions given in connection electrode resistivity, and electrode area. A desirablewith Fig. 18, this means a gap length notover 0.015 characteristic is a discharge voltage only little less thaninch.In the commercial autovalve arrester,gap the breakdown voltage, and this with a minimum oflength of not over 0.005 inch is used toensure break- resistivity in the electrode material so that impracti-down at little more than 350 volts. cally large area will not be necessary for adequate dis- With gap lengths less than 0.015 inch the resis- charge capacity. tivity of the electrode material must be made only From Fig. 8 it would appear that if the currenthigh enough to take care of surface inhomogeneities density is sufficiently limited, a discharge voltage nearlyand the partial contacts due to bridging particles. equal to the breakdown voltage may be obtained.These are not calculable, and the permissible low limit Thus the valve characteristic may be obtained for anyresistivity must be determined by test.The low limit gap length if only electrodes of sufficiently high re-for resistivity in commercial autovalvearresters at sistivity are used.It is very interesting that thispresent is 20 ohms per cm3., givinga total resistance principle was understood and described seventeen yearsof only a fraction of an ohmper disk. ago by P. H. Thomas in his U. S. Patent No. 882,218. The gap length and resistivity being thus given, Fig. 12 shows his proposed arrester.Quoting from histhe area of the electrodes will determine the discharge patent, "It is an essential characteristic of my inven-rate of the arrester.In the S V type of autovalve tion that there shall be an opportunity for a largearrester the area has been chosen to givea discharge number of independent static discharges between therate equal to that of the electrolytic arrester. Carrying Capacity of 60 -CycleBusses for Heavy Currents BY TITUS G. LE CLAIR' Associate, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-L7 p to the present time it has seldom been necessaryreference for determining bus capacities without involved calculations. to design busses for carrying capac:ity above 2000 or 3000 amperes. Curves are given showing the carrying capacity of a few types Within the last few years we have passed this mark, and we shall which are proposed as standards, and, in addition, a few curves soon be required to design busses for very much larger capacities. compiled from tests showing the distribution of current in busses to, For simple geometrical designs there are formulas from whichshow the necessity of this type of design. By a little careful study we may calculate the capacities of large busses.These simpleof these curves, the average designer may quickly choose the type designs cannot be easily mounted, and for this reason we mustof bus which will best meet his requirements for carrying capacity resort to styles which are easier to construct.These types can- and allowable space.All busses are designed on the basis of 30 not be calculated readily by the mathematics available to the ordinary deg. cent. temperature rise, and their ratings may be proportionately engineer.This paper is presented with the idea of giving a readyincreased if the conditions warrant a 40 deg. temperature rise.

AS the usefulness of electric power becomes more andentire conductor, but, for a central element, some more widespread and its uses more diversified, largeof the flux does not cut the outer element.The result blocks of power are frequently required in a smallis that the effective impedance of an element in the space.This is especially true in factories where therecentral part of the copper is higher than in the outer may be a great many machines on a small floor areaedge, thereby forcing most of the current to the outer with individual motor -drive, or for electric furnacesurface, producing the so-called skin effect.In very work.In consequence, we find it necessary to supplylarge conductors this can be carried so far as to have the large blocks of power at low voltage, with correspond-current in the center of the bus very nearly in the ingly heavy currents. opposite direction to the current in the outer part of the As the transmission system grows in size the energybus, as well as being smaller in magnitude. of short circuit on the high-tension system is so great When the phases are placed close together there is, in that the cost of protective apparatus, as well as theaddition to the skin effect, a voltage induced by the expense of insulating for high voltage, requires that allflux from an opposite phase which is not uniform over power be supplied from large, well protected trans-the entire conductor and forces current toward the near former banks in fire -proof vaults.This means thatside.This is called the proximity effect.Both the very heavy currents must be brought out from theskin effects and proximity effect3 can be calculated transformer bank to the distribution switchboard or tofor cylindrical or tubular conductors from formulas the furnace through a single low-tension bus.Due todeveloped by H. B. Dwight. this rapid development it has become necessary within Unfortunately, it does not often pay, due to the the last few years to design busses far beyond the olddifficulty of mounting and of making connections, as a limits of 2000- or 3000 -ampere capacity, with thepractical problem to use a circular conductor for very time not far in the future when we shall' need to carrylarge bus work.Former practise has been to build 10,000 amperes or more on a single low-tension bus. the bus of laminated copper bars for the required THEORY capacity.For a bus of this shape, it is impracticable, In any d -c. circuit, be the conductor solid, laminatedif not utterly impossible, to calculate the distribution of or stranded, the current divides in all parts in pro-current in order to obtain the losses and temperature portion to the resistance, whichmeans that with arise on alternating current circuits.To further com- conductor of homogeneous material, the current isplicate the problem nearly all high capacity bussesare practically the same in all parts.The same conditionthree-phase and not single-phase, which makes itmore does not hold true, however, for alternatingcurrent.difficult. In addition to the resistance drop,an alternating cur- TESTS rent introduces an alternating flux surroundingany Due to the demand for large increases in bus capacity element oftheconductor.Thisalternatingfluxand the impossibility of making calculations,we have generates a voltage which tends tooppose the flow ofjust completed a series of tests to determine, if possible, current in the conductor element.When we consider aan efficient and practicable type of bus construction for large conductor, it is obvious that the linesof forcevery high currents. caused by an element in the outerpart surround the 2Skin effect in Tubular and Flat Conductors, H. B. Dwight, 1. Of the Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago. A. I. E. E. Vol. XXXVII, p. 1379. To be presented at the Midwinter Conventionof the A. I. E. E., 3.Skin effect and Proximity Effect in Tubular Conductors, to be held in New York, Feb. 8-11, 1926. H. B. Dwight, JOURNAL. A. I. E. E., Vol. XLI,p. 189. 9 10 .1(furiutl A. 1. I It: CA ItItl'IN(1 t'APACITYOF' fill -CYCLE Itt'SSES .

In order to makethese tests applicable to heavybetween isolated -phaseand group -phase busses due to currents and three-phasecircuits, a three-phase bus,proximity eireei . 20 ft. longwas set up and connected in the circuit The majority of engineers are notparticularly inter- between the transformerand three of the rings ofaested in the exact distributionof current in various parts 3900 -kw., 230 -volt,rotary converter.(See Fig.1.) of the bus.The primary question which enters the This converter couldbe operated inparallelwithdesigner's mind is nil her how much copper he must use

FIG.1 -TEST Iti Consisting of four 8 -in. by copper bars per phase, arranged in rectangular form. or!i urm r, of an equilateral triangle, 17 -in. sides. another machine on the d -c. side and permitteda readyand how he may best use it.A concrete example of the control of the current up to quite high values.Prac-distribution of current will, however, clarify ideas of the tically all tests were run with constant current toresults of skin effect and proximity effect and help a determine the ultimate temperature rise of the variousgreat deal in deciding for a particular case what form types of bus construction. should be used.In Fig. 2 is shown a three-phase bus, Temperature measurements were made by means of thermocouple's connected to the centers of the various 1000 2000 3000 bars in this 20 -ft. section. A number of checkswere made during the progress of the test with temperature 2 -13 measurements at points other than the center of the bus Phase "A" to be sure that no contact resistance or other variables were affecting the results.Impedance voltage drop was measured by means of straight leads perpendicular to the bus, carried far enough away to be out of the influence of the magnetic circuit. In addition to these measurements, the current in PHASE"A" I various parts of individual conductors was also deter- co mined by a method similar to that described by C. F. Phase "131 Wagner.' The leads described running parallel to the -10 in. g4 3 bars, were No. 24 enameled wire.In order to be p 0 positive that there was no space between the wire and 4 the bus surface and no sag, this wire was cemented E2m to the surface of the copper with asbestos cement. To PHASE "C" 0 PHASE'B"20 1000 2000 3000 eliminate end effects, only the central 15 ft. of bus were a Current Density- Amps. per Sq.In. FIG. 2-CURRENT used.In the lower right-hand corner of Fig. 1 may be DISTRIBUTIONINA THREE-PHASEBus seen a four -inch bar with five leads cemented on. Consisting of four 8 -in. by per phase. /-in. copper barsper phase, at 4000 amperes We have found a number of things which enter into the construction of a bus that are not constant for alleach phase consisting of four 8 -in. by yt-in.bars per phase circuits.For example, the current distribution will bewith phases set from that on three-phase in an equilateraltriangle on ten -Inch very different on single-phase centers.It will be noted Also, there is an extremely great difference that the current in A phase bus -circuits. is practically allin the and the usefulness very bottom edge of the bars, 4."Current Distribution in Multi -conductor, Single -Phase of the upper halfof the bar is more Busses," C. F. Wagner, Electrical World, March 18, 1922. in the nature of a radiator thana conductor.For this 11 Jan. 1926 LE CLAIR: CARRYING CAPACITY OF 60-CYCLE BUSSES construction, except made of 8 in. reason a bus of similar Deg. four -inch bars in the same layout, that is, fourbars 6In. wide and two bars high, would not be nearly soeffect- 'fin. 2 in. 1 in. FIG. 3-POLAR DIAGRAM OF CURRENT DISTRIBUTION IN OUTERive because the upper set of bars would not carrymuch SURFACE OF 8 -IN. BY %-IN. BAR Figures refer to distances from bottom edge of bar The surface con- Iz`o" 4000 sidered is the same as Curve 2 in Fig. 2. -x cc .. c3 ...... CI 3000 PHASE "A" o

cc 74 ,011111111" 0 ...... "-- 10 in. Li 2000 . 8 in.Widthof Bar A 6 in.) 4 in. 2

G - 1000 a_ U 40 cc cc 0 cc 0 1 2 3 4 5 ww 30 < COPPER AREA -SQUARE INCHES PER PHASE 2 cx to- FIG. 5-ELECTRIC POWER CLUB STANDARDS 2 7. 20 o Z5 Ratings of laminated busses on grouped phases up to 3000 amperes at cc0 cn 60 cycles.Centers on a straight line with 8 in. between phases; /-in. spacing between laminations. L&J > 10 0CD CO 4.1 < current, and in addition would have poor heat connec- (i) 0 tion to the lower bars.Hence, they would not serve FIG. 4-TEMPERATURE RISE ON A THREE-PHASE BUS as good radiators. It may also be interesting to note in Fig. 3 the relation Consistingof four 8 -in, by '/,-in. bars per phase under a continuous load .of 4000 amperes per phase.Bus mounted in still air and not enclosed. of the phase angle of current in various parts of the bar.

10,000 Gap x Bar 17.14 I I x Bar x x-rBar -, Bar-\ 4 -,- Gap ip 4 T Gap 111, 1 0" 4rjas_8. Fig. A Fig. B Fig. C Fig. D 8000

6000 14e

aV 4000 Curve 1 -Fig. A with 4 x 1/4 in. Bars urve 2 Curve 1A- Iron around Bars at Curve 2 -Fig. A with 8 x 1/4 in. Bars ;i;letp' Curve 3 -Fig. B with S = 17in Curve 1 Curve 4 -Fig. C with S = 17in. Curve 5 -Fig. D with S = 36in. 2000 Curve 6 -Fig. D with S36in., 2 Bars per Side Curve 7 -Fig. C with S = 17in., 2 Bars per Side /' Curve 8 -Fig. B with S m 17in., 2 Bars perSide

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 COPPER CROSS SECTION -SQUARE INCHESPER PHASE Iu. 6-RATINGS OF BUSSES ON GROUPED PHASES ABOVE 3001) AMPERESAT60CYCLES All bars are i4 In. thick by 4 in., 6 In. or 8 In. wide.For instance, the center point on Curve 6 represents six bare of 04n, by g-ln, copper and tho upper Point on the same curve means six bars of R -In. by g-In..copper. 12 LE CLAIR: CARRYING CAPACITY 01' lio-CYCLE BUSSES Joiirtml A. I. I. N. It will be seen that thecurrent at the minimum pointlaid on the sides of a rectangle, the addition of a fifth lags 60 deg. behind thatin the lower edge and that thebar in the center actually increased the losses and point of minimum current is6 in. instead of 4 in. fromtemperatureriseforthe same current. In Mr. the bottom of the bar.As we go nearer to the centerWagner's article,' for single-phase busses he draws the of the bus, the current lagsfurther behind that in thecurve from the outer edge to the center of the bar, outer edge of the outer conductor untilwe find theand assumes that the same condition holds from the current at the center is very nearly 180 deg.out of phase.center to the opposite edge of a bar.This is perfectly As a striking example, ina bus consisting of four barstrue in some cases but not at all true in others, and the electrical center, or the point of minimum current in a 9000 bar, may not be the physical center. If we now look at Fig. 4 to get the temperature rises 8000 of the various bars and consider that the temperature Curve? Curve 6 rise is proportional to the square of the current, we get a 7000 Curve 8 somewhat erroneous impression, due to the fact that while the central bars may be carrying some current, ,6000 this is not a measure of their effectiveness, because as a 2 stated before the current in the central bar may be 5000 sufficiently out of phase to be of little or no value. urre5 0- For moderate currents the important item in the Curve 41! Curry8 4000 design of a bus is the matter of ventilation. Curvet When we z V 5: , Curve1 A come to consider very heavy currents, this matter of L, 3000 ventilation is of minor importance, since ventilation is useless if all the current is carried in a small portion of

2000 the bus.The prime consideration, then, is to put the copper where it will be most useful.

1000 Bus CAPACITIES

0 There are very few data available at this timeon the 0 01 02 03 04 0.5 06 07 carrying capacity of busses for heavy current.For REACTIVEDROPBETWEENPHASES -VOLTS PER FOOT AT RATED AMPERES FIG.7-REACTIVE VOLTAGE DROP ON THREE-PHASE BUSSES example, some operating companies have for manyyears Curve numbers and points refer to corresponding curve numbers and used the standard of 1000 amperes per square inch of points for busses shown in Eig. 6.With phases arranged with centers on copper section.This gives ample copper for bussesup the same straight line, the average drop will be about 25 per cent higher and the drop in the two outer phases will be higher than that in the center to 2000 amperes, but beyond this point the rule no phase. longer holds.For isolated phases, the General Electric

101 in. 3. 84 in. 5 3 . X I in.CaScrews

4-0 8)t in. Copper Bar II - e\-e II 21x21x-i- I I

in. Magnetic I I

Steel Angle I I I

I Mitered corners r Welded

////,/,' ) Non-magnetic Steel Casting, IIII

11-R 655 K Ins. 0

FIG. 8-FoRm. OF Bus SUPPORT FOR RECTANGULAR BUSSES REQUIRING DRILLING OF COPPER ON JOB. No CLAMPS REQUIRED Jan. 1926 LE CLAIR: CARRYING CAPACITY OF 60 -CYCLE BUSSES 13 Company has worked out a system of busses' which is Up to about 3000 amperes the reactance of the bus not at all difficult to mount and is very satisfactory foris not of very great importance, but beyond this point currents up to 7400 amperes at 60 cycles.Due to theand especially for low voltagesit becomes quite a proximity effect as shown in the test data, it is obviousserious item.For instance, on a bus carrying 6000 that this type of bus construction would be of littleamperes at 230 volts and only 30 ft.long, it may be value for group phases on very close centers since thereadily seen from Fig. 7 that the reactive drop may be current would all be thrown into one corner of the busfrom 3 per cent to 8 per cent of line voltage.This, in and would cause it to run very hot.The Electricaddition to the reactance of feeders, may cause a very Power Club has given as a standard Fig. 5, which is forpoor voltage regulation at low power factorsunless care group phases up to 3000 amperes.Beyond this pointis used in the selection of the bus. we have compiled from yur test data the curvesin Another important point in the matter of reactance is Fig. 6 for special types of bus construction.Thethat it is frequently necessary to parallel transformer curves do not, of course, give all the data required forbanks of different sizes or with different lengths of cop- any particular installation, but they give the pointsper from the banks to the point of paralleling.For necessary for determining what should be used. large transformers the bus reactance is considerable In Fig. 6, Curve 7 gives the rating of C on 17 -in.compared to the transformer reactance and up to the centers.If the phases are separated further, thepoint of paralleling, the bus reactance may be con -

133g -in 121 in. 8 x a in. Copper Bar II /

1 x 1 in. Magnetic Steel Bar / Formed & Welded

Bus Clamp / Bolts - ti / IBolts,2 Co /

Non-magnetic Steel Plate 4

in. Non-magnetic Steel Bar -Formed 51 in

FIG. 9-FORM OF BUB SUPPORT FOR RECTANGULARBUSSES REQUIRING No JOB DRILLING OF COPPER ratings of these busses will be raised somewhat but notsidered a part of the transformer reactance so far as so high as Curve 6.Curve 6 gives the rating of Ddivision of load is concerned.This effect is especially on 36 -in. centers, and the rating of this bus would benoticeable where transformer banks of different ca- lower on the closer centers but not so low as Curve 7.pacities are paralleled, because the percentage react- In Curve 8 the rating may be very materially increasedance per foot is very much higher for large than fof by one or both of two methods, either bya wider open-small busses.Sometimes it even becomes necessary ing of the corners of the rectangle,or by furtherto install a reactance in series with the smaller trans- separating the phases.If both these things are done,former bank to prevent overheating of one bank when we may obtain a bus of perhaps higher carrying capacitythe other is not fully loaded. than that given in Curve 6.When the space limitations In Curve 1-A, Fig. 6, is shown the carrying capacity or the allowable reactive drop does not demand thatof a laminated bus, balanced with magnetic steel, as phases be on the corners of an equilateral triangle, theproposed by Mr. Wagner.It is true that the addition dotted arrangement shown in C is practically equivalentof this magnetic steel does increase the carrying capacity. in carrying capacity to that of D. However, the amount of iron to be added must be 5.General Electric Bulletin No. 87000-D, Sept. 1924,p. 26. determined by the cut -and -try method for any in- 14 LE CLAIR: CARRYINO CAPACITY OP 60 -CYCLE BUSSES Journal A.I. E. K. stallation and the cost of addingthis balancing be-requires more material, takes very little time to mount comes prohibitive, especially when the class of laborand would not be as expensive per ampere of current usually employed knows nothing of whatis to be done.carried as the clamp now used for laminated busses. The principal objection to theuse of a rectangularNeither one of these supports is particularly difficult to form of bus is the sameas one of the objections to thehandle, nor is it particularly difficult to make taps to tubular form of bus; that is, the difficulty ofmounting.this bus since there is room for strap copper or lug However, a little careful consideration will showthatconnections on the surface of every bar.When these the rectangular bus is not particularly difficultto mountsupports are used on the form of bus shown in Fig. 6c, since flat clamps may be used whichare very similar tothe bar nearest the support may be omitted without those used for an ordinary laminated bus. changing the method of mounting. The manner of making taps is littlemore difficult In presenting this paper we have hoped to give a than with the ordinary laminated bus because all theready reference through which engineers may choose copper surfaces are flat.Especially is this true if thethe type of bus best adapted for their needs with- corners of the rectangle are left open, making room toout any involvedcalculationswhichthey have handle bolts inside.The necessary bracing betweenneither time nor inclination to make.In conclusion, phases may be attached to the clamps in practically thelet us state that although the Electric Power Club same way as is done with laminated busses. We haveStandards call for the maximum of 30 deg. cent. added two preliminary sketches of supports, (Figs. 8temperature rise and the busses given are designed and 9).The type which is cheapest to use dependsaon this basis,nevertheless, a number of years' ex- good deal upon the type of labor employed.Whereperience has shown that a 40 -deg. temperature rise skilled and experienced labor is used on the job, Fig. 8gives no trouble due to oxidation when reasonably requires less material and would probably be cheapest togood connections are made.Especially is this true install.Where the labor is not particularly skilled orwhen the ambient temperature is nearer to 25 deg. fast, or where labor costs are high, Fig. 9, although itthan to 40 deg. cent.

Motor Band Losses B1 T. SPOONER' Member, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-It is shown that railway motor band losses are of band.These losses are shown to be due chiefly to the change in appreciable magnitude, sometimes sufficiently large to be detri- the radial component of the flux as the band passes by the pole tip. mental to the cooling of the machine.By tests of a small machine For average bands, about 15 per cent of the losses (hysteresis and checked against those of a large one, the band losses are found to varyeddy) are due to the tangential flux in the bands.A typical set of according to the 1.7 power of the frequency and from the 1.35 to thecurves is shown for calculating band losses. 1.8 power of the induction, depending on the width and type of * * * * *

IN most types of rotating electrical apparatus, theare sometimes of quite considerable magnitude and they rotor windings are held in position by some sort ofoccur adjacent to the windings, thus preventing loss of slot wedge.However, in the case of d -c. railwayheat from the windings and teeth, even though they do motors, it is almost universal practise, (in this country atnot actually transfer heat to these parts. Moreover, the least), to hold the rotor windings in the slot by means ofband losses may materially heat the cooling air in the wire bands.These bands, when over the core material,air -gap, thus making it much less effective. are placed in shallow slots in the core.They are from BAND CONSTRUCTION M in. to 3% in:wide and are spaced approximately three There are many kinds of band construction and band in. apart.Much wider bands are often used over the endmaterials in use, but here we shall deal with only three windings. but in this paper we shall be concerned onlyor four common types.The steel banding wire for the with the bands over the core. experiments to be described had a diameter of either It is often assumed that the band losses are so small0.0453 in. or 0.0641 in., and a resistivity of about 18.5 as to be negligible; and even if they are not negligible,microhm-centimeters.The bands were wound on a the heat is readily dissipated, since the bands are on the0.0125 -in. soft iron, tinned strip which, in turn,was in- surface of the rotor.As a matter of fact, band lossessulated from the core by means ofa strip of asbestos tape. 1. Research Engr., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., East In order to reduce the band losses, insome Pittsburgh, Pa. cases each band was divided into two sections, each To be presented at the Midwinter Convention of the A. I. E. E.,section having its own strip and the two sections New York, N. Y., February 8-11, 1926. insulated from each other.The wires of each band or 15 Jan. 1926 SPOONER: MOTOR BAND LOSSES section were held together by clips of 0.0125 -in.softtip and their shape and magnitude are a functionof the iron about 3/ in. wide, spaced approximately everyshape of the pole tips. the three inches.The wires were wound on the armature The tangential fluxes passing from one pole tip to under considerable tension and the wires, strips andnext, through the bands, are usually ofmuch higher flux clips were soldered together.The solder was of puredensity than the radial fluxes, but due to thesmall tin,having aresistivityofabout13 microhm-thickness of the bands, the eddy -current losses aresmall. centimeters. However, the hysteresislosses correspond to the tangential flux; namely, the maximum induction. FACTORS AFFECTING THE BAND LOSSES The bands are subjected to an elliptical field.and we The problem of band losses is much more complicatedshall assume that the hysteresis loss is the same as than is evident from a first inspection.So far as thewould be produced by the maximum tangential induc- phenomena have been analyzed, the following factorstion acting under alternating flux conditions.This enter into the problem: tangential flux is a maximum in the position just before a.Width of bands the band passes under the pole tip.It is lower at a b.Width of teeth at air -gap position midway .between the poles and zero at the c.Size of band wires center of the pole.This decrease in flux at the mid- d.Amount of solder used point between the poles produces a minor hysteresis e.Dimensions of tinned strips and clips loop.Since this loop is greatly displaced from the f. Normal resistivity of wire, solder and tinnednormal position, there results appreciable increase in the strips hysteresis losses. g.Temperature of bands Due to the eddy currents in the bands, caused by the h.Frequency radial flux and the consequent damping out of the flux i. Induction through the bands, the air -gap flux must tend to pass 1. Tooth (radial) around the bands, giving decreased relative induction 2.Band (tangential) in that portion of the tooth under the bands.These j.Field form fluxes tend to become uniform again under the bands, k.Air -gap thus producing a flux component at right angles to the 1. Depth of band groove plane of laminations which may produce appreciable If the bands are not insulated from the core, theeddy -current losses. losses due to the bands may be anywhere from the TEST APPARATUS insulated values to many hundred per cent higher, the values depending on the intimacy of contact between The test results to be described were obtained the bands and laminations.The following discussionchiefly on a typical small four -pole railway motor assumes perfect insulation from the teeth. direct -coupled to a d -c. shunt motor. Two armatures There are several types of band loss for a given totalwere provided with the following dimensions: armature flux which may be classified as follows: Armature A. Armature B. 1.Eddy -current losses in band wires, solder and tinned strip, due to radial flux. Diameter 9 in. 9 in. 2.Eddy -current losses in band wires, solder and Length 7" 7" Number of slots (open) 31 16 tinned strip due to tangential flux. Slot width at air -gap 0.370 in. 0.635 in. 3.Normal hysteresis loss in band wires and strip Slot pitch at air -gap 0.911 " 1.77 " due to tangential flux. Slot depth 1.00 " 1.50 " 4.Additional hysteresis losses due to displaced hysteresis loops. The armatures had three band grooves 0.125 in. 5.Additional armature tooth loss (eddy -current)deep and 0.75 in. wide.The motor was provided with due to the damping out of flux by the bands in thetwo sets of poles, one normal and the other chamfered region of the pole tips, thus producing flux across1/16 in. at each tip.The bands consisted of fourteen laminations which may result in extra eddy losses. turns each of 0.0453 in. wire or eight turns each of The eddy -current losses which occur in the bands0.0641 in. wire.Both single and double bands were themselves, due to item 1, (radial flux), are by far theused for the larger size of wire.In the case of the most important, as can be shown by a few simpledouble bands, each section had four turns. calculations from data available.The induced voltage in the bands has much the same wave form as given by TEST METHODS the familiar case of an exploring coil surrounding a tooth Tests were made with threeair -gaps;namely, and connected to an oscillograph.It has, in general, 0.1 in., 0.2 in. and 0.3 in. and three speeds; 600, 1200 two large positive humps, followed by two large nega-and 1800 rev. per min., corresponding to 20, 40 and 60 tive humps, with many intervening ripples.Thecycles respectively.Chamfered poles were used with large humps are produced when the tooth passes a pole0.0452 in. and 0.0641 in. bands and 0.1 in. air -gap only. 16 SPOONER: MOTOR BAND LOSSES Journal A. I. E. E. The d -c. drive motorwas supplied by a storageflux increased, the rate of flux change became less, battery.No-load losseswere determined with the barethus giving a relatively smaller induced hand voltage. armature for the various air-gaps and for various fieldAlso pole chamfering had only a small effect due to the excitations.The armature flux-per -pole was determined for various excitationsby means of an exploring coil and d -c. voltmeter connectedthrough a synchronous contactor.Corresponding maximum armature tooth inductions were determinedballistically by means of a Un formA. G. tooth .exploringcoil and a ballistic galvanometer. 120 Also the r. m.s. tooth voltages were determined by means of the tooth exploring coil and a Paul dynamom- 100 eter type voltmeter which hada very small frequency w 80 error.From a previous investigation,data were cr available for the actual tooth -voltagewave forms as ce 60 Tula! mature flupePole obtained by oscillograph. a_ 1.45 Mekallnee In order to determine the tangential inductionsin Z 40 the bands the exploring coil 0 0.1 A.0 was wound on the center 0.2 A. G . band between two teeth. 20 The motor field was re- 0.3 A (if\ versed and the band inductions obtained ballistically. 0 This was done for various field strengths for the posi- 0 2 3 4 5 6 tion opposite the center point between the poles and RAD DISTANCE INCHES (ARM. SURFACE) for the position of maximum tangential induction, namely, with the exploring coila little beyond the tip of FIG.1-TANGENTIALBAND INDUCTIONS -0.0641BANDS the pole.Also a curve was obtained for one field strength and the various air -gaps between tangential 500 Armattlreand Pole-faleLsae. band induction and armature position fora rotation of 400 0641St d 90 electrical degrees. lint. ' 300 TEST RESULTS n.r453rtd(1nsI . While the test results are referred to theaverage 200 ,401,A1.0G41.2See.oa'i' tooth -top induction, since this factor probably corre- 100 0453 Stri n lates best with the band losses, it should be remembered finsl. that the actual radial band inductions are considerably 0 I 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 less and sometimes only about one-half the values B -TOOTH TIP.KR.OLINES PER SQUARE INCH corresponding to the average tooth top induction, due FIG.2-BAND LOSSES FOR D-C. RAILWAY-MOTOR ARMATURE to the greater reluctance produced by the band grooves. "A" 0.2 AIR GAP -1200 REV. PER MIN.

Fig. 1 shows some typical curves for tangential band KR 0.150.20.3 0.4 0.60.81.0 1.5 2 3 4 5 69 10 15 inductions, which inductions are chiefly responsible for 100 the hysteresis losses.The radial flux is, of course, :__B-RkerstlEatil tlii 70 Indchoniba on approximately proportional to the tooth -top inductions 50.__U tioLtf and has nearly the shape of the field form.Fig. 2 wco Z40 Tooth-tipi 30-. ...(i.e,t0othpuxce a44. gap shows some typical band -loss data for armature A, 07 tg WetsDiC.,K with the armature core, tooth and pole -face losses °'20 c"0 included for comparison.It will be noted that in one 15 ease the tinned strip was omitted from under the band 100 wires. 70 r.p.mxno.pamofpoles ....."")...."... Fig. 3, plotted on double log paper, shows band -loss so 60

CIC 40 calculation curves for a 0.0461 -in. insulated band, eight Il P4;Tire`mraTWatts 11.v, 30 W.W.I:if wires wide.This method of plotting makes a very 13141-5 DDia.ofarmin int)m convenient form in which to have the results, since the 20 KrFrequencyfactor 15 losses vary approximately exponentially withfre- ITnduction'ac or; quency and induction.From theoretical and some- 0 3 4 5 6 7910 15 what meager testconsiderationsthe band losses Kf apparently vary about as the square of the band width. FIG.3-BAND LOSSES FOR D -C. RAILWAY -MOTOR ARMATURE If desired, another curve could be added to Fig. 3, 8-0.0453 IN. DIAMETER WIRES- ONE SEC. STRIP giving a factor to take care of the width. It was found that the band losses varied only slightlyfact that while the maximum individualvoltages were with air -gap for a given armature flux, due probably toless, the maximum tooth inductionswere greater for the the fact that with larger air -gaps, though the radialsame total pole flux. Jan. 1926 SPOONER: MOTOR BAND LOSSES 17 The following table gives the band loss coefficients,thick radially that the bands do not touch the core. tooth -induction and frequency exponents for the AIn practise, this procedure is not possible and thereis a armature. general tendency toward the use of insulating materials TABLE even though most of the bandtension is carried by BAND LOSS COEFFICIENTS AND EXPONENTS the coils. Coefficients are for 1200 rev. per min. (40 cycles), 80 kilolines tooth tip induction, and 0.1 in. air -gap. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Band Exponents The eddy currents in the bands due to the radial (Diameter of Tooth flux which are chiefly responsible for the band losses Remarks wires -in.) CoefficientFrequency Induction are undoubtedly of sufficient magnitude toappreciably 0.0453 in. 71 1.71 1.52 No strip 0.0453 in. 230 1.71 1.63 Strip hinder the change of flux as the band passes under the 0.0641 in. 238 1.67 1.73 Strip-one sec. pole tip.This is analogous to skin effect.It will be 0.0641 in. 188 1.85 1.87 Strip-ch. poles 0.0641 in. 180 1.68 1.34 Strip-two sec. noted that at low and moderate inductions, the two - section bands have nearly as much loss as the wide The coefficients are the total losses due to the pres-single -section bands, although -theoretically the losses ence of the bands for the specified conditions.There isfor the former should be X.This is probably due some variation in exponents and coefficients for variouspartly to the fact that the losses for the wide bands are air -gaps and frequencies.The values given are thereduced by skin effect at the lower inductions.At the mean results for the exponents.Tests on a muchhigher inductions, the magnetizing forces become so larger machine gave approximately the same results. great that the damping effect of the eddies becomes less In order to show the relation between the variousimportant and relatively more radial flux passes through band losses, the hysteresis losses due to the tangentialthe wide bands, thus giving a higher induction exponent fluxes were calculated for certain conditions as follows:for the wide bands than for the narrow.Again due to 0.0641 in. bands (one section), 60 cycles, 80 kilo-these damping currents, flux may pass around the bands lines/sq. in. tooth -top induction and 0.2 in. air -gap. under certain conditions, thus altering the eddy -current losses in the teeth by producing flux components at Tangential eddy current loss = 43 watts right angles to the tooth laminations.This is purely Hysteresis loss = 23 watts speculative.These induction exponents are lower than would be expected.It may be that heating of the Sum = 66 watts bands has much to do with it. Actual test loss = 470watts. The frequency exponents are less than two, due, This indicates that for these conditions 85 per cent of theundoubtedly, partly at least, to the skin effect in the loss is due to the radial flux. bands. It would normally be assumed that wider teeth would It has been impracticable so far to derive a theoretical produce higher band losses.Tests obtained with the Bmathematical formula for calculating the band losses armature, however, having only 16 as against 31caused by the radial component of flux.This is an teeth and correspondingly wider tooth tops, gaveinteresting problem for anyone mathematically in- approximately the same band losses.By means of aclined. The chief difficulty, even without assuming any ballistic exploration of the tooth -top inductions overdamping effects, is to determine the most probable the leading and trailing portions of the teeth as theypath of the ddy currents in the bands. passed by the pole tips, it was found that most of the Considerable reduction in band losses may be effected change in flux as a point on the tooth top passed theby omitting the metal strip under the wires, but this pole tip occurred over a distance equal to less thangives less satisfactory construction from a mechanical one-half the tangential width of the tooth top for thestandpoint.The insulation under the bands can not B armature.This means that for these particularbe dispensed with safely in all cases. poles a tooth top width of from 0.5 to 1 inchor over will Non-magnetic band wire may be used if desired, but give approximately the same band losses.For stilldue to its inferior mechanical properties and slight effect narrower teeth there might be considerable difference.on the band losses, its use is probably not justified. Some tests made on the experimental and other A band wire and a solder of high electrical resistance machines show that if the bandsare not insulated fromwould be of considerable advantage if they were other- the core, very much larger losses than normal willoccur.wise suitable. The armature laminations are short circuitedon the In large railway motors, the band losses may, under shaft and the bands touching the laminationsat thecertain conditions, amount to two or three kilowatts and periphery complete an electrical circuit, whichmay makeare therefore not negligible.Band temperatures up to a very good path for induced currents.It was found200 deg. cent., or more, may occur.At very high possible to produce losses of several kilowatts in theinductions the band temperature may increase so small 7 x 9 armature by this means.It is possible torapidly that the rate of increase of band losses with apply uninsulated bands without producing theseextrainduction will sometimes decrease very considerably losses but only in the case that the slot windingsare sodue to the increased resistance of the bands. N I:11'111'111' N IAV 1Th IT luN .1.I.V..I. STAN I).11( I is Journal .1.I.

motor havinga "test rating' of 10 h. p.This is the 39. Standards for11' in- and ('ables. usual nameplate rating.The same motormay also Stioalurds and 1.,iiplaiay. have the followingpermissible out !ants under the given Slumlord), fur Slurino conditions: 37. Slumlord), forIllumination. 38. Standardsfur 1.:14.1.ira .rt.11',I,ling 111111kni1118. 8.5 h. p. at 50 deg. air tempera'tire and 1(10(1 meters altil tido 39. (July 1112.'n V1'1111- 8h. p. at 4000 deg. meters all it ude Slumlords fur 1.:1(.1.tril. and 40 deg. air temperature ing Apparalins. 11.5 h. p. at 25 deg. air tempera'ore and 1000 meters altitude PII.(July 1112r) Slumlords fur Instilaliir), 10h. p. at 25 deg.air tem peril tire and 250(1 meters altitude 42.Mlareh 1921 )Slumlord Symbols fur Eigilri,ai Equip- aaat or These numerical valuesare illustrative only; no official action has been takento standardize such values.Sections In Preparation. There still existssome mixture of rules for rating and No.2. Standard Definitions and Symbols. testing under standardtest conditions and rulesor 4.Standards for the Measurement of Test Voltage), in recommendations for operation underservice conditions heleidrie Tests. in the new revision of the Standardsfur1 nduet NlidursandInduction Institute Standards, but this Maeliiiii!, in (general. edition has been greatly improvedin this respect. A 12. Standards fur Prime Mover and (generator r. nits. great deal of confusion has existed, and,to a degree, 20.Standards for Air -Circuit Breakers. still exists in the rating situationbecause of a failure to 21.Standards fur Lever Switches and En,lo-cdLever distinguish clearly betweena test rating, established Switches. for purposes of comparison between 27.Standards for Switchboards. machines or equip, 28.Standards fur Lightning Arresters. ment or between equipment and specifications,and the 29.Standards for Electric Railways. actual loading of machines andapparatus in service. 33.Standards for Electrical Measuring Instruments. Engineers, interested in the furtherdevelopment of 35. Standards for Radio Communication. electrical standardsare working on this problem, and a Working Committee of the Standards Committee (SEC. 1) -GENERAL PRINCIPLES has been appointed to study the problemof formulating rules or recommendations concerning theperformance The importance from a practical standpoint of the of apparatus under service conditions. "General Principles upon Which the A. I. E. E. Stand- In the new edition of the Standards, therewill be,ards Are Based" which appearedas Chapter 1 of the when it is completed, more than fortyseparate sections1922 Edition has been very considerably reduced.The or pamphlets, each dealing with one major type ofimpossibility of rigidly applying the principle tomany machinery or apparatus. Any combinationof thesepractical cases has been mentioned before.This basic sections can be supplied in a loose-leaf binderto suitmaterial is of very considerable value to thoseinterested the interests of any engineer.The following lists givein the formulation of standardsbut it has led to con- those sections that are completed and those thatarefusion when the attempt has been madeto use it in in an advanced stage of preparation: working standards.In the new edition this material is included as Section 1 but it doesnot have the force Av ailable Adopted Sections. or standing of rules for rating or testing.To quote the No.1.(April 1925)General Principles upon Which Tempera- preface of this new section: "The limits oftemperature ture Limits are Based in the Rating ofand temperature rise given in this pamphletare not Electrical Machinery. limits for the ratingor testing of electrical machinery. 5. (July 1925) Standards for Direct -Current. Generators and Motors and Direct -Current Com-The pamphlet deals with the generalconsiderations mutator Machines in General. upon which rating limits are based." 7. (July 1925) Standards for Alternators, Synchronous The only temperature limits givenin the revised Motors and Synchronous Machines inStandards (with the exception of General. certain operating 8. (March 1925)Standards for Synchronous Converters.temperature limits given for traction motors)are the 10. (July 1925) Standards for Direct -Current and Alter-limiting temperature rises correspondingto the standard nating -Current Fractional Horse - test rating.Total hottest spot temperaturesfor the Power Motors. different classes of insulation, conventionalallowances, 11. (July 1925) Standards for Railway Motors. and the corresponding total observable 13, (August 1925)Standards for Transformers, Induction temperatures Regulators and Reactors. have been completely eliminatedfrom the sections 14. (March 1925)Standards for Instrument Transformers. dealing with machineryor apparatus standards. 15. (Dec. 1924) Standards forIndustrial Control Ap- In the A. I. E. E. Standards fromthe 1914 to the 1922 paratus. Editionsinclusive,theInstituterecognizedthree 16. (July 1925) StandardsforRailwayControlandmethods of temperature Mine Locomotive Control Apparatus. measurement and only in a 19. (July 1925) Standards for Oil Circuit Breakers. few instances was one methoddefinitely specified in a 22. (July 1925) Standards for Disconnecting and Horn -particularapplication.Inthe1922Edition,for Gap Switches. example, Section 1001 states: Jan. 1926 NEWBURY: NEW EDITION A. I. E. E. STANDARDS 21 "The General Principles stated in Section 1000 permit thevalues are not acceptable to either party the brush use of whichever method (of temperature measurement)is bestfriction is to be measured as heretofore. suited to the class of machine, or part thereof to be tested, by (Sec. 5.) Stray Load Losses. Avery important change introducing appropriate values forthe limiting observablehas been made by including stray load losses in the total temperature by each method." losses from which the conventional efficiency is deter- Table 200, Section 2230 indicated in many importantmined.These are calculated as one per cent of the instances temperature limits for both thermometeroutput for all loads; i. e., 1 per cent of the rating at full and resistance measurements and therefore, accordingload and 0.05 per cent of the rating at half load.This to A. I. E. E. standards, either method could be requirednew rule does not apply to motors of 200 h. p. at575 in an acceptance test unless the purchaser and manu-rev. per min. and smaller.This new rule will operate facturer had agreed on a more definite program in someto reduce the full load efficiency, which is as usually other way. specified, one per cent. In distinction to this indefinite program regarding the application of the several recognized methods of (SEC. 7)-STANDARDS FOR ALTERNATORS AND temperature measurement in previous editions, the SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 1925 standards definitely specify the method (or, in shall be used in (1)limiting Temperature Rises.Two tables of some instances, the two methods) that limiting temperature rises are given, one for steam - each case. Some of the more important additions and changesturbine driven alternators and a second for other syn- made in the various sections are given in the concludingchronous machines.For both classes of machines, part of this article.To give all of the importantrises by embedded detectors (between coil sides) are 60 change would be impossible within reasonable spacedeg. for Class A insulation and ,80 deg. for Class B limits and the reader is referred to the standardsinsulation.The option of using higher temperature themselves for more complete information. rises for Class B insulation (if such higher figures are the subject of special guarantee by the manufacturer) (SEC.5)-STANDARDS FOR DIRECT -CURRENT permitted by the 1914 to 1922 editions (inclusive) has GENERATORS AND MOTORS been eliminated in this edition.For steam -turbine (1)Limiting Temperature Rises.No changes havegenerators the limiting temperature rise of the rotor been made in temperature rises as specified in previouswinding is 90 deg. by resistance for Class B insulation; editions.The temperature rise for insulated windingsand for lower speed synchronous machines the corre- is 50 deg. measured by thermometer.The unsettledsponding figures for field windings are 60 deg. and 80 situation existing in connection with the standarddeg. for CI?..cs A and B insulation, respectively.An rating of general purpose motors is recognized by theimportant change has been made in the method of following note appearing with the table of limitingtemperature measurement; all insulated field winding temperature rises: temperatures are now to be measured by resistance. "The temperature limits on which the rating of general The detector method of measurement has been speci- purpose motors is based are under discussion at the presentfied for turbine generators above 750 kv-a. in rating and time and no agreement has yet been reached.In order thatfor other machines above 1500 kv-a.These limits work being done in this connection may not be influenced orreplace the 20 -in. core length used in previous editions. impeded, the Institute refrains from taking any action at the present time towards revising its rules for this class of machinery." These limiting temperature rises and methods of measurement were adopted as international standards (Sec. 2)-Shutting-Down Machine at End of Tempera-at the recent Hague meeting of the I. E. C., with the ture Test.In d -c. machines it is very difficult to correct temperatures taken on the rotating part after shut -downexception that the detector method was specified for for the decrease in temperature that occurs duringuse only on much larger machines. shut -down.In order to more completely standardize This national and international agreement on Class B the conditions of test a new rule has been addedre-insulation temperature rises is a very important step quiring machines to be shut -down within definite times.forward and is a matter of congratulation among Up to and including 50 kw. this is one minute;up to andengineers interested in this class of machinery. including 200 kw. it is two minutes and for still larger (2)Zero Power -FactorMethodof Loading for machines three minutes. Temperature Tests.This method of loading has been (Sec. 3)-Successful Commutation Defined. Anewrapidly growing in favor during the past ten years and definition is included that recognizes normal mainte-is now recognized as an approved method in this nance as the criterion of successful commutation. edition of the standards. (Sec. 4)-Brush Friction.Conventional values of 8 (3)Short Circuit Requirements..Itisdefinitely watts per sq. in. of brush contact surfaceper 1000specified that all synchronous machines shall be capable ft. per min. peripheral speed for carbon and graphiteof withstanding short circuit when tested under con- brushes and 5 watts for metal graphite brushesareditions of no-load rated frequency and 110 per cent established for calculation of brush friction.If theserated. voltage.The higher voltage is intended to l NE11.11Elt1': NE11' 1.1)1T14)\ .\ I. E. E. ST1N1).11iI)S A. I E. E compensate for t he difference betweenno load :111(1 r:ii 0, been done in a way that clearly distinguishes them load flux. from the rules concerning the standard lest rating. (4) VariationsinArmature Currentpresentin In a section headed "Servive Cmidi I ions," 110'll is a synchronous motors drivingair compressors or othertableof"limiting observable temperatures recom- machinery with reciprocatingparts is limited to 66mended for service."These temperatures are given as per cent of rated current.This value was first adopteda guide to operating engineers in the every -day appli- by the Electric Power Cluband the American Societycation and use of railway motors.These are total of Refrigerating Engineersand was accepted by thetemperatures and include the cooling -air temperature. A. I. E. E. Committee. "Peak Values" corresponding to 40 deg. air tempera- (SEC. 8)-STANDARDS ture and "normal values" corresponding to 25 (leg. air FOR SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS temperature are both given.This tableis quoted (1)Limiting Temperature Rises.The temperaturebelow, so that it may be compared with the temperature rises are unchanged, except thatthe 65 deg. rise pre-rises given later for the test rating: viously specified for commutatorsof all commutating machines has been reduced to 60 deg. Li NI ITI NO OBSERVABLE TE N1PE RA TURES (2)Shutting -Down Converter at End of Temperature RECOMNIENDED FOR SERVICE Test. A rule similar to theone previously discussed in Peak Values Normal Values connection with d-c. machines is added. A single Res6t Thermom- Resist- Thernioni limit of three minutes for allconverters is specified. Metnod of Temperature anee et er ance eter A single limit is permissibleon account of the relatively Determination deg. cent. deg cent. large size of the converters. Class A Insulation 125 105 110 90 (3).Successful Commutation Defined.The same Class B Insulation 145 120 130 105 new definitionis given for converters as for d-c. machines. In another part of the Railway Motor Standards are (4)Power Factor Limitations. A new requirementsections on Rating and Heating, referring to the test is added to the effect that all converters rated at unityrating.Temperature rises are given for various parts power factor shall be capable of operating withoutof the motor for a one -hour rating and for continuous dangerous heating at98per cent power factor.Thisrating and for Class A and Class B insulations and for isintended to provide only against unintentionalventilated and totally enclosed motors.For the pur- departures from unity power factor. pose of illustration the following temperature rises for (5)Brush Friction.The same conventional methodarmature and field windings are quoted: of determining brush friction, as provided in the d-c. machine section, is included in the converter section. Limiting Tem ierature Rise (6)Stray Load Losses.Stray load losses are in- One Hour Continuous cluded in the conventional efficiency as one per cent of Method Rating Rating Type Temp. the output.In previous editions, the stray load losses Enclosure Meas. Class AClass BClass AClass 1 were omitted.This change will have the result of Arn. and FldVentilated Resist 100 120 85 105 reducing efficiencies, as previously calculated, 1 per cent ndings Thermo 80 95 65 80 at full load. Totally Resist 110 130 95 115 Enclosed Thermo 00 Inn 75 90 (SEC. 10)-STANDARDS FOR FRACTIONAL HORSE POWER MOTORS It will be noted that the temperature rises given for In previous editions of the Standards fractionalthe continuous test rating on stand testare equivalent h. p. motors have not been distinguished from largerto the limiting observable temperatures recommended motors of the same types.The standards included infor service with average air temperature of25deg. cent. this section are essentially the same as for larger motors, An important change has been made in the standard except where the difference in size has led to differenttest conditions regarding ventilation.In the1922and practise, as, for example, in the case of small motors,previous editions the test conditions included"with the the input-output method of efficiency determinationmotor covers arranged to secure maximum ventilation is the preferred method.The present situation, re-without external blower."This resulted in tests being garding the rating of general purpose motors, is recog-made with "covers off."The revised standards provide nized by the insertion of the same note, as quoted in thethat "Motors shall be tested with thecovers and cooling comments on the Direct -Current Machinery Section. system, if any, arranged as in service."This is a change in the direction of agreement betweentest con- (SEC. 11)-STANDARDS FOR RAILWAY MOTORS ditions and "usual service conditions." This section is of more than usual interest, because These American railway motor temperaturerises for the Working Committee responsible for it has includedtest rating were adopted at the recent Haguemeeting in it some operating recommendations, but this hasof the International ElectrotechnicalCommission. Jan. 1926 NEWBURY : NEWEDITION A. I. E. E. STANDARDS 23

(SEC. 13)-STANDARDS FOR TRANSFORMERS, INDUCTION (SEC. 9)-STANDARDS FOR INDUCTION MOTORS REGULATORS AND REACTORS (in preparation) This section is largely a collection of previously (1)AltitudeCorrection.Forair-cooledoil -im-existing A. I. E. E. Standards, relating to induction mersed apparatus the correction for temperature risesmachines.The definitions have been revised and new observed at high altitudes is 0.4 per cent for each 100definitions have been added for thesquirrel -cage meters above 1000 meters instead of 1 per cent as in theinduction motor, wound rotor induction motor, induction previous editions.This change is based on recentfrequency converter and "slip". experimental work. Shutting -Down Machines at End of Temperature Run. (2)Short Circuit Current of Transformers.A newWhen the stopping time is limited to specified values, requirement is included that transformers shall beno correction of observed temperatures is required. capableof withstanding, without injury,for twoThese values are the same as for d -c. machines: seconds a short circuit across the secondary terminals Up to and including 50 h. p 1 minute under specifiedservice conditions.Exceptions are Above 50 h. p. and including 200 h. p 2 minutes made in the case of auto -transformers, certain low Above 200 h. p. 3 minutes reactance transformers, and transformers which are to Stray road Losses.The 1922 Standards specified a be directly connected to other apparatus possessingmethod for measuring stray load losses in induction inherent reactance. machines, but also stated : "In windings consisting of relatively small conductors, these (3)Dielectric Test Voltages.Important new eddy -current losses are usually negligible." material appears in the revised Standards concerning The specified method of measuring these losses- transformers with graded insulation and transformerswith rotor removed-has seldom been used in practise, testedby inducedvoltage.Transformers havingand stray load losses have usually been neglected.In windings with graded insulation and directly and per-the 1925 revision, the following provisions have been manently grounded shall be tested by induced voltageincorporated: with connections so made that the ungrounded or line "Stray Load Losses.In induction machines, no allowance terminals shall receive test voltage to ground not less for stray load losses shall be included." than 2.73 times the normal voltage developed by theA footnote calls attention to the fact that stray -load winding plus 1000 volts.If this test does not alsolosses may be considerable, if the primary winding produce between terminals two times the rated voltagecontains conductors more than 3% in. in depth in a of the circuit plus 1000 volts, an additional test to60 -cycle machine.Modern designs use conductors produce this result shall be made. considerably smaller than this. When transformers are tested by inducing the re- Rating of Elevator Motors. A new paragraph has quired voltage in the winding, frequencies higher thanbeen added which is the same as the previously existing normal are generally employed in order to avoid over- Electric Power Club Standard. saturation in the core, and also, in the case of large transformers, to enable the test to be made with testing STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL CONTROL APPARATUS equipment of reasonable size.Recent experimental In the 1922 Standards, Industrial Control Standards work by Montsinger at Pittsfield and Vogel at Pitts-were grouped with switching, circuit breakers, and pro- burgh has shown that the severity of the dielectric testtective apparatus.No distinction was drawn between increases with frequency in such rates that, for equalthe different apparatus and general conditions existing severity, the time should be reduced in the same ratioin the industrial field and in the field of power supply. as the frequency is increased. For purposes of standard-The separation of these diverse kinds of equipment ization the following times are used for the respectiveinto a number of separate sections has led to a consider- frequencies: able increase in material and a general improvement in these standards. Frequency Time in Seconds The new material in Industrial Control Standards mainly concerns limiting temperature rises, conditions 120 and below 60 and methods of making temperature tests and limita- 180 40 tions other than heating, such as range of operating 240 30 voltage for contactors, test for operation at minimum 360 20 voltage, durability test and tests to determine successful 400 10 operation. This section has the distinction of being the first Considerable new material relatingto inductionsection to be given the status of an American Standard regulators has been added to the Standards.Limitingunder the procedure of the American Engineering temperature rises, method of loading for temperatureStandards Committee.This American Standard was tests, short-circuit current, efficiency and lossesaresponsored jointly by the Electric Power Club and the included for the first time. A. I. E. E. 24 NEWBURY: NEW EDITION A. I. E. E. STANDARDS Journal A. I. E. E.

STANDARDS FOR OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS rays full into the eyes of drivers approaching on the Considerable new material relatingto rating of oilother side .4 circuit breakers has been included.This material, Yet there is a way to remedy the condition that is not while new to the A. I. E. E. Standards, is well estab-dependent on law enforcement.It consists ofillu- lished in the practise of the industry. minating the highways scientifically. Regardless of road conditions, regardless of the con- STANDARDS FOR INSULATORS dition of the apparatus of the individual cars that This is an entirelynew specification, and is the result of painstaking work traverse them, scientific highway lighting will be uniform. on the part of a representa- The idea carries with it commercial possibilities to tive group of engineers during the past threeyears. It the electrical industry, naturally, but more than that is essentially a test specification and prescribesit will bring satisfaction that the problem is being solved procedure, in considerable detail, for both pin- andin the best and most sensible way.The success of suspension -type insulators. street lighting, where illumination has been the chief STANDARDS FOR ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS object sought rather than mere ornament, has brought (in preparation) forth as a by-product this vision of highway illumina- This is another wholly new standard and isa goodtion potentialities.That the headlights of an automo- example of the cooperation that exists between thebile are practically unnecessary on well -lighted streets technical committees of the Institute and the Standardshas suggested that highways might be made safe in C6mmittee.This section first appeared as an Institutethe same manner. paper by H. B. Brooks, prepared under the direction The electrical industry is not the only one which will of the Technical Committee on Instruments andprofit from highway illumination.Tests made recently Measurements. A Working Committee of the Stand-on a stretch of highway in the East have demonstrated ards. Committee is now putting the section in suitableactually by count that without altering the highway form for approval-using the Brooks paper as atraffic could be increased 100 per cent by having them basis. well lighted.Practically all the trucking load upon highways is carried at night.With well -lighted high- These are the more important changes and additionsways the amount of trucking over highways can be to be found in the new edition of the Institute Standards.increased 100 per cent, the experiment proved, and the It is confidently believed that this edition will prove ahighways still remain safe for traveling motorists.- worthy successor to the long line of older editions, andJournal of Electricity, November 1, 1925. that it will serve the industry in even greater measure. KILOCYCLE -METER CONVERSION ONE GENUINE METHOD OF SOLVING TABLE There is increasing tendency in radio practise to THE AUTOMOBILE HEADLIGHT use radiofrequencies in kilocycles rather than wave PROBLEM lengths in meters."Kilo" means a thousand, and Possession of a little card, signifying that the bearer"cycle" means one complete alternation.The number thereof has expended seventy-five cents to have hisof kilocycles (abbreviated kc.) indicates the number of automobile headlights tested and adjusted, has notthousands of times that the rapidly alternating current solved the problem of automobile headlight glare.Onin the antenna, transmitting set, or receiving set repeats paper the theory sounds very well, but in practise thereits flow in either direction in one second. are a number of conditions which shake its security. The bureau has just issued in chart forma "Kilo- Every road bump, every car track, every vibrationcycle -Meter Conversion Table."It is Miscellaneous constitutes one of these mitigating conditions. Publication No. 67 and replaces Letter Circular No. It is not enough to conform to the letter of the law123 of January 27, 1925.The table is printed on a once or twice a month by visiting headlight -testingsingle sheet of cardboard and can be posted ina con- stations.It helps the motorist who has to look intovenient place for ready reference.(Copies may be glaring headlights not one whit, if after leaving theobtained for 5 cents each from the Superintendent of testing stand, a jar or a twist will leave the lights ofDocuments, Government Printing Office, Washington, any given car in position to blind everyone into whoseD. C.) range they come. No amount of legislation nor even The table gives accurate values of kilocyclescorre- of testing and adjusting can prevent glare from strongsponding to any number of meters and viceversa.The headlights along rolling road -beds. table gives values for every 10 kilocyclesor meters, Like many another panacea, the remedy has beenand is entirely reversible; that is, for example, 50kilo- applied to the effect rather than the cause; the factcycles is 5996 meters and also 50 meters is5996 kilo- remains that roads are not ideal in contour, and even cycles.The range of the table is from 10 to 10,000 kc. perfect adjustment does not prevent a car coming up(10,000 to 10 m) and this can be extended in either direc- over a rise in the road from sendingits perfectly focusedtion by changing the decimal point. Transmission Systems with Over -Compounded Voltages BY H. B. DWIGHT Member, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-A usual method of calculating a transmission linevoltage, in which case the diagram is a circle, and second, with over - with transformers, in which the voltage is held constant at both ends compounded voltage at both generator and receiver, in which case the by synchronous condensers, is to use the circle diagram method. diagram is an ellipse.Examples are given and the diagrams are It is often advisable to use "over -compounded" voltage instead ofshown in Fig. 2. constant voltage; that is, to increase the voltage as the load increases. A short discussion is given of the advantages and limitations of Methods of calculation are given in this paper for two cases, firstusing over -compounded voltage. withover -compounded generatorvoltage and constant receiver * * * * *

IT is a very usual practise to control the stationat full load.If the higher voltage is over -compounded, voltagesoftransmission systems by automaticthen the drop in transformers and lines tends to decrease voltage regulators, which adjust the field currents ofthe variation in the distribution voltage instead of generators and synchronous condensers so that theincrease it. desired voltages are obtained.In such cases, very It can be stated that, in general, twice as much over- great advantages are obtained in many stations bycompounding as under -compounding of a circuit of maintaining a higher voltage, at a time of heavy load12,000 volts or higher can be allowed for the same than at a time of light load.This may be calledamount of inconvenience and for the same necessity "over -compounded voltage," and can be easily ac-of using feeder voltage regulators.In reality, the complished by means of a simple arrangement with ancircuits which feel the disadvantage of voltage variation automatic voltage regulator, which is often called linemost are 115 -volt circuits, where changes in 'voltage drop compensation.One of the most common methodsare noticeable at once in the changed brightness of of producing line -drop compensation is to put a fewlamps.Voltage variation in 2300 -volt circuits is often turns of winding, carrying current from series trans-inconvenient mainly because it causes variation in the formers, on the magnet of the relay which controls theconnected 115 -volt circuits.Slightly over -compounded voltage.These series ampere -turns usually amount tovoltage on a motor circuit is not very disadvantageous, not more than about 25 per cent of the ampere -turns offor low voltage is most liable to occur out of working the shunt winding, which is the main winding.There-hours, when there is light load on the power system. fore, the result is that, at no load, the main windingSuch an arrangement is the least troublesome, and operates the regulator so as to produce a certainfurther, is economical, for the core loss of transformers voltage.With load conditions and the series windingand motors is reduced during the night when theyare opposing the shunt, a higher voltage isnecessary beforegiving what is often practically only stand-by service. the regulator will operate; therefore,a higher voltageGood speed and good starting torque and pull-out than at no load is maintained. torque in induction motors are especially desirable A somewhat similar arrangement to giveover -com-when loads are heavy, and these are all helped by pounded voltage is frequently provided with inductionover -compounded voltage. voltage regulators. It may be said that over -compounded voltageon ADVANTAGES OF OVER -COMPOUNDED HIGH-TENSION circuits operating at greater than 115 volts ismore VOLTAGE desirable than constant voltage or under -compounded The statement is sometimes made that thevoltagevoltage, in almost every case.This is true for practically supplied to a certain customeror city by a transmissionany customer, city, or place where there are generators, system should have not more thana specified amountsynchronous condensers or induction regulators to give of variation, say five per cent.Where such a statementcontrol of the voltage; but it is particularly true of the is made, it practically always refersto "under -com-generating end of long transmission lines.Where there pounded" voltage; that is, the voltagevariation isis an appreciable amount of charging current, atino caused by the load and the voltage islow at times ofload the equivalent voltage at the generator terminals heavy load.It is evident that, ifa voltage of 12,000must be lower than at the load end with no synchronous volts or higher is under -compounded,then circuits of.condensers. connected, due to the reactance of the 2300 or 115 volts will be still more under -compoundedtransformers and of the line.However, it would not be due to the drop in the intervening transformers and lineseconomical to operate the generators always at thislow 1. Mass. Inst. of Technology. voltage, since this would involve greater resistanceloss To be presented at the Midwinter Conventionof the A. I. E. E.,and a larger rating of synchronous condensers if such New York, N. Y., Feb. 8-11, 1986. are used for voltage regulation.The generators at full 25 26 DWIOHT: TRANSMISSION sYs'I'li:Ms .1.I.I.; load should be operated at full rated voltage.It is also,on any load;or whether the generators aretolie in many cases, inadvisable to operate the generatorsbrought up from zero speed, together withthe synchro- at constant full rated voltage, for this produces toohigh nous condensers. a voltage at the distant end at no load, necessitating With lines shorter than 100 miles, thecost of syn- delay when starting to put the synchronous condenserschronouscondensersbecomesofgreaterrelative on the line for even a small amount of load, or forimportance, because the cost of the lines is proportion- paralleling with otherlines.Unduly high voltageately less.The cost. of condensers is usually compared increasesstrainontheinsulationandproduceswith the cost of more or heavier transmission circuits. trouble in the generating stationinhandling the charging current.Accordingly, if automatic voltage Supply Receiving regulators are used, as is generally the case with long Transformers Line Transformers R.41X, Ri.,Xi transmission lines, they should, if possible, be adjusted E. 0 Et El for a moderate amount of over -compounding of the 0 voltage rather than for constant voltage.It is for- Generators tunatethattheover -compoundingispractically saer." proportionate to the true kilowatt load, and is not FIG. 1-SCHEME OF CONNECTIONSOF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM appreciablyaffectedby thequadrature 'charging current. The question of the amount of voltage variation to Where there are several generators in a stationbe allowed on low voltage circuits depends on the often only one or two are used to carry the load in thestandard set in different localities for different classes of middle of the night.At such time each generatorload.This standard is maintained in practical opera- should have less amount of compounding than it wouldtion by installing more circuits,transformers and have when the entire station is operating.However,induction feeder regulators in the lower voltage parts of since the over -compounding or line -drop compensationthe system, as well as by improving conditions in the feature can be reduced or cut out by merely turning ahigher voltage parts. dial on the voltage regulator, it is not difficult to do this A certain amount of over -compounding on the at times when the number of generators operating inhigher voltage circuits will generally help to maintain the station is thanged.It is also possible to take thethe above standard.How far this can be carried is a current for the series coils of the regulators from amatter on which only a small amount of data has been current transformer carrying the total load of thecollected or published.An investigation on actual entire station.This will give the same over -compound-systems as to how much over -compounding can be ing for the station, regardless of the number of genera-used under different conditions before real practical tors in operation. disadvantages are encountered would be valuable. MOST ADVISABLE AMOUNT OF OVER -COMPOUNDING Where there is no load to be supplied close to the generators, over -compounding up to about 25 per cent The question as to how much over -compounding ofat the generators can be used.If loads are supplied the voltage should be used in a transmission system isdirectly from the generator bus -bars, a smaller amount for not so much a question of design as of operation, ofover -compounding must be used,the amount the over -compounding will be limited in most casesdepending on whether the power passes once or twice to a comparatively small percentageby operatingthrough transformers before it is used by motors or considerations. lamps, and on whether the load curve of the local load Transmission lines over 100 miles long cost consider-throughout the day corresponds closely with the load ably more than the synchronous condensersused tocurve of the generator load. controltheirvoltage.Consequently,itpaysto In conclusion, itis generally advisable to use as install synchronous condensers sufficient tomaintainmuch over -compounding at any point as experience the line at nearly rated voltagein all parts when it isshows can be used without interfering with the ac- fully loaded.If the line current at the load end has acepted standards of good maintenance of voltage in the very low leading powerfactor, its resistance loss and,different low -voltage circuits of the system. A small What is more important, itsstability will usually bepercentage of over -compounding can be used on high- improved by putting part of thesynchronous condens-tension circuits at load points and a larger percentage, ers in an intermediatesubstation. amounting in some cases to as much as 25 per cent, The voltages to be maintainedwith long lines atcan be used at generating stations. light load and no loadwill depend mainly on the method considered desirablefor starting up the trans- CALCULATION OF LINES HAVING OVER -COMPOUNDED mission system;whether the generators are to be VOLTAGE thrown on the line alone or onsections of it; whether A very convenient method of calculating the elec- the synchronous condensers areto be started andtrical behavior of a transmission line or system pro- adjusted for lagging powerfactor before connectingvided with synchronous condensers is to draw the circle 27 SYSTEMS Ian. 1926 DWIGHT: TRANSMISSION is required from theVoltage at a point f wherethe conductor or spacing liagram snowing the reactive kv-a. voltage is controlled: synchronous condensers at variousloads, the step-up changed but not where the and step-down transformersbeing taken into account2. Y1 Z1 zi2 Y12 + In the present paper, themethod of calculation is Ef = Eb(1± 2 + 2x 3 x 4 ) extended to cover the case of over-compounded generator voltage and constantreceiver voltage, for which Y1 Z1 Y12 Z12 case the diagramis a circle., An extensionof the ± Z,(1±2 x 3 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 the case of over - calculation is also given to cover volts to neutral (5) compounded voltage at bothgenerator and receiver and in this ease, the diagramis not circular but ellip-Current at point f: Examples are given and theresulting diagrams Yi Z1 1Y Z12 tical. If = I b + + (1 " are shown in Fig. 2. 2 x 3 x 4± )

Y1 Z1 Y12 Z12 600 (1-I - . Eb Yi 4ju *I in 2x3 2x3 5< 4 x 5+ " z 500 II' 1 amperes per conductor (6) -..400 CC Y1 and Z1 are the admittanceand the impedance of the 2t't 300 line from b to f. T.200 Voltage at supply end of transmissionline: .100 4 y22 z22 II Y22Z2 0)4 Ef ± + 0 Ec- (1 2 x 3 x 4± 411 100 Nem Y2 Z2 Y22 Z22 w-200 + If Z2(1 2 k ± 173 +2 X 3 x 4 X 5+ ) -300 400 -200-100 0 100200 300 IN -PHASE AMPERES volts to neutral (7) FIG. 2- I. OVER -COMPOUNDING AT GENERATOR END Current at supply end of transmission line: II.OVER -COMPOUNDING AT BOTH ENDS Y22 Z22 III.CONSTANT VOLTAGE AT BOTH ENDS +.1,0Y2 Z2 + 2x 3 x 4± ) A solution for the case of over -compoundedgenerator been pub- Y2 Z2 y22 Z22 voltage and constant receiver voltage has Ef Y2(1+ + + lished using the method of the equivalent rlines. 2 x 3 x 4 X 5 ) CALCULATION FOR LINE AND TRANSFORMERS, WITH amperes per conductor (8) OVER -COMPOUNDED GENERATOR VOLTAGE AND Y2 and Z2 are the admittance and theimpedance of the CONSTANT RECEIVER VOLTAGE line from f to c. Numericalvalues,exceptfor(P Q)whichVoltage induced in supply transformers: always appears, are to be found for thefollowing 1 j X,,) volts to neutral (9) quantities: Ed = Ec + -2 I, (Re, Current in secondary of receiving transformers: la =P+5Q+P. amperes per conductor (1) Current in primary of supply transformers: Id = Ic + Ed (Gus+ je.), amperes per conductor. Voltage induced in receiving transformers: =C+5D= current at generator terminals. 1 (10) Ea = E I (Re j Xer) volts to neutral (2) -2a r Voltage at generator terminals: 1 Current in primary of receiving transformers: E, = Ed + -2Id (R t. j X e.) volts to neutral Ib = I. + Ea (GI, j Bo) amperes per conductor (3) = A -F B Voltage at receiving end of transmission line: ± La I el Equation for circle diagram: 1 Eb = Ea + Ib(Rtr Xs?) volts to neutral (4) 0,=E, - L. Id volts to neutral = E'j E" + (P 5 Q) (R' X') (12) Quantities required for above equations (referring to a Electrical Characteristics of Transmission Systems," 2. three-phase system): by H. B. Dwight, TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol. 41, 1922, page 781. 5 Q = Load current + reactive current from 3."Regulator Settings for Long Lines," by L. F. Woodruff,P Electrical World, August 30 and September 6, 1924. synchronous condensers.This is always 28 OW 11111T : T UA SNIISS IONSYSTEN1S Journal A. 1. E. E. expressed by' lettersin the above calculation. The series in Y Z arevery convergent at commercial Pc frequencies and can be quickly calculated.It may be = Current for average lossin synchronousnoted that condensers. E y12 zi:! = Equivalent high-tensionvoltage at low- Y1 Z1 1 + + cosh tension side of receivingtransformers, in X 3 X 4 Y volts to neutral. and Rir = Equivalenthigh-tensionresistance from line to neutral of Y, Z1 receiver transformers. 1 + Y,' Z, If the resistance isgiven in per cent, 2X3 + -2X3X4X5+.. Per cent resistance RI x E2 r 100,000 X kv-a.per phase (13) sinh N/ Y1 Z, N/ Y1 Z, X, = Equivalenthigh-tension reactance from line E0, to neutral of receivertransformers. is a quantity whose absolutevalue is equal to the reactance is givenin per cent, that of the equivalent high-tensionvoltage at the generator terminals atno load.Only the absolute Per cent reactancexE2 value ofE0,is made use of in thecalculation in this 100,000 X kv-a.per phase paper.The phase of the quantityE0,changes as the load changes, and E., It is assumed in equations(2) and (4) that,so far as so cannot be consideredas a the magnetizingcurrent is concerned, the constant nor as a completerepresentation of theno- transformerload voltage. impedance is equallydivided between theprimary and The reason for this is thatthe automatic secondary.If the division ismore accurately known,regulator maintains theabsolute value of the voltage the actual values ofprimary and secondaryimpedanceaccording to the last part of(11), but it hasno power can be used. to alter the phase of thevoltage. +j GI, Ber=Admittance (equivalenthigh-tension) for L, is a measure of theover -compounding of the volt- core loss and magnetizingcurrent ofage, or the line drop compensation.It is equal to the receiver transformersat average voltage.rise in equivalenthigh-tension voltage producedby If these characteristicsare given in perone ampere of current (equivalenthigh tension) in cent, phase withE,. Per cent core loss 1000 X kv-a. per phase Circle Diagram.Since equation (12) isof the same Ggr- X form as the equation for 100 E2 a constant -voltage transmission line, a circle diagrammay be drawn for the transmis- (15) sion system withover -compounded voltageat the and generator end. SinceE,the load voltage, isconstant, the values of current Bo=-Per cent magnetizingcurrent may be multiplied by 100 3E 1000 1000 x kv-a. per phase X to give kw. and reactive E2 (16) kv-a. as in Reference1. However, where thevoltage is varying, Be,. is a negative quantity. it is desirable to keep account of thecurrent and voltage rather The characteristics of the the kv-a., and than supply transformersare so the circle diagramequations are given denoted by the letters ts as inRe,,etc. here in terms ofamperes. The pointfdenotes a place in the transmission The center of the circle line is the point (a',b')where where the line characteristics changedue to different conductor or spacing. A constant load a' = E' R' E" X' may be as- amperes (17) sumed for this point without changingthe form of the R '2 + X12 calculation.However, it is not to be assumed that the voltage is controlled at this point, for E' X'- E' R' if it were, a b'=+ amperes circle diagram would have to be calculatedas far as f, R'2 + X,2 (18) and another diagram for the remainder ofthe trans-The radius is mission system.Other points g, h, etc., similar to f, can readily be included in the calculation. E., c' = amperes Y1 = Gi +jBi, the admittance of the line frombtof. R'2 + X'2 (19) Zi = Ri + 5 X1, the impedance of the line from bto f.The circle shows the The subscript (2) denotes the characteristics of the reactive currentat the receiver end of the line plottedon values of in -phase line fromfto c, as inY2,etc. the receiver end. current at 29 Jan. 1926 DWIGHT: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS In order to plot the reactive current requiredfromfound from the circle diagram or equation (21).Then the synchronous condensers, first draw a straightlineA, B, C and D can be found from equations(10) and at angle 0 below the base line, where cos 0 isthe power(11), for which numerical coefficients havealready factor, lagging, of the load.If the power factor is notbeen obtained. the same at all loads, the line will not be straight,butEfficiency of the transmission system will be a curve showing the reactive current of theload 100 E Pper from no load to full load.By means of a pair of dividers Efficiency = cent (24) add the reactive current of the load to the corresponding AC -I -BD ordinate of the circle, thus plotting the curve of currentKw. at supply end' of system condensers.This requiredfromthesynchronous 3 curve is an ellipse when cos 0is constant.(See Fig. 2). C B D) kw. (25) Circle Diagram Limit of Load. 1000(A Maximum Load = c' + a' in -phase amperes (20)Kv-a. at supply end This is numerically less than c' when a' is anegative It 3 E. N/ C2 + D2kv-a. (26) quantity, and greater than c' when a' is positive. 1000 may be read from the circlediagram, as it is the farthest distance to the right reached by the circle.It is aPower factor at supply end useful point to locale on the diagram beforedrawing 100 (A C B D) circle, per cent (27) the circle, as is also the bottom point of the E, 'V C2 ± D2 (a', b' - c').It assists in drawing the circle to have these two points through which the circle is to pass. Reactive kv-a. at supply end The "stability limit" of load is usually somewhat 3 (A D -B C) kv-a. (28) less than the circle diagram limit, and of course, in the 1000 operation of a transmission line, neither limit must be reached. When this quantity is positive the reactive kv-a. and Calculated Value of Reactive Current. the power factor are leading, and when it is negative A direct calculation of the reactive current is morethey are lagging. precise than a reading from the circle diagram, and is less work than a trial and error method.The value ofOVER -COMPOUNDED VOLTAGE AT BOTH SUPPLY AND the reactive current in the circuit, Q, for a given in - RECEIVER ENDS OF SYSTEM phase current P, may be found from the following The receiver voltage can be over -compounded when equation : there are synchronous condensers, by using exactly (b' - Q)2 = c'2 - (P - a')2 (21) the same kind of apparatus as that used to provide over -compounded voltage at the supplyend.The First, find the value of the right hand side of the equa-diagram in this case is not a circle, but an ellipse, and The tion.Then take the square root and subtract b'. so values of Q for different values ofP are found by reactive current required from the synchronous con- calculation. densers is equal to If Lr is the rise in equivalent high-tension voltage sin 0 amperes (22) at the receiver endproduced by one ampere of current Q Pcos 0 (equivalent high-tension) in phase with E, then where the in -phase current is P amperes and the lagging E,,=E-L,.P - jLrQ power factor is cos 0.It should be remembered thatas in eq. (12).The phase of E, in the above expression b' is a positive quantity and a' may be positive orchanges as the load changes.Its absolute value is negative.It is worth while checking the results ofequal to that of the equivalent high-tension voltage at equations (21) and (22) by drawing the circle diagramthe receiver end at no load. P is in phase with E. and obtaining the same results graphically. The absolute value of Ea is equal to Concentric Circles.Since a' and b' which give the (Lr Q)2 center, are independent of E.. and since the radius c' E - Lr P 2 (E - Lr P) (29) is directly proportional to E . a number of circles corresponding to different values of E0. may be drawnLr P is usually less than 25 per cent of E for any load about the same center. that the line is to carry.If L,. Q is 20 per cent of rated

, Total Losses.The losses in the transmission systemvoltage, the third term of (29) is less than three per for a given power load are cent of E.It is therefore seen that the quadrature current Q has very little effect on the voltage, and the 3 (AC +BD-EP) kw. (23) over -compounding of the voltage or the line -drop 1000 compensation is practically proportional to the in - P is determined by the power load.Then Q must bephase current or the true kilowatt load. 1/11' TUANSNIISSIIIN STENIS A.I. In the calculationsin thispaper the third term of 106,310 -1 j 1610 + (I' (29) is neglected,and we write 5(1) 31.3 3 j 203.1; fi," I j E" j (j) j X') E = E + P (30) Thy cenIcr of the circle is the point (a', where Now evaluateexpressions (1) to(12). a.' 86.2 amperes The quantityand (P + j Q) will notbe a factoras it was in the' previous case, but P and Q willnow have different numerical b' = + 509.2 amperes coefficients.The final expressionas given by (12) is The radius of the circle is Eoa = E,- Id c' = + 513.8 amperes. If a numerical value See Curve I, Figure 2. is assigned to P, thisbecomes an equation in complex quantities involving Q.E012 is equal to thesquare of the real part ofthe right EXAMPLE II hand side plus thesquare of the imaginary part.This Draw the diagram for thesame line and transformers is equivalent tomultiplying each side ofthe equationas in Example I, with the sameover -compounding of by its conjugate, thatis, by a complexquantity equalthe voltage at the generator end,and with over-com- to itself except that thesign of the imaginarypart ispounding at the load end from 182,000volts at no load changed.The result isan ordinary quadratic equationto 200,000 volts at 346 in -phaseamperes. in Q, of the form 115,470- 105,000 a (12 ±bQ+c=o. L,= =30.2 Q is given by 346 E = 105,000 + 30.2 P - b- b2- 4 a c Q Ia =P+jQ+8.7 2a Ea = 105,000 + j 100+ P (30.9 + j 12.0) The minus sign of the radicalis to ne usedso as to give + jQ (0.674 + j 12.0) the normal working part ofthe curve, corresponding/b= P (1.003 -j 0.006) + j Q (1.002 + j 0.0002) to the lower part of the circlediagram for constantre- + 11.1 -j 19.7 ceiver voltage. Eb = 105,240 + j 220+ P (31.6 + j 24.0) + j Q (1.3 + j 24.0) EXAMPLE I = 99,740 + j 2760 + P (51.5 + j 178.4) Draw the circle diagram forthe following line and + jQ (22.8 + j 178.0) transformers, with constantreceiver equivalent high- = P (0.894 + j 0.039) + jQ (0.894 + j0.013) tension voltage 200,000 voltsbetween conductors,no- + 9.7 + j 90.5 load equivalent high-tensionvoltage 183,000 voltsEd = 98440 + j 2970+ P (51.6 +j 191.4) between conductors at generators,and 220,000 volts + jQ (23.3 + j 191.0) at generators with in -phase current of355 amperes. Id = P (0.925+ j 0.035) + 5Q (0.924+ j 0.013) Length of line = 200 miles. + 12.04 + j 75.2 Frequency = 60 cycles. Ea = 97360 + j 3200+ P (51.8 + j 204.8) R + j X = 23.2 + j 160 ohms. + j Q (23.8 + 5 204.4) Y = + j 0.00106 mho E =96640-3.4 P-203.6Q -j(1300- 202.7 P +31.4Q) YZ+ In calculating the pointon the curve for P= 300, 1+ . . . = 0.91637 +j 0.01195 E = 95620- 203.60 Q + j (59510- 31.4 Q) Absolute value of E= 105,850. YZ Dividing by 100 and thensquaring the real part and 1 + . . . 2.3 = 0.97197 + j 0.00403 the imaginary part, 4.244 Q2 Pc = 8.66 amperes - 4267 Q + 148,000 = 0 Rtr + j Xty = 1.33 + 5 24.0 ohms. 4267- 3961 Gtr + j Bt Q- = 0.000,022,5 -j 0.000,187,5 mho 8.488 Rt + j Xt = 1.61 + j 29.0 ohms. Gt, j Bt = 0.000,018,6 -j 0.000,155,0 mho. = + 36.0 amperes. The calculation is the same as for Example I, Refer- This is plottedon Curve II in Fig. 2. ence 2, as far as the equation, EXAMPLE III E, = 107,050 + j 3340 + (P j Q) (23.9 + j 204.4) Draw the circle diagramfor the same line andtrans- Then, the absolute value of E,= 105,850 volts toformers as in Example I, neutral. except that there is to becon- stant voltage at both ends.This is thesame as Exam- 127020 - 105850 ple I, Reference 2,except that the results L, = = 59.8 are expressed 355 in amperes.The result is CurveIII, Figure 2 of this paper. Properties of the SingleConductor New Fundamental Relations BY CARL HERING' Fellow, A. I. E. E.

Some of the results differ from those which have been in use; Synopsis.-The properties of a unit length of single, straight and it is conductor, far removed from all other circuits, are investigated to explanations are offered of the cause of these differences, endeavor to find whether such a unit is a basic, fundamental one,shown how the results may be brought into agreement,involving on which deduCtions and a method of mathematicaltreatment could some changes in our previous conceptions.It is shown that with be based, as was advocated by Ampere, to supplement (not toflux lines a distinction ought to be made which is analogous tothat replace) the Maxwell system based on a complete circuit, and to testwhich distinguishes the wattless ampere from the one in phase, or what the correctness of some of the postulates now in common use, basedbetween a true resistance and an impedance; it is shown why By several new, simple, and direct proofsmight be called wattless flux, ought to be recognized.It is shown on the latter system. lead based only on a few well -established and accepted relations, chieflythat self-inductance is used in two senses which may sometimes the internal stresses in a conductor, but excluding infinities, self -to different results, and that a distinction should thereforebe made inductances, induction, and any postulates, a constant is deduced forbetween them somewhat analogous to that between resistance and the energy stored by a current in such a unit length, which seems to beimpedance or reactance.This it is believed would clear up the one of the most fundamental, basic constantsin electrodynamics,ambiguity now existing in that term.It is believed that some of from which many useful deductions can be made, some of which are these results could not have been obtained from the Maxwell com- given. This energy of the flowing current corresponds tothe plete circuit system, which rather leads one away from them. m v2 /:? energy of moving masses. * 4 * *

INTRODUCTORY On the other hand the complete -circuit system IN science, as in engineering and mathematics, it islends itself well to integrations aroand a completed always desirable to have two independent methodspath.It has served its purpose well and is very useful, of getting a result; they not only afford a veryand in most of the usual circuits it is quite reliable. desirable check on the result and on each other, butBut in a search for the true, basic, fundamentals, there each one often has advantages over the other in theis no such a thing as a fundamental or unit or limiting different fields for which it is best adapted.For thecircuit; the nearest approach to one is a circular cir- analytical treatment of electric currents and circuits,cuit in the form of a tore or torus whose centerline the "complete circuit" system of Maxwell has beenradius is equal to the radius of the wire, like a.doughnut taught universally and exclusively and for so manywith an infinitely small hole through it.This is the years that the strong though wrong belief has arisenshortest circuit which can be made with a wire of given among many that it is the only possible one, and thatdiameter, hence is at least a limit, but for various every case must be treated from that and only from thatreasonsthisisnotsatisfactoryasanultimate standpoint.In some cases this has not only misledfundamental. us but has sometimes even led us away from useful The writer has therefore concluded that the only real facts and relations. fundamental is a unit length of a long straight, single, There is a second and older system, the one advocatedconductor, far removed from all others, as this embodies by that great mathematical physicist Ampere, which isabsolute ultimata; it is the form which is most free from based on the single conductor, and which has manyall external influences, and besides the current,it advantages over the other in specific fields for whichinvolves the least number of variables, in fact only one, it is better adapted.Neither system should be usedthe radius of the wire, and even that one falls out in to completely replace the other; they should be usedsome cases, as will be shown below, for relatively to to supplement each other, each in its own field.Anthe infinite free space around it for the magnetic flux, electron may start from rest, move to another pointthe small finite radius of the wire becomes negligible. and come to rest again there, as in a bolt of lightning; The purpose of the present paper is to examine while moving, it is a current and generates a magneticanalytically the properties of such a unit length of this field in which energy is stored, quite analogous to thefundamental conductor, without involving infinities, m v2/2 energy stored in a moving body.The "com-the limitations of complete circuit mathematics, self - plete -circuit" system is a misfit in such a case andinductances, induction, postulates, or any but well involves complications which are burdensome andestablished relations, and to deduce from these prop- confusing to the student, while the single -conductorerties any useful relations and constants that may system applies directly. exist. 1.Consulting Engineer, Philadelphia, Pa. To do so by considering a straight line as a special Abridgment of a paper to be presented at the Midwinter Con-case of a circle of infinite radius, is unsatisfactory, as vention of the A. I. E. E., New York, N. Y., February 8-11, 1926.it introduces that dangerous quantity, infinity, with its Complete copies available to members upon request. serious pitfalls into which many otherwise able men 31 32 II le, ItIN(1: P11,011:101 Ole''I'llSI NWA: ('oN1)11("IsOlt Journal A. 1, I have fallen2.In a French book by Fleurydealing with infinity hesays: "Infinity has must be infinitely long, but nieri.lythat thee unit 1(.1441 II that of being no other property thanis assumed beso far removed froin all other impossible.Any calculationbased upon currents, absolute infinity, or magnets, that they will haveno appreciable effect or upon any functionwhatever of absolute infinity,is itself absurd." on it; such currents include itsown return circuit. The writeragreesHence in a complete circuit with him inthis, in part.When the results in the form ofa large square methods fail of twothe sidesmay be made so large that a unit length to agree, "lookfor the infinity"he says, and you willprobably find the 1, Fig. 1, in the middle ofa side, is no longer affected by error. the return current in the When absoluteinfinityoccurs, as it does, in mathe- opposite side L. matical deductions, The only three effectswhich neighboringcurrentscan there are two waysin which itcanhave on the unit length be safely appliedin practise.The first 1, are attraction, repulsionand Fleury admits), one applies (asinduction, which decrease when it is possibleto assume that the as the square of the distance, quantity is simply and although theymay also increase as the length L so large (though finite)that others which depend increases, yet the action ofboth combined is always on it may safely betaken as thesame a as they would be ifit were infinitely decreasing function, hencea distance may always be large; this is oftenreached at which the the case.For instance, instarting a current in effects are small enoughto be containing circuitsneglected, as is always done some small inductance,a few seconds is when two or more independ- generally quite safely ent tests with completecircuits are made at taken to be theequivalent of theplaces at the different eternity requiredtheoretically for the same time, even though withgreat its final value current to reachaccuracy. even in very accuratetests; the currents in even sensitive Hence such a tests made in NewYork do not square can always be conceivedin preciably ap-which the field at its affectsimultaneous researchesmade in center may safely be takenas Philadelphia, the90 -mile distance infinite. being practically Our atmosphereshould extendtheoretically to infinity, accordingto the laws ofgases, yet beyond the relatively shortdistance of 50-60 milesthere is not enough left to consider;the moon,sun, planets and stars encounter no friction in our atmosphere, even though D it should extendtheoretically to infinity. _ _ _ The second L_ _ _ _j. - one applies whensome property of an - infinite quantitycan be found which is finiteand therefore can be practicallyapplied; thus the 760-mm. pressure of our atmosphere isfinite, though according to the theory of FIG. 1 gases, the atmosphere mustextend to FIG. 2 infinity; or similarly, theradial magneticpressure on the surface ofa single straight conductor, by the zero, and thereforea unit length 1 in the flux sur-a side is practically middle of rounding it, is knownto be finite, although theflux, like as free from the effects ofneighboring currents,as though it were the atmosphere, shouldextend theoretically toinfinity. a single conductor, and It will be shown laterthat under certain the flux and fluxenergy inherent with it conditionsthose in the disk are practically the flux energy is alsofinite, though the flux isinfinite. -shaped space Dbetween two parallel One of the pitfalls in planes one unitapart, just as theyare in a single con- dealing with infinities obtainedductor. mathematically is that sometimes Such a unit length1 may therefore be the real result is thatrepresent a unit length taken to the quantity is merelyindeterminate and not infinite; of a singleconductor to any this may arise when degree ofaccuracy desired by merely a factor has been suppressedorlarge enough. making the square dropped because it is unity,but it is physically still Such asquare circuit is thereforea present. connecting link betweena unit length of straight, conductor a single, By treating the circle and a completecircuit; and the as a special case of a straightcondition of infinitelength, so often line, instead of thereverse, infinities and their pitfalls used in order to degenerate the singleconductor to therealm of im- are avoided, which is anotherreason for preferring topossibilities, is start with the straight line no longer justifiable;some of the pit- as the fundamental. falls of infinityare thereby avoided. THE SINGLE CONDUCTOR Maxwell himselfdetermined (Art. law for the flux 478) the now classic In dealing with the single straight density arounda single conductor, conductor as thewith sucha closed circuit; fundamental, the real underlyingcondition (besidestion of the internal Northrup's determina- the straightness ofa reasonable length) is not that it pressures in a singleconductor produced by the flux,is not basedon the condition of 2.This was well brought out in infinite length, but a discussion by Dr. C. 0. as he says, merelyon freedom from Mailloux, TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol. 42, 1923,p. 328, Col. 2, par. 4, the effects ofneighboring currents, top. 329, Col. 2, par. 2. of his expression and the accuracy was checked experimentallyin a 33 Jan. 1926 HERING: PROPERTIES OFTHE SINGLE CONDUCTOR the closedcircuit.Ampere's able analytical researchesstating the laws, as it usually is, in which case with the single conductor were no doubt based on thereleased energy is at once restored again, and thereis same conditions; so is the generallyaccepted i2/4also a continuous flow of energy.At zero resistance energy of the flux in the interior of a conductor.Manyand with no connected source, the variables arereduced other like cases could be cited, showing that the infiniteto their minimum, hence they are the bestconditions length is not a necessary condition.The same condi-for studying the fundamentals.The permeability is, tion of freedom from all external influences is assumedof course, assumed to be unity, in all such fundamentals. in all accurate electrical tests, hence it is not an un- UNIT RELATIONS reasonable or impossible condition.

The very basis of the absolute or c.g.s.system is to make ENERGY as many as possible of the numericalrelations between Energy is the one physical quantity which is commondifferent fundamental physical quantities, unit relations, to all physical phenomena and processes, and its abso-that is, the coefficient is unity, in which, however, the lute unit, the erg, applies to them all; hence it is thefactor 2 often resulting from integrations, and 7T which best and in fact the only connecting link between allcannot be avoided, must be included.If therefore, the different groups of physical phenomena.Forcesin the search for new fundamentals and relations may be electromotive, magnetomotive, orpondero-between them, the latter turn out to be unit relations, motive (tending to move masses), each of which isthe presumption isstrong that they are correct, physically different from the other, and their units arethough itis not necessarily an absolute proof. A different and are not directly convertible.Moreovernumber of the relations deduced below will be seen to some forces are vector quantities, have componentsbe unit relations. and resultants, can be generated or annulled and THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANT follow different laws, while energy is always a constant One of the most basic fundamental quantities in quantity no matter what form it may be in and itselectrodynamics therefore seems to be the energy laws are common to all its forms.Energy is therefore the best physical quantity to use as a fundamental andrepresented by, or inherent with, or stored in, a unit the best connecting link between different physicallength of single, straight conductor by a given steady ifthis phenomena. current, under the most basic conditions; quantity leadstounit relationsits fundamental ZERO RESISTANCE character is confirmed. In searching for fundamentals the number of factors Determination of this Constant.The problem which or variables should of course be the least possible.the writer endeavored to solve therefore was to deter- At absolute zero of temperature the resistance of puremine this basic fundamental constant and to do so by a metals is eliminated, as it is zero; a current once started,method which does not involve any physical quantities as by induction, will therefore continue (theoretically)other than energy, mechanical forces, and currents, to flow forever, just as a body set into. motion willhence excluding completely that ambiguous quantity continue to move when it meets with no resistance.called self-inductance, and the theory of linkages Zeroresistancewillbe assumedinthepresent(perhaps still incompletely proved) in the case of self - discussion. produced flux, both of which are so often relied upon In the electric case this stored energy, which wasabsolutely in such energy calculations; nor does it stored while the current was started, is representedinvolve any infinities or "postulates"4 and it is more- entirely by what seem to be stresses or strains of theover very direct and simple; there should, therefore, be ambient ether, which are called magnetism, hence it isno difficulty in either confirming it or pointing out magnetic energy and seems to be very closely analogousprecisely the error in it, if there is one.This energy to the mechanical stresses or strains in compressed orshould of course be the same no matter by which stretched elastic rubber, and is static or potential in itsprocess it has been determined; if not, an explanation nature.This stored energy of a current is closelymust be looked for and it ought to be possible to find it, analogous to the m v2/2 energy stored in a moving body.especially ifitlies in this simple proof.Fleury's When any of this stored energy, at zero resistance, isadvice in such cases is to "look for the infinity." released, as by doing external work, the current alsoWhile this method is new and different from the decreases, as shown in a paper by the writer,3 and whenorthodox ones, it involves no new or unproven laws. it has all been released the current will becomezero. The method is based on the recently discovered and Such a condition of zero resistance simplifies greatlynow well-known fact that when a current passes through the considerations and conception ofsome electricala conductor internal stresses and strains in the form of phenomena involving flux and energy,as there is thenradial pressures and longitudinal tensile stresses are no external source of energy to mask the conditionsproduced, quite analogous to those in a magnetic field; when some of the stored energy has been released,as is the case when a "constant current" is specified in 4.A postulate is defined in the dictionary as "a proposition accepted without proof; something that must be assumed in order 3.Trans. A. I. E. E. Vol. 42, 1923, p. 325. to account for something else."(Italics are the author's.) 36 HERING: PROPERTIESOF Ti! SMILE CONDUCTOR Journal A. I.104. energy as before, it is now allowed to act longitudinallyto be weightless and the supply from the to lengthen theconductor of constant outside is diameter by aassumed to exert no pressure and to involveno energy. specified amount,whereby thesource adds to the circuit theenergy stored in this added The conductor S beinga liquid the radial pressures length.Thisof the Northrup formula will act equally addedenergy is calculated byletting this known well axially, longitudinal force let it be said by, hydraulic action,if that is preferred; lift a knownweight througha known height whilelengthening the conductor hence they will raise the weight W,the additional by theweightless liquid necessary to provide for latter distance;the source therebydoes a known amount the lengthen- of external work, ing of the conductor, being supposedto be supplied and according to theso-called Kelvinfrom the outside under law it thensimultanously addsto the stored no pressure.The pressure of the circuit energyformula will be an amount equal to theexternal work seen to be independent of the axial done. length, hence these axialpressures will always remain Hence theenergy stored in this addedlength is equal to this knownexternal work done. the same as the weight is raised,that is, the total The force is calculatedfrom the vertical lifting force isa constant, for a constant pressures given bycurrent.This axial lifting force is being the Northrup law,which is generallyrecognized as used in hun- correct, both relatively dreds of electrical furnaces indaily use liftingmany and quantitatively, andthetons per day, hence is well known pressures have been shownexperimentally to be true and not amere mechanical pressures indynes per sq. theoretical forceon paper; its quantitative value is cm.; it may nowalso well known. be safely classed underthe"classic"laws.The Let the weight be lifted 1cm. (Fig. 3).The surface of the loci of the 7 pressures being a paraboloid ofrevolution, it can readily beshown7 that theaverage pressure over the whole section is half themaximum at the axis.At the axis r= 0 (in the Northrup formula), hence the maximumpressure there is p = i2/71. R2; multiplying half of this bythe total area',r R2, gives .1 12/2 as the force in dynes;that is, the total liftingforce, and therefore the weightW which it will lift, isnumer- ically equal to 12/2 dynes.Having lifted it 1cm. the external energy expendedon the weight is: energy= force X distance= 1 P/2 or i2/2 ergs per unit length. Hence according to theabove mentioned Kelvinlaw, T the stored magneticenergy of the conductorper centimeter of length, must be 12/2ergs also, the source having FIG. 3 supplied double this'energy.This is the basic fundamental constant sought for. Kelvin law, thoughnot always referred to bythis Other proofs. A givenradial pressurecan always be name, seems to be a universal lawin dynamics andreplaced by its corresponding when properly worded,may also be safely classed under circumferential tension. If P is the radialpressure on the outside of the "classic" laws.The conditions of the circuitare a conductor that only the additional as given above, itcan be shown that the tensional length need be liquid, theforce (not pressure) in parts near it must have thesame diameter, the part that a band encircling a unit length of the conductor andproducing thesame radial pres- moves must be considered as weightless andof coursesure, is P R in dynes, in which it must be straight fora reasonable length and the R is the radius.If a stretched, elastic band,having this tension be return circuit must be far removed. to be developed into assumed In Fig. 3, let S be conceived a straight line (equal to thecir- to represent an in-cumference) and thenallowed to shrink finitely thin cross sectional layerof a circular, liquid, to zero length, following the law of theperfect spring, namely conductor of radius R.Let W be a weight, whichmaytension is proportional that the be shaped as a paraboloid ofrevolution to correspond to its length, itcan be shown that the energyset free thereby isagain the same, with the pressure loci in Fig.2, though merely toi2/2 ergs. simplify the conception,as a cylindrical body of half From the Northrupformula thepressure in dynes per the maximum height and thesame base, would havesq. cm. at the center is just the same weight or volume and would twice the i2/271- R2 pressure answer quite asin the same units,at the periphery, well.Let a current i be conceived to be passed from outside.As axiallythe outsidepressure must also actat the center, it through this section, the rest of the circuitbeing shownmight be argued that diagrammatically only.Let the layer S be assumed the inside flux hasadded an equal amount, hence that theenergies residing inside to be connected at its circumference, where thepres- and sure is zero, to a supply reservoir of more liquid dia- 7.It is well known thatthe volume or weight paraboloid of revolution of such a grammatically represented by T; the liquid is assumed is equal to that ofa cylinder having the same base and halfthe height. 37 Jan. 1926 HERING: PROPERTIES OF THE SINGLECONDUCTOR outside are equal, therefore the total is double thewellIt is one of those cases in which a propertyof an infinite quantity is finite and therefore affords a meansof known inside energy i2/4. without balance,treating an infinite quantity mathematically At the periphery the two mechanical forces mathematical as there is no tendency to movementthere, accordingdanger of falling into the pitfalls of to the Northrup formula; there is no resultantthere.infinity.Another finite property of this theoretically infinite flux is what might, in a certain sense,be called As the forces are equal the energies should be also, as be described both forces must be considered relatively to the samethe resultant or equivalent flux, as will distance, thebelow. center, hence as acting through the same general Again the total is twice that inside. Reduced to the units used in practise the radius. formula becomes W = 0.00001524 112 inwhich W is The very basis of the c. g. s. system is that thefunda- is the mental relations are unit relations, at least asfar asthe stored energy in watt -seconds or joules, 1 length in 1000 -ft. units, and I is the current in amperes. possible.If it may therefore be assumed that theself- inductance (in its true, energy sense) of a unit lengthofThis shows how extremely small it is. the fundamental conductor, is unity, then if Lin the A very interesting and important deduction,showing usual expression L i2/2 for this energy, is madeunity,another new unit relation, is that in the c. g. s. system the energy becomes 12/2. A self-inductance isstated toeach unit of current generates one unit of flux around be physically a length, and in the c. g. s. systemit issuch a conductor, in each unit of length, and independ- inside and correctly measured in centimeters.Under fundamentalent of the diameter; it includes all the flux conditions this length and the length of the conductoroutside.But this flux must be specifically defined, as This constant then followsit is a resultant, equivalent, or condensation of all the should be the same thing. which it divides itself directly. very large number of lines into as it spreads out into space; theseresultant lines might Those who recognize the existence of the longitudinal be termed fundamental maxwells.This condensation force, will find that in a fundamental conductor ofis such that these resultant lines when combined with uniform diameter it is numerically equal to 12/2 dynes,the magnetomotive force in common to them all, repre- from the Northrup formula, and that in this funda- It is somewhat mental conductor it is independent of the diameter orsent the true stored energy in that field. Hence when this force acts to stretch oranalogous to supposing our widely diffused atmosphere the length. to be condensed into a thin solid or liquid layer around lengthen its conductor without doing any external Or these con- work, (though generating a counter e. m. f.) the energythe earth, which has the same mass. is being stored, just as it would be when the speed of adensed lines may be imagined to be those originally generated by the current and then spread out into space moving body is increased.If 1 is this added length, the added energy will of course be 1 i2/2 ergs, which foraccording to the laws of distribution, but without any change of energy contents, just as the condensed atmos- a unit length again gives i2/2. Such Doubtless still more proofs could be found which arephere would spread out without change of mass. also free from the pitfalls of infinities, the ambiguouslines are a means of summing up an infinite quantity self -inductances, and the short comings of the completeby one of its properties (energy in this case) to get circuit theories, which had misled us in the past. something finite.They are useful in calculations of flux energy and they clear up some ambiguities, but DEDUCTIONS FROM THIS CONSTANT they are sometimes distinctly different from those It will be seen that this constant is independententering into calculations of the induction of e. m. fs. of the diameter of the wire, and depends only on theby cutting or linking.This will be further discussed current, both of which have long been known to bebelow. true of the flux energy residing in the interior of the The proof of this equality is as follows.The energy conductor, i2/4.For any length / the energy is l i2/2,residing in a complete circuit of flux is: ergs = max- that is, it is directly proportional to the length.Thiswells X gilberts/8 7r.The magnetomotive force in 12/2 ergs is apparently one of the most basic fundamentalgilberts around a single conductor is 4 r i, and as the constants in electrodynamics, and from it interestingenergy per unit of length is 12/2, it follows that12/2 deductions follow. = 4 r i f/8 7rin which f is the number of lines in This i2/2 is the total stored energy, outside of themaxwells; hence i = f.This unit relation is a funda- wire and inside.It has long been known and is easilymental one and applies rigidly only to the fundamental proved, that the amount stored inside of the conductorconductor, and of course, not at all to bi-filar non - is i2/4 ergs per cm.It follows therefore that of theinductive circuits, nor when the permeability is not total, half of the energy resides in the inside and halfunity.The "complete circuit" mathematics leads us on the outside, as one might expect nature to distributeaway from it rather than toward it.It seems to mean it. that in the c. g. s. system current and flux are merely This constant also shows that the energy of the fluxdifferent physical representations of the same quantity, is finite, though the flux itself is of infinite extent, inas far as energy is concerned, though, of course, only the same sense that our atmosphere extends to infinity.when the resistance energy is zero; or that magnetism 39 HERING:PROPERTIES OF THE SIMILE CONDUCTOR Journal A. I. is merelyan effect of current at a distance, theenergy residing in themoving electrons. DisitGkEmENT For a unitlength and When this stored magnetic force (not unit radius thetotal radial energy per unit length ofa pressure) fromthe outside, is single conductor isdeduced by means of themathe- equal to i2dynes, hence numerically is another unitrelation; formatics of the completecircuit and bysome of the older other radii itis inversely methods and postulates, This force proportional to theradius. or by means of self-inductance multiplied byhalf the radius(because it isformulas (always onlyapproximate), the result isthat radial) again givesthe constant 12/2. even for a very small current this The stored stored energyper magneticenergy in any part ofa circuitunit length is infinite,while 12/2 is generallyquite small. is generally calculated But as the above L is the from the formulaL 12/2 in which proofs are simple, brief,rigid, and self-inductance ofthat part incentimeters.involve nothing but wellestablished laws, it doesnot In the fundamentalconductor this seem possible to find which 1 is the energy is 112/2 in any error in them in a long dis- length in centimeters.Hence in suchcussion since the writer'sfirst publication of thisresult,8 conductors theself-inductance (in deduced by a similarthough more involved that term) is the energysense of process. the same thingas the length of the circuit, The discrepancy thereforemust be looked for else- that is, thedistanceover which the current where.The mere fact that the another interesting flows; result differs fromour unit relation.This explains whyaolder views, cannot ofcourse, be accepted asa proof self-inductance is of an error in it; if that physically thesame kind of a quantity were done in this and othercases, as a length, a purelygeometric quantity, further progress in the most at least under science would be checked. fundamental conditions;the permeability is The writer believesthat this discrepancycan best be of course taken located and explained, to be unity in allfundamentalcases. and that the criticismsof the It also showswhy in the above .proofs c. g. s. system it is correctly can best be answered, by firstgetting a expressed in centimeters,or in 10,000. kilometers clearer conception ofthe various factors the henry. for and elements It also follows thatunder these fundamentalinvolved, and byendeavoring to show how conditions the and where self-inductance isindependent of thesome of our older conceptionshad misled diameter of the wire, us, and which which wouldseem to follow alsoof them may bequestioned and shouldbe modified from the long revised if or -known fact that theenergy of the flux wrong.The new result, ifcorrect, may well in the interior be used as of the wire isindependent of the diameter. a test of the correctness ofsome of the older This storedelectromagneticenergy, 1 i2/2 of a currentlaws and postulates. is quite analogous to the visvivaor stored mass energy These explanationsare discussed in detail in m v2/2 of a moving body. the In the c. g.s. system bothcomplete pamphletcopies of thispaper; the following are equal to 3A is merely erg when all the quantitiesare unity, a very brief synopsis.If in the large and one may write square t i2 = m v2, whichmeans that if allcircuit Fig. 4, thelengthening (in thesecond one of the the electromagneticenergy stored by a current proofs) takes placein both of two flowing for i opposite sides, the a distance 1, in sucha single conductor, beonly new flux willbe in the parts D,D, and that in the converted into movingmass energy, the relation of therest of the circuit willnot have been changed mass to the velocity least. in the must be such thatm v2 = / i2. This answerssome criticisms concerning Thus for say 1000 "rest of the circuit." the amperes flowing in sucha conductor, If instead, sucha circuit be the storedelectromagneticenergy in every foot, is I _ the same as the L mechanicalenergy stored in a weight B of 0.723or nearly 3% lb. movingat 1 ft. per sec., or 0.181 lb. at 2 ft.per sec.; all are equal to 0.01124 D D foot-pounds or 152,400 T ergs.This is theenergy, per - A foot of conductor,set free when thecurrent is stopped. For any other lengthof conductor this equivalentmass increases as this length. L

11 B It is of interest to notethat for 1 I ampere this energy FIG. 4 FIG. 5 stored per centimeter isequal to that of 5.10 millionths of a gram raisedone centimeter, which is extremelyforced to be shortenedslightly instead of it must set free lengthened, small, and shows why theleast resistance in sucha an infinite amount ofenergy, according to conductor stops a current the ideas of our forefathers;but this is evidently almost instantly after the Fig. 5 illustrates the absurd. e. m. f. ceases.Yet our forefathersclaimed that this same principle as thatinvolved energy was infinitely large, which it in lengtheninga rope supporting seems is still beingin this additional a weight; the force taught. past must not beadded to that in the rest as it is thesame force. Another result which thisconstant, 12/2, has led to, This answersa criticism. is a better understanding ofthe true nature of flux 8. A Single StraightConductor asa New Fundamental. Jour. Frank. Inst., Feb.1925, p. 235. energy and calculations pertaining to it,as explainedpart of the paragraph forming In this article the first below. the upper half ofp. 243 contains an unfortunate arithmeticalerror and should be deleted. Jan. 1926 HERING: PROPERTIES OF THE SINGLE CONDUCTOR 39 In Fig. 6, if C is the cross section of a conductor thecorrectly only to uniform fields, hence not to those curve F gives the density H outside of thewire, andwith curved lines, as in these some of the pressures are f that inside; at the surface they are both equal to h.the resultants of others; or it may be applied to differ- The flux lines outside act by their contraction likeentially small parts, but can then not always be added layers of stretched rubber bands over each other;together by integration. The lack of consideration of hence the radial pressure at the surface is the resultantthe abutments of the forces, has led to confusion; of all those radially beyond; just as the 760 mm.they do not appear in calculus calculations and are pressure of our atmosphere is the resultant of thoseofoften overlooked.The ether cannot act as an abut- all the layers above.In either case it would be wrongment for mechanical forces.The abutment of the to add to this resultant (as by integration) the pressuresencircling flux is the surface of the wire. of its component parts beyond; or to add the energies The propriety of using the term self-inductance in based on these pressures, yet this has been done by ourboth of its two different senses (inducing e. m. fs. and forefathers.This is claimed to have been the chiefdetermining the stored energy) is questioned.It is cause of the disagreement.9Zero resistance should beshown that the error of adding the energy of compo- assumed in such cases, as energies which are set freenents to that of their resultant, enters.As all self-in- are then not continuously being restored.Althoughductance formulas are only approximate, extrapolating the outside and inside flux pressures balance eachthem to infinity is not rational, yet it has been done. other at the surface where they are h, it is explainedSelf-inductanceisgenerallydefinedas a derived how the outer one will act when the inner mechanicalquantity, flux per ampere, yet physically it is a mere pressure is reduced. geometric, independent quantity,a length,hence In Fig. .7 C is the section of a very thick walledindependent of either flux or current.That ratio may rubber tube, expanded by a compressed liquid h.sometimes lead to errors when some of the flux should The stresses, strains and stored energy in this rubberbe considered as wattless just as a resistance defined wall are then closely analogous to those in a magneticas the quotient of volts divided by amperes, may lead field around a conductor h.In both, the radial pres-to errors when some of the amperes are wattless. Reforms in the true meaning of the term self-inductance are recommended and reasons are given. The error arising from adding components to their resultant, seems to be greatest for very large single turn circuits, and small for the coils used in practise; still less when iron is used, as is usual.It affects theory,especially basic fundamentals, rather than practise.Attention is called to the much, discussed longitudinal force and its evident existance inthis investigation; its value is given. Fzo. 6 Fio. 7 CONCLUSIONS sures on h are the resultants of all those radially beyond, In the opinion of the writer,, the above proofs, de- which must therefore' not be added to them; the energyductions, and discusgion, will show that a new system stored in the rubber is finite, and could be measuredof treatment of electrical problems can be based on the by allowing the liquid to be ejected under pressure, assingle, straight, conductor, as distinguished from that in the first of the above proofs.Flux lines exist inbased on the Maxwell complete circuit; not to replace the space around the wire, but if the .energy of thethe latter system but to supplement it, and to test the whole field has been determined from their resultantcorrectness of parts of it.The single conductor system at the surface, those beyond must be considered asleads to some new and useful results and shows that we wattless, in the sense that their energies have alreadyshould modify some of our former conceptions; also been accounted for in their resultant and must thereforethat in flux lines there is an analogy to the wattless not be added to it again.It is shown that the e. m. f.ampere which ought to be recognized.It also shows induced by cutting or linking of lines is independentthat the term self-inductance has been used in a dual of the energy residing in those lines, which may there-sense and that a distinction should be made analogous fore be wattless in the above sense; hence the energiestothat between resistance and reactance.Some in such lines cannot be deduced from thee. m. f.heretofore unknown and useful relations have been induced. deduced from what is believed to be one of the most It is shown that Maxwell's 1/2/871- pressures arefundamental constants in electrodynamics, the value true mechanical pressures in dynes per sq. cm. whenof which is determined by simple proofs.Some of the properly interpreted.This expression seems to applyresults deduced could not have been deduced from the 9. This is also discussed in an article by the writer on Mag-complete circuit system, which has, in some cases, been netic Flux Energy, in the Jour. Frank. Inst., Dec. 1926, p. 747.misleading. Parametersof HeatingCurves of Electrical Machinery BY VLADIMIRKARAPETOFFI Follow, A. I. E. E. Synopsis.- Whena body is being heated by of a constant quantity of a uniform additionand the core) between which theremay be a considerable heat inter- heat per unit lime,its temperature above the ambient air (the latter change, and that the rotor is also sucha composite body.Dif- being assumed to remainat a constantferential equations of heat flow in temperature) increasesapproximately accordingto an exponential a combinational body are es- law.The exponent is tablished and solved.The stator winding is thermally determined proportional to the ratio betweenthe heat ca- by its heat capacity and its heat dissipation pacity of the body and thecoefficient of thermal dissipation coefficient, and so is the rounding medium. I into the sur- stator core; further, there isa coefficient of mutual flow. n a paper read before the Institute'sMidwinter The Convention, 1925, (JOURNAL, rotor also requires five similar coefficients.Thus, while an electrical Vol. 44, P.142) Doctor A.E. Kennelly machine could be defined by its thermal has proposed to include sucha coefficient among other characteristics coefficients, and the tempera- of an electrical machine. ture rise of the different parts predicted for In the presentpaper it is pointed out that a given operating regime, for thermal the number of required parameters ismuch larger than for a single purposes an electrical machine cannotbe considered as a single body, since the stator body. consists of two metal bodies (thewinding

WHEN an attempt ismade to represent, analyt- ically, the temperature time constant and witha common curve for both the rise with the time inanwinding and the electrical machine at core. constant losses, the time- Doctor Kennelly temperature curve is usuallyassumed to be exponential.' compares the transient period of temperature rise to a transient rise of Recently, Dr. A. E. Kennellyhas extended the treat- current in a d -c. ment and has shown that the circuit containinga resistance r and an inductance L. curve remains exponentialIn the latter even when the losses themselvesare linear functions case, the rise in current is also exponential of the temperature., and dependsupon the time constant (L/r) of the cir- Actual heating cuit.However, a stator,or a rotor, is more nearly curves sometimes differ materiallyanalogous to a system of from the simple exponentialform.This can be shown two coupled electric circuits, by plotting the differences in which the current riseis represented by twoor more between the ultimateexponential terms, each with temperatureandtheinstantaneoustemperatures a different time constant'. against time as abscissas,on semi -log paper. An With the notation givenat the end of the paper,, exponential curve should givea straight line, and thisPidt = 01 (Si -s12) d t (01-02) 312 d t kid 01(1) is not always thecase.The principal reason for this(01 - 2) 812 d t +P2 d t = 02 (82 -s12) d t -4- k2 d 02 discrepancy is that the stator of (2) a machine cannot be These equationsare similar to Doctor Kennelly's considered as one "chunk" of metal; itconsists of twoequation (19), and refer to metal bodies, the winding and the the metal Parts 1 and 2 ofone core, between whichof the principal membersof the machine respectively,- there may be an appreciable difference oftemperatures.say the stator winding and the The same is true of the rotor.Irt a transformer, three stator core.Equation (1) expresses the fact thatthe heat p1 d t, developed separate metal bodies at different temperaturesmay bein the part 1 during distinguished. an infinitesimal element of time, d t, is used up in threeways: The part 01 (s- 812) d t It is the purpose of the following investigationtois communicated to the show that with two metal bodies at different ambient air or other cooling tempera-medium; the part (01- 02)s12 d t is communicated to tures, and with heat interchange between them throughthe Part 2 of the machine, a layer of insulation, the heating curve for each consists and the remainder, kid01, raises the temperature ofthe Part 1 by d 01.Equation of two exponential terms with differentexponents.(2) has a similar meaning Thus, each part of a machine should be characterized for Part 2, with the term (01- 02) s12 consideredas part of the heat input. by at least two composite thermal timeconstants, and these will represent. an Dividing throughout by dt, and introducing the experimental heating curve"deficiencies",al = 010 much more closely than is possible withone thermal - 01 and82 = 020- 02,in place of the temperaturesthemselves, equation (1) 1.Professor of Electrical Engineering, Cornell University,becomes, Ithaca, N. Y. 2.For a theory of such simple heating curves see, for example,pi= (010 - (51) (s1- s12) + [(010-51)- (020 -452)] 312 V.Karapetoff,ExperimentalElectricalEngineering,First Edition, 1909, p. 442. + k1d (010- 01) id t (3) 3.A. E. Kennelly, The Thermal Time Constants of Dynamo - 4.G. W. Pierce, Electric :Oscillationsand Electric Waves, Electric Machines, A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, 1925, Vol. 44, p. 142. 1920, Chap. 7. To be presented at the Midwinter Convention of the A. I. E. E., 5.This notation is made:toagree, as much as possible, with New York, N. Y., Feb. 8-11, 1926. that in Dr. Kennelly's paper referredto above. 40 TING CURVES OF ELECTRICALMACHINERY 4/ Jan. 1926 BARAPETOFF: PARAMETERS OF HEA for both 61 and 82. 020, have beenexponents a and T are the same After the ultimate temperatures, 010 and 52 is: reached, Thus, the general expression for 62 = A2 e-sid + B2 cm. (19) we have, 61 = 62 = 0,and d 51/d t = 0.Hence, for Substituting in equations (10) and(19) t = 0, gives t = CO, equation (3) becomes: (20) - 020) s12 (4) 010 = Al + B1 P1 = 010 (s1- s12) +(010 (21) By analogy, equation (2) gives, 020 = A2 + B2 from equations (5)Substituting the values of 51 and 52 P2 = 020 (82 -s12) + (020 - 010) s12 equating separately Substituting these values of pi and p2 inequation (3)(10) and (19) in equation (6), and equation (2),the coefficients of -"° and e-" T, gives the following and in a similar equation obtained from two necessary relationships betweenAl and A2, and after reduction we get, between B1 and B2: (6) 61s1- 32812 ± ki d 51/d t = 0 Al (a s1 - k1) = 812 a A2 (22)1 k2 d 52/d t = 0 (7) 62 32 - S1 312 B1 (T - k1) = s12 TB2 (23) Equations (6) and (7) are simultaneousdifferential gives theA substitution of the same valuesof 61 and 52 in equations for 61 and 52, and their solution between the desired expressions for the heating curvesof the twoequation (7) will give no new relationships metal parts of the stator or the rotor.To eliminateabove constants of integration.Solving equations 52, differentiate equation (6) with respectto t.This(20) to (23) as simultaneous equations,and using gives, equation (16a), we get: si d 61/d t - si2 d 52/d t 51/d t2 = 0 (8) Al = [(r n) 010 q1 020]/2 r (24) Multiply equation (6) by s2, equation (7)by s12, B1 = [(r - n) 010+ q1 020]/2 r (24) equation (8) by k2, and add the threeequations to- A2 = [(r - 020- q2 010]/2 r (26) gether.The variable 62 is then eliminated, and the result is B2 = [(r n) 020 q2 010] /2 r (27) k2 d2 5i/dt2+(ki s2+k2s1)d Odd t+ (s1 82-s122)51= 0 These values are to be used in equations (10) and (19). (9) As a check on the foregoing expression, let, in a The solution of this equation is of the form limiting case, the two hot bodies be entirely independent Then q1 = q2 = 0; Si = A1 + B1 E-J/T (10) of each other: that is, put 812 = 0. r = n; = s1/k1; r-1 = s2/k2; B1 =A2 = 0; Al = 010; where A1 and B1 are the constants of integration, andB2 = 020. 0--1 and r--1 are the roots of the "auxiliary" quadraticHence, equations (10) and (19) become: equations 6_15211=2 (28) ki k2 x2 - (ki s2 + k2 s1) x + (8182 - s122) = 0 (11) Si = 010 e-jsim; = 020 Solving this equation for x, gives which agrees with Doctor Kennelly's results for a single hot body. x = m N/n2 + q1 q2 (12) If the losses themselves are functions of tempera- where ture, so that pi, instead of being a constant, is, for m = 0.5 [(saki) + (s2/k2)] (13)example, a linear function of 61, the general form of n = 0.5 [(s1/k1) - (82/k2)] (14)equation (3) remains unchanged, although the coefficients will have a different meaning.The same is true q1 = s12/k1; q2 = s12/k2 (15) of p2.Hence, the general expressions for (51 and 62 Let, for the sake of abbreviation, will be of the same mathematical form as equations r= n2 -I- q1 q2 (16) (10) and (19), only the coefficients and their interpreta- so that tion will have to be deduced anew, following the general q1 q2 r2 n2 (16a)method used above. Since the thermal time constants, a and r, are the recip-PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE ABOVE FORMULAS rocals of the two values of x in equation (12), we have, In order to apply equations (10) and (19) to a given = m r (17) machine, itis necessary to determine the thermal dissipation coefficients si and s2, the heat transmission T-1 = m r (18) coefficient s12, and the thermal capacities k1 and k2. The subscripts of the coefficients in equation (9)At a concrete example, consider the stator of a syn- are symmetrical with respect to 1 and 2.Hence, anchronous machine, and let the subscript 1 refer to the identical equation may be written for 62, and thewinding and the subscript 2 to the iron core.Let the 6.See any text book on differential equations, chapter onmachine be .run at a certain load until the , constant linear equations with constant coefficients. ultimate temperatures, 010 and 020, have been reached 42 K A RA ITTOPF: PARAMETERS OP HEATINGCURVES GE E LECTR ICA 14 M ACH IN It V .1wirmil A. I. E. E. and measured.Let the values of thecopper loss, p,,mal constants of the machine should be determined by and of the core loss,p2, be also known.Then, equationsthe method of least squares, to satisfy equations (4) and (5) contain three (10) unknown quantities,8,,82, and(19)7. The computations willbe considerably and si2.Let a heat run be madealso at some differentmore involved, but a heat run is saved, and the only values of the losses,say pi' and p2', and let the finalheat run to be performed need not be continued until temperatures be 010' and 020'.Then two more equa-the stationary conditions have been reached.With tions, similar to equations(4) and (5), may be written,very large machines, these considerations may out- giving altogether fourequations with three unknownweigh the tediousness of extra computations. quantities.If these quantities, determined from three NOTATION of the equations, also satisfythe fourth, then all is well A and an additional check hasbeen obtained on both the a constant, in deg. cent. theory and the measurements.In case of an unim-B a constant, in deg. cent. portant discrepancy, an adjustmentcan be made of all k thermal capacity of a body, in kw-hrs.per deg. or some of the quantities involved, to satisfythe four cent. equations with a reasonableaccuracy. m defined by equation (13), in (hours)-' To determine k,, equation (6) is appliedto the begin-n defined by equation (14), in (hours)-' ning of the experimentally obtained heating curves ofp heat input, in kw. both the winding and thecore.Namely, at t = 0, 61 = 010 and 62= 020; (d Oild t)o is the slope of the q defined by equation (15), in (hours) -1 curve (taken with the minus sign) of the lower portionr defined by equation (16), in (hours)-' of the heating curve where it is practicallya straights thermal dissipation coefficient, in kw.per degree line.Substituting these values in equation (6),we centigrade of temperature difference; this coeffi- get: cient includes the heat loss to the ambient k1 = (010 SI- 020 S12)/( d 61/d 00 (29) medium and that to the other part of the composite body. A similar expression for k2 may be written from equa- t time, in hours tion (7). x Knowing the foregoing five constants of the machine, auxiliary notation for cr-' and r--,, equations(11) and (12) the auxiliary quantities m, n, q1,q2, r, 0-, and T may be readily computed from the expressions given above. 6 deficiency in temperature, that is, the difference After this,the parameters A1, B1, A2, B2 may be 00 -6. evaluated for any desired values of ultimate temperature 0 temperature rise, in degrees centigrade, rise, 010 and 020, and equations (10) and (19) used to ambient medium. predict the shapes of the heating curves of both the 0 ultimate temperature rise. core and the winding for any desired interval of time.a-, T time constants of a combination of two bodies, in The values of 010 and 020 depend upon the losses in hours. the machine.Knowing the losses pi and p2, and the coefficients Si, 82, 812, the values of 010 and 020 may be Nom 1.Where the subscripts 1 and 2are used in the determined by solving equations (4) and (5) as simul-text, 1 refers to a copper winding and 2 refersto the taneous equations.The result is iron core separated from it bya layer of insulation. The subscript 12 refers to the heat conductanceof PI S2 + P2 S12 this insulation. 610 (30) - SI S2 - 5122 NoTE 2.The fundamental units assumed in the notation are the kilowatt, the kw -hr., the hour,and the P2 Si ± pi 812 deg. cent.However, the formulas hold true with 620 = (31)any units, provided that these are consistent Si 52 - 5122 among themselves; for example, the watt, the joule, thesecond, Thus, with the aid of the foregoing theory, knowing theand a degree of any desired thermometer scale. ultimate temperature rise at two different loads, and Some recent articles on heating of electrical machinery: the initial slope of the heating curves at one of these E. Hughes, (British) Inst. El. Engrs. Journal, 1924, Vol.62, loads, it is possible to predict the complete shape of thep. 628. heating curves under any load conditions for which the M. L. Keller, Archiv f. Elektrot., 1924, Vol. 13, losses are known. p. 292. W. H. Cooney, JOUR., A.I.E. E.,Vol. 44, p.1342, Instead of determining, experimentally, the ultimate Dec. 1925. temperature rise at two different loads, it is also possible See also: R. Richter, Elektrische Maschinen (Berlin,1924), to use only one set of heating curves (one for the coreVol. 1, pp. 350 to 365. and one for the winding), even without reaching the 7.V. Karapetoff, Engineering Mathematics, Vol. III,pp. ultimate temperatures.In this case the unknown ther-59-66. Alternating Current Analysis BY RALPH D. MERSHON Fellow, A. I. E. E.

FOR a good many years past, I have made use of anmixed circuit, it will either be in step with the active analytic method, of solving alternating -currentpower of any other given subcircuit, orit will be di- problems, requiringsimple algebraonly.In-rectly opposed to it; i.e., it will be either positive or quiry appears to indicate that it has not heretqforenegative with respect to it.Therefore, the active appeared in print, or been used by others.For mostpower components of the severalsubcircuits of a purposes, it appeals to me more than any of the usualmixed circuit may be algebraically added.The same methods.With the thought that it may make athing is true for the reactive power.The only case similar appeal to others, the bases of it and a few simplein which active power can be negative is that in which applications by way of illustration are given in whata component of generated e. m.f.-other than the follows. impressed e. m. f.,and opposed to the current-is Suppose we have a resistance r and a reactance x, inincluded in the circuit or in one of its subcirciiits.In series; and suppose we impress upon the circuit thethe case of reactive power, however, the sign may be voltage e.The alternating voltage triangle gives usnegative without an additional generatede. m. f., the relation: since we may have a negative-i. e., condensive- e2 = r)2 (i x)2 reactance in circuit. It follows, therefore, that we can lay down this Now though equation (1) applies directly only to ageneral rule of procedure, applying to any circuit or circuit in which the resistance and reactance are inany part thereof: series, it will also apply to a circuit made up of . resistances and reactances in parallel, or to a mixed circuit Calculate the active power of each subcircuit.Find of resistances and reactances in any and all possiblethe algebraic sum of the values of active power of the several series and parallel arrangements; provided, the value ofsubcircuits.This sum is the total net active power of the r in the equation is such that its effect will be the equivalent of the combined effect of the separate e resistances in the mixed circuit; and provided, the value of x is such that its effect will be the equivalent of the combined effect of the separate reactances in the mixed vvvvvw----- in--I circuit.That is,for any mixed circuit there are r1 values of resistance and of reactance, respectively, which when employed in a simple series circuit will give FIG. the same results, as to current and phase, as are given by the combined action of the separate resistances andwhole mixed circuit.Following a similar procedure reactances of the mixed circuit. relative to the reactive power, find the total net reactive If we multiply equation (1) by i2 we get: power of the whole mixed circuit.The sum of the squares (e i)2 = (2:2 2.)2 (i2 x)2 (2) of these two quantities is equal to the square of the apparent power delivered to the circuit as a whole. Broadly interpreted, equation(1)says that the square of the component of impressed e. m. f. in step By making use of this rule, alternating -current cir- with the current, added to the square of the componentcuits may be solved by the use of simple algebra. of impressed e. m. f.in quadrature to the current,Furthermore, only resistances and reactances, and their gives a value equal to the square of the impressedcombinations, need be dealt with.There will be no e. m. f.While equation (2) says that the square of thenecessity for employing their reciprocals and combina- "active power" added to the square of the "reactivetions thereof. power" gives a value equal to the square of the "ap- Applying the method to the circuit of Fig. 1, we have.: parent power."The method is based upon equation (e j)2=(i2 r1)2 (i2 x1 2:2 x2)2 (3) (2). From this we obtain: The only difference of phase there can be in the case e = i + (xi - x2)2 (4) of active power is that of 180 deg.That is,if we calculate the active power of any subcircuit'of a e i - (5) 1. The term subcircuit' is used to indicate any one of the r12 + (x1 -x2)2 simplest branches of which the mixed circuit is made up.That The power factor is: is, a branch in which all the resistances and reactancesare in series.When a circuit consists of one single series branch, r1 r1 cos it) = (6) then thereis no subcircuit;or,the circuitis,itself,the e i subeircuit. -/ r 12 + (x1 - x2)2 43 44 MER811ON: ALTERNATING-ell/RENTANALYSIS Journal A. 1. E. E. For Fig. 2we have: (e /)2 e:19 (112 7., j22 r2)2 112x2 + 122 x8 132 (112 x12 122 x4)2 = 4' r32 r4- x42 (7) But from (5)we know that: We know from (8) that: e12 e2 = e2 2i2 - j22 = /2 r12 + (x1- x2)2 r22 + (x3- x4)2 r1 r 2 )2( X I X2 2 + -f r12 r22 x22 r,' + x12 r22 x22 e 12

a2 (13)

-x, e32 21

r3 r4 )2 X3 X4 r32 r2 x 3 X3`n r42 + x42 T32 + x32 r42 + x42 - x4 FIG. 2 12 b2 (14) Substituting these values forcurrent in(7) and reducing In which a and bare used to indicate the quantities in the denominators in orderto avoid the repeated

r1 r2 = e ( xi - X2 X3 -x4 r12 + (x1- x2)2 r22 + (x3- x4)2 r12 ()8 + (x1 - x2)2 r22 (x3-X4,2 ))2 The power factors of the whole circuit, the upper subcircuitand the lower subcircuitare, respectively: r ri+i22 r2 cos (i0=112 ro- r12 (x1 - x2)2 22 (x3- x4)2 e i r 2 To x1 - X2 X3 - X4 (9) r12 (x1 - x2)2 r22 + (x3 x4)2 +(r12 + (x1 + r22 + (x3 x4)2)2

i12r1. ri writing of them.Substituting these valuesof e12 and cos col = (10) e32 in the equations for -V r12 + (x1- x2) currents.we have: i2 122 r2 r2 j12 =(r12 + x12) a2 (15) cc's C°2 = ei2 r22 + (x3 - x4)2 From these values of cos co we may obtain the phase angles between the currents and between them and the 4i, e. m. fs. !_vtiwv_Tar_3 In the preceding, a positive and a negative reactance r 1 x1 rs x is assumed in each subcircuit, in order to illustrate the i rl method more clearly. A single reactance might have been employed as representing the algebraicsum of the i2 I -----IMAr-rdin\- I ---WARe-r611T-- reactances in each subcircuit, just as the single resist- r2 x 2 ance represents the algebraic sum of the resistances. r4 x 4 In Fig. 3 such an expedient has been adopted, in order el I e3 to simplify operations.In the following equations, FIG. 3 therefore, while the reactances are all shown as positive, they may be either positive or negative. 12 For Fig. 3 we have: T22 x22) a2 (e =(112 122 r2 32 r3 r1+ 1 242r4)2 (212 12 ± 122 x2 + 232x3 + 142x4)2(12) 132 But we know from (5) that (r32 + x32) b2

ei2 ei2 12 212 122 = 242 = r12 + x12 r22 x22 (r42 x42) b2 45 Jan. 1926 ' MERSHON; ALTERNATINGCURRENT ANALYSIS Then equa- Putting these values of i12, i22, i32 and i42in (12) and Now let x3 be numerically equal to x1. reducing we get: tion (26) becomes:

X3 X4 i= r3 r4 xi 1 x2 ri r2 42+ x42)b2 (fri2+x12) afr (7.22+ x22)air 0.32+ x32)b2m 0.42±x42)b,) (fri2+xi2)a2 (7.22+ x22) a2 I(7.32±x32)b2r )2

e (19)

Where c is used to avoid repeating the quantityunder e (27) the radical. Substituting this value of i in equations (13),(14), (15), (16), (17) and (18), we get: That is, i4 is constant for all values of r4 and x4.

e This is Boucherot's beautiful scheme for obtaining e1 =-ac (20) constant current from a constant voltage source, and vice versa.Unfortunately, it cannot be fully realized

e in practise, because we cannot have r1 and r3 equal to e3 = (21) b c zero.That is, we cannot obtain a condenser and an inductance with no losses in them.However, the e condition of constant current may be closely approxi- = (22) a c Vri2 xj2 mated over a limited range, the closeness of approximation and the extent of the range depending upon how e low the losses in the condenser and the inductance, i2 = (23) a c 0.22 + x22 respectively, can be kept.

i3 = (24) b c \/ r32 ± x32 THE LUMINOUS FOUNTAIN OF e PARIS i4 = (25) b c r42 + x42 During a recent exposition in Paris some spectacular The power factors of the circuit as a whole and of theperformances on the River Seine were carried on by several sub -circuits are found after the manner pre-means of a specially built and installed array of lumi- viously employed. From them can be obtained allnous fountains.Along each side of the Alexander the phase angles. Bridge a steel pipe 1 ft. in diameter with 9000 small In Fig. 3 let: holes was suspended, and a 200-h. p. motor pump ri = 0 r2= r3 = 0 r, = r4 delivered water under pressure to these two pipes. xi = XI X2 = X3 = X3 X4 = X4 The closely spaced water jets formed a parabolic curtain on each side of the bridge. A large number of 2000- L e cp. floodlights, arranged under the bridge and out of - X :; sight, illuminated these two curtains brilliantly.As ome it was necessary to point all of these floodlights down- ward, their reflectors had to be watercooled to prevent overheating. Near the bridge several floating luminous fountains r4 x4 were installed.These were specially designed for the purpose and entirely self -maintained.They consisted FIG. 4 of round steel caissons of 23 -ft. diameter, containing Then Fig. 3 resolves itself into Fig. 4.And if thesetwo motor pumps for the high-pressure water and values be substituted in equation (25) we have: three rings of floodlamps, throwing beams of light i4 = through water -tight glass panels upward upon the rising jets.of water.There was room within the caisson e for an attendant who changed color filters on the flood - r42+x42+( (xi-x3)2.-1-r42) x122 (r42-Ex42) x1-4- 2x4 x1 lamps.Harmonious color effects were assured by x32 x3 means of telephone interconnections between the (26)fountains and to the shore. St1 11I\OI I i 1 1 11 ' I I 1 II 1gOI I ' i\'1 '1 ' 1 I)

I I\ I..11rF. t 1 1 ; ) I. .1 \\ \ 1 )1 . Nh-tilbrr, A. 1 1.C. A01... talc-, A I I /

Synopsis. 7'he study of hiuh-collage,sit p -wave -front transients electron stream by the pi,!,.(so (Mt II, brills, is difficult from theexperimental stamlpoint because of the very Testsattic made with a leafs haa, arly peeps i,dii taw, short timesinvolved.Doe to th,i m pflit't ale ref Which the cathode-ray reaching its 'imam its about Witii,ii eon& Such a our, was oscillograph has erkioyedin ries in wars,a device is now available, bytheuse of which transients swearing obtained by the discharge of a comb user througha suitable circuit in times as short asone - millionth of a second .4n oseillogram which shows the auri front used is given, andat- or less may be photographed.in the paper, the authors used tention is directed to rtes-znis'ini kilocycle oscillation which appears an oscillograph developed by Dufourin France, with which a brief study sum I5 nr posed an the Wile,' ilia& was made of the time lag of needlegaps and of a needle to a plane. resultsof tests in which MI, front Wall applied to gaps aregiro it and it is shown that with un y ys,, is gap setting and sparking A description of the oscillograph is given including a discussion of voltage that the that' bap vary through (rid. limits. themethod of operation. II is also shown The photographic film is placed insidethe that, for the soar voltage, slier, used gap settingsins WI increased lag. tube so that the electrons impingedirectly on the film. The wave is drawn out along a time axis The per rent ocercollage, required to keep the lug to twomicroseconds by the combined action ofa sweeping or less, decreases as the gap spacing increases. motion and a perpendicularoscillating motion imparted to the

THE STUDY OF TRANSIENTS 2.The device must use little energy in its operation,so that NE of the most difficult andperhaps also one ofits use will not appreciably disturb the originalcircuit. ( )the most fascinating problemswhich the electrical 3.The device should be capable of registering bothvoltage engineer of today is called and current simultaneously. upon to study is that of 4.The apparatus must be so arranged that the transient phenomena occurring a single impulse in electrical circuits.will be sufficient for a satisfactory photographicimpression. Failure of apparatus, caused bythe puncture or flash- 5.The oscillograph should be as simpleas possbile and have over of insulation due to overvoltages, theduration ofsufficient accuracy so that the resultsmay be usedwith which may be of the order ofa few micro -seconds, hasconfidence. made desirable theuse of lightning arresters which The first point can be satisfied onlyby some device limit the voltage to safe values.Since in practise manyusing the flow of electrons.When thinking of the of the steep front travelingwaves are the result ofavailable devices, one naturallyturns to the Braun the sudden releasing ofa bound electrostatic charge,tube which has been used formany years as an oscillo- lightning arrester laboratories haveused the dischargegraphic device.As originally developed, the Braun of a suitable condenser to simulatethe actual linetube consisted ofa cathode and an anode in an ex- condition.For this purpose, and for the studyof thehausted tube,together with a fluorescentscreen. action of insulation andgaps, impulse generators haveUnidirectional voltage froma static machine causes a been built which may be chargedto values as high asflow of electrons from the cathodeto the anode, some of 2,000,000 volts. which pass througha small hole in the anode and are The limitations andsome, at least, of the possibledeflected by magneticor electrostatic fields produced by sources of error involved in the use of the impulsethe phenomena being studied,The rays then pass generator have been recognized by lightning-arresteron to the fluorescent screen wherea graph is traced the engineers for some time.Three years ago the authorscoordinates of whichare determined by the deflecting began to search for means of recording,on a photo-fields.If the phenomenonrepeats itself, the graph graphic film, transient phenomena the frequencyof appears as a stationary pattern, andmay be recorded which might be a million cyclesper second or more.photographically usingan exposure of several seconds. As a result of this search of the literature, the device The Braun tube has negligibleinertia, and very little described in this paper was found. energy is required to cause the deflection of thecathode beam.Its speed is the speed ofthe electron which may OSCILLOGRAPHS be varied between quitewide limits especiallyif using a heated cathode A satisfactory oscillograph for the delineation of the as in the Western Electric tube. The upper limit of velocityis perhaps one-half that of volt- or current -time characteristic ofa short -timelight. transient must satisfy the following conditions: The fourth condition mentioned,that of recording 1. The device must have no appreciable inertia and must bea single impulse, may be satisfied by capable of operating at a frequency of at leastone million cycles placing the per second. photographic film inside the tubein such a way that the electron stream impingesdirectly on the film. *Both of the Research Section, Lightning Arrester Engineering This has been done byseveral investigators with Department, General Electric Company, Pittsfield, Mass. marked success. Abridgment of paper presented at Regional Meeting bf Dist. No. 1, Swampscott, Mass., May 7-9, 1925, and at the Annual Conven- The literature of the Brauntube is quite extensive, tion of the A. I. E. E., Saratoga Springs, N. Y., June 22-26, 1925.and but a few of the availablereferences are given at Complete copies to members on request. the end of this paper. 46 GAP 47 Jan. 1926 McEACHRON AND WADE: STUDY OFTIME LAG OF NEEDLE To a Frenchman, Alexander Dufour, belongstheopening into the interior of the drum so that thefilms credit for adapting the Braun tube to the studyofare not exposed when using the screen.After placing bronze transient phenomena.This development is character-the films in the drum, it is placed inside the ized by means whereby a photographic film isplacedchamber and locked in position.The opening is inside the vacuum chamber and also an arrangementclosed by a door having a very carefullyconstructed for drawing out the transient along a time axis sothatjoint so that the tube may be made air tight.Three the highest frequencies may be studied. cocks, turning in ground joints placed in thedoor, serve to operate the mechanismfor changing films and THE DUFOUR OSCILLOGRAPH moving the fluorescent screen.Two glass windows, A description of this oscillograph which was usedinone on either side of the bronzechamber, permit of easy the needle -gap lag tests is giveninthe followingview of the fluorescent screen. paragraphs. OPERATION OF THE OSCILLOGRAPH For slow speed work a moving drum to take the place of the magazine drum may be used.This drum is driven by means of an external motor and magnetic clutch. A simple calculation shows that such a drum cannot be rotated at a sufficiently high velocity to draw out the oscillations so that they may be studied. To draw out a one million -cycle wave in a manner similar to that used with the ordinary Duddell oscillograph, so that two millimeters are allowed per cycle, would require a film velocity of 2000 meters (6650 feet) per second. This problem has been solved by Dufour in a very satisfactory manner.Rather than move the film,

Cathode Voltage

LigAnode

Deflecting FIG. 1-DUFOUR OSCILLOGRAPH Plates Referring to Fig.1, the oscillograph consists essentially of glass tubes a and b, fitted by means of a ground joint into the bronze chamber c.The upper glass tube a carries the cathode and anode.The tube b has one pair of deflecting plates for electrostatic deflection of the electron stream.For magnetic Photographic deflection two sets of coils, 1-1 and 2-2 (Fig. 2), per- Film pendicular to each other, are placed external to the tube and located slightly below the deflecting plates.

The coils are arranged so that they may be rotated FIG.2-DIAGRAMATIC- REPRESENTATION OF OSCILLOGRAPH about the axis of the tube, thus allowing adjustment of OPERATION the angle between the axes of the deflecting fields. To operate the oscillograph expeditiously, easy meansthe electron stream is subjected to the action of auxiliary must be provided for changing films quickly.It is alsofields which draw out the wave without the limitations necessary that a fluorescent screen be arranged so thatof a mechanical system, as shown in Fig. 2.The it can be removed when making an exposure. Howmethod by which this is accomplished may be under- this is done in the Dufour oscillograph may beseen bystood by reference to Fig..3.In I is shown the effect referring again to Fig.1. The drum, which in theof passing a transient current through coils 1-1. With illustration appears in the foreground, is provided withthe proper circuit arrangements the beam is held off a film magazine which allows six films to be taken inthe film at the top until ready for the photograph to be succession.When viewing the phenomena, a fluores-taken, when a transient takes place which sweeps the cent screen is turned up into position covering thebeam across the film holding it off the film at the 48 MCEACHRON AND WADE: STUDYOF TIME LAG .OF NEEDLE GAP Journal A. I. E. E. bottom. This transientcurrent will be referred toascurves with a time axis which can be calibrated with the sweeping current. considerableaccuracy.Volt-amperecharacteristics A source of high frequency(a vacuum tube oscillator)may be taken by applying to the cathode stream, is connected to coils2-2, which are mechanicallyfields proportional to the voltage and current and spaced 90 deg. from coils1-1.With coils 2-2 ener-spaced 90 deg. apart. gized, the oscillatortraces a straight line on the film, the amplitude usually beingadjusted to utilize the entire THE CATHODE STREAM width of the film.When coils 1-1 and 2-2are The best registration on the film is obtained when operated together the oscillatorwaves are drawn out asconditions are such that a fine pencil of rays strikes the seen in III.If the oscillator frequency is50,000 cyclesfilm only when required.Not only is it desirable and the effective width ofthe film 100 mm. (3.9 in.),to hold the rays off from the film before and after the then the average distancecorresponding to one micro-transient, but the operation of the tube is much im- second would be 10mm. (0.39in.).This meansproved if the cathode voltage is applied for just sufficient that if a million -cyclewave was impressed on thetime to allow the proper registration of the unknown deflecting platesso that the beam was deflected therebytransient. in the same directionas by the sweeping current, it The necessary cathode potentialmay be obtained by the use of either a high -voltage direct current,or a few degrees of the crest of an alternating potential The latter method may only be used with phenomena which are fast compared to the change of potential. during its registration.This method was mentioned by Dufour as being particularly adapted to thestudy of very short time transients, andas this method is very convenient it was adopted for use in this study of gap characteristics. U TIMING THE TRANSIENT The spot made on the photographic film by the electron stream may travelas fast, as 80 km. (50 mi.) a second across the film; and since it is not feasible to get a developed registration length ofmore than 10 or 12 meters (32.8 to 39.2 ft.)on the film, the transient must be initiated during the very short interval of time in which the spot is sweepingacross the film. A rotary switching device has been built whichmakes the necessary contacts so that voltage is appliedto the cathode, the sweeping started and the unknownphe- nomenon so timed as to appear on the film.The oscillator is connected before voltage isapplied to the cathode, and remains connected until after theexposure FIG. 3-METHOD OFREGISTERING TRANSIENT PHENOMENA has been made. The arrangementsare such that only I.Sweeping III.Sweeping and Oscillator the pushing of a button is requiredto set in operation a II.Oscillator IV.Transient superimposed on III mechanism which makes all connections automatically. would be drawn out sufficiently so that the wave form TIME LAG OF NEEDLE GAPS could be determined and IV shows the effect of the It is known that a needlegap shows considerable lag combination of the three fields.The oscillator wave iswhen subjected to steepwave front impulses.The the zero line for the transient being studied and it is abrief study which is presentedherewith measures time axis whose unit of measure is varying accordingdefinitely the lags encountered underthe given con- to the sine law.The speed of sweeping is always aditions.The results are not complete, but do givefor compromise between drawing out the oscillator wavethe first time, as far as the authorsare aware, a direct and the difficulty of getting the unknown phenomenameasurement of lags as shortas a few micro -seconds. timed so as to appear on the film.With much slowerThe methods used hereare being applied to the study of speed phenomena, the sweeping field may be placed 90the problems encountered in lightningarrester practise deg. from that of the unknown transient, so that theand will yield results of great importance. time axis becomes a straight line across the film.This The time lag of agap may be taken as the time axis may be conveniently calibrated by superimposingelapsing until breakdownoccurs during which the a known high frequency using the oscillator coils. applied potential exceeds the low frequencyspark Thus it is possible to get volt -time or ampere -timepotential.For a voltage only slightly inexcess of the 49 Jan. 1926 McEACHRON AND WADE: STUDYOF TIME LAG OF NEEDLE GAP low frequency spark potential the time lag may be long,voltage to the proper value for the deflectingplates on while with steep wave fronts of high voltage it will bethe oscillograph. extremely short.The lag with any given gap is The oil -immersed dividing condensers areshown in determined not only by the voltage at the time ofFig.5, together with the needle gap being tested. The capacity of Ci at the setting used on the tests was about 20 micro-microfarads.Variable stray capacities to ground and inductive effects betweenthe condenser and the oscillograph were eliminated by using a ground

Kenotron shield around the dividing condenser. Voltage calibrations were obtained from capacity measurements, and more directly by taking oscillograms when holding a known 60 -cycle voltage on the dividing condensers. WAVEFORM Fundamentally, the circuit shown in Fig. 4 represents the discharge of one capacity into another with small Main Condenser series inductance and considerable series resistance. OSphere C Gap The circuit is of course complicated by the use of series gaps, wires leading to oscillograph, etc.With such a circuit, the series resistance R2 will increase the time required to charge the capacity of the dividing con- WaterTube R2 denser and connections. /Rotary Water Tube RI The effect of changing R2 may be seen by referring to 4Switch Fig. 6, which shows the wave fronts with three different Needle Gap values of resistance.The method of registration used )10- C2 is the same as that described in connection with Fig. 3 Dividing Condenser and consists in applying an upward sweeping motion, combined with the horizontal motion of the oscillator. Superimposed is the discharge of the condenser which w To w Oscillograph is initiated by the action of the rotating switch. FIG. 4-CONNECTION DIAGRAM On the oscillograms given in Fig. 6 will be found two sets of oscillations, the first being damped out rather spark-over,Irbut also by the shape of the wave frontquickly.This oscillation, which has a frequency of used. approximately 20,000kilocycles,occurs when the The purpose of these tests is to find the effect of successive increments of overvoltage on the time lag. To avoid the complication of a sloping wave front, it was thought best to use as nearly rectangular a wave as could be obtained.It is impossible to produce a perfect rectangular wave but if the time required for the voltage to reach a constant value is small in comparison with the time taken by the gap under test to spark over, the error will be negligible. TEST ARRANGEMENTS An impulse generator, which was built for use in connection with the testing of lightning arresters, was used as a source of voltage.This generator consists of two hundred glass plates with tinfoil coatings divided into four groups connected in series, each group consisting of 50 plates in parallel, giving a capacity of FIG. :Jo-DIVIDING CONDENSERS AND TEST NEEDLE -GAP 0.13 microfarads. A connection diagram is given in Fig. 4 and shows the limiting sphere -gap which deter-rotating switch sparks and is followed by another when mines the voltage at which discharge will take place.the limiting gap sparks.There is a certain variable The water tube resistance, RI, allows the sphere -gap totime interval between the sparking of these two gaps. charge up properly, while R2 is used to control the In making these tests the aim was to obtain a steep wave front as will be shown later.The dividingwave front but at the same time to prevent the voltage condensers, C, and C2, were used for reducing thefrom over shooting.Film 300 (Fig. 6) shows the main \ (11 IZON AN1) \\'.11)I?: STUDY 01,"1`1 1,A11 ;Al' Joiirtitil A. 1.I',

Cr transient rising to its maximum value in about25. micro -seconds.Superimposed on this wave frontare SOW oscillations which are made up of a combinationof several frequencies.Film :100, which was taken with 1100 ohms in series, shows that none of the oscillations has a voltage exceeding the maximum value of the main transient. 111'111111 The series resistance was reduced to 570 ohms and 3 Micro- Seconds film 304 taken.This film shows that the main transient rises to its maximum in about 0.4 micro -second. This resistance is too small however,as some of the crest values of the superimposed oscillation exceed thefinal voltage.A value of 700 ohms was chosenas being the best compromise between the steepness ofwave front and the condition of overshooting.Film 593 -300 was taken, using this series resistance, and it was found that a time of one micro -secondwas required for the voltage of the main transient to reach its fullvalue (marked a on the film).This film is interestingas it shows the sparking of a needle-gap 0.8 micro -second after full voltage had been applied. RESULTS OF TESTS The time lags under most test conditions usedex-

0' 1 2, 3 4 56 7 ceeded two micro -seconds, which made theuse of the Micro- Seconds oscillator undesirable except for tiiningpurposes; therefore, nearly all results were taken with the sweepingonly, as this allowed several exposures on one film.With six films and five tests per film, itwas possible to get 30 tests before releasing the vacuum and magazine drum.The use of the sweeping also givesa uniform time scale for the measurement ofthe lag. The results of nine representativetests are given in Figs. 7A and B.As this type of oscillogram is probably new to most of the readers of this papera brief explanation is given.The different testsare numbered in the order in which theywere made.In the first GIWIIIM...MIMMNMMklrd.OMI.Mrd.....sVllgl. test, for instance, which is at the bottom ofthe film, (No. 543), the cathode spotcomes on the film from the left, being swept across the filmat a uniform rate MTErrqb et.rt corresponding to 4.5 micro -secondsper mm. About 190 micro -seconds later the voltage isapplied by the operation of the rotating switch.The cathode beam is deflected upward and tracesa horizontal line, parallel with the zero axis, until after 140micro -seconds the needle -gap under test breaks downand the cathode spot falls to zero and so continues, passingoff the film at the right.Although the wave front in this filmappears perpendicular, it is reallyas shown in Fig. 6, film 593. 593 Four needle -gap breakdownsare given in film 558,

air Fig. 7B, the voltage being 5 kv.with a needle gap spacing of 60 mm.This film shows 6-0SCILLOGRAMS SHOWING THE WAVE FRONT USED ON a 50 -kilocycle NEEDLE GAP TESTS timing wave which fixes the timecalibration.Fig. 7A Film 300-Oscillator frequency 42.6 kc showing wave form with 1100film 543 shows the result of testson a 15 -mm. needle - ohms series resistance.Voltage reaches constant value in 2.5 micro-gap with 22 kv. applied.These oscillograms show seconds. Film 304-Oscillator frequency 42.6 kc.Wave form with 570 ohmsvery nicely the steepness of the wave front compared series resistance.Voltage reaches constant value in 0.4 microseconds. with the time lags; and also how wellthe cathode ray Film 593-Oscillator frequency 50 kc.Wave form with 700 ohms series resistance.Voltage reaches constant value in 1.0 microseconds.Needle oscillograph is adapted to the studyof short time gap sparks after 0.83 microsecond.Gap setting 65mm. voltage 75 kv. phenomena. GAP Jan. 1926 - McEACHRON AND WADE: STUDY OF TIME LAG OF NEEDLE Results were obtained from a series of oscillograms for three different voltages and with different needle - gap spacings.Tests were also made with a needle to a plane and between needles having different degrees of sharpness.Some of the results are given in Table I.

.An analysis of the results brings out certain relations which are briefly discussed. ,-d.

For each voltage used, the gap setting, corresponding - I =f time la Gap Sparks a.. and to infinite lag, will be slightly above the 60 -cycle Wspomermartsreasers. pkiegoimmtomermiergramigliAllinimomwommum setting for that voltage.The per cent overvoltage s 1 Voltage zero Axis st above the 60 -cycle spark potential necessary to obtain rearseitiorower7A ppiiea yr, ' wgrMINM

I Zero Ax i51 1 lags of one micro -second or less was found to decrease 0 .50 i00 ISOi200 250 Micro -Seconds with increased spacing. Tyne With spacings of 10, 40 and 65 millimeters the per 54-3 cent overvoltages are 75, 40 and 29 respectively. It is, of course, to be expected that the greater the per cent of overvoltage the shorter the time lag.The results show that this is true, in general, although wide variations in time lag occur with every setting and at all voltages. An examination of the results discloses the existence of time-lag zones, which indicates that breakdown is more likely to occur within these zonesthan outside. The existence of these zones is doubtful in some cases, while in others it seems well defined, as for instance at 75 kv. with a 95 -mm. spacing (Table I). In general, the tests show that dull needles give shorter time lags than sharp needles, although more tests should be made to be certain of the relationship. Comparing the point -plane tests (Point negative), with the needle points having the same spacing the data show that the lags are of the same order of magnitude although the maximum lag with the point -plane is considerably greater than the corresponding value for FIG. 7-OSCILLOGRAMS SHOWING THE TIME LAG OF NEEDLE GAP Film 543-Five tests on needle gap at 15 mm. 22 kv. the points.Tests made with the point positive show Film 558-Four tests on needle gap at 60 mm. spacing 58 kv. 50 that the lag is less than two micro -seconds while with K C Timing wave.

TABLE I-TEST DATA LAGS GIVEN IN SAME ORDER AS TESTS WERE MADE VOLTAGE 75,000 Time Per CentSparking Calibration Spacing Micro- Max. and Atmospheric seconds Time Lags in Min. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Gap Conditions Per mm. Micro -seconds Av. Range Range Range Range

95 mm. Relative 8 . 5 120- 21- 88- 42- 25 Max. 491 40 0 14 46 Needle humidity 14 per cent 491-406- 34-340-466 Min.21 Gap Bar. 29.1 in. 339-440-400-460-400 Av.260 70 per cent Temp. 22 deg. C. sparking at this setting

80 mm. Relative . 5 35- 45-280-240-250 Max. 335 58 0 28 14 Needle humidity 14 per cent 35- 40- 30-235- 30 Min. 15 Gap Bar. 29.1 in. 35- 30- 35- 35-335 Av. 120 Temp. 22 deg. C. 235- 40- 15-210-230 300-200-250- 45- 30 35- 35- 40- 35-210

72 mm, Relative 2.4 38- 38- 43- 48- 26 Max. 60 4 48 28 20 Needle humidity 26 per cent 43- 29- 38- 21- 48 Min. 2 Gap Bar. 28.8 in. 29- 45- 29- 29- 29 Av. 35 Temp. 19 deg. C. 29-2- 17- 55- 60 31- 53- 41- 31- 31 52 DISCUSS I N T 1' '11.1i \ '11 N ENTI Journal A. I. E.

the point negativewith the same spacing andvoltage iii(Teasing, with increased gap settings, an average lag of 62micro -secondswas obtained.The limits could probably be narrowed considerably by When the pointwas negative with a spacing of 13mm.the use of e:ireful control of air and electrode conditions. sparkitig occurredwith approximately 50per cent ofThe per cent overvoltage, required to keep the lag to the voltage applications.With the point positivea two micro -seconds or less, decreases as the gap spacing similar conditionwas obtained with a spacing of 19increases.The lag is shown to depend on the condition mm. These results givesome conception of the effectof the needle, the dull needle tending to have the of polarityon the lag of a point -planegap. shorter lags. CONCLUSIONS The authors are continuing the use of the oscillograph, An oscillograph isnow available, as represented byintending to apply it to the study of transientson that made by Dufour,by the use of which single tran-transmission lines due to lightning and other calises. sients may be photographed,without being limited byThe breakdown of insulation and the operation of the inertia ofa mechanical system.By its use, wavelightning arresters is also being investigated.Acknowl- forms have beenphotographed having measurableedgment is gladly given to the work of Alexander oscillations up to 20,000kilocycles.The authors haveDufour, who constructed the oscillograph used by the worked with an oscillatorfrequency of 250 kilocyclesauthors in the work described in the paper. which allows the registrationof a frequency of 100,000 Bibliography kilocycles. As the frequency increases,the problem 1. J. B. Johnson, Jour.:l in. 0 pl. Soc. and Review Opt. of the characteristics ofthe circuit used become in-Inst., Vol. 6, p. 701, Sept. 1922. creasingly important andgreat difficulty is experienced 2.S. H. M limn., Phil. .1Iag., Vol. 24, p. 709, 1912. in keeping the oscillographcircuits free from disturb- 3.A. Dufour, rump. Iii )o!., Vol. 158, p. 1339, 1914. 4.E II,ring, April 25,1919, p. 543. ances emanating fromthe main impulsecircuit. The cathode-ray oscillograph, 5. A. Duro, r, L'Ond, Ely elriqur, Nov. 1922, Vol.1, p. 638-663. as used here, becomes a 6. D. A. lic\s,Phil. ling., p..173, Oct. 1921. tool of the greatest value inthe study of transient 7. It J. Ity:01, A. I. E. E. TRA NS., Vol. 20, p. 1417, 1903. phenomena. 8. A. B. Phys. 80e. of London, Dec. 18, 1922. The lag tests, with constantvoltage on the needle .\.I. E. E. TRANS., Vol. 34,p. 1115, 1915. 10. E. L. ( 'harfce, ric)n Academy of Sc., Vol. 47, Novem- gaps, show that the lags vary between wide limits,the ber, 1911.

Discussion at Pacific CoastConvention 220-KV. TRANSMISSION TRANSIENTSAND what similar conclusion.' FLASHOVERS' In the old investigation, the voltages were lower and the apparatuscruder but the interest was (WOOD) much the same. SEATTLE, WASH., SEPTEMBER 15, 1925. At still a later period, withthe advent of larger systems and higher voltages.still another experimental Percy H. Thomas:This paperappears toclear away study was made, this time based largelyupon the oscillographs covering the definitely the persistent suspicions that there issome sourceaction of switching and of mysterious overpotential inherent in 220 kv. surges in the system of the Pacific Gas or in very long& Electric Company;and still again with the lines, that does not appear on the surface-somethinginvolving proving the existence result of dis- an unrecognized principle and jeopardizing reliability of service. of any new or unexpectedphenomena. Mr. Wood's workgoes over the research again, taking The subject of surges and high -voltage breakdowns haslongpossible sources of up all been a bête noir for transmission operation.When power excessive surges and usingperfected apparatus.This makes clearthe conclusion that the transmission first became of importance, one of the firstserious mysterious surges explanation of sources of shut -down other than the ever-present lightning ('.1.11 on 220-kv. lines must besought among was the well recognizedlaws of electric phenomena. the frequent short circuit of transformers in high-tensionservice. While this proved to be due partly to moisture and inadequate Considering, now, thedetail of thepaper, it may be pointed out that the resultsof the klydonograph insulation, it was, nevertheless, necessary that thenow well- the old fundamental appear to agree with . known but then almost unknown effect of the steep -wave -front rules of wave motion, potential is abruptly e. g.: (a)When a surge on windings be studied out2 and this led to radical change applied to a transmissionline, a wave equal in the method of insulating high-tension windings. in crest to theapplied potential While reaches a reflecting passes along the line until it the theory of the propagation of surges or waves in transmission point when it isreflected back toward the lines was academically known, nobody knew what the realstart, reaching doublepotential at the reflecting losses.(b) When point, neglecting effect in an actual line practically was and this led to a certain a small -capacity branchline leads from such feeling of uncertainty as to what might be expected with planta reflecting point, the maximum potential wave starts off in the branchline at the extensions.This led to a series of investigations in 1902 inject to reflection reached at the reflectingpoint and is sub- the middle west on a number of high-tension plants, similar in at the end of the doubling of thepotential. branch line with another object to those reported by Mr. Wood and leading to a some- (c) Whenevera condenser is charged 3.See paper Percy 1.A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, November, 1925, p. 1211. H. Thomas. of Potential onCommercial TransmissionAn Experimental Study of the Rise 2.See paper Percy H. Thomas, TRANS. A. I. E. E., "Static Strains in Caused bu Switching, Lines Due to Static Disturbances .High Tension Circuits and the Protection of Apparatus, Vol. XIX, 4. Grounding, etc., TRANS.A. I. E. E. ,Vol. 1905, P.317. 1902, p. 213. Guiseppe Faccioli,Electric Line Vol. XXX, PartIII, p. 1803. Oscillations, TRANS. A. I. E. E. CONVENTION 53 an. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST The present klydonograph is a much moresuitable in- trough reactance(neglecting resistance) the potentialwillday. and only gradually settlestrument.It consists of the same arrangement exceptthat it ise to double the charging potential has a roll film which goes over an insulated groundedcylinder. own to equilibrium after aseries of oscillations. considering surges in a line,The roll needs to be changed only once a weekand provision As Mr. Wood properly says, in can be made for longer or shorterperiods as desired. ae effect of distance oftravel is only to weaken the surge. service to )they things being equal the effect of aswitching operation Now, so far as possible, we are giving klydonograph those who have problems requiring investigation.We have greatest nearby. abnormal sustainedabout twenty of these seven-day instruments inoperation. We It is particularly gratifying to find that no looking after igh-frequency potentials exist in the line, asthese might behave two experts whose work is devoted solely to the instruments and giving this service. We haveinvestigated xeeedingly troublesome. F. W. Peek, Jr.:Mr. Wood's findings, which arequite inquite a large number of systems in the east. high voltages at sus- Of course, in carrying out this work we aim to do ourfield ccord with theory, show no mysterious when we ained high frequency causing arcs ofindeterminate distance.work as much as possible during the summer months but neverhave lightning, etc., so that we have been able to makeonly a 'he expected highly damped switching surges occur The preliminary analysis f sufficient voltage to cause trouble.The cause of many arc-preliminary analysis of the results. dirt trouble was shows that in no case were there any signs of high frequencyand, .vers is dirt.In the tests made most of the less purely mechanical one due to birds and aseasily understandablein fact the highest frequency we obtained was something dropped over an insulator string. than 30,000 cycles per second.The duration of these surges s the effect of a fuse wire They very quickly Chis investigation shows conclusively thatthere need be littleis very brief.They don't travel very far. originating in a grounded -neutralbecome damped so the bogey of sustained high frequency does ear from transient voltages Our experimental ystem. not exist. We haven't found it anywhere. Thus, in the part of the country where thelines of the Southern work has extended particularly over such portions of the United ,'alifornia Edison Company are located the chief causeof in-States in which lightning is very frequent and severe. ulator arc -over is a weakening of the insulatorsby dirt or other Lightning has proved to be the most prolific source of high nechanical means. voltages, but even lightning has caused nothing we need fear. Other, important points brought out are thathigh -voltage The highest voltage hasn't gone beyond the possibility of .witching may be done without Lear, and thatwith quick -actinginsulation. elays insulator arc-overs may be cleared withoutinterruption We expect to carry on this service to the best of our ability, but of course, we are limited as to men and also' as to number A' service.Of course, in addition to quick -acting relays,it is mportant to have grading shields or rings onthe insulator toof instruments.On a large system it is pretty hard to do with lirect the arc away from the string while the relays areoperating. less than a dozen instruments; to carry out investigations prop- While dirt is the principal cause of are -over in certain partserly, one should have more. ,f the country, in other parts its effect may bepractically We expect to do some theoretical work in the winter months, legligible and lightning may be a very serious factor. analyzing results of the investigations of the previous months; To illustrate how well Mr. Wood's conclusions are in agree-and we probably shall have to do some work on cable systems nent with our laboratory investigation I would draw yourduring the winter.Cable systems have been very free from attention to a recent discussion of mines at the Annual Con-surges and that, of course, from theory is what weexpect. vention which shows that our conclusions are very similar toWe wouldn't expect to have the surges in cables due to effects qr. Wood's. outside, and surges from cables connected to outside lines don't C. L. Fortescue:Klydonograph is derived from two Greekamount to anything at all.I don't think that the trouble vords which mean wave and record.It is a device for mak-with cables can be attributed to outside sources.The troubles ng a record of surges.The klydonograph is a very simplewith cables are inherently inside the cables themselves; surges nstrument which consists merely of an electrode which ismay come about due to the trouble in the cables,possibly. !onnected to the line through a potentiometer device, and meas- I may state that grounded -neutral systems have been very ires a voltage proportionate to the tension of the line.This elec-free from surges due to short circuits and other abnormal trode passes over a sensitized plate or film in contact with the operations. nsulated surface of a grounded plate. Now the oscillation J. H. Cox: Mr. Wood's instructive paper leaves little to be )assing over the line makes a record on this sensitized platesaid to lay the ghost of alarming abnormal conditions on the which, after development, shows a figure possessed of certain220-kv. lines of the Southern California Edison Company. As )eculiarities. A figure for a positive wave in any direction ispointed out, the tests were sufficiently extensive to be truly lifferent from the figure for a negative wave, so that it is possiblerepresentative of conditions on those lines.Since Mr. Wood's ;o tell what the polarity of the wave is. One can tell whetherpaper tells the whole story so far as his system isconcerned, it t is an oscillating wave and, with certain arrangements, knowseems appropriate to present information gathered more re- 1-not only the character of the wave, but also the steepness of thecently with the klydonograph on other lines. wave fronts and the direction in which the wave is traveling. During the year 1925 surge investigations have been made io, with this device, it is possible to obtain very complete in-on quite a number and variety of systems, both open-wire and :ormation about surges. cable.The causes of abnormal voltages on transmission lines The method of determining the amplitude of the wave con-may be classed under three headings, switching, shortcircuits sists in measuring the diameter of the figure.The diameter isand grounds, and lightning. very closely proportional to the actual amplitude of the wave Switching.For the most part the experience with surges within the range in which this measurement is useful.In otherresulting from operating activity has been much the same as words, for the higher voltages where the surges are of some con-that on the Southern California lines.Switching surges in cern, the calibration is very close, within 15 per cent. general are less than two times normal in terms of crest voltage The first klydonograph consisted merely of an ordinary sensi- to ground.Only two types of operations caused higher surges. tized photographic plate rotated under the electrode and the One of these was the opening of an idle but energized lino on a plate had dials which would register time on the record.The 15-mi. free -neutral line and caused surges as high as 4.3 times complete rotation occupied one day. This, of course, was notnormal.The other was synchronizing with a high -voltage very convenient inasmuch as the plates had to be changed every switch at the end of a 150-mi. free -neutral line.These surges 5,A. 1. E. E. JOURNAL, October 1925, D. 1151. reached a maximum of 4.6 times normal. Dist l'ssloN AT l'.11 I ciiAST 1 'ONVENTI()N Jnuroul A I ShurCUT/WS UM/ \ pri'll.111'4, ~hurl eireniis rot. nig flint and groundson other greimeled-neutral lie A.I.E. ruling (Sew. 19.221 too,1,,,1h., 1, systems has agreed upheld. vitli that on theSouthern Cillifernia The switeli ought to he tested how 21,I mi. Edison lines.No major the plitl'Ilt ill] %%hill' equals -19kv.fI/1'. I surges on midi lines have resultedfrom short cireuits and grounds 1)105ru either aceidmitally and Linn, and the transformers (three single-phase,auto -trail foi intentionally produced.Short circuits and ground.; with grounded neutral) al. an I if 1111 free -neutral systemshave, in generiel, produced vo..a.ge of twice hit, h,- high -voltage,oscillations reaching 11110 Of/1.1'11110 plus 1000 ttltielt equals981 I( v. for 2.10 kv. at the normal. a maximum of 4.5 times sending end. These voltageswere recorded on the two ungrounded phases in the ease of V. N. jtobinsmis: litconnection with Mr. Wood'spaper, a single-phase ground. the ino,t Lightning.As would bo expected, effect iv e cure for the flashoversseems to he the bird lightning has thus fur guards. 1 visli A1r. Wood would give proven to be the bestgenerator of high -voltage a description of them. surges though 1). I. Cones I in the California EdisonSystem high voltages due to CO1111ilelli011It -iiri,(111/1result of cause were absent. to this Al r. Wood's paper.The table on the seentli No differentiation ismade by this source page and the between types ofsystems but it varies widely oseillogranis, tells of the in\ esi igationof the normal residual In one case a voltage with locality. currents of the system, which %%ere found to bewithout of 1000 kv. to groundwas recorded.Many I hitt would aid in the explanation of other surges causedby lightningwere transients.This record, recorded,rangingif supplemented by data regarding thesizes of transformers, from 400 kv. to 700 kv.Some of thesewere oscillating and others unidirectional. their characteristics and connections,will be of considerable The unidirectionalsurges were positivevalue to the Joint Committee of the in polarity.The oscillatingsurges wore usually recorded at National Electric Light times when an interruption Association and the Bell TelephoneSystem, which is studying was caused by the stroke. the distribution of such residual R. W. Sorensen:During the past twelve currents in systems of this kind. years I have A special project committee is doingwork with a view to been much interested inthese line flashovers.Some of our en- first theories as to the abling us to predict these residualsand their resulting induct- cause included mechanicalmeans, such as ive effects upon neighboring lines. spider webs, dirt, soiled insulators,etc.As a basis of the spider web hypothesis there - Roy Wilkins:In the discussion on Mr. 'Wood'spaper the were found many big spider webs attached question is brought up regarding the to the lines and it was supposedthat these webs might become insulation on the oil switele wet and cause some of the flashovers. and bushings and transformersused on the 220-kv. line.The The possibility of these transformers and switches themselvesare tested for 2.73 times flashovers being caused by birdswas also considered.But, at that time, there was the normal voltages to ground;the bushings at 2.25 times line never sufficient conviction to warrant the voltage.There is before the Institute's expense of erecting devices to keep thebirds away from the Standards Committee towers as has been done recently. at the present time the propositionto change the requirements for the potential tests on groundedtransformer equipment to It is my endeavor in thisdiscussion to encourage the ideaof some such value at 2.73 times line voltage. trying to solve our difficultiesby doing simple things first, H. Richter (communicated although it seems to be human after adjournment):The paper nature to first apply complicated states that., on the small overheadnetworks, the transformers methods and later simple methodsto problem solutions.One are of the type having a network of the objects of engineering education protector in the same case. should be to teach us, asThis form of network protectionhas been abandonedon the engineers, to avoid a complicatedmethod of attacking problems. two systems where it originated, It must be borne in mind that, because of faulty operation although it has not beenmen-and lack of real protection.Experience shows that these de- tioned in Mr. Wood'spaper, he is dealing with a line to which vices are excellent transformer are connected transfotmers with delta connections protectors but cannot he relied so that onupon for network,-that is,service protection.I am rather this line there is no probabilityof getting effects such as arcinginclined to ascribe the excellent grounds might produce on Y -Y connections record of 0.7 per cent trans- if these connections former burn outs mentionedon the seventh page to the lightning are not properly supplemented with tertiarywindings con- protection offered by the nected in delta. common system neutral, as emphasized on the fifth page.As these protectorsare so designed G. R. F. Nuttall:Perhaps it would not be out of placethat they do not protect againsttrouble in the primary or to mention the 220-kv. tie line betweenthe Great Westernsecondary lines, their costof about $3 per transformer-kv-a. Power Company and the San Joaquin Light& Power Company. makes a rather high insurancerate against transformer trouble. The design and tests on the standard towershave just beenThe substitution of carboncircuit breakers tripped byreverse - completed and Mr. J. A. Koontz, of the GreatWestern Power power relays in the undergroundarea of Minneapolis is in line Company has taken particularcare to shield all points on thewith the latest methods ofnetwork protection where realre- towers so that no corona will formnear the wires.In order toliability of service is demanded. reduce eccentricity in the joints, it is betterto place the bracing In general it may be saidthat the loop method of primary in the cage of the towers alternately insideand outside.This feed is particularly applicableto bulk loads of 300 kv-a.up and inside bracing ordinarily offers quitea sharp edge which is a fed at the higher primary voltagesof 11,000 volts and above. This point where corona might form.Therefore we have bolted ais because of the high costof spare capacity in feeders and sub- small angle to the outside brace whichexposes its flat side to thestation apparatus, highrupture capacity, loop -sectionalizing wire. switches,andpilot -wirecontrol.For undergroundareas Mr. Wood mentioned that they useda dynamometer inwhere transformer banks,serving miscellaneous distribution stringing their cable,' I wonder ifwe could have information as loads, range from 75 to 300kv-a. each and are spacedon the to the type used, as the spring type is unreliableat the higheraverage 500 ft. apart (but may beup to a maximum of about tensions. 1000 ft. apart)there is being installedin six large cities and planned I should like to present for discussion the question for many others, avery simple system of arc. distribution. of insula-This is the secondary -network tion, not of the line itself but at the ends ofthe line.Mr. system with automatic network Wood's paper has given us useful informationon transientprotection that was described byA. H. Kehoe6 and by W. H. voltages and 220-kv. operation and I wonder whatthe manu-Bullard,? and that has beenin successful operation in New facturers' views are as to the rating of their bushingsfor oil York City for almost three anda half years. 6. switches and transformers. Underground Alternating -CurrentNetwork, by A.H.Kelioe. In the case of the Pacific Gas & Electric Company andthe A. I. E. E. TRANSACTIONS, 1924,p. 844. 7.A Study of Underground DistributionSystems, by W. R. Bullard, Southern California Edison Company I think Iam right in A. I. E. E. TRANSACTIONS, 1924,p. 856. 55 Jan.1926 DISCUSSIONAT PACIFIC COAST CONVENTION

In this network system the feeders are radial, no primary pro-of metal were fastened to the sloping portion ofthe crossarm in tective or sectionalizing devices being necessary.The second-the outer positions. ary mains are spliced together to form a solid meshwhich re- When we first put up these bird guards as mentionedin the quires no junction boxes and a compact triple -pole networkpaper, we didn't know what a cleverfellow the bird was, and unit, inserted in the transformer -secondary connections to thewe put up one kind of a guard to protectthe place we thought network, protects for every type of fault that might interferehe was going to roost upon, but, driven out of there, hetook with continuity of service except failure of the prime sourcethe next best thing.He even goes so far as to climb into a of power.Advantage is taken of the elimination of primary little piece of 6 -in. channel which is underneath the main cross - switches, cut-outs and disconnecting potheads, to employ higherarm, a piece only about a foot long, which is a partof the struc- primary voltages such as13,200volts.Thus may be savedture from which the center string of insulators is hung. When the cost of either station step-down transformers and lowerprevented from getting on the main body of the crossarm, he voltage switches, or even of the entire substation.By limitingflew underneath and got into this little cage place, so we have the feeder capacity to150amperes, each feeder can carry abouthad to protect that too. 3000 kv-a. and be confined to either a small or a large area de- Regarding the residual currents and the situation of the pending on the load density. transformers and auto -transformers, the information Mr. Cone The system of multiple street lighting introduced in Minne-asked for can be given him, but it really will not be of very polis is undoubtedly a step ahead both from an operating and eco-much use since it refers to a line which is not transposed. We nomic point of view.However, some electric service companies have been trying ever since the line was built to find time to object to pilot wires for control and others to mercury switches. transpose the conductors, but we have never had time to take One manufacturing company has developed a system of control the line out of service and do this work.As soon as the third by a form of carrier current over the primary feeders.Thisline is in, we expect to be able to take out the other two lines, dispenses with both of these features and also the reenergizingone at a time, and transpose them.This will balance them, contactors.The switching units are sturdy, comparativelystatically, against ground, and will reduce to a considerable simple, will not be expensive and are small enough to mountdegree that residual current. in the vase of an ornamental post.They can also be used in conjunction with a primary switch, for controlling pole - THE LINE OF MAXIMUM ECONOMY' mounting constant -current transformers feeding series lamps. (KIRSTEN AND LOEW) The sender at the station is likewise simple and substantial. SEATTLE, WASH., SEPTEMBER 16,1925. Further, there are practically no lossesintheswitching C. E. Carey:It seems to me that the authors have laid units. down a premise which at this time I would like to question, The system has had a successful trial equivalent to a year'swhether or not it is the fundamental premise of this paper. service.It is anticipated that this method of control, together I question the statement which reads:"Therefore, the with multiple street lighting, will be the standard street -lightingbasic assumption is made that for maximum economy all lines system of the future. should be operated at an average voltage slightly below the R. J. C. Woods There was a question asked about possiblecritical disruptive value of the conductor used.To make the slipping of aluminum on steel with changes of temperature.Iassumption more specific,90per cent of the critical disruptive have given that matter quite a little thought and have come tovoltage will be assumed as the correct value of the average line the conclusion that there is no longitudinal motion between thevoltage in all cases." two metals.Imagine a piece of cable, steel inside and aluminum When we consider an economic transmission line, we balance outside; somewhere it has two ends clamped together, so that the annual cost against the losses, or, in other words, we strive the two ends cannot move with respect to each other.If youto develop a line which gives the lowest annual operating ex- make it sufficiently hot the aluminum expands away from thepense per year, including interest, depreciation and losses. steel, but in an actual line, the tension of the cable is sufficientWhy is there no voltage above the critical corona voltage which to stretch the steel so that the aluminum does not become loose. is the economical voltage?The losses due to corona enter into In actual construction, I doubt if you will find separation of the these annual charges as a fixed charge and therefore have a aluminum from steel.They will act together as a unit with proper place in arriving at an economical voltage. this exception: with changes of temperature the stress passes I would like to ask the two gentlemen if they have established, from one to the other.The hotter the metal, the greater theas a fact, that the economic line voltage is always under the stress in the steel; the colder the metal, the more stress in thecritical corona voltage. aluminum. F. G. Baum:I should say the authors started out with the In closing my paper: the design of the bird guards has beenwrong assumption; that is, that the voltage is fixed.If you a matter of trial and error. We equipped a portion of the linefollow the theory given, in every line you would have a voltage with what is known as Mr. Barre's bird pans.The bird pansdepending on the length of the line. Can you imagine the maze consist of a horizontal tray of metal lying on the lower memberof voltages we would have in the country if such a principle of the top crossarm, the idea being that it would form an efficientwere followed?You can fix the voltages and then, by taking mechanical shield between the bird and the conductor.Appar-aluminum or copper lines, get exactly the same economic re- ently they have worked quite successfully, the only objectionsults.That is shown by the City of San Francisco, which put being that they are rather expensive, and unless they are veryin a line recently of 150,000 volts for 150 mi.They used that well anchored to the members of the tower, the ordinary vibra-old factor of 1000 volts per mile. There has been no good reason tion sets them imitating big drums, so that there has beensomefor that rule.Someone said it one time, and it was untrue then, complaint from real estate agents trying to sell property in and has been untrue ever since. the immediate neighborhood. They applied Kelvin's law to the design of this line, and There is another kind of bird guard which is simplyan exag-the work done in the paper I think is very commendable, but gerated saw-toothed, galvanized iron, the points being perhaps Dr. Kelvin didn't say what values to use for the line loss.I 1 IA or 2in. apart and with a height of some 6 in. so that it isa, very would like, when they get ready to build some of these lines, to acute point which is not comfortable to the bird.These wore supply the line losses at very much reduced figures, under the fastened along the members of the tower fora distance of approxi-figures they give.The figures which we use in California aro mately 5 ft. on each side of the center conductor.This line,practically one-half the line loss per kilowatt hour that they use by the way, is of horizontal construction, and similarpieces in this paper.That, I think, will make a material change in 56 1)Iscrtisl()N .vr 11 1).1,'I (1)N \ ENTIl 1 A I the results.The cost per kilowatt-liourof line loss decreases and not inereases with length e II PitMIT'S ger V lee which µwild ne in,talled at, thesmile ten Of hull,. the house is wired by the cowmen'''.This should be a y. liter A diagmtin similar to theirson regulation has been in listin my Aloe for a good many years, and 1,11,1, ground. a similar diagram was Now, as to using u common neutral, Mr. l rood, no doubt, has recently published in the ElectricalWorld.The fundamental basis of it was given in May, a condition where, as he has stated, his plan has worked satis- 1900, in the A. I. E. E. JouitNA factorily.Whether it would work under conditions obtaining E. A. Loom:I wish first to reply to Mr.Carey's question with reference to the 90 in Southern California is a little doubtful.We have a long, dry per cent corona factor.I may pointseason and a good ground is hard to get;in some eases it is out in answering that we don'tcare what factor is used, so long as he uses some factor, be it unity, impossible.There are very few districts where we havecon- or a little more, or a littletinuous water -piping systems and in sonie eases cement isused loss. Every engineer is free to choosewhatever value seems best. in making the joints in the pipes. It doesn't affect the general schemeoutlined.Itis Thus far on our 4-kv., four -wire systems we have adopted the difficult for me to see, however, howyou aro going to increase the economy of a line by increasing practise of grounding the primary neutral at frequent intervals, the voltage above thegenerally by the use of a driven pipe.We have not tried the corona value, because the corona loss is proportionalto theplan of using the same wire for a secondary neutral. square of the overvoltage, and as the voltage is increased above I might say that in most eases we do not havesecondary the critical value the losssoon becomes excessive.We have made no test to determine whether introducing systems continuing throughout the primary circuits,so that corona wouldpossibly there is not the same opportunity foreconomy as exists yield a value for the most economicalvoltage, above the with Mr. Hood.With the system as I stated, using the driven- critical disruptive value for the conductorused.It hardlypipe grounds connected to our neutrals, seems necessary to make such a test. we have had a number of cases during the dry season when the phase wire hasfallen If I interpret Mr. Baum's statement correctly,he made theand lain on the ground without kicking out the circuit assertion that we predicate a voltage which is breaker proportional toat the station.We aro particularly concerned as to howto the length of the line.That is exactly what we do not do.Iftake care of such a hazard. Mr. Baum will examine equations (21) and (64), he will find We have recently built a new substation ina district where the that there is no such thing involved.In equation (64) thesystem was being changed over to 4-kv. four -wire length of the line is involved only and are as a factor in the last term oftrying out the scheme as shown in Fig. 1 herewith.Here the the denominator, and then only to the extent of the 6throot ofneutral wire is isolated from the groundexcept at the station (1 4- L ).In the numerator is involved the root-mean -square and there the connection is through kw. transmitted over the line to the one-third a current transformer, the power.There-secondary of which is connected toan ammeter and relay. fore, the amount of power that is transmittedover the line is byThis relay in turn can actuate an alarm bell. far the greater influence, and the length of the line has Any current in very littlethe neutral due to unbalanced load willnot indicate on the to do with determining either the conductor diameteror theammeter or cause the relay to function, but voltage used. any current returning to the station from a phase wire whichmight fall on In other words, if one were to transmit 100,000 kw.for ex-the ground must flow through thiscurrent transformer. ample, over a single line 100 mi. long, it is quite likely that the The current transformer is provided with voltage required would be higher than for 50,000 kw. trans- taps and the relay so adjusted that it will operate when oneampere flows through mitted over a 200-mi. line. the ground connection. A statement was made relative to the assumed Tests have been made which show that power loss.about that amount of current would flowwhen acoil of bare wire I wasn't very sure what the speaker had in mind, but it istrueconnected to a phase wire was thrown into and it is stated very emphatically in the paper that any a patch of green grass at assump-a distance of about one mile from the station.Normally adjust- tion as to power loss on a transmission line as a basic criterionments are for a much higher currentso as to protect against a upon which to determine the proper design of the line is morefull ground and then once each hour theoperator makes a test than likely to be erroneous.It so works out in these problemsusing the one -ampere adjustment. that we have used as illustrations, that the percentage power We hope with this device to discovercases of phase wire on loss increases with the length Of the line.In other words, anthe ground under such conditionsas not to cause sufficient re- economic line for 100 mi. would probably have a power loss,turn current to trip the circuit switch. (an average power loss) of about 4 or 5 per cent.The 200-mi. I would like Mr. Hood's adviceon our situation and also line might have 7 per cent, and the 300-mi. line probably 9 orwish to inquire whether witha phase wire down he usually gets 10 per cent, but the loss does vary with the length of the line. enough current through the groundon his 4 -k -v. circuits to re- With reference to the diagram which is alleged to have ap-lease the circuit switch. peared in 1900, I wish to state that many diagrams have ap- E. R. Stauffacher:The ground relay mentioned by Mr. peared from time to time, among them one by Mr. Baum. TheCunningham will ring an alarm only whena current of one diagrams in this paper have, we believe, certain new and valu-ampere or more goes back to the station from the line able features. We offer no apologies for the diagrams. lying on the ground, whereas, our test indicates that only 0.3or 0.4 ampere actually flows back to the station whena line is down IMPROVEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION METHODS' on a 4000 -volt distribution circuit aboutone mile from the (HOOD) substation.This, or course, applies to the dry soilcondition. SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER 17, 1925 The equipment would indicateproperly and give an alarm if R. E. Cunningham:I have particularly noted the firstthe wire happened to be lying ingreen grass or in wet soil or paragraphs of Mr. Hood's paper regarding the necessity of thor-against a green tree.However, there is every reason to expect oughly grounding secondaries and I want Mr. Hood to knowthat it will be rather difficultto develop equipment which will that I concur with him in his statements. indicate when a line is lying down indry soil or on a concrete or I believe that too many of us have been content to drive a pipeasphalt pavement.This leads me to believe that it would or two connected to each secondary system and call it goodprobably be better practiseto install numerous grounds along enough. We all know what may happen to such grounds,the distribution line in additionto the ground at the substation, particularly in dry districts.I think we should arrange throughand to make every effort tosee that the circuit breaker tripped local ordinances to have a ground connection made at eachout in case a wire dropped to the ground,rather than attempt to develop some type of ground detectorwhich would indicate this 1.Complete paper available in pamphlet form only. hazardous condition. CONVENTION 57 Jan. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST Hood what method he has for finding outwhen these secondary C. A. Heinze:In Los Angeles, we have made use of grounds If secondary sectionalizing fuses to water pipes for some years past..Our method is to selectsectionalizing fuses blow. should blow and no knowledge was hadof the fact, they might at least three services on each secondaryand ground the interfere with the piper inter- neutral of each service to the local water pipe onconsumers' stay open for some time and change of load current. premises. primary -neutral return department Mr. Hood refers to the fact that the It seems that ten or fifteen years ago the water current sometimes will split and takethe paths of the secondary of our city experienced considerable troubleand difficultiesoutside wires, rather than all go throughthe common neutral. with electrolysis.I imagine that a number of members knowI would like to ask if he has made any testwhich would determine the full meaning of that word when applied to water systems,whether or not this disturbs the voltage regulation onthe second- and the difficulties with electric railroads.To protect itself, It would seem that it might have consider- mains with ary at such points. the water department in Los Angeles constructed able effect. on the voltage drop on the secondarybus and would cemented joints, thus preventing the possibility ofgetting a good ground by attaching directly to the mainitself.How- affect. the consumer's service. obtain permission from In regard to the underground system, I wouldlike to ask ever, on a three -wire service if we can in con- the consumer, we bring down the neutral, connectingit directlyif Mr. Hood has experienced any operating difficulty For mechanical reasons sometimes wenection with the relay contacts.On the underground dis- to the water service. tribution system in Seattle where a large number of power - use a piece of conduit, bonding it at.each end. to would like todirectional relays are installed, we have found it necessary I am a bit surprised to learn that Mr. Hood periodically inspect and clean the relay contacts.The gases have us go back to the multiple street -lighting system.It be taking a step backward.and other substances in the subways appear in some way to seems to me off -hand that we would cover these contacts so that they do notalways function. I remember quite well that years ago we all, more orless, had multiple street -lighting systems, and we gave them upfor the D. K. Blake: Ifind a large number of people who are supposedly more efficient series system.Now, I find there isstrongly in favor of the common neutral and just as many who a tendency to go back to the multiplesystem again.I don'tare strongly opposed to it, but the chief causefor opposition know whether the telephone engineers have hadanything toseems to be the telephone interference. do with this or not.At the same time I can't. believe that. itis As to the multiple lighting circuit, there are a large number a step in the right direction.Mr. Hood proposes and does in-of eastern companies who are going into that, studying it and stall a contactor for connecting each lamp to the secondarybusapplying it.I was very much surprised to find in Denver that nearest to the location of the lamp. From his paper I gleaned the business section vas supplied with multiple circuits with that it will require twelve watts of energy to keep this contactorcascade pilot -wire control. energized during the daylight hours, and of course, duringthe Mr. Hood referred to his polyphase secondary network for hours when the lamp burns, the contactor is out of circuit. or the business section which is a seven -wire system.There is a somewhat different typeof system used by a large southern de -energized. They have the same idea, In Los Angeles. excluding the ornamental post lamps. we city of about 200.000 population. have 10,000 street lights of the suspension type.Now, if thethat is, they do not want to supply an off -standard voltage to contactor were to be provided for each one of these lamps intheir customers' devices so they take the secondary winding of order to operate it on a multiple system as recommended bythe transformer and extend -it to 133 volts, which gives 230 - Mr. Hood, our loss in energy, valued at one cent per kilo-star volts for the motors, and of course, a seven -wire system. watt hour would amount in a year to practically $7000. I As to the matter of neutrals carrying load current, you might don't know what Mr. Hood's company receives for energy forbe interested iu knowing that there is one large company which street -lighting purposes in his city, but surely none of us inmakes the practise of connecting distribution transformers the West are making sufficient money on street lighting tofrom one wire to the grounded cable sheath and in that way stand a yearly loss of any such amount; in our case, amountingthey have the cable sheath carrying a number of amperes of to $7000. load current. D. I. Cone:As already stated, the subject of distribution I can't see what the future holds for us if we go to a multiplesystems is of great interest to telephone engineers: one item system.I would like Mr. Hood to explain the reason for going in particular in Mr. Hood's paper presented today is of im- to the multiple system.I have always been given to understand portance from that point of view; that is the question of the that the multiple lamp, toward the end of its life, greatly de-use of a common neutral for the primary and secondary ground creases in candle -power, while the series type tends to burn at I feel that this will re-connections and, also, the question of the multiple grounding of full candle -power until it burns out. primary neutrals.I shall not undertake a discussion of that sult in a large number of lamps being continued in service atproblem because we have attempted to cover the subject pretty reduced candle -power and not being replaced until they actu-thoroughly in the paper by Dr. Trueblood and myself.2 ally burn out, resulting in decreased illumination on the streets. Mr. Heinze referred to the interest of the telephone engineers I think we, as utilities, should strive to give the public all they in the street -lighting problem.There is a paper by Mr. Mc- are paying for and the best street lighting possible. Curdy which discusses series street -lighting systems from this M. T. Crawford:I notice that the neutral return pathpoint of view3.As to the multiple street -lighting arrangement, described by Mr. Hood is apparently largely in the secondaryI think, without having had experience with it, that the multiple neutral grid.I would like to ask if single -pole switches arescheme would make eoordination with the telephone plant used or three -pole switches on the outgoing feeders at the sub-much easier. station.It would appear that ifsingle -pole switches were G. H. Smith:I would like to say a word in discussion of used and single-phase short circuits occurred, opening one orMr. Hood's multiple street -lighting system. We have been two switches, the neutral would be called on to carry the full -living with an overhead series system in Seattle for twenty load current of the phase which remained in service, greatlyyears and for the last five or six years we have been trying to increasing the duty of the neutral path, and I should thinkfind some way to dispose of it.The underground lighting increasing the troubles that might come from using only a relatively light -capacity neutral grid. 2.Power Distribution and Telephone Circuits, by H. M. Trueblood and D. I. Cone, A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, December, 1925, page 1353.' Rather extensive use is made of fuses in the secondary main 3.Induction from Street -Lighting Circuits, by B. G. McCurdy, for sectionalizing in case of trouble.I would like to ask Mr. A. I. E. E. JOURNAL. October, 1925, page 1088. 58 DISCUSSION AT PACIFICcoAsT coNvmwrroN Journal A. I. E. E. system in Seattle is multiple, and the lampsare low -voltage, fed by transformers inthe pole bases. We have only an efficiency of about 85per coin, whereas the con- are averaging abouttractor uses 12 watts only for initial action, and 4000 hours' lifeon these lamps.It is hard for us to believe as soon as the we should use a 120 -volt multiple thatcore rises it chokes the eonsumption down to 8or I) watts. I believe that is the lamp for that serviceathoughThat represents less than 2per cent on a 500 -watt lamp, and lamp manufacturer'srecommendation. in a groat many cases a We hope before longto install an overhead group of Ii'e or six lamps may be found multiple lightingon one contactor. You can readily see the contactor losses system very similar to theone described by Mr. Hood. We are have been working almost negligible compared to the losses inthe series type of on it for years, and believe thatit will justify transformer. itself from the standpointof safety alone.Also, our figures seem to show that it will be fully The principal advantage we found in themultiple light- as cheap and more reliable. ing system has been the better service during S. B. Hood: Mr.Cunningham has brought storm conditions. up the point asIt frequently happens duringa ba(I storm that lamp outages on to whether the common-neutral system was suitablefor Cali- fornia.I think probably the best the series circuits will run 17 to 20 timesas high as on the mul- try it. way to find out would be to tiple.As soon as the storm startsyou will see the multiple The main thing in thecommon -neutral system is to have sufficient neutral lamps winking like stars allover the city.It can readily be copper so that the earth does notform a partseen with the series system that each accident of the return, not an essentialpart.Therefore, if the air or effect of the con-storm which has lit the multiple lamps wouldhave put out of ditions are very dry, all thatis necessary is to equalizethe potential between the neutral business the series type of circuit. system and the earth, so I rather The question of maintained candle think that the point of safetywould be just abouton a par with -power is one which I the dryness of the earth.If the earth is absolutely dry, think we shall have to leave to theengineers of the lamp asit is asociation. We picked the series type of perfect insulator, so ifyou maintain your neutral at earthpo- lamp and adopted the tential at the interconnection,you never would get any appreci-multiple system, believing that the serieslamp was the best of the two lamps.Now, they tell us that the series able difference between thatneutral system and the earth,even lamp was a though the earth conditions give poor lamp at its best, and we shoulduse the multiple lamp, so very high resistance. I don't know which is right. On the question of the openingof the circuit breakers incase Experience will have to show. of a fault to ground, Isuppose what Mr. Cunningham meantI think, however, that one feature infavor of the series type of by ground was the conductorlying on the ground. My lamp particularly inour large cities, is its longer life.They ex- claim series lamps used on multiple perience has been that it doesn't makeany difference what kind system will give 2160 hours' of a system you use, isolated -neutral life.We are getting 3000 hourson ours and better, and very or common -neutral, youwell maintained candle cannot depend on opening a circuit breakeron contact to ground. -power.They also claim the multiple The artificial ground connectionsuch as a driven pipe, willtype of lamp is good for 1300 hours.My experience with the not have less than 100 ohms resistance. large systems is that ifyou get 1000 hours life out of ityou are Now, you can readily lucky. see that 8 or 10 ft. of 3 pipe, will not give a good ground. The contact resistance ofa wire on the ground may be up in Now, where you have cars parkedalong the streets all day the thousands of ohms.So I don't think it makes and most of the night, whenare you going to get a main- any difference; tenance car up to the ornamental lamps? you can't depend on opening the breakers throughaccidental The men must go contact with the earth. around before sunrise, andeven then you will findmany cars. Mr. Heinze brought up the question of the individual house Mr. Crawford asked whether grounds, and the difficulty of getting continuousgrounds through we use single -pole or three- the water main.I think that is probably pole switches on our feedersat the substations.Originally all common all overour lighting feeders, before we converted the country, possibly not to as greatan extent as in Los Angeles, to the common neutral, were the two -pole.So the only change but you get the benefit of the buried pipe whichforms a serv- we made was to change the original double -pole switches;the two poles were put in ice pipe from the main, including the section of mainin whichseries giving twice the breaking that service pipe is tapped.So in the aggregate you have capacity.Those circuits, a fairly good surface of water pipe in contact with the earth, however, were almost entirelylighting circuits andwe found certainly much better than you could that the action was substantiallythat of a one -wire single-phase ever expect by an arti-circuits.They didn't act as three-phase ficial ground. When you interconnect all of those grounds bya circuits at all.How- ever, all our three- phase power circuits hadthree -pole switches, system neutral, you can count on pretty good protection. and as we cut to combination I am sorry I can't agree with Mr.* Heinze about the multi- feeders, we found the single -pole switch had no advantage, dueto the fact that among the other ple system being a backward step.We think it is the greatest peculiar things we do,we always ground the neutrals ofour step forward we have ever made.I have felt for a great many three-phase power transformers. years that the practise of running series circuits, which may When you get a single-phase short circuit, the closed secondarydelta transfers the short have potentials up to 6000 volts, through alleys, and out to circuit to a very considerable extent to the other two phases,so every street corner, networking your whole area much morethat all three switches, wouldgo out in the same way as though highly than your primarycircuits can, comes pretty near tothey were on a three -pole switch. being a crime, and there are probably more accidents to the public For that reason, aswe re- built our substations,we conserved substation space by putting and to the utility's operating staff through those high -voltagein entirely three -pole switches. series circuits, than any of the other circuits you operate. In the modern substation with Theautomatic closing equipment, it isthe fact that almost always only trouble in the past has been to get the same efficiency ina circuit will not lock -out but will burn transmission with the multiple system.That can be solved the fault off. The matter of locating blownsection fuses is largely checked by utilizing the distribution transformers, and the relay controlup by periodic inspections made just before .system.Our experience with the maintenance of candle- the fall peaks.Dur- ing the summer season mostof the load in the interconnected power in the lamps has been remarkably good.I have alwaysdistricts being residential load, it criticized the series system on a basis that the lamps, unless you doesn't make much difference whether those fuses are inor out, except in some places where break them up, will get so dim that you can't see whether theythe range load is heavy. We make are burning or not. careful inspection just prior to the fall peak, and from thenuntil we pass the overlapping Regarding the contactor losses in the multiple system,Iperiod, the spring of the think you ought to get the right point of view. year, we depend on the customer to let You must con-us know when those section fusesare out.Generally he doesn't sider that the series constant -current transformer at best willwaste much time in doingso.In other words,our transformers CONVENTION 59 Jan. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST remainder behaves in such a will carry the load with those fuses out aswell as with them in,is taken away from an atom the therefore, we way as to indicate that it has apositive charge, and is known as but the regulation would be very much poorer; Thus atoms become ions when they have a almost invariably get a complaint from a customerwhen aa positive ion. section fuse is out. deficiency or excess of electrons. We have never had any trouble with the effect onsecondary I see no reason why protons as definedcannot exist in a regulation caused by flow of current in the neutral.There'free state in a hydrogen arc, but it is, of course,true that com- is under certain rather abnormal conditions atendency to un-pared to the number of times one can find freeelectrons, such balance voltage, but you must have a very abnormalconditionan occurrence is verylimited. to bring out that effect. I had planned to question the statementthat "under all or- Regarding Mr. Crawford's question as to relays in theunder-dinary conditions approaching quiescence, freeelectrons adhere ground a -c. system, our condition is possibly just alittle differentto atoms, otherwise neutral."But now, although a number of from what he may have in mind in that ourtransformer vaultsphysicists think they are free, I am inclined to thinkthat we are to all intents and purposessubstations. We don't have theshall get into less trouble if we take ProfessorRyan's statement dampness and the gases found in an ordinarymanhole vault.that these electrons are likely to attach themselves toneutral We are particularly fortunate in Minneapolisbecause we canatoms, making them negative ions. put vaults under the sidewalk, and they arejust as dry as the Something is said about electron travel.In regard to that, basement of a building; in fact, they are virtuallythe front ofwhen we measure an electric current as so many amperes we the basement. We use the same type of relaysand equip-are measuring the sum of the positiveand negative ions passing ment as used in the ordinary substation, andthey are inspectedthrough the ammeter. periodically; in most cases once a week. I should like to suggest that perhaps as engineers we would In Mr. Blake's remarks, he referred to a systemin the Southclear up Professor Ryan's statements as to the movement of which used 133 -volt transformers.That is the type of trans-electrons, by saying that the electrons or ions may be moved former with the 133 -volt secondary tapped atthe 115 -voltmechanically, electrically or magnetically; that is, you can move point. We had considered that, but the objection we saw wasthem by mechanical means by placing them in what we call that it made a semi -special transformer which isobjectionableelectrostatic field, or in a magnetic field.I know that is exactly from the standpoint of simplicity in warehousestock were it iswhat Professor Ryan intends to say, but I think it would be necessary to stock one type of transformerfor overhead distri-better to say magnetically rather than electromagnetically. bution and another for underground.If the underground re- On the second page Professor Ryan has divided conduction would quired a special type of transformer, probably that tap into three groups.I think we should add something to these. An be all right, but in our ease we have adhered to standardequip-electric current made up of these ions or electrons will also ment throughout. travel through a vacuum, and I do not believe that this has been included in these three sections.Also, I am not quite sure THE STUDY OF IONS AND ELECTRONS FOR that these three, groups as listed show conduction through an ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS' arc. (RYAN) To the paragraph at the top of the second column on the SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER 17, 1925. second page I am inclined to add the idea that every atom has R. W. Sorensen:Professor Ryan says, "There are twoelectrons; therefore, how can one have a fluid which does not varieties of electrons, positive and negative."On this he canhave atoms and hence does not have electrons?Correspondingly find much authority;in fact in his book, "The Electron,"how would it be an insulator under Professor Ryan's definition? Dr. Millikan speaks of positive and negative electrons, but I Considering practical engineering application, I am one of much prefer in this particular to follow the practise of thosethe many who have a feeling that air, pure and unadulterated, who define the electron by saying it is a cathode particle such asif not a nearly perfect insulator, is at least a pretty good one and is found in the cathode rays.I choose this path of thinkingone which will serve us for a long time.In the final analysis, about electrons because we all know something about cathodeall our transmission lines are air -insulated, the porcelain bead rays.These rays have been found to be made up of negativelychains with which ive decorate our transmission towers being, changed particles, and the particles are called electrons. after all, only decorative suspenders which serve to keep the This definition makes the electron a single individual, always lines from falling.The insulator is the air. negative, rather than twins, one positive and one negative, and I think the reason Professor Ryan and I differ in this is be- it is, as a consequence, more easily recognized.If the electroncause he says a thing is not a thing unless it is at least 99.44 cannot be a twin, we must provide it with an affinity from whichper cent pure.Air, then, is an insulator just as oil is an insula- it wishes never to be separated, and in this form of nomencla-tor.If we introduce into the air, free electrons or ions, the ture the term proton has been applied to the same individualair as an insulator becomes defective in exact proportion to that Professor Ryan hat; called the positive electron. the amount of impurity introduced.In undertaking our engi- More frequently than not, these electrons and their protons neering problems we call oil an insulator.It never is a perfect are found in large groups, but, in the ease of the hydrogen atom, one and it ceases to be an insulator at all if moisture is added to they are alone, this atom being made up of one electron and it,its value as an insulator decreasing in proportion to the a single proton nucleus. That points out one question to whichamount of water added. we might refer in Professor Ryan's paper where he stated, I I might also add that in the sense which Professor Ryan has believe, that the positive electrons were not found alone; butspoken of an insulator, a vacuum is not an insulator.Current this is the one exception.If one of these hydrogen atoms en-can and will go through it.To my way of thinking, a high counters a disturbing influence, such as an electric field, power-vacuum is an insulator, but it is not a perfect insulator; there- ful enough to detach an electron, the electron becomes free andfore, Professor Ryan says it is not an insulator. there is left the single proton. When two conductors are brought very close together, a Proceeding in the direction of complexity of structure, we potential of 1,000,000 volts. per cm. or even greater potentials could discuss the helium atom which has two electrons attached may be required to break down the gap.Also, cold electrodes to a nucleus that appears to have four protons. in high vacuum require potential gradients of this magnitude When one or more of these electrons or negative particlesas ionizing potentials, but charged electric conductors in air 1. A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, SRPTEMBIER, 1925, p. 904. at sea level and separated practical distances will aro over one 60 DISCUSSION AT PACIFICCOAST CONVENTION Journal A. 1. E. E. to the other if the potential gradient in the air betweenthem is 30,000 voltsper cm. F. 6. Baum:For many years (since 1911) Dr. Ryan has exhorted us to study the electron.I am here as a missionary However, on this pointI must assureyou that though we are using different words, Professor today to try to help show the importance of studying theelectron. Ryan and I understandFor many years the subject of electrostatics has been each other thoroughly inthis matter, and in conducting taught in ments involving these things, experi-schools.In my opinion, there is no such subjectas electro- we would use in many cases the statics except as you get down to an extreme same strategy and anticipate thesame results. vacuum whore C. E. Magnusson: you have no ions injected into the vacuum; otherwiseyou have There is, one factor-infact a vital"electron mechanics," and I believe in a factor in the electrontheory-the physical characteristics very short time you which are seldom discussed ofwill find that our textbooks will be rewrittenand the term while the attention is focusedon"electrostatics" practically eliminated.It is wrong and we the several forms ofmass units involved.I refer to the electric charge.What is the innate must got another proper term and realize thatwe are dealing nature of positive and negativewith objects moving at very high speed and causing charges, which take possessionof, or are possessed by, electrons, entirely ions, protons,.corpuscles, different conditions from those whichwe thought true when we or by whatever name the mass unitsstudied electrostatics. may be designated? Howcan the charge, if located on or Ordinarily, we take two bodies and draw lines between attached to an electronor other mass unit of definite size,pro- and duce action at a distanceor be attracted or repelled by othersay that is an electrostatic field.It is an electrostatic field charges attached to faraway mass units?What is back ofonly because electrons are moving fromone of those bodies to Faraday's lines or tubes of force?May I ask Professor Ryanthe other; and our higher voltage insulationproblem is de- to give us his concept of the electriccharge? pendent on a knowledge of handling this electronflow. C. L. Fortescue:I think one of thereasons why electrical H. J. Ryan:Replying to Professor Sorensen:I can ac- engineers have difficulty in followingand applying the electroncept, if necessary, the use of proton in lieu ofpositive electron theories is because it is the first timethey have come up againstas proposed by some physicists.It is simply a choice of terms. the subject of statistical mechanics,a subject with which physi-Personally, however, I like Doctor Millikan'suse of positive cists have becomevery familiar in their study of the dynamicelectron to emphasize the fact that allmatter is substantially theory of gases. made up of cathode and anode particles.As implied, it is true Now many laws of physics, dynamicsand physical chemistrythat experimental facilitiesare as yet more abundant or con- were found before the kinetic theory ofgases was well established, venient for the liberation of cathode particlesthan for anode and these laws prove to be true underpractical conditions. particles.These cathode and anode particles surelyare twins Electrical engineers have been accustomedto think of airof just the character referred to.They carry elemental charges as an insulator which breaks down, under ordinaryconditions,equal in amount and opposite in sign.The positive electron at about 30,000 volts per cm.This, of course, is a verycon-or proton is much smaller in diameter and hasa correspondingly venient way of looking at it, butwe know by the electron theory greater mass than the negative electron.The same elementary that this isn't at all true except undercertain specific conditions. electric field or charge centers in theelectron whether positive The electron theorists tellus that the air will break downor negative,-the one and only known differencebeing that at any point where the rate of ionization andthe rate of recom-of direction or polarity.I do not feel that theuse of the term bination are equal.I believe the rate of recombinationde-"proton" is adapted to the presentationof these facts as well as pends upon the mobility and the rate ofionization depends uponthe term "positive electron."It is helpful to have beenre- the density of the air and alsoupon the total value of appliedminded of the stripped hydrogenatom which can be produced potential or the difference of potential betweenelectrodes; butand which must behaveas an isolated positive electron, proton, we have two quantities there that have to be taken intoaccount. or anode particle as we may variously call it. As a consequence we find fora very small separation, as Mr. I quite agree with the idea put forthin regard to the move- Sorensen points out, a breakdown strength ofthe order ofment of ions and electrons mechanically,electrically or magnet- 1,000,000 volts per cm.In a larger space the breakdownically.However, it should be rememberedthat they may strength of the air becomes less and less.In the ordinarybe moved also by any combinationof these agencies.For spaces the engineer uses, we find it averages around 30,000example, ions in the air that is blownalong between the poles volts per cm. of a magnet and between metalplates maintained at a difference In Professor Ryan's paper, I was a little disappointedwhenof potential, will be movedmechanically, magnetically and I read his remarks about the three sorts of insulators.Un- electrically.It may be that it is not helpfulto compound these fortunately we are likely to generalize and think of thesethings terms and say that the ionswere moved electromagneto- practically as hindering our methods of insulation.For in-mechanically.I am quite agreed tosay thatthey were stance, Professor Ryan makes his statement in sucha way thatmoved electrically, magnetically andmechanically. one would think, reading it superficially, that barrierswere I am glad to acceptvacuum for a place in the list of electrical absolutely indispensable in connection with all insulators.We conductors.I had left it out originallybecause in the first know by actual experience if proper care is taken topreventplace a vacuum is not anything,anyway in the ordinary sense the formation of corona, or putting it in terms of the electronand, therefore, can not assistor hinder the migration of ions or theory, when local ionization is avoided, wecan use air withoutelectrons; in the second place,as Mr. Wood brought out in the applying barriers, and the strength of the air will follow thetalk referred to, as soon as ionsor electrons are admitted to the avarage law which I have mentioned, breakdown taking placevacuum it may in a sense be thought ofas having ceased to be at about 30,000 volts per cm. a vacuum. Certain conditions occur when the bounding surface between I can see no difficulty with thestatement "No fluid of any solid dielectric and air apparently does not follow the law ofsort pervaded with a supply of ions breakdown in air. I think these discrepancies have been attrib- or electrons can properly be regarded as an insulator.Correspondingly, every fluid in uted to the effect of the absorption of gases or moistureon thewhich ions and electrons surface, but if you have a perfectly clean surface of are absent must function as an insula- proper tor."Of course, each molecule ofneutral transformer oil is conformation, the path along the surface will have thesamemade up of complete or neutral breakdown strength as the air has. atoms that in turn are madeup each of an equal number of positiveand negative electrons I should like to ask Professor Ryan to clear up this difficulty bound together, forming neutralaggregates.Such oil is not a in the interpretation of this paper. We are sure as engineerssupply of ions and will not conduct that the air is still a medium for insulation. under an impressed electromotive force of moderate value.If, however, the oilcon- CONVENTION 61 Jan. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST Fortescue emphasize the im- tains impure water in suspension it ispervaded with a supply of It is also helpful to have Mr. portance of statistical mechanics.I trust that all who are in- ions and will conduct. terested in the new knowledge willread thoughtfully what he I cordially admit the powerful revulsion offeeling that must short space that must confronted by the fact that it is the wallhas said.He also refers to the extremely come to one when first exist between metal electrode facesbefore electrons will leave of the metallic conductor whenimmersed in air that is really the between them, will be- Take away the air, as one may do inthem and the vacuum, or gas -filled space insulator and not the air. If the fact is allowed to standin that light a vacuum, and the conductorwill be insulated just as well ascome conductive. wisdom ofI fear we shall give our moregeneral audience the impression before.This is the fact that made me doubt the due to the close proximity putting "vacuum" in the list of conductors. Itdoes not reallythat this action is the result mainly of the metal electrode -faces.In fact it cannot primarily be matter, though, as long as we can agree as tothe circumstances Hayden and Steinmetz in which it does or does not conduct.Years ago, when thedue to the nearness of such faces as best insula-have shown in their A. I. E. E. paper onthe dielectric strength idea prevailed in my own mind that air is one of our was only possible enhanced by compression, of the vacuum.2 The preparation of my paper tors, with dielectric strength greatly modified meanings.I had I undertook to provide a powerful dielectricby means of airby the use of old terms with new or to count, therefore, upon preciselysuch disappointment as compressed to 1500 lb. per sq. in.I was greatly perplexed by referred to air as a con- the results because I was wholly unawareof the fact that airthat of Mr. Fortescue because I have will but provide aductor instead of as an insulator.I have no thought of pro- will permit ions to pass through it freely if one What I do want to source thereof, such for example as ahot carbon electrode. Weposing that we stop calling air an insulator. see established is a betterunderstanding as to how it can be did not know then, as we know now, thatin all ordinary circum- With that, and with more stances electrons cannot escape fromthe wall of a conductormade to conduct abundantly. made to believe that the of a background in the subject which will comewith experience, which is the basic reason why we were important difference, will air was the real insulator.Furthermore, we did not know then,the choice of terms with no doubts on extraordinarily high electric intensitiesbe readily accomplished.I am a hearty advocate of the high as we do now, that at insulation barriers of at the surface of an electrode conductor(1,000 kv. per em.value of the Fortescue principle wherein air the wall ofpowerful solid dielectrics are applied, havingboundaries co- approximately) electrons or ions will escape from in the air adja- the conductor and be driven freely through theair to the opposingincident with those of the tubes of electric force With a knowledge ofcent.Such barriers displace the air in regions of denseelectric electrode where they will be discharged. conduction. these facts twenty years ago we would not havebeen perplexedfields that would otherwise ionize and afford prolific when put to aWe do not differ as to the facts and in the end we shallhave put by the anomalous behavior of air as an insulator adopted new terms by which all real test. new meaning into old terms or I cannot agree that it is a matter of degree tobe coveredwho use them will apply helpfully the new knowledgeof these by such a small item as the departure of 99.44 from100.It things. is not a question of purity or impurity any morethan it is in the Mr. Baum has declared rightly that electrostatics arehope- ease of water.Water will conduct as long as it has ions sus-lessly inadequate for understanding and for effectivecontrol pended in it.Being a fluid it ceases to conduct only when theof electrical states and actions.This I know to be the case supply of ions has been eliminated.And this will cover alsoeven though we cannot agree as to factswhen he says that a the reference to oil. quiescent electric field between two charged bodies is such"be- Doctor Magnusson asks the question "What is the innatecause electrons are moving from one ofthese bodies to the other." nature of positive and negative charges which take possessionof Of course, this brings us face to face with the age -longproblem of or are possessed by electrons, ions, protons,corpuscles or by"action at a distance" and my question to myself is: "hasMr. whatever name the mass -units may be designated?"ThisBaum made some progress toward the definition and solution question and the form in which it is put are helpful even if oneof that problem?" Most of us have not,-we face ahigh wall and has not a ghost of an answer.I can only discuss this quesi ion,cannot see what is beyond.To me the static electric field be- I cannot begin to answer it.I can only offer what appears totween two bodies is the composition of the two field aggregates me to be a reasonable conjecture in regard to the.perhaps mostof opposing polarity that terminate on thecorresponding free important attribute of the electron.This is that all electricpositive and negative electrons that are bound to the surfaces fields are made up of unit -fragments alike in constitution.of such bodies. Each field fragment terminates on an electron from which it extends radially and expands uniformly, and so far as we know, indefinitely.These field fragments are the same, whether posi-SOME FEATURES AND IMPROVEMENTS ON THE tive or negative, differing only in polarity and in radius of the HIGH -VOLTAGE WATTMETERS electron surface at which the field terminates, being much smaller (CARROLL) for the positive electron which must, therefore, have a correspond- SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER17, 1925 ingly greater mass, the measure of the energy that was used R. W. Sorensen: When I first saw the diagram of connec- in the extra concentration of the field.Whatever else theytions shown in this paper I was awed by the apparent amount may be, electrons are surely these field fragments.All greaterof large apparatus necessary to construct such a wattmeter. electric fields are merely aggregations of these unit -field frag-However, I have had the opportunity to stop at Professor ments.The electric intensity through any field volume is the Ryan's laboratory and became acquainted with the equipment vector sum of the radial field fragments attached to the electrons described in this paper. An acquaintance with the equipment that constitute the charges to which the field is attached.Max-eliminated the impression of bigness which I had received from well understood the composition and resolution of electricthe diagram and which was perhaps due partly to the high fields and taught us to locate "tubes" of electric force by draw-voltages which the equipment will measure.In place of this ing diagonals through the parallelograms that are formed byimpression I received a definite picture of the cleverness ex- the radial lines which represent the electric fields that extendhibited by Mr. Carroll and Professor Ryan in handling this uniformly in all directions from charges located at a point.Itproblem.For example, the transformer of three windings and is the vector composition of superimposed fields terminatinga split core, which seems in the diagram to be solarge, is actu- upon the positive and negative electrons that forms the "tubesally very small, in fact, it can easily be held in one hand. of force" of an electric field.It is in the presentation of these 2.High -Voltage Insulation, by J. L. R. Hayden and P. Stein- facts that I find the term positive electron more helpful than metz, A. I. E. 15., TRANSACTIONS, 1923, page 1029. proton. 3.A. I. E. E. JOURNAL., September, 1925, p. 943. 62 DISCUSSION ATPACIFIC COAST CON V EN TION The water column, A.I. E.i about 16 ft. long,is so arranged the shieldingplates at the ends between 4000 -volt commercial feeder. as to occupy aspace approxi- Whore the primary neutralis mately 3 ft.in height.The small available no addit tonal neutral isextended for the street -lighting dicating instruments transformer and the in- feeder. are all mounted ona small table surrounded Single-phase lines are run in variousdirections to sit pply by a wirecage the dimensions the territory in theHanle mall nor us single-phase lighting 6 or 8 ft. wide of which approximate4 ft. high, fccilerm and perhaps 12ft. long. are branched from a three-phase feederfor commercial light With this knowledge, and power consumers. I found it mucheasier to read the The effect of the abovearrangement is paper and appreciatewhat has been done greatly to improve the reliabilityof street -lighting service through laboratory toward in Professor Ryan's the elimination of long series producing practicalwattmeters and volt- loops and the resultingreduction meters for high -potentialmeasurements. in potential on these seriesloops.Multiple 4000 -volt feeders H. V. Carpenter:Mr. Carroll mentions have proven their reliabilityon the system of the Pacific Gas by which he the integrity tests established the factthat he was able & Electric Company; henceno new features are involved in accuracy loads of to read withthis type of feeder circuit. a watt or two, witha voltage of 150,000. The constant -current street-lighting It seems tome the condition is transformers are furthermore removedfrom the substations, in relation to his so critical there thata wordthereby providing method of establishingthe integrity would room for other apparatus whichcannot con- be interesting.Also regarding the veniently be placed outsideof the station. formula given for there- The 6.6 -ampere series sistance of thewater column, I would street -lighting incandescentlamps are established it like to ask whetherhe standard for 4000 -lumen over a wide range of densitiesand for any materials lamps and less.This is a slight de- except common salt. parture from previous practisewhich indicated the J. S. Carroll: of using series transformers desirability Ordinarilythe man ina measurements or auto -transformers with lamps laboratory thinks oferrors in measurements larger than 2500 lumens.An improvement in lamp per cent. as a few tenths of a manu- However, in thisease where we are measuring facture, however, has madeit practicable touse 4000 -lumen watt of power at 150,000 one lamps at 6.6amperes. volts and theapparent power is of Lamps larger than 4000lumens are the order of 6000watts, I frankly admit operated at 20amperes, necessitating theuse of series trans- that we arevery wellformers or auto -transformers satisfied withan accuracy within 25 installed on thesame pole or in As the load increases per cent of true values.the same fixture which the accuracy greatlyincreases so that at supports the lighting unit.The film 40 watts we expectthe error to be not cut-outs are used with all 6.6ampere lamps, operating without over two or three perauto -transformer cent.One of the integritytests used is described in or series transformer. the present The use of series circuits paper, that is the double-conductivity test.. Another with currents inexcess of 6.6 amperes described in the Oct. 1924, test ishas been consideredby the engineering A. I. E. E. JOURNAL inthe paper on department of this Power Measurementsat High Voltage and Low company but no action hasas yet been taken. Power Factor,supplied from individual Small series loops by Carroll, Petersonand Stray.In this test a shielded constant -current transformers,with sistance was inserted in re-lamps of higher intensity the connection to theline, the value of spaced fairly close, wouldpermit of this resistancewas known as well as the line operation at 15or 20 amperes if the characteristics charging currentlamps demanded it. of these through it from which thepower absorbed by it was computed; Consideration should also begiven to this increase in methods of switching power was also measured by thewattmeter. street -lighting circuitsfrom a remote The agreement betweenthe results of the two point which would makepossible the use ofeven smaller loops was very satisfactory. determinationsand considerably simplify The double -conductivitytest was also the apparatus involvedtherein. used in connection withthe above test. There are a number oftypes of remote -control developed and a number apparatus already In regard to Professor.Carpenter's second question,I might more in process of development.It say that we have so far tried only appears to the writer that theuse of radio control for this a common salt solution andpose might be worked out pur- have not gone farther thanchecking the formula givenin the to a practical and economicapplica- paper in an overall way for the tion at some future time. purpose or finding any serious C. A. Heinze: Any error. We measured the cold resistanceof a solution and then power engineer who has hadrelations calculated what the hot resistance with the American BellTelephone Company will of the water column shouldthe telephone engineers notice that be, this result agreedvery well with the value obtained under alltell the same story.The main actual operating conditions. thought in all of theirpapers is cooperation between On some of these thingswe wishengineers and the telephone the power to make a closer follow-upas soon as we have time. engineers. I want to state, first,that the electric utilities operate with the telephone want to co- INDUCTION FROM STREET company. We recognize thefact LIGHTING CIRCUITS- that we have mutualservices to render, but EFFECT S ON TELEPHONECIRCUITS' Dr. Trueblood just I should like to ask how far the AmericanBell Telephone Com- (MCCUBDY) pany will go in cooperatingwith the electric utilities part of the expense in in sharing SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER18, 1925. safeguarding the telephonecompanies' R. R. Cowles: The presenttendency of the Pacific Gas & equipment. Electric Company is toward the S. B. Hood: Mr. use of small series street -light- McCurdy recommendssome of the usual ing loops with incandescentlamps only.These series loopsremedial measures, principallyisolating transformers. the 100 -per cent That is are 6.6 -ampere and are supplied froma multiple -series constant- remedial measure of current transformer installed and in most cases it is telephone engineering, on the pole in the same manneras a 100 -per cent remedialmeasure, but in any other distribution transformer.These constant -currentvery few cases is it themeasure which the adopt. power man wishes to transformers are of the moving -coiltype, fundamentally similar It adds to the investment,adds to the losses in system, more or less interferes the to those formerly used inside ofstations.In size they range with the regulation,and has a from 5 to 20 kw. each, dependingupon the average size of thegreat many objectionablefeatures. series incandescent lamps whichare connected to the circuit. Another recommendedcure on series circuits is series lamp. the straight- It is the aim to avoid long loopsand to restrict the number of That is very nice untilwe get to the higher candle- lamps per circuit to approximately power. We are all developing 60. "white ways" thatrequire higher These transformers are connectedon the primary side to adensities of lighting.Therefore, recommending lamp which the lamp the type of 4000 -volt, four -wire, three-phase, star-connected feeder circuit, manufacturers are notprepared to furnish said circuit being switched from thesubstation just as any otheris looking far into thefuture. It seems to me thatpossibly a better 1.A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, October 1925,p. 1088. they could make-particularly recommendation which since Dr. Truebloodis so enthu- 63 Jan. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST CONVENTION stabilize our systems; not to use siastic over the multiple system-thebetter cure where in-are after. We are trying to ductive exposure is used, would be to changethe lamps in thatthe ground as a conductor. particular exposure to multiple, using aseries relay for con- Mr. Cunningham brought up thepoint that in a great many trolling.Of course, the recommendation for closed loopsandcases the selection of thesystem was due to local conditions, balancing the lamp on a loop is very effective,but when youand therefore, we shouldn't judge one systemby that of another put a 'series street -lighting system withboth wires looped onin another part of the country.I think that is absolutely cor- the same street, as far as the investment goes,it is practicallyrect.There is one point that I have heard in thesediscussions getting back to a multiple system. and papers, and I hear it all over the Coast-youquestion some It seems to me, however, that in all these papersthe indi-particular practise, and instead of defendingthat practise from cation is that no matter how far apart our pastdifferences ofan engineering standpoint,somebody willsay,"The state opinion have been, we are all gradually coming closertogether;law doesn't allow us to do that." the telephone men and power men are graduallygetting down I am wondering whether some of these statelaws are not to a uniform system which I think is a verypromising out-really placing an unjustified economic burden onthe public. I growth. think some of these laws probably were passedlong before these R. G. McCurdy: The tendency of the developmenttowardsnewer developments were made.A notable instance of that is the use of smaller series street -lighting loops asdescribed by the law which apparently forbids the use of asecondary rack. Mr. Cowles in his discussion of the Pacific Gasand Electric I don't think we pay enough attention to theesthetic ap- Company's practises, from the standpoint ofinductive co-pearance of our distribution systems.The secondary rack im- ordination, is in the right direction.Because of the smallerproves the appearance of thelines very much.Now, Mr. number of lamps per circuit and since the constant-currentCunningham, by using the one arm for both primary andsecond- given transformer is closer to the lamp load, the length of any ary, with the pole intervening as abarrier, gets a relatively neat circuit is much reduced and in case offailure of lamps equippedconstruction, but not as neat as the secondary rack.I think on with individual transformers, the length of circuit uponwhich the point of investment it would probably be an evenbreak, the harmonic voltages are impressed, and which maybe in-but it seems that where the practise is quite commonin one volved in inductive exposures, is much less than whencircuitssection of the country, and forbidden by law in another,there of a large number of lamps are employed.In many cases also, separately should be some equalization made. this method of operation would facilitate supplying There is another instance that is somewhat out of line with "white ways," where lamps of high candle -power equippedwith where these papers:I have noticed further down the Coast there is individual transformers are used, and outlying sections apparently another state law which requires boxing -in an iron in many eases, only straight -series lamps are employed. of pipe on a pole.I have seen some poles where the box around Mr. Hood referred in his discussion to the disadvantages It is unfortunate that the straight -series lamp, especially in districts wherehigh - the pole was larger than the pole itself. As brought out in my paper, how-there are laws which require practises of that kind, such trans- density lighting is required. gressions on the esthetics of construction, and sooner or later ever, it is very often the case that thesehigh lighting intensities it is occur in the densely populated sections of citiesand towns, where the utilities are going to be forced underground, before both the telephone and lighting circuits are in cable.In sucheconomically justified. cases the occurrence of "out" lamps equipped withthese trans- M. T. Crawford: Mr. Cunningham's reference to one -arm formers is unimportant from the inductive standpoint.In otherconstruction coincides very closely with our experience in cases, where the "white -way" section may be oflimited extent, suburban territory, where our primary is placed on one end of the it will often he practicable to connect the high -current lamps tocrossarm and the secondary on the other.By placing the circuits not involved in telephone exposures, having as far asprimary on the street side always, and the secondary wires on possible, only straight -series lamps on the circuits involvedthe property side, it makes for uniformity and obviates mis- in the inductive exposures. understanding.By hanging the transformers on buck arms, Many of the difficulties of coordination discussed in the paper crosswise of the pole, the primary leads come out straight and are inherent with the series system, and it would doubtless beturn up and the secondary leads come out straight and turn up, less difficult to coordinate with multiple systems.The remedymaking a very orderly arrangement. suggested by Mr. Hood, therefore, of changing the lamps in a In the city we have found it not so practical, due to the neces- particular exposure section to multiple, using a series relay forsity of providing space for a number of feeders, and at times controlling, would probably be an effective one.As far as thehaving polyphase primary and secondary requiring more wires. incandescent systems are concerned, however, it is felt that the R. E. Cunningham: The matter ofthird harmonic in difficulties existing with the series circuit, would be overcomethe three-phase Y -Y transformer was brought up this morning. by the use of a reliable form of cut-out with lamps equippedThis was considered when we first thought of using this type with individual transformers or auto -transformers. of transformer.The high side of transformers is not grounded. The low side ordinarily working at 460 volts, we wanted Y -con- DISTRIBUTION PRACTISES IN nected so as to ground the neutral and not have more than SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA' 260 volts to ground from any wire, as a safety precaution. (CUNNINGHAM) Seldom, is there more than a single service to each transformer possibly not over 25 ft. of wire, so that the third harmonic has SEATTLE, WASH., SEPTEMBER 18, 1925 never caused any trouble. F. 0. McMillan:There are two questions I wish to ask. Something has been said about the esthetic appearance of Mr. Cunningham states he is using some three-phase, Y -Y -con- At best nected transformers; are these core -type or shell -typo and ifpole lines, and attempting to improve the appearance. a pole line is not a thing of beauty-we all know that. We can, shell -type, has any provision been made for the third -harmonic Our practise in magnetizing currents in the transformers so connected? of course, in some ways help its appearance. S. B. Hood:In connection with the paper by Mr. Crawford this regard is, as far as possible, to keep pole lines, particularly and the one by Mr. Cunningham, we note that they are bothin the residential districts, in the rear of property lines, and using the ground as a stabilizing medium.I think the generalFig. 4 of my paper shows such a lino.In fact, none but the tendency is indicated all the way through that that is what wemain lines need be along the streets, and we find this is a groat help in keeping down agitation for underground lines in resi- 1. A. I. H. E. JOURNAL, November 1925, p. 1190. dential districts. (14 Disul'ssluN A'l' ''I' iliNVENT1( Jeeried .\ I E ENGINF:ERIN(,RESEARCH AN ESSENTIAL FACTOR 41111that the industry needs engine' IN ENGINEERINGEDUCATION' nog researeli iu the I,h1AUNUs$UN) as inueli, if not more, than do11111 1,41111VIM. As Professor Mag- RELATION BE'T'WEEN nusson has so empliatieully stated, it i.I roe thatthe ENGINEERINGEDUCATION corporations of today have millions AND ENGINEERING to spend inn441.10011. They RESEARCH' have largo and well trained stallsto two, eeu industrial research, (SORENSEN) and they carry it AM) on successfully and efileientl , tin the us her A NEW DEPARTURE hued a great many of the smallerooncerns hoe, very meager IN ENGINEERINGEDUCATION'appropriations with which to work and (PRNDElt) (Nary on research. It follows that most ofus very inueli need to have a place SEATTLE, WASHINGTON,SEPTEMBI..lt 17, 1921i to L. N. Robinson: have scientitle facts revealed.Not icilyist his true inthe Professor Magnussonemphasizes the point that engineering smaller manufacturing industries,but it is I.%4 a more vitalfor courses should teach studentsto thinkif the public to have these nothing more.If that is so, whydo engineering independent pulitee laboratoriesof in general, not include curriculums,research which the colleges anduniversities Can No well !Haifa/Lin. courses in the mental sciences,particularlyIt really is not logic and allied subjects? so much the amount of work done thatmatters, However, it is notmy present pur-as it is the unbiased check that such pose to argue foror against the inclusion of laboratories can giveupon subject in the curriculums. any particularthe results thatare revealed and published bythe larger What should be pointedout is thatcorporations. present conditions indicatea general lack of scientific in the design of treatment We do not charge that the large engineering curriculumsas well as in their corporations color what they application. print about their laboratoryresults, but it is human andalmost We insist that scientific inevitable that they show thebest side of what they find methods should beemployed in out, designing engineering and somewhat neglect theunfavorable aspects of thosethings structures.Engineering students havean they are trying to promote. equal right to insistthat scientific methods designing the curriculums be employed in By doing a very little worksometimes with small funds, of engineering schools. smaller college laboratories the When electric generatingstations are designed by can aid industry and the social methods that the samebody a great deal.The exact amount ofmoney at their disposal are employed in laying outmany engineeringis not of prime importance school courses, hybridplants are produced in although it is true that theyneed a about the samevastly greater support thanthey now have. proportion as our engineeringschools turn out bond and mobile salesmen. auto- The professor who hasone thousand dollars a year to spend for all his equipmeni, including In designing its repair, and maintenance,is so an engineering structure, it iscustomary tohandicapped that hecan surely do but little with the decide first what is to bedesigned, whether it shallbe a bridge, energy an office building, a locomotive that he puts into the work. or something else.Next we I should endorse what determine which parts shallbe of steel, which ofcopper, etc., Professor Magnusson said:Industrial then we prescribe establishments of any size thatdo no research have "signed methods of fabrication andassembly.Infor the exit." up other words, every step However, industrial researchin smaller estab- from the inception of theenterprise tolishments may not be carried the finished product isworked out with utmostscientific care. on because they have not the Is this method followed facilities, and thus they haveto depend upon the colleges. in designing engineeringcurriculums I find much in Professor and in training engineers? Sorensen's paper which is ofinterest. Before it can be said thatengineer-Professor Sorensen starts ing courses, themselves,are scientifically designed, out with an assumption whichsurely we should atneeds no argument,-thatresearch and engineering least first determine whatthe product of an engineering able. are insepar- should be. course Research must bea part of engineering education. Then the elements that shouldconstitute the coursetakes the same attitude He can readily be determined, with equal as Professor Magnusson does inpointing care to deciding how theout the necessity for it fromthe standpoint of education. courses shall be conducted. is self-evident indeed. This Last June, at a commencementthe chancellor ofa university said that the world is full Professor Sorensen givesthe time honored definition of people who know all abouteducationengineering that I believe of except what it is for.This is a challenge to theengineering was given by Tredgold, the first fraternity and to the President of the Institutionof Civil Engineers in England; engineering schools in particular;itart of directing the great "The demands a scientifically soundjustification for our college sources of power and nature for theuse and especially for coursesand convenience of man,"etc., running through our engineering courses.And, since wewords.It starts as a catalogue many, many profess to be scientific inour engineering work, we should be of the functions of engineers better able than the humanists and thus its weakness isobvious.It can, of course, only to answer the challenge.Into catalogue the functions begin doing so, however,we must be especially careful not to mistake of engineers, but I thinkthat in this very definition, a part of theweakness of modern engineering consensus of opinion for sound scientifictruth else we shall classeducation lies. ourselves with those whoscoffed at Christopher Columbus Educators and engineershave been moreor because his views differed less hypnotized by suchdefinitions of engineering, from generally accepted notions. being placed entirely emphasis J. C. Clark:It seems to me that Professor upon the technical aspect ofengineering, Magnusson has the scientific, and the bigand glorious things lost a grand opportunityin his paper to bring outone of the engineers. to be done by main reasons whywe should have research in engineering colleges. I should substitutea very much shorter definition He has stressed the value of theeducational aspect ofneering. for engi- research almost exclusively, and I define an engineeras one who directs the economic has pointed out that it nearlyuse of matter or energy.I should let it goes without saying that research hasan indispensable part inbelieve that we have go at that because I technical education.Professor Sorensen also emphasized among us as great engineerswho are verydirecting the destinies ofbanks or steamship strongly the educational valueof research in the colleges.In companies, from the standpoint of executiveofficers, as we have in other words, it is for the goodof the colleges and the students thatcapacity.In other words, any other research is carried on in thecolleges. technique should not bestressed exclusively in the work thatis done in the colleges. I believe that it ought to bepointed out by Professor Magnus- should be a little more There emphasis placedon economics.There 1. A. I. E.E. JOURNAL,November, 1925, p. 1243. are very few colleges today that 2.A. I. E. E.JOURNAL, devote any greatamount of December, 1925, p. 1288. time to the study of engineeringeconomics. 3.A. I. E.E. JOURNAL,November, 1925, p. 1208. I do not see how it is possible to turnout men witha proper attitude toward CONVENTION 65 Jan. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST T cannot.I think it is more a matterwith us of being able to engineering without giving them much studyof the principles he comes along in our classes, the old social economics, but thediscover the research man when of engineering economics; not rather than being able to take anentire class of students and engineering student does need a veryconsiderable amount of turning them all into first-classresearch thinkers. engineering economics if he ever becomes a trueengineer. these men to think, and I wonder how much deleterious effectthis long-drawn-out What we need to do is to teach engineering education.research is only one of the bettermethods of teaching a man to definition of Tredgold's has had upon boys will never be research Has it not hypnotized the profession somewhatinto thinkingthink. A large share of these information about technicalthinkers, but they will be very effectiveengineering thinkers in too much about the imparting of out and size up a job and things; perhaps information about the thingsthat can best bethe ordinary sense of being able to go put through the best design forit.They may not be research learned by the man after he is out of college? thoroughly useful men on straightengi- In Professor Sorensen's paper I found onething with whichmen, but they will be would particularly takeneering propositions. I think many men in practical research who can do original thinking issue.That is the standpoint that the undergraduatesthesis It is our business to give the &Lan Professor Sorensen says "it wasthere-the inspiration to go ahead to develophis abilities in that line, was wisely eliminated. Professor Sorensen's fore wisely eliminated."The very next sentence takestheand to give him a chance in the laboratory. that the thesis is symbolical scheme is a very good one; they haveadopted a similar one at the curse off, "But we should not forget the honor men are of research-a function which must bethe keystone of engineer-Massachusetts Institute of Technology where the place for which he to be given a chance to do as much asthey please.The smaller ing education if the engineer is to occupy considerable degree in an is ambitious." institutions have always done that to a The thesis is needed to supporteasier way, having a much simpler problem. I think that is certainly true. Dropping the thesis was a good thing, I think.I agree with the idea of research, to give some littlepractise in the methods of latent research talentProfessor Sorensen on that as a requirement for everystudent, research, with the object of bringing out butfor the student who shows interest, I thinkthe thesis should in the student. We cannot expect such idea in abe maintained, and carefully nursed along. Professor Sorensen reveals that he has some revolutionary things from the senior, but perhapsif we start a latter part of his paper, since he speaks of thehonor sections thatreal genius to thinking he may turn out arevolutionary piece where the better men are permitted are established at Pasadena of work in later years. some chance to help inadvanced and special work, assisting Doctor Magnussen describes the tendency attitude L. J. Corbett: research men.I think he has there revealed his true to take research away from the colleges.I think we need not toward the research that may be done byundergraduates. As he states, the large the studentsfear for that, as times are changing. It seems to me that the practise of segregating companies are doing a great deal of research, but there isanother into the ordinary and the extraordinary,,-thelatter class in- to develop bestfactor; they also need men-and one of the ways cluding these so-called honor men,-is one of the very men is through this very researchwork.I believe this is being developments I have ever seen.I wonder if the real reason for by the diffi- recognized by some of our large companies, as evidenced eliminating the undergraduate thesis was not rather the assistance which has been given recently, to both theCalifornia culties that were encountered in lack of equipment orlack of University, than theInstitute of Technology and Leland Stanford, Jr., time and energy for the administration of the theses in the way of aid in the establishment of high -voltagelaboratories. lack of educational and developmental value in them? These, no doubt, will give a good account of themselvesin con- In the paper by Dean Pender and the one by Professor Soren- recivee methods given for the selectiontributions to engineering research, and some students will sen there are two quite distinct valuable training in this field. of engineering student material.Of the two, I think the one that is the more hopeful is the one that is being tried out in From Mr. Sorensen's paper I note that they areomitting the However, Pennsylvania.The statement that Harold Pender made isengineering thesis at the institution he represents. quite true; that a boy fresh from high school is usually just afrom the discussion which took place, I see that thereis still some boy,-and I think it does require the few years of college whichopportunity given for the honor men to investigate alongthe such are a part of the Pennsylvania plan to bring out thejudgment oflines of their special inclinations, thus recognizing work on a student and too, to weed out the defectivematerial foundtheses. recognize among students.It is not defective material except that it is To return to Doctor Magnusson's paper, we must unfit for engineering although possibly very fit for some other,the tendency of the companies of today to requirespecialization perhaps higher, walk of life.At any rate, there is a greatin their men.This, I think, has been the inference in the advice difference among students in their fitness for engineering. which has often been given to engineering colleges to haveactual I am somewhat in doubt as to the real value of the physicaldepartments of research where some men of the staff could go examination in the Pasadena plan because we have in our elec-ahead and do research only, without the change inmental trical history so many able men who might have had difficultyattitude which is necessary when a man does some research and in passing the Pasadena physical test.Is it not going to elimi-also teaches a group of undergraduates, old, well-known material. nate an occasional man who has great latent ability in analytical I think the work of the teacher, as Professor Carpenterhas ways? stated, is inspirational.I think that if you can inspire a student H. V. Carpenter:This matter of engineering education isto make the best use of his faculties, and not to considerhis edu- one that we shall always talk about I suppose.The Societycation complete when he has his degree, but to go ahead with for the Promotion of Engineering Education is at the presenthis studiesand research-you will do a greater work than time spending something like a hundred thousand dollars, andmerely filling him with information and making an encyclopedia I don't know how many dollars' worth of time, in analyzingof him.I think this quality is particularly exemplified in the methods of engineering teaching. man we have with us in the person ofProfessor Ryan.I be ieve It seems to mo that one of the most difficult problems we havethat all his students will vouch for the inspirational quality of before us in that study is this matter of research.You rememberhis work. that some Roman ruler said, "All right, if we destroy the Greek There is one feature in Dr. Pander's paper that struck a dis- statuary, we shall send some men out and have it replaced."cordant note.In one of his conclusions there is the statement If we aren't careful, we shall put our research work on that samethat the student should recognize that engineering is a profes- mechanical basin.I believe that a research man is born.Maybesion, and not a job.That is all very well for us to recognize, but Dean Magnusson can make a research man, but I am afraidI think we should not emphasize it too strongly to the under- lift IslticUssIsiN 1,. Irkrts ksT (1)N\ 'Hu\ .1,,,11 nal1 I I.I. graduate st select, 141.111181, it is dueto mud) thoughts 11101 '%\ 1141 Uri' teittetaut that %1t, hit (tutu t 111.1111-11111111 t4.1 (1011 overalls V1110111, 111111111Ir. I after getting their degrees. towei1111,, III IItd 11,11.1 11111'1 a man would get fartherin the 0110114,1'111g 1111 liltIn110111111g ,111../illphXMilt I he Moro wittingto don overalls proftSsiOil if(111.MPIYalit.d h(undaun utul,oft uj n1.1ring for a tillitt after hisgraduation that great and ham the rudimentsof practical work. depentionee mostlie Owed oe the juilgiswillif engineers in J. S. Bates: order torvittli I once heard the correct soln (OM. I )I)% loll I an engineer &fiordas a unto who school, is skilled in theuse of the word cannot train directly for execllti'.Itnr 1l ion "upproxiemielv."There is (11141111 - really a great dealin that because cations for such pot,ii ions dependgreatly upon 11,11, rent diameter- no ma !ten to howmany decimal planeswe carry our calculations, isties, and any amount oftraining would 111,1 I here is alwaysone wake capable more; one or a vastmultitude makes exeeti ti es of men who do notpossess character- no difference.For thatistics. reason we shouldsay a very important I11.\1. \er, if we wish the eneineeringgraduates who do education is to determine part of an engineer'spossess such characteristics to ha what percentage oferror is to be allowed. n' opportunity to enter the management side of engineering, \% G. S. SmithsIn the Universityof Washington Hoist give theist the 1,,oad, the thesis work we still havegeneral foundation so absolute l\ scheduled as an electivebut it has been virtually nind. discarded, since it is One of the most noticeable seldom chosen bythe student. teal tires in the largeamount of I believewe have found other However, ways more effective in obtainingdiscussion of curriculums occurringin recent years is the factthat the results aimedfor in the usual thesis many of our largestemployers of technical graduates Several of work. now wish our courses scheduledfor upper classmen and to secure men who have hada broad training in general subjects graduates, are presented and the fundamentals of in such a manner thateach student,or engineering rather thanmen who have more often a group of twoor three students, selects specialized in a particularbrunch of engineering. some individual problem or is assigned Thus we to be worked out completely. find that the old situation inwhich teachers wantedto adhere to prob ems are usually Thesefundamentals, and of such a nature thatthey requirea con- many executives in industry advocatedcer- siderable amountof thought, reference tain specializedcourses, is rapidly reversing. work, and thus work, or experimental Now we find the arouse in the studentany latent inclinations to-leaders in industry not onlyfrowning upon specializedcourses, ward research work. but even consideringmany courses us too highly As an example I should which are given with the specialized like to mentiona course to which we excuse that they are necessaryfrom have paid a good dealof attention in the standpoint offundamentals. electrical transients our institution; that of as a prescribed course of In the planning ofan engineering curriculum, certain study.In the laboratory undergraduate decisions part of this coursea certain number ofmust be made as to thetypes of activity for which it topics are assigned prepare men. should to the student for whichhe must obtain In the present stage ofdevelopment it seems representative oscillograms.This is the more necessary to recognize the needs practise part of the or less routine or of two distinctgroups of course.To satisfy the remainderof thestudents.Those who expect to spendtheir lives in highly requirements, the student technical design or research must select some problemor topic, must have a snore extendedtechnical acceptable to the instructor,to be investigated by the preparation than those whowill be engaged in oscillograms. taking of commercial or This problem must beone which has not beenindustrial phases ofengineering.Both groups need previously chosen by other a broad students who have taken thecourse. foundation on such subjectsas English, economies, biology, Thus their work is, to geology, history, business a certain extent, original. law, etc., and a thoroughtraining in The response on the students'part is usually more than grati-chemistry, physics, mathematics,mechanics and other subjects fying. They not only putmore energy and thought into thiswhich make up the heartof engineering.Such training should part of the work than in.theroutine portion, but they also be mixed with, andfollowed by courses giving show aof all of the principal the fundamentals strong tendency to attack itfrom the investigational pointof branches of engineering,and there should view; that is, they tryto find the best method of attack, be a reasonableamount of time available for try toThus far there is elective subjects. determine the results theyexpect and then attempt to verify no serious difference betweenthe wishes of them experimentally, executives in industry and watching all the while forunexpected teachers of engineering.It, therefore, results.At times, of course, theymake complete failures, butseems that the chief cause ofargument is the relatively small more often they are very successful. group of men who willengage in research and other technical phases of highly H. H. Henline (communicatedafter adjournment): I wish engineering.This group must havebetter to emphasize the importance opportunities for the development of full and frank discussion oftheized study than of research ability andspecial- problems of engineering educationby members of engineering can be provided ill anyfour-year course which faculties as well makes necessary theprovisions for training in as by executives in industry.These authors It seems that the best the fundamentals. have pointed outsome very serious defects whichare found in solution of the problemmay he a four- many curriculums. year course following the generaloutline mentioned above leading to some such and Most of the engineering degree as Bachelor of Artsor Bachelor of curriculums now in effectwere Science in Engineering.This curriculum should planned twenty ormore years ago, and changes made since havethat students be so planned not altered in any essential details may have good opportunityto develop powers the general plans followedofinitiativeand judgment to the originally.Therefore, we find that most of thecurriculumsto determine the kind maximum extent, and furnish excellent preparation of intellectual effortfor which they for certain types of work whichare best qualified.In order that they some of the graduates enter.However, this number seems smallbest fit into that field, it may see how they can should give thema broad outlook and an when compared with the total.On account of the extremelyexcellent perspective of rapid progress which has been the whole engineeringfield.Graduates made in many branches of engi-of such a curriculumwould be prepared for neering during the past fewyears, we find ourselves living in aand for many types of commercial pursuits period when the applications technical work in whichemployers prefer of engineering knowledgeare sothat specialization be deferreduntil after the entry into many and diversified in character thatany curriculum designedIt is believed that they industry. to meet directly certain needs in would advancemore rapidly in either industry may indeed preparecommercial or technicalemployment than if they men in a most excellent manner for those needs,but it failsfrom the narrower four had graduated utterly to prepare them for the year engineering curriculum. great range of engineering prob- For those who wish to lems, both executive and technical,which all graduates will be prepare for research and otherhighly called upon to solve. technical branches ofengineering, there shouldbe provided opportunities for twoyears of graduate study. There is a strong and growing tendencyto choose executivespleted the liberal four-year Having com- curriculum, they wouldhave the 67 Ian. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COASTCONVENTION

broad foundation which should precede advanced study.Thefor a specific purpose and should not beused to duplicate the work graduate curriculum should be planned with the idea of develop-of other institutions. analytical Dr. Magnusson has sounded a keynotewhen he says every ing ability in research and permitting specialization in that he has studies, design, or other branches of engineering.Since thefaculty man should do enough research work to show number of students in the graduate classes would be relatively the ability to inspire students in thatdirection.Some under-. small, the effectiveness of the training would be maximum.Thegraduates are qualified to do research workalong with their progress would be much better than could possibly be made inregular undergraduate work.Such men should be given an the same work with undergraduate classes containing manyopportunity to do that work.Also, there should be graduate students not really qualified for or genuinely interested in such students, the more the better, doing research work,and the col- In this way, subjects. lege should make such provisions for such a plan. every student has a chance to come in contactwith research work, I believe this combination of four years liberal curriculum Every engineer will, for all and two year graduate curriculum, for those who arelearn what it is and methods of procedure. to a large extent, have his success determinedby the amount properly endowed for and desire it, would result in producing though that men better qualified to take their proper placesin the worldof research enthusiasm which he can develop, even than are those who complete most of the present-day curriculum. enthusiasm is not applied to the type of problem ordinarily classified as a research problem. All engineering students should realize that it is impossible As to the senior thesis for all, the discontinuance of thatplan to escape passing through an apprenticeship period of some sort. time on the part of A university curriculum cannot possibly replace the apprentice-was due to several factors; one being lack of ship period except in the cases of the comparatively smallfaculty to supervise many students and assign each student a number of persons who are preparing for research and highlyproblem of just the proper magnitude to fulfill the requirements Therefore, it is extremely important thatfor graduation.In place of the thesis, certain problems are technical progress. assigned students, the problems selected being tempered by the the curriculum be such as will aid in choosing the proper kind of Such a apprenticeship to fit the individual's mental endowment and hiscircumstances under which the student is working. problem does not have to be written in thesis form, thus allowing aptitudes.There should be fewer misfits because the first four years' training would give them an excellent foundation, andall the available time for work on the problem. they could choose the type of work most interesting to them. Why do we include four years of English in our curriculum? This would eliminate a very real difficulty now in common exist-We have had complaints that the engineers are underpaid, and ence.For instance, a boy before graduating from high schoolunderpaid chiefly for one reason; that the engineer confines most has built radio sets, worked in a local power plant, or had someof his contact with men to those who talk only engineering kind of electrical experience.Perhaps electricity appeals to himlanguage, and there is no use to try to sell engineering informa- more strongly than any other subjeCt.He wants a universitytion to other engineers unless you are a much better engineer than education because he has been told that it will enable him to earnthe other man, which doesn't happen very often.On the other a good salary immediately after graduation, and will go farhand, there are thousands of people in the world who want en- toward insuring success in later life.. What then is more naturalgineering information and who would take it if presented to them than for him to register in electrical engineering, because here isso they could understand it.You can't present engineering the opportunity, in his opinion, to secure the university educa-data to the artist in a way that he will understand it unless you tion he wishes and at the same time specialize in his favoriteknow his language; you can't present it to the doctor, lawyer, or subject.Naturally he has considerable pride in his choice and ismerchant in a way that they can understand, unless you know reluctant to make any change even though the first year or two something of their language. may prove that he does not possess the necessary types of Therefore, we have a department of English which runs ability to succeed in engineering.He may eventually graduatethrough five years of our five-year course, and we must have a and begin work, still determined to be a successful electricallarge department in order to keep the type of instructors we have, engineer.The result is in many cases an employe who has notinstructors whose business it is to inspire men and cause them to the ability and characteristics necessary for his work.He mustmake of themselves all-round men.That is the reason we think then work on as best he can and be a failure or only a mediocre it worth while to put in a five-year humanity course right along success in electrical engineering, or find something to which he is with a five-year technical course. Many of us would not do the better adapted.In so far as possible, a young man's intereststhings we do if some seemingly insignificant thing had not in- and abilities should be determined before he graduates.If thisspired us to go in an inviting direction.Without the instruction can be fairly well accomplished and he can be sent out either with we would have failed in finding the doorway to -new and interest- the broad four-year training, or better, with both it and the two-ing fields of endeavor. year graduate study, his chances of success should be greatly In reply to the comments made by Messrs. Robinson, Clark, improved, and he should be a happier man in later life. Henline and others, there are many details about which we could R. W. Sorensen:I would like to add to the list of booksargue, but each exception only makes plainer the fact that all in- given at the end of Professor Ryan's paper one entitled, "Ionsdividuals should not be required to follow the same course of Electrons, and Ionization Radiations" by J. H. Crowther, pub-preparation for engineering work.Some men should prepare a lished by Edward Arnold, London.That book is easy to read thesis, some should not, some should have five years of education and it presents in a reliable manner much of the informationin the field of English literature, including some history and about ions that engineers wish to know. economics, others should find it more profitable to plan a different In the three papers bearing directly upon education, you will,use of their time, but in nearly every case, I would conclude that of course, find differences of opinion, and so there should be. in the essential things there are no differences of opinion-except The biggest crime educators could be guilty of would be that ofas to relative values.This condition could not be otherwise making a standard curriculum, which would be the same for allbecause engineers differ as to details even in designing machines, engineering colleges.In fact, we often remind ourselves atwhen a much smaller number of variables are encountered than is California Institute of Technology that we must not simply addthe case when we attempt to form the character of the youth who to the group of good engineering courses in California just anotherwill in the future be our engineers. course like the one at our State University or like Professor Ryan Reference to values in character building prompts me to direct has developed at Leland Stanford. We at the Institute areattention to the value of the training obtained on the athletic spending annually about $700 per year per student enrolled, tofield as evidenced by the success of many of our engineering carry on our work.That money has been given us by individuals students who participate in athletics.A survey of the condition 68 DISCUSSION AT PACIFICCOAST CONVENTION Journal A. I. E. P; governing athleticsat many ofour educational institutions indicates to require a higher actual field magnetism bothon account of the me that the advantages ofathletics are for the most part lost to engineers because higher load and on account of the less favorablepower factor I but training for athletics hasbecome the line will demand and temporarily also such a time -absorbingspecialty as to make it greater on account of for an engineering almost impossible the initial drop in terminal voltage. student to beon his college team. 1 t should be noted that the educators in the technical Ourmotor end must drop behindon the increased load before any- field, and those whoare our friends,thing at all happens in the electrical circuit. should help correct thiscondition of affairs. But this regulator C. E. Magnusson:Mr. Robinson's remarks cannot act until the voltage actually has droppedand by that that I failed to state lead me to thinktime the system has dropped out of step andthe regulator never clearly what I had in mind.I meant to saygets a chance to try. that education is essentiallytraining to think; that With the rectifier, however,an excess of education is training engineeringexciting power is added in the field before themotor drops back to think along engineeringlines; that the main purpose of engineering to the new position for the greater load andthe field is ready to students during their fouryears in 9ollege should be to gain support the necessary additionalpower current.. clear concepts of the basicphysical laws I think the authors are a little too underlying engineeringand acquire the ability severe in their reflections on laws to the solution of to apply thesethe line charging current.While it may be true that with certain quantitative practical problems.Theset-ups due to the limitations in machines, the rest of their college work isaccessory to this backbone of engineer- total theoretical ing education and maximum power which can be deliveredby the line will be may vary widely for differentindividuals.slightly less over the line having its normal It goes without saying thatall live engineering colleges electrostatic capacity revise their curricula. frequentlythan over a hypothetical line withno capacity, nevertheless it At the University ofWashington, the revision of curricula in the is not likely that chargingcurrent will be a detriment under college of engineeringcomes regularlypractical operating conditions. on the calendar every fouryears, and many changes both in regard to required The statement that a certain 300,000-kv-a.station may deliver courses and their content have beenmade more power over two lines than. over three and during the past twentyyears. none at all over I am grateful to Mr. Clarkfornine lines is not so significantas it might seem. emphasizing the value toindustrial establishments of It simply in our engineering colleges researchmeans that, for the three or nine lines, thesystem is so propor- although this phase of the problemtioned that machine capacity which does not come under the titleof my paper. should be devoted tocarry- ing kilowatts is absorbed in carryingcharging current or that the ratio of synchronous condensersto number of lines is not favor- FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONSOF POWER LIMITS able.Either the kv-a. of the station OF TRANSMISSIONSYSTEMS' should be increased by building the machines to operateat a lower power factoror shunt (DOHERTY AND DEWEY) reactance or other means used to neutralizea part of the charging AND current.It goes without saying that itwould not be economical ANALYTICAL DISCUSSION OFSOME FACTORS to use an unnecessary numberof lines. ENTERING INTO THE PROBLEM OF TRANSMISSION With regard to the authors'Fig. 3 and the discussion of the STABILITY2 part played by field current, I shouldlike to point out that, with (FORTESCUE) a heavily loaded line, there isvery little choice as to power SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER16, 1925 factor, for this is definitely fixedby the load and the terminal voltages and will inevitably be P. H. Thomas: Thepaper by Doherty and Dewey empha- high at the generator end. How- sizes even more than those of ever, there is this advantage ofpower factor near unity; the previous date the part played bytheeffect of added lagging terminal apparatus -in stabilityof operation.Of course,it current due to increase of loadon the matters not what the electrical equations drop from internal impedancewithin the machine is small with show as to the theoret-high power factor.This is an important matter. ical capacity of a long line if whenterminal apparatus be applied to supply power and receive load the Since the power factor changeswith every change in load combination is unstable tothe long line, the on operate, as might easily be thecase with loads anywhere nearly curves of Fig. 3 should be supplementedby approaching the theoretical capacity other curves showing the effectof such change of power factor, of the line should the usualand these modified present designs of synchronous apparatusbe used. curves might easily show a differentbest relation between low However, we have this fact to remember;the capacity of the -power -factor and high -power -factor load- line as shown by equations isan absolute limit without power ofing, from that indicated bythe uncorrectedcurves. change until some of the physicalconstants of the line are One other point; the authorsstate that the scheme of using changed, while the limitations of theterminal apparatus are divided line conductorsto reduce reactance and increase has not found favor partly capacity merely matters of economy and cost.The very long transmis- because of the increasedcharging sion line may well represent $125per kilowatt of delivered power, current.As I see it, this increasedcharging current is, whole, no disadvantage, on the while the terminal apparatus costs muchless; at least so far as for on any useful loading itgreatly the securing of suitable stabilitycharacteristics is concerned.improves the linepower factor.While it is true that leading If the choice lies between limiting themaximum duty of the longcurrent will tend to reduce thefield -current setting in this is a matter affecting generators, line and adding to the terminal -apparatuscost, the latter course only the performance of thegenerator, is to be chosen, generally speaking. subject to correction ina number of ways.If the rectifier ex- The proposal to correct by simultaneous citation scheme proposed inthe paper or any equivalent and automatic is scheme support of the field magnetizing turns the falling field available, thisobjectiontothe high charging current strengthdisappears. when a line is suddenly overloaded, isa significant and important Meanwhile the reductionof line reactance which proposal and the analysis offered is clear and accompanies the increase incapacity with divided conductors, to the point.means an increase of substantially No doubt there are otherways of accomplishing this same the same proportion in the result. maximum load the line willcarry, assuming the percentage of line resistance loss to bekept constant. The 28 per cent greater load carried by the rectifier-excitation With a 20 per cent increase in line capacity ina 350-mi. line and with a favorable test as raported over the regulator test in the experimentalline,line power factor, any generator difficulties from theadditional is very encouraging.At the critical point of the regulator test itcharging current would is evident that a further increase inpower transmitted would no doubt be cared for in thesame suitable way. As a matter of fact onany full loading no charging current 1. A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, October, 1925, p. 1045 would appear at the terminalsas the reactance energy of the line 2.A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, September, 1925, p. 951. would absorb it. 69 Jan. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST CONVENTION short circuits. F. L. Lawton: In the paper by Messrs. Doherty and Dewey,probably most marked in the case of system considerable emphasis has been given the question of voltage Tests similar in all respects except the excitationcircuits, have accompanying regulation of the synchronous equipment of transmission systems.been made on the systems illustrated by the This, however, is in line with the papers3 anddiscussions' atFig. 1 to determine the maximum amount of powerwhich could be transmitted with stable operation under thecondition of a the last Midwinter Convention when the subject of high-speed circuit at the excitation was given prominence. half -second, single-phase, dead, line -to -line short AS the method of regulation outlined by Messrs. Dohertyand mid -point.It has been found that the system with rectifiers Dewey-viz., the use of mercury -arc rectifiers as adjuncts in theexcitationcircuitsoftransmission -system synchronous CASE A equipment-is probably the most promising development look- 250 -Mile Line ing toward increased system stability, it seems wise to discuss it somewhat in detail. Motor -Generator Generator During the course of various investigations of the stability Line -to -line short circuit of power -transmission systems, it was realized thatconsider- between lines 1 and 2 ably greater stiffness in a system would be desirable;also, that such greater stiffness could be secured by the use of ex- than citation systems having a time constant much smaller CASE B usual.As a consequence, Messrs. Fortescue and Wagner dis- 250.Mile Line cussed results they had obtained with a so-called high-speed 00000 Q9QQ9 exciter, at the 1925 Midwinter Convention.' Motor -Generator While it is true that less voltage fluctuation will occur during Generator Line -to -line short circuit load or short-circuit transients, when the synchronous machines between lines 1 and 2 of a power system are excited by high-speed exciters,it must To mercury -arc rectifiers To mercury -arc rectifiers he remembered that such exciters are inherently not different and exciter circuits and exciter circuits from any other exciter, so far as behavior under transient con-FIG. 1-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SYSTEMS USE]) FOR SHORT ditions is concerned.That is, when lagging load is suddenly CIRCUIT TESTS added to a generator so equipped, the terminal voltage drops. The decrease in voltage energizes the Tirrill-regulator relaycould carry 50 per cent greater load with much less fluctuation which short circuits the exciter field resistance, permitting thein voltage. To illustrate the comparative voltage fluctuations, generator field current to increase. Fig. 2 herewith has been prepared.Case A, Fig. 2, shows the After an appreciable time, the alternator terminal voltage isthree receiving -end voltages for the system of Case A, Fig. 1, restored to the normal value.Inasmuch as the alternator arma-while Case B gives the corresponding voltages for the other ture reaction is not compensated for at the time it occurs, the power system.While the duration of short circuit for Case B was limit, for slowly applied loads, of any system equipped withsomewhat less than for Case A, the load being carried prior to high-speed excitation equipment, is no greater than for a systemthe short circuit was 35 per cent greater and the initial short- provided with normal exciters.Furthermore, as it is now re-circuit current 50 per cent greater.In spite of these unfavorable alized that a power -transmission system is inherently stablefactors, the decrease in voltage was less with the system of for any load up to the steady-state power limit, no matterCase B; virtually no over -voltage occurred when the short how added, there is of comparatively little advantage in the usecircuit was cleared.With the system of Case A, considerable of such high-speed exciters beyond the reduction of voltageexcess voltage occurred some time after the clearance of the fluctuations. Let us consider the case of an alternator equipped with an ordinary excitation system with the addition of a mercury -arc 1 1 rectifier, excited from the line, as an adjunct.When a lagging ,io 1 1 Lipm7d1111 load is thrown on such an alternatOr, the rectifier supplies an 1 excitation current proportionate to the line current, varying simultaneously with it.As a result of the simultaneity of action, I. the alternator armature reaction is at all times counterbalanced by 0 ih,..41111. rsi a proportionate field current.That is, the armature reaction is effectively neutralized. `i o. As Messrs. Doherty and Dewey -have indicated, a reduction : of about .50 per cent in effective armature reaction was obtained. pl.II.. While this reduction was not so great as theoretically possible, nevertheless it resulted in an increase of 28 per cent in the :sil MI cm" iiiinr steady-state power limit of a 250-mi. miniature system. It is worthy of note that this gain was maintained during Ilimil iiiiIIIIIaz 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2.6 2.8 30 3.2 34 3.6 38 40 .2 ili tests involving the sudden addition of loads when if ever, it TIME IN SECONDS might he expected that the rectifiers would he ineffective. Not FIG.2-VOLTAGE DISTURBANCE DURINGA SINGLE-PHASE, only were increased power limits obtained, but practically no decrease in voltage occurred when a large load was suddenly LINE -To -LINE SHORT CIRCUIT ON A 220 -MILE SYSTEM added to a system equipped with mercury -arc rectifiers; but as much as a 20 per eent momentary drop in voltage occurred when short circuit; a much greater time was required for the restora- the same load was added in the same way to the system usingtion of normal voltage. normal Tirrill-con trolled excitation systems. The above facts illustrate the very important advantages The ad vantages of rectifiers as adjuncts in the excitation which may be gained by the successful application of mercury - circuitsoftransmission -system synchronous equipmentarearc rectifiers in the excitation circuits of the generators and otherlargesynchronous equipmentofpower -transmission 3. Power SymIA111 Translent14.V. BIM St R. D. Booth, A. I. R. H. J01111NAIMarch1925, p. 229. systems.There appear to be no disadvantages beyond the 4. Dlocumlon, A. I. H. H. JoulINAL, July, 1925, pp. 706-771. possible necessity for oil circuit breakers of a somewhat higher G. A. I. H. H. Jo1111NAi pp. 747-77o. rating, at a few points. 70 1)Is1 ssItiN P \t 10'11' I (r\. .1.WI 11141 1 I. In P011elliSi011,II appear,. 11110 the Mayhigh-speed s"1"1 ind1.,11 fully appreeitsted. .11/1111I'liftVra areusually " hi"h "ill Ili,'securing of inereasedsystem pow er fU !Mots, for all eoudltiousof operation, stalled tot the purpose of vaittiv regulationkeit souse the ri- must Ie such that the vet% end of the hut' armature multion or111,, Voltage s,,iinlinnintis unwillin;6; utYpeti% vb. neutralized by the additionof field ampere ,Ileelltii,allofI lito411iilelinersan, loratisl there. -turns in the proper lloweI', I CH11011,11 of111,-(.1141.-inwrii spuee-phast, simultaneously 1s to 'supply 0. its 11143ovetirrilivo of Ow armit(tiro react ion. i% 31114: .111,-II,I,, Ntticurreet throughIht' lino rcnet tint, Ibelieve the This (11,1rd/111111l/r11.4111.illlY mercury -are rectifier,properly apeli..1as an uniformly over auxiliaryill theexcitation circuits the length of thelimeand '43,15'( It. nil:, a rtdeeteie inpopper loss of synchronous units,is the and IL slight deereahe ill bind '1,1111, first developmentgi' leg promise of i=t r eapatII tniaLItscill.cf#11 a old iticrea,c tit1/it peas I- 11,1 transmititny ea/,atilt/ of iiistalling ti ofthe 1'4,11,1. 11, I. 1111M1.11.%111 an Iiiltfigiedi- transmission systems. pulni S. h. Grtseomt The S11.11leiarritne,iie iiiwoelit 11'11'1. statement by Messrs.Doherty and ishifft- Dewey that, duringtransients, "the P:kr114.111i11.1)ill111. 1.1 I% Hui; 11141 usually synchronous apparatus it /111111id highIiii111 becomes inherently Liicit111111 ofeondensersUt inure powerful" isnut clear. 'Fluefield transient accompanyingan increase in armature should 111,1 6-1)4 11,1%e sir tiifii- such a nature as to tend current is ofcult IIIthemajority of switching stations and to prevent the mainfield tiux from de-attendants, will he required for line sectionaliAing. creasing, but it does notstrengthen it.Actually, the magnetic Muehines flux starts to decrease of suitable characteristics and equipped a immediately uponan increase in high-speed ture current, and consequently arma- excitation system, or etimpensatiim,are of particular advantage the field becomesweaker.An- for this application.It should be noted, boa ever, that other way of stating it isthat the verypresence of the additional eucit field current, flowing features lire Madedesirable principally by the through the field resistance,is conditions oh- decreasing field flux. dueto ataining during transients andnot for steady hauling. R. 1). Evans'Probably1,I1( Ji14)A interestingdata submitted Under "Regulation," it is d E by Doherty and Deweyare the results of stated that the slope----d - of the ealeulations show in Fig. 2 of their paper.This figure shows thi axinium power which can be transmitted 25(1 mi. voltage-powei curve determinesthe degree ofstability. at 220,000 lolls, shownas a should like to point out thatsuch. a criterion does function of the capacity of synchronousapparatus, and the not take into number of transmission circuits." consideration the mechanicaltransients whichare al w ay s co- incident with an unstablecondition, and itmay, therefore, The curves of Pig. 2were presented fur the purpose of showing the importance of the chargingkv-a. of lines in reducing the lead to erroneous conclusions. In the region where --Eap- power limit and they serve thispurpose in allexcellent manner. P However, the important effectsof the charging kv-a. in limiting d P the maximulli powerappear only when the synchronous capacity proaches infinity, d P is small in comparison with d t approaches zero,because is charging kv-a. of the transmission d line.This condition of operationwould suggest that a lower limited by themass of the synchronous machines.For thistransmission voltage would givehigher actual power limits. d E The condition in which thegenerating capacity is small reason line is of relatively minor per d t becomes very small and, inthe case of large importance because thepower to be t ransinitted per eireuit at 220kv., 250 mi., must be of the order systems having heavy "masses, isundoubtedly much less than of 75,000 to 125,000 kw. inorder to he within the economical the combined time constants range at the present time. of voltage regulators, excitersand Witlt this relation iu mind, itis generator fields, for a normal buildingup of load.The maxinium advantageous to compare the results load which may be carried under shown ill Fig. 2 for different steady conditions is therefore kv-a. capacities of synchronousapparatus.In the first place. considerably increased by theuse of voltage regulators.Thisit will he noted that thecharacteristics of machines assumed by conclusion agrees in a general Doherty and Dewey way with similar conclusions by the are such that the rating of the machinecan- authors although insome cases apparently contradictory state- not be developed because thepower limit of the system is ap- ments and data are introduced. proximately two-thirds of thenominal capacity of the synchro- In particular, it would be expectedthat the tests reported atnous machines, that is, 100,000-kv-a.capacity on this line will the bottom of the eleventhpage should show nearly equalshow a power limit ofapproximately 70,000 kw.per circuit. maximum loads for the two forms ofexcitation used; provided If the charnelI.ristics of the terminalequipment are altered so that the reactance is the load was built up by incrementsthat were small as compared approximately two-thirds, and thefield with the stored energy released duringa small shift in phase ofcurrent approximately three -halvesof the values assumed,the the synchronous motor.It is also probable that a load consist- power limit would he increasedto approximately 100,000 kw. ing of a large number of small synchronousunits would cause the This condition wouldcorrespond to thecurve given in the paper power transmitted over the line to changemore slowly, givingfor 150,000 kv-a. in synchronousapparatus.Similarly, if a 'more time for the regulator to function. power limit of 150,000 kw.were to be obtained, the machines should have approximately In a similar manner, voltage regulatorson synchronous con- somewhat less than two-thirds the densers located at intermediate points reactance and more than three-halves of the excitation of the on a transmission line,machines assumed by Doherty by holding the voltage constant undera gradually increasing and Dewey.In other words, load, should permit a much greater the power limitper circuit can be increasedup to at least power to be transmitted 125,000 kw. per circuit by the than the same line with thesame total condenser capacity located use of machines of suitable characteristics.The significance of this at the receiver end only.The maximum power limit of sucha discussion is that the desired system, as given by the authors appears to be entirely static limit may be obtainedby merely modifying the authors' too lowassumptions so as to employ for a condition of steady loading.During transients,the machines of lower reactance and higher excitation.In the absence of alternatives, maximum load that can be transmitted safely is considerably in the development which are still reduced but will still be much higher thana straight-away line stages such as special regulatorand compen- for the same disturbance. sator schemes, theuse of machines of suitable characteristics is a practical solution available at the present timefor producing The use of synchronous condensers at intermediate pointshasquite marked increases in been discussed a number of times, but the advantages the stability of systems. apparently In view of the positiontaken by the authors, that static 71 Jan. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST CONVENTION liinits are the only limits that are worthy of computation, it is While I believe we should keep such cases in mind as elements interesting to compare the calculated static stability limits asof the problem, I feel that the authors have over-emphasized given in Fig. 2 of the paper with the practical results of experi- their importance and may, therefore, produce a false impression ence on an actual 220-kv. system. For a single -circuit, 250-mi. in the minds of those who are not sufficiently familiar with the transmission system operated at 60 cycles, with approximatelyproblem. A properly designed transmission system will make 200,000 kv-a. in synchronous apparatus at each end, the staticprovision for the generators not to supply all of the charging limit is calculated to be about 115,000 kw.In the June issuecurrent at light load, and, at heavy loads, the generator power of the Electric Journal, H. A. Barre states that the static limitfactor will be normally lagging. Two transmission lines properly of the Edison System was reached under a particular emergencydesigned with the proper size of generating station and with condition.For this condition, power was transmitted fromproper provision at the receiver end andintermediate points 240 to 270 mi. over a single, circuit at 220 kv., 50 cycles, with to take care of the line reactive -volt-ampere requirements will approximately 200,000 kv-a. in synchronous apparatus at eachalways transmit more power than one line.I state this fact end, and the static limit was found under actual operating con-not because I believe the authors intended to convey the opposite ditions to be 183,000 kw.One would expect that the staticimpression but the emphasis they lay on certain features of condition on the Edison system would correspond well with thegenerators and synchronous motors might easily convey the other condition mentioned previously, the greater length of theopposite idea to the minds of those who are not closely in touch 50 -cycle system and the probably greater transformer impedancewith the problem. roughly compensating for the increased frequency upon which I had felt encouraged when I read the statement made by the calculations were based if the authors had assumed machine the authors on the fourth page, column one, and in the first characteristics corresponding to those of the synchronous appara-part of column two as to the importance of excitation, though tus on. the Big Creek system.What is the explanation of this I will take issue with them in regard to part of the statement by discrepancy from 183,000 kw. on an actual system to 115,000 kw. referring to a discussion on excitation in last Midwinter Con- as given in the calculated results?In the first place, the exact vention by several of my colleagues in which the possibilities of assumptions used by Doherty and Dewey are not stated, andhigh-speed excitation were discussed at some length and with it may be that the explanation lies in them.If such is theconsiderable emphasis.Later on in their paper I was disap- case, the Fig. 2 should be interpreted with care.A possible pointed to find that the authors had reached the conclusion explanation may lie in the fact that probably synchronousthat high-speed excitation would not fit the bill but inherent motor load was assumed in the Doherty and Dewey calculations,regulation was what would be required.Again' I must take whereas the actual system involves a certain amount of resistance issue with them in this matter and state that in my opinion they load which would cause the power to fall off with drop in volt-have reached an erroneous conclusion and their error is mainly age.The influence of the load characteristics is not mentioned, due to their failure to perceive that the so-called static -stability so far as the writer can recall, at any point in the paper,and. it problem is in reality one of transient stability. may be that this factor is of importance in the particular ease I shall first show by means of a simple mechanical model of the static limit on the Edison system and under certain con-that if generator and motor are provided with perfect regulators, ditions would undoubtedly be of great importance in other eases.no matter what their characteristics, they will furnish power up The explanation of the discrepancy between the calculated to the stability limit of the line itself.The model which I maximum limit and the maximum limit obtained under actualhave in mind is quite simple and was devised by S. B. Griscom. operating conditions is, of course, very important.It is worthIf two sticks pivoted about one point are connected at the two pointing out that actual static limits may be appreciably inends by an extensible elastic string such that its linear extension excess of calculated limits which do not take into account allis proportionate to its tension, and if torque be applied to one the factors affecting stability. member the restraining torque on the other member will rep- S. W. Copley:These two papers indicate that the methodsresent the power output of a line.The applied torque is the of calculation used do not differ greatly fundamentally, butpower input.The above applied to a line having no losses there is some difference between them in the assumptions madebut having reactance and distributed capacity.This assump- as to the values used for the characteristics of the terminaltion involves no appreciable error in considering the actions apparatus.This difference causes some important divergencethat cause instability because the resistance of the line and in views as to the power -limit figures.Possibly Doherty andgenerators has only a small effect on the stability problem. Dewey are too pessimistic in their assumptions with respect to

the reactance of terminal apparatus, or they have not given EL/511C STRI:se enough credit to the action of voltage regulators in holding the system together.Both of these points warrant further investigation.Machines of lower reactance can be designed and a regulator which has higher speed characteristics is a possibility.There are certain drawbacks to the application of such machines and regulators, but if the limits of power trans- PIVOT mission must be raised the disadvantages can without doubt FIG. 3 be overcome. C. L. Forteseue:Messrs. Doherty and Dewey have pre-One may picture one of these pivoted members attached rigidly sented with clarity the characteristics of synchronous appara-to the shaft of a motor and the other to the shaft of a generator. tus which are of importance in the problem of stability.InThe motor drives the generator at constant speed, using this dealing with the stability of machines of this type, they havedevice as a mechanical transmission.As the generator load laid much stress on the fact that high power factor is detrimental increases, the elastic connection would be extended in such a to stability, as it involves low excitation or, what is the sameway that the sine of the angle between the two members will thing, low internal voltage. While undoubtedly at times, trans-increase in proportion to the load.If we keep on loading the mission lines reach very low loads in which the excitationis generator, the angle between the two members will finally be- correspondingly low, I do not know of a single case in whicha come a right angle, at which point the mechanical transmission system was thrown out of step by a sudden increase of load or system will have reached its maximum ability to transmit a short circuit due to low excitation.I believe that the ex-power and the system will become unstable. planation which I shall give later will account for the fact that Now the internal voltages of the generator and motor may be instability under such conditions is practically unknown. represented by two additional sticks (as shown in the accompany- S',11 I \\'1' I 11'04 I '11\ tow fed I I. I Illgillmorat extensi.,,,, ofIli, I mo,oir Ion hu, Rtelaid 1 hill'11i11/1 ill I I,I11I la I.1.11' 10111. ,11..lirt 1U1.. wino 411trt1,.,are1,, 1.1co,,,,tani;111,,i 1" till' u.III.'Ill.1.11.'111I1111 rapid "I the 111101"1 ;owl, ; , ANtill lthhi I,Tilt hill,1'1111,111I.% 1-111,1'11'111'1111 ,t 4 .1 1144, flail lelint, is 1,4,1)1 and 1111 ,-,1111,,c11141 strat1:10 141 increasing tit..1...1, i'lt ,truly 111t he III,I in prodne4 111, .11.41444 -al 11 lag Ow gt,Ot.tatorMal --1- gr, itl motor internal %tillages 11,1 I ',ow Ilse motb,l, nuty1111 I o 14,11 ',nolo/WWI1 ,/i111 111110111g it can be shown thatIle, torque at the 11'1 1A illI 14 ir\\ r.4.1trra- M.1-11111 111 Ilnlll Ih,amooni of current tliat its Iurlxiiuwn Whenthe Iwo members representing ean 144- 41,114,41-4 (lieIt Tibial voltage of the tIteirtion transmission lineart, at an alight. tH) 41vg. NNit li each other. of Regarding Iletutu of Iran -will- die lu 41111.1eireno,, Ihave matle 111111 III' Rill 1111,', lhalNiariu-la. ha, !hill lio restrictionsasto the characteristics of the generators and ,tsltvus wild.-4111/.1.1. prod...10.11, motors except in thematter of losses as ill the - 11,0 case Of tilt. transmission line, IL r,1114,1i but itis easyto ?AWN' by !Mans of the model that therate at OHO11).-ritlitiI,I hoI,till101111.'MillI hal which the internal voltagemust helalculutiuus are increased with increase Ma& uu the basis ofPollm-r% al1,la, in of load is very muchMihicoc.,1 by the iSVS aunt are internal characteristics therefore tooJaro011Oslie.TIa condi!oil. of the machines, and ifwe makethe under short circuit internalleakage impedance low, will undoubtedly be the factor%%hell will we shall not require to haveas great a range of excital ion. determine the ultimaterating ofa transmission line and itIn - Objection may be raised hooves us to LiVoldbeing soconservati% e that our results that ideal excitationsystems do o.,1 are exist and that commercialregulators are too slow. The . 1 1)4.1i.% 4.that" we can planation resides in thefact that the problem is, in or will be able to compute, witha fair one of static stability but reality, 11,1 degree of approximation, the resultsof a short circuit either one of transient stability.You 1.111,1 to remember that. instability ground or between phases ifwe are providedmilli proper data involves a change in angularposit ion as to ground resistanee and and this meansa change in angular position of load characteristics. Iantfurther the generator willing togo on record that we shall rotor and the motor rotoras well as of the line terminal voltage. beable to install apparat The electrical angle and that will enable us to approachwithin a reasonabledistance of II, mechanical angle are,you might say, effect of an infinite system, not only irrevocably tied together andto deliver power to a motor on astraight-awaytrap -f. a line at a given excitation requires through sion but also for one using intermediate that they must takeup a synchronousCondt'11,1 definite angular position so that, with the latter system, the stabilitywill be determined It with reference to each other.In my theweakest section. paper, I have pointed out that theangular relation isa continuous function of the power and is therefore The automatic voltage regulatoris not a hopeless problemfor suitable for analytical itis assisted by the fact that it work whereas the voltageat the terminals isa discontinuous takes time for the systemto function and is not suitable change its angular position whereasthe terminalvoltage change for analytical work. instantly. Moreover,the internal reactionsare resistedb: The fact that the angularpositions of the rotors must changeinherent flow of exciting with change of load introduces current.Therefore,the voltage regula- the natural period of thesystem tor has time toall before the system gets beyond into the problem of voltageregulation and this means also that P. H. Thomas: Mr. control. sluggishness of the hydraulic Fortescue, with his usual skill,la. or steam governor may havesome developed generalizedequationsfor showing the theoretiei.! advantages.If the load is increased, themotor slows down andlimits of stability in electric systems containing synchronou - so does the generator.In slowing down, the motorsupplies machines. part of the increased load by inertia.The generator supplies The most difficult and illusive part of the increase in transmitted part of the problem of stabilit:. load by inertia at a slightlyis the determination of thenumerical value of the lower frequency, so thatmatters are improved from a stabilitystability in particular parameters of point of view since, during this cases andespecially for the pendulum stage, only part of the increasedaction or the tendencyto load must be transmitted and 0%.erswingwhen a change of load init also because itis transmitted system or its equivalent requiresa new position of equilibrium. at an appreciably lower frequency.While this is going on, theThe principles involved regulator has had time to get in its are well understood and at leastone work and if the angularanalytical and one electricanalog method have been change is not too great, the voltageregulator will catch up be- These, however, proposed. are merely methods of overcomingthe mathe- fore the angular displacement has reachedthe point where thematical difficulties of the system will pull apart at the increased value solution and still leaveuntouched the of load.Theoret i- difficulty of properly evaluatingthe factors of losses and damper cally, this may be carried out closeto the limit of stability of thecurrents. line, providing the load incrementsare not so great as to cause As is well known, large swings. any damper current set up byan advance or retreat in the position of therotor with regard to the revolving The authors have made no mention ofthe effect of the char-field of the stator will acteristics of the load and have merely touched tend to reduce, temporarily,the forces on the improve- driving the rotor towardits new position of ment to be obtained bychanging thegenerator characteristics,similarly, if the rotor equilibrium and over -shoots, these damper currentstend dismissing it with a statement that it willprove too costly.I torestrainthe over -swing.If wish to take exception to this statement and sufficientlypowerful, these to say that suchforces may render the swingof the rotor dead -beat. changes can be made with a small increase incost over thatditions governing the The con- of standard generators and the increase in the effect of these dampercurrents, which ability of thewill usually be ofvery low frequency, should befully system to transmit power will more than counterbalancethisto see what can be done studied added cost. therewith to restrain theoverawing. Such generators are immediately availableand, These damper currents with specially designed high-speed exciters, willpermit of opera-of the damper rather should be controlled by theresistance tion of transmission lines with a high stability limit. than its reactance, butsubject to this limitation the damperresistance should apparentlybe as low In regard to the problems of internally compensatedmachines, as possible.The field winding, much progress has been made along these lines, but weight of copper having by far the greatest since it is surrounding the field poleswould naturally still in the development stage, very littlecan be said about it athave the most. effectivedamper action. present.It is possible to compensate a generator completely While Mr. Fortescue and even to extend this compensation to has given a definitionof stability which cover the impedanceis entirely logical,we shall ultimately need of transformers so that the generator has the characteristicsof viz: a standard test something further; the infinite system of which Mr. Doherty and Mr. Dewey speak or criterion to be satisfied byany particular system to insure reasonablecontinuity of operation. CONVENTION 73 Jan. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC COAST automatic regulator tests, and as calculated,using synchronous It is yet too soon to offer such a criterion foractual adoption, regulator, as overload to bereactance.While it is possible with an automatic but ultimately something in the nature of an suddenly loads equal to the (takingit is not by hand control, to throw on taken at a certain power factor, or a drop of voltage itis nevertheless not account of both ends of the line) that must besustained withoutultimate maximum steady-state power, possible, according to our tests andconception of the problem falling out of step, will be required. than that by using a regulator It is gratifying that much has been done to renderthe terminal to carry significantly more actuated by the alternator terminal voltageand operating on a apparatus more responsive toits duties-but still more is quick response. ,This is desirable and no doubt possible, on account of thedominatingshunt- or compound -wound exciter of importance of the cost of the line as compared withthe cost of discussed fully in our paper. In discussing the group of papers by Mr. Fortescueand his regulating and exciting means. colleagues at the Midwinter Convention in 1924, I stated power R. E. Doherty: I agree with the general point ofview expressed by Mr. Fortescue-namely, that the lack of any greatamount. limits which "in the present, state of engineeringknowledge" I of trouble from instability up to the present timeshould not beconsidered to be justified.I said: "We must neither gamble .interpreted as evidence that such a thing is notpossible with that a voltage regulator will be able to insert a supporting prop longer lines and greater power; that, in any study of theproblem,under an otherwise falling system, nor depend for stability during exciters, con-load transients upon possible momentary favorableconditions all elements of the system, including generators. study densers, lines, etc.. and not merely one element of it,should be due to momentary and field transients." Now the intensive considered; that the problem involves two fundamentallydiffer- and investigation of the past year and a half has shown what we ent "states" of operation-"transient" and"steady"-during did not then know-that, up to the ultimate maximum power which the operating characteristics of the apparatus aredifferent. value, as determined by tests under hand control, the regulator g prop," but not I also agree with the general exposition regardingthe angle -can be depended upon to insert "the supror: power relations, only in so far asit gives a physical, qualitativebeyond that limit.I understand the anther's statement to be picture of the phenomenon.I strongly endorse his appeal forthat the regulator makes it.possible to carry a constant load reliable information regarding ground resistance and wouldadd significantly greater than the above maximum; with thisI an appeal for recorded data and systemexperience during disagree. single-phase short circuits. Aml, filially, I endorse the viewthat I do agree with the author that the object sought with an the mathematical, or even graphical, determination of stability excitation system is to obtain the same characteristics as would of such system networks as comprise our modern power systems. be afforded by a machine which would inherently maintain con- is quite beyond the range of practical possibility.For thesestant flux linkages-one in which the field and damper resistances cases an equivalent system. from which therequired values can were zero.To say the same result would he obtained by an be obtained by test becomes necessary-just as for the same exciter of quick response which holds the alternator field approxi- reason, it is necessary to thus determine short-circuitcurrents mately constant is in all respects parallel to the statement. that in complicated networks. if the terminal voltages at both ends of a line were held approxi- Such methods are available; t he equivalent system proposed by mately constant by a regulator (as they can he. even by hand C. A. Nickle' affords a valuable means of studying the powercontrol.with gradual increases of load) the ultimate maximum oscillations during transients, and the scheme proposed by power would be that of the line alone, i. (., all limitationsin the Spencer and Hazen' affords a means of testing steady state powergenerator would thus be compensated. which obviously is not limits with practical accuracy.The latter method assumes sine -true.Yet the two cases essentially involve the same elements. wave relation between power and angle, and is, therefore, roughly It can be shown' that, following a load change, the flux change of

correct for maximum power studies.Nickle's method, however, dci.) the alternator field, - is not zero, hut essentially negative, in its present state of development, assumes linear relation d between power and angle, and is, therefore, limited in this particular application to a study of the behavior of the variousunless a series negative resistance is introduced in the alternator components of the system during those transients which do not field circuit.A method for obtaining this is described in our involve power swings beyond the point where the linear relationpaper.A shunt- or compound -wound exciter, of however quick ceases to hold.However, there are many interesting and im-response,doesnothavethischaracteristic.Fortunately, portant, phenomena bearing on stability which can thus be deter- however, for any load up to the ultimate steady-state limit mined; and if a circuit element giving the sine -wave relation isat normal voltage, the ordinary exciter and regulator usually found, the maximum power can also be determined.Thesuffice; and this steady-state limit cannot, so far as our study company with which I am associated is now completing theand tests show, be increased by speeding up the exciter development of both of these facilities.While, of course, furthermagnetically. improvements are ahead, the present development provides a R. J. C. Wood:The main reaction I get from these papers very helpful aid, and, in my opinion, is a significant step forward.is a feeling that perhaps we are using the wrong term when we There are a few points in the paper with which, if I interprettalk about instability.We are not, ourselves, putting up the them correctly, I do not agree.They are relatively unimportantmoney to build these big systems, and I think that anything with respect to the general problem to which I have referredwhich suggests unduly, a weak point in transmission should be above, but have importance only in numerical calculations. avoided.I do not mean by that we are to conceal the truth I refer to the author's statement that the steady-state limitin any way, but there is a psychological effect produced by the depends upon the leakage impedance and not upon the syn-word "instability," which I do not think is produced when we chronous impedance.Making due allowance for saturation, talk about power limit. which, in effect, reduces the impedance, the steady-state, ultimate What we are getting at is the power limit of a system. There power limit at normal voltage is determined by synchronousare various things which limit that power; the current maybe so impedance, not by the leakage or "transient" impedance. Agreat that the wire will fuse and fall in half, or it may be this steady-state, hand -controlled test, giving a family of voltage- "instability" that we are talking about. power curves, (as in Fig. 3 of the paper by Mr. Dewey and myself), shows the same power maxima as determined by If you go out to buy an automobile you take the automobile out and try it and you run it up a hill and the hill is of increasing 6.Oscillograph solution of Electro-Ilechanical Systems, by C. A. Nickle, JOUR. A. I. E. E., p. 1277, Dec. 1925. steepness.After a time that car just lies down and quits. . 7.The Artificial Representation of Power Systems, H. H. Spencer 8. Exciter Instability, R. E. Doherty, A. I. E. E. TRANSACTIONS, and H. L. Hazen, A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, January, 1925, page 24. 1922, page 767, eq. 30. 74 DISCUSSION AT PACIFICCOAST CONVENTION Journal A. I. E. E. You have not an unstable automobile; you simplyhave reached tion to the load. All the d -c. load current the limit of its ability.Perhaps you kill the was taken around the you spin the hind wheels. engine; perhapsexciters and the voltages built on the d -e. exciter inproportion That might bean illustration of theto the load. generators falling out ofstep. It would be better if At that time I also worked out a regulating schemefor the we could think and speak of thismore in a -c. generators which would build up the generator voltage in terms of power limit;everybody is familiar with limit of endurance, the idea of aproportion to the drop in voltage due to the load, whichas you both humanly speakingand as regards apparatus and machinery. know is practically I sin 0.I wasn't popular for proposing Roy Wilkins: that because the generators were being sold becausethey had I am employed bya company owning anpoor regulation, and I proposed to make them good. interconnected system ofupwards 8000 mi. of lino over, and with a total generating 60-kv. and For the last year and a half we have been makingquite capacity of a littleover 880,-elaborate tests on power limits of transmissionsystems, and. 000 kv.-a.The connecting rotatingload is about 2,000,000 h. p. I agree with Mr. Wood that it is power limits andnot instability At different times there havebeen tested 110-kv. lines to 500 mi. in length in operation up which we are talking about. We don't get instabilityunless and carrying load, and loopswe have troubles outside of those that are expected andmost as long as 350 mi. of those come from flashovers. I should like to point Stop flashovers and you won't out certain road signs in the lineof get the instability. "don'ts" for people who, in theactual power industry, take The tests made have checked calculations the study of power limits up very, very accurately. or instability as it has been called.Early last Spring we calculated thepower limit on the Pit River First, don't worry aboutanything except the actual operating System as 185,000 kw., using a power -angle diagram, conditions.You will find trouble enough which you without running intowill find in the Electrical World in 1902. Thelimit of the Edi- any weird combinations whichare impossible operating con-son system under actual operation has been found ditions. to be 183,000 Second, don't expect to simplifythe problem andkw. and if you will allow for the increasedlength of line and still check the performance ofa complete transmission system, because in a transmission decreased frequency the results check. system, every piece of connected I want to express surprise at the suggestionmade in Doherty- apparatus has certain characteristics.These characteristicsDewey paper for the use of series capacity are all in their proper places, proper order and in the transmission proper values.line.You can do that in a radio system butto consider it Any simplification meansa certain amount of error. seriously for a transmission line At the present time, there is seems unreasonable. too little known about circuit- The most important part of the transmissionsystem today is breaker operations, corona, W R2,impedance, load characterthe oil switch and relays. and load power factor, together with If we didn't have them todaywe certain cases of trouble couldn't operate our transmissionsystems.Any electric power as grounds, etc.As a passing note, nobody,at the present system of high or low voltage and without time, knows exactly what "load proper relays, switches power factor" is.I haven'tand fuses to eliminate defective linesections is inoperative. I been able to measure it in a year anda half.The final resultthink you will agree with that,so I say, work on the oil switches will come from a mass of accumulated operatingdata just as in theand relays.First work on the flashovers, and past for the final solution the twenty-year old get rid of those problem of aso the switches won't have any more to do thannecessary.Then grounded -neutral system came not from brilliantmathematicswhen you get through with that,static stability will be the or special studies, but from the final check and the actualopera-criterion of your power line andnot transient stability. ting procedure of a great number of operatingsystems. A statement has been made with F. G. Baum: reference to the limita- If you will read the TRANSACTIONSof thetions of long-distancepower transmission, which was quoted in Institute of twenty years ago you will find thatthe problema morning paper.The statement was that with the of stability was then one of very great importance and present a greatapparatus (and present state of mind,especially) 300-mi. trans- deal of work was done on it at that time.The reason for itsmission is questionable of economicresults. importance was this. The Stanley Company made foropera- I challenge that statement.I think it should never have tion on the first long transmission systems,an inductor type been made.Any man who sets a limit at -thepresent time on of generator which had no revolving coils ofany kind.The generator had 100 per cent reactance. power transmission either does not understandthe problem or It was good for theperhaps he is purposely makingthe statement for some other conditions which then existed, since we had only air switches reason. with which to open the circuit.If there was a short circuit, the voltage dropped to zero and you could open the circuit with I wrote a paper for this meetingwhich I didn't submit be- the air switches. cause certain developments afterward madeit advisable to add other information. Generators were actually advertised as being capable of being The first sentence reads:"The natural and approximately the economicload per circuit for load trans- short-circuited without damage and only a few years agomanymission is given by the equation engineers were specifying that the short-circuit current should P = 2.5 El.." not be over so many times normal current. If 220 kv. will not do the work,we can go to 330 kv., or some We are now talking transmission -line stability again, andother reasonable voltage, and if330 kv. won't do it, we cango the generators are the main element in it.The transmissionto 440 kv. When I say that Iam saying it in view of the intense line will take care of itself if you will take care of the generators.study made in the last twoyears on insulation, coupled with The reason we are talking so much about instability is becausethe results obtainedon the present system of the Pacific Gas & we have flashovers, or expect them, and therefore want to beElectric Company, operatedat 220,000 volts.It is the most ready to take up and quickly replace the difficulty caused bysuccessful piece of workwe have undertaken, and thepower the flashover. In other words, the trouble now is with flash-is transmitted about 300 mi. overs, while twenty-five years ago it was that we didn't have To have a real naturaltransmission system,you must bal- any switches.At the time the Stanley generator was put outance the magnetic energy all along theline with the electro- I was in charge of the operation of the Pacific Gas and Electricstaticenergy. To developthat yougetthis equation, Company in which we had a number of these generators and the regulation was very poor.The voltage variation underI = E . I want to callyour attention to the impor- normal operations was so bad that we couldn't operate lights CL at the same time as motors. Something had to be done so wetance of this equation. I think thatequation is more important applied to all the synchronous apparatus an excitation in propor-than Ohm's law or any other inelectrical engineering.It is a 75 COAST CONVENTION Jan. 1926 DISCUSSION AT PACIFIC familiar with such details might Nature tries to transmit powerwithimportance which engineers not fundamental equation. be led to suspect. the conditions given by that equation. I shall attempt to answerthe questions raised regarding our Now, if I want more current, I cando three things; Raise of them could have beenanswered by re- Mostpaper, although most the voltage, lower the reactance or increasecapacity. ferring to statements in the paper.Mr. Thomas believes that people will recognize that if you lowerthe reactance you will current of a long line will be a do not appearit is not likely that the charging immediately get increased line capacity, but they detriment underpracticaloperatingconditions.Itmay, to reeognize that if you increase C youget the same results provided the generating capacity multiply theindeed, be 'a great advantage practically.I can reduce L to one-half and at the end of the line issufficiently large, as clearly shownin C by doubling its value amount of power by V2; I can change Fig. 2.But this is not a matter of opinion;the extent of its and also increase the power by V-2. effect can be easily computed for anygiven case.It must not Regarding line insulation, with the study wehave been mak-be concluded just because calculationsmade on the basis of con- ing in the last year and a half, I amsatisfied that when we want stant terminal voltage show a larger powerlimit with the normal the 330 kv. we can get it.We started this work early in1924, line capacitance than withoutit, that the same result would not because of any troubles on our present220-kv. transmission obtain with synchronous apparatus of akv-a. capacity compar- lines, but because we didn't want to becaught like we were in able with the load to be transmitted. 1912 when we put in the 110-kv. lines,and later found troubles Mr. Griscom states that he does notunderstand why syn- we didn't know anything about.We decided in 1924 that wechronous apparatus becomes inherently morepowerful during would make a thorough study ofinsulation.The Westing-transients.The reason is that, for the moment, thetransient house Company has supported that work oninsulation, andreactance, instead of the synchronousreactance, determines the the Pacific Gas and Electric Companyis cooperating in thepower characteristic of thesynchronous machines.The ratio of long -line tests and the practical tests which wefind necessary. synchronous reactance to transient reactancein ordinary com- So the first thing was to decide how to getat the matter ofmercial synchronous machines is of theorder of 5 to 1.It may the mechanism of flashovers.I decided, after several years of be as low as 3 to 1, or as high as 10 to 1.In other words, in rough study, taking probably thousands offlashovers and arrivingvalues the synchronous reactance is about100 per cent, and the at no mental picture of what washappening, that we had to get transient reactance about 20 per cent.Thus the machine in a reliable picture of whatactually was happening wheneversuch a transient state is decisively stiffened up.Mr. Griscom's we had a breakdown.To get that we decided that we should question would probably be removed by reading overthe paper- probably have to get at it from a d -e.standpoint, projectingunder the heading "Transients." the electrons through the air, and if possibletaking their pic- He also questions whether the slope of thevoltage -power curve tures on the way.They a'e fast-moving and don't pose verydetermines the degree of stability.If the slope is zero at all long. values of power, it merely indicates that thevoltage of the bus The pictures we have taken will I believegive a mentalunder consideration is not affected by any powerchange what- picture of the insulation of the air such as we have nothad andsoever, regardless of whether thesynchronous machines constitu- I believe the work done and being done willtell us the trueting the infinite bus are of zero inertia orinfinite inertia or any story of line insulation. value between these extremes.Mr. Griscom's statement is cor- The extensive discussion indicates a keen d E dP R. E. Doherty: approachei infinity, approaches interest in this important subject, and serves the veryhelpful rect that whendP d T purpose of focusing attention on thosepoints which have not yet The more they are discussed, the dP been generally agreed upon. is lim- more they will be studied and the soonerwill the various in-0; but this is not, as Mr. Griscom states, becaused0 terested engineers agree upon the more important details. While perhaps there is not at this time universal agreement uponited by the mass of the synchronous machines, butbecause even the more fundamental aspects of theproblem, there hasat that moment the electrical characteristics aresuch that the been, I think, for the past two years general agreement on thesepower is not changing, althoughthe angle 0 may be changing. fundamental aspects by those who have given the matter serious I wish to add a word about this 183,000 -kw. story asrelated study.As Imentioned at the Midwinter Convention atby both Mr. Evans and Mr. Baum, and which Mr.Dewey has Philadelphia, in 1924, the fundamental theory underlying theanswered. When the engineers of the country are eagerly problem, and the equations arrived therefrom, are used bywaiting for every additional fact of operating experiencebearing all informed engineers.Divergence of views enters only when on this subject, it seems unfortunate,indeed, that when some assumptions are made regarding numerical values for a particularreal data do become available, their meaning shouldbe so ease.More specifically, disagreement centers, not about thecompletely misunderstood or misinterpreted.When the sending transmission -line theory or the general equations of the system, end wattmeter reads 183,000 kw. and the receiving -end meter but about faulty understanding regarding internal characteristicsreads 135,000 kw., should we say or imply that 183,000 kw. is and constants of synchronous machines.Although different transmitted over the line?And I think that neither Mr. Evans views regarding such machine characteristics apparently resultnor Mr. Baum would, afterserious thought, adduce that test in different estimates of maximum power which can be trans-(which our calculations cheek) as evidence that our calculated mitted over a given system, I am not sure that this difference is asvalues are much too low.In Mr. Evans' published work, he great as might be expected from the tone of the discussion.calculates, as most every one does, the receiver -end, not the Messrs. Fortescue and Evans say that the calculated values in sending -end, power. our paper are too low, but they do not indicate what these values Mr. Evans raises two other points: One is that the maximum should be.And I believe that in any definite proposed under-power can be increased by reducingthe reactance of the genera- taking, their conclusions as to the practical feasibility of carrying tor; the other, that Fig. 2 might be misleading.As to the one, out the given proposal, would not be significantly different from the authors heartily agree, as presumably every one else does. ours.Indeed, in more recent proposals where such parallelNobody would question that.The question is how will you studies have been made, the conclusions have not been widely decrease the reactance.Mr. Evans is referred back to the paper different.All of which indicates, of course, that the protracted to the heading "Design," where this matter is fully discussed. discussion regarding certain alleged, weird behavior of synchro-The generator capacities given are based on present-day practise nous machines is somewhat of a trifling character, and not of the -synchronous reactance approximately 100 per cent.Nothing 711 DISCI ssl()\ PA111,11' CI) kST '4 1\ \ TI"\ Journal .% 1.I.: would towel' outwit.; the ratingsto, say, one-hulf, doe, redueing he pervent reitellinee 1111111n1L/t 1111 111, mama, the lit 50 per vent That %wild net MA111.111111,npipnrittocI Agree %Ohthat imminent pimerThe question is 114,4ronglily, andt,iti 4144 1'.,11,1,1.ruble along that line alter the designof It how wouldone of 0\ titnlagn. lit ti,.poke of III, tirikr I44 114114,rthe s\ nehronotts dilu.vtsl11uIll 7.4) itelir000ns-apintfill 114,4,444114111114's reactance, and to what iv liopi44% slot 111Illsit eould iI be t hit, loeyed etent 11111414 itl,o411vt loch v.., There could mit betuurll disagreement 1,111 pap, r,I lust Iii, 111. lioestlion among informed designme eim111 It bat engineers on that 144 4144o4111 inervitse liool 44114 annual is done, any further point.After that n11111111011, redtiet ion11111,1 no' phial' did 11111 It.41111/tilled 1/V stress that point tor I he1', 11,s4,11 1110 11 the atitiVe Voltilne increasing tili%11)11N. ++4 hi'Inarhtit.or14\ adding In presenting the 141 Tlitis, Its Mr. I.:\ Wore linteltines. ellrc 14, 4.114,%tin1,'the Nayti, Mid its the ,1111111 of It i414.11 "quite marked !wo' eleitr11 pointsout, generator and a 0%4'11 golf, Lipp/ire-ill inereaSeS ill the that the laiv,er tilllilis stability''eau he ,,luaitied In these 11,-14-r11Il1i411141 rizt of the v4i14.ritlot ways, but there areperfectly obvious If wt' bail ll of reasons,it-1111, generator 441' points out, why paper also it ittolor of 111,111,1eI It. this processcannot be extended %%Audit 14,1 111. potter. fur enough to 111 lin.tsttll.N1r.Tholnits' satisfactorily solve theproblem. suggestion 11144o,:s1111.1, The of her point S1.1' Van Wit oil gent', ;dingappal -situ, tor raised by Mr. Evansis well founded. $8.00 or $10.00per kilowatt, We ean ohs Musty authors lie knowledgethat the title The of the inereaseIII.v., of Fig. 2 should beinure genvrator until we strikean I coninnie balitnee Letts.. specific, and will reviseit aceordingly. SIMe of thegenerator and the eapaeity a 250-mi. straight-away The illustrationrefers to of the line. line with synchronous-motor load. Now, the size ofa generator i, determined by Mr. Forteseue doesnot know of "a single ties.We would fuel its elmraetere- tem was thrown out case in which a sys- ourselves if w e triedto take a 111,0110 of step by a suddenincrease in load, kilowatt generator and - circuit due to lowexcitation." or short cut its reuetance in half,change its There have beensuch cases, style,ete., and stillcallita 10,000 -kilowatt nevertheless.The September wouldn't be a ten generator.It 1919 trouble of theCommon- thousand anymore; itW1111111 kV tin./1u wealth Edison Company,described by Dr. Steinmetz twenty, and it would 1,01 - in the 1920 cost more money to buildO. TRANSACTIONS,is one notableexample among others. obvious thing that 'Phutis uu The authors naturally we did not stress inour paper. Since genera- agree that if an additionalline with dupli- ting and receivingapparat us is a large factor cate sending andreceiving apparatus be that can be transmit led in limiting thepower power will be increased. instal!el, the maximum over a sv stein,everything possible should Two power systemswill obviously undoubtedly I.done to itnprut.t heir more than one.But that is not the carry eliaracteristics. point.Fig. 2 merely shows The paper tried tocover the essential points the relation betweengenerating capacity, what a given ill determining maximum power. number of lines and set-up would give.There was a point To say, as Mr. Fortescuedoes, that two "prop- Evans broughtup and Mr. Forteseue also, that Mr. erly designed"systems with "proper size in their etc., etc., will always generating stations," in regard to the effectof charging current carry more than one, would They took issue of transmission close scrutiny where hardly bear v, ith r. Dohertyand myself in costs are regarded; because"proper size"charging current stat lug dull for maximumpower may he prohibitive in was an actual detriment. They evident ly did cost. not read our discussionof that point It does not requirea mechanical model to very carefully. that if "the terminal prove the platitude With givenapparatus, with a given voltages are keptconstant," thepower reeei ving-mot or lulu!, generator, with a given limit will be the limitof the line itself. and a given voltage.at each end of the line, But to the authors' which we alwayshitve, charging knowledge the "perfectregulator" to hold this current is an absolutedetriment. exist. condition does not We reduce theamountof When it shall exist,or else some other method than power which can actually betransferred chronous operation is syn- from the generatorto the receiver end, utilized, it will be timeenough to talk tion of charging no matter what the rela- seriously about ,the limitof the line alone. current of the line to thegenerator. I have discussed thising current of theline on a high The charg- problem of regulation inmy comments on Mr. Fortescue's -voltage system willactually Mr. Fortescue also paper. reduce the amountof power you bespeaks the gain fromchanging the genera- to the motors, because can transfer from thegenerators tor characteristics.Such changed it reduces theexcitation of thegenerators permit of operation with generators, he avers, willand motors. a "high stability limit," but say how high. he doesn't Mr. Evans brought And the whole point,if there is any, depends out a point in whichhe indicated thatour upon how high.He, like Mr. Evans, is calculations ona 250-mi. line were in referred to thepapersiderably less than error in that it was con- under the heading "Design." the value that hadalready been obtained in They also mention thatthe authors have not practise by the SouthernCalifornia Edison effect of load characteristics. discussed the that our calculations Company. He stated Loads which are functionsof the showed the limitto be 115,000 kw. whereas voltage, such as lights and they obtained 183,000kw. certain classes ofconverters feeding a The calculation is120,000 kw., not constant voltage d -c. bus, 115,000 as read fromthe curve by Mr. are inherently stable.These have a Evans. We have madea maximum power, but that is calculation of the Southern not the limit of stability.Indeed, California EdisonSystem based upon there is no stability limitwith a plain impedance data furnished byMr. Barre which load.Thecheck calculations, showed 183,000 kw.Our shaft load of induction andsynchronous motors is independent made in thesame manner as our calculations of voltage, and for these, in the paper,came within 5 per the maximum power limitand stabilityresults. cent or thereabouts ofthe same limit coincide.Thus, a composite loadwould have greater stability than a pure shaftload of the same amount. The big differencein these values 120,000 kw. shown in comes in this respect: The H. H. Dewey:In closing, I shall takeup some of the points the paperwas receiving load. kw. obtained inactual practise The 183,000 that have been broughtup in the discussion of thepaper by on the Southern California Mr. Doherty and myself. Edison Company'ssystem was at the time they had 183,000 generating end.At the Mr. Thomas in his discussion kw. input they had135,000 kw. output. brought out a point in regardThus, we havean error of only to the relation of the costof the terminal apparatusto the cost ofthere is a difference 120,000 kw. to 135,000kw. and the line, pointing out thatthe line cost was of 20 per cent infrequency, that is, 50 instead very high per kilo- of GO cycles, whichbrings it to almost watt.It might run to $125.00per kilowatt, whereas the terminal exactly the same thing. apparatus, generators and Mr. Wood spokeof the term that motors, would be very much lessthan to describe "power has been quite oftenused that, perhaps $8.00or $10.00 per kilowatt, and that since limit ;" that is,"instability," and sounded thewarning against itsuse. a terminal apparatuswas an important factor in thepower limit I agree with himthoroughly on that. of the completed system, the It was for thatreason that the title place to work to extendour powerPower Limit. Power of our paperwas made limit is somethingthat is perfectly harmless, 77 ILLUMINATION ITEMS Jan. 1926 calculations and analyze these instability is likely to causeatory. We shall, of course, make and I agree that the use of the word results and there is no doubt at allthat we shall finally come to a concern where concern is not necessary. In that day I hope we willbe very lengthy and very helpful.substantial agreement. Mr. Fortescue's discussion was quite close to the "should be." He took issue with some parts of our paper.Some of these points I did not quite digest.Some of them made me ratherthink that he was saying the same thing we weresaying only in different words, particularly as he laid very greatstress on the effect of voltage regulators.I agree with him thoroughly thatthe regu- ILLUMINATION ITEMS much more important lator is a very important thing, and is so Committee than we originally thought that it makes agreat deal of difference By the Lighting and Illumination in the ultimate capacity of the transmissionsystem. INTERESTING ASPECTS OF THE INSIDEFROST LAMP' We have very few real things to worryabout.I agree with Mr. Wilkins that the final solution ofthis problem is going to For some twenty years or more theadvantages of come in the data that we getfrom actual operation, but so farthe frosting an incandescent lamp on theinside of the bulb data of actual operation, where wehave been able to obtain data, have been appreciated by illuminatingengineers but have checked so closely with our presentmethods of calculation been devised that we feel we are in a positionwhere it will be possible tountil recently no satisfactory method had predict what will happen to any givensystem.The more com-whereby this frost may be applied to theinside of the plicated the system, the more difficultit is to calculate, and whenlamp without at the same time greatlyweakening the we get such complications, wemust resort to some schemesuchstructure of the bulb. deseribed9, just as we reach the limit ofthe as Mr. Nickle has An inside frost is etched into the glass andthis etch- possibility of calculating short-circuitcurrent on a network such as described by Mr.Wilkins with 880,000 kw. ofgeneratinging process causes minute cracks or splith to appear capacity and thousands of miles ofinterconnected transmissionjust underneath the surface of the glass.These cracks line.That would be a hopeless case tocalculate the short-weaken the strength of the glass in practicallythe same machines that arrive at circuit current, but we have calculating way as does the scratch madeby the hard point of a these values very closely. We canlikewise use the Nickle calculator, or some other device to arrive at ourstability problem. We are not worrying about thequestion of stability or power limits; we know prettyclosely how to calculate them, and it is very essential that we do so, as theamount of power that can be carried over a given line greatly influencesthe cost of delivered power. C. L. Fortescue:In regard to Mr. Thomas' discussion, he emphasizes the effect of damping factors.In our calculations we try to work in the effectof the damping factor as much as possible, but Mr. Thomas remarks that if youincrease the damping factor sufficiently the machine will becritically damped. We know that in practise this condition is never met.We have records of power swings and they are as far as weknow never critically damped. As regards Mr. Doherty's discussion I think we aresubstan- tially in agreement.. I think an explanation of thedifferences in view might be somewhat as follows: Two investigators have approached this problem from some- SURFACE OF WEAK what different angles, and while there is no disagreementin the MICROGRAPH SHOWING INSIDE FROSTED fundamentals of the problem, there is a little apparent disagree- BULB ment in what might be termed derived ideas. The problem of stability involves so many factors, the speed of the exciters, the speed of the regulators, the inherent tendency ofglass cutter.Moreover they spread easily and cause the machines to correct themselves, etc., that it is quite excusablepremature failure just as does acrack in a plate -glass that there should be a slight difference of opinion. It is a well-known Now, I think you might say that Messrs. Doherty and Deweywindow or in a steel -truss member. and myself agree on what should be. We probably agree prettyfact, however, that if a round holeis drilled at the end well on what actually is, but we disagree somewhat in regard toof the crack or split in the latter casesthe window will what may be or might be, Messrs. Dewey and Doherty puttingbe less likely to become entirelybroken and the steel the "might be" a little closer to the "is," and I myself putting thesupporting member will withstand a greaterweight. "might be" a little closer to the "should be." In like manner, when the insidefrosted lamp is subjected I hope that the result of our investigations will finally bring us both to an agreement on the "might be" and that the "mightto the proper treatment, theentire area of the inside he" will finally come closer to the "should be" than Messrs.surface will become etched in such a manner asto round Doherty and Dewey place it at present.That is my hope.I out the bottoms of these cracks.The effect in this am quite open-minded about this. action is to restore the strength of thebulb to its former The final decision about this particular question will undoubt-value, and the inside frost thusbecomes a thing of edly come about from actual work in the field and in the labor - 1. Marvin Pipkin, Chemist,National Lamp Works of 9. "OscillographIc Solution of Electromechanical Systems," by C. A. Nickle, Joun. A. 1. H. H., December 1925, p. 1277. General Electric Co., Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. 78 ILLUMINATION ITEMS Journal A. I. E. E. practical importanceinstead of The accompanying theoretical conjecture.over that from a clear hull) micrographsshow the frosted lamp is considered.Other face beforeand after this sur-advantages of the insidefrost suchas the smooth place. strengthening actiontakes exterior surface of thebulb and the resultingease with The diffusionof the light which it may becleaned, were mentionedin the July tained by by the insidefrost is ob-issue of the JOURNAL. prismatic refractionwith comparatively loss.In fact, the little When unlighted, the inside frostallows aneven greater new bulb appears to hea light gray with the property ofblending ina harmonious manner with the color of thebackground that is entirely lacking in theother types of bulbfinish.The color of the backgroundis diffused withinthe lamp, itself, giving it a faint corresponding tint.Because the inside frosted bulbwill blend harmoniouslywith its background, it is hoped that its use will eliminatethe necessity of supplyingtinted bulbs wherethe unlighted appearance of the lamp has beenan important factor and where the coldwhite appearance ofthe outside frosted or coated lampshas been objectionable.

CHAPTERS ONLIGHT To most ofus, the high school physics INSIDE FROSTED courses of to- SURFACE TREATEDTO RESTORE day are removedsomewhat from STRENGTH our general trend of thought.Nevertheless, letus consider them for the moment. Theyare essentially the portion of the light same as they were to pass through thandoes a similarsome years ago-fair enough,perhaps, insome branches frost on the outsideof the lamp. ofphysicssince This is due to the Archemedies'principle,Charles' fact that the multipleinternal reflectionsare not soand Boyles' laws,Newton's laws of motion numerous in the inside frosted and the like, lamp because therough,are fundamental truths whichwill never changeas far interior surface doesnot reflect any considerable as we are concerned.But what about tion of the light por- these chapters back and forth insidethe lamp, as isin the physicstexts which deal with the case with the giving wave motion light-that vision- outside frosted lamp.Moreover, the by means of whichwe are able to relative absorption ofthe inside frost doesnot increase see what goes on aboutus? rapidly with the life so of the lampas do other diffusing Unfortunately, themajority of high media.The relative degrees school physics of absorption ofthetexts treat the subjectof light ina rather dry and various diffusing mediaare shown in the followingscientificmanner which quite frequently table for new lampsas well as for lamps which direct appeal to presents no burned for approximately have the average highschool student. 800 hours. Realizing this, theIlluminating Engineering has prepared Society a booklet, "Chapterson Light," which is recommended fOr inclusion TABLE NO. I. in physics textbooks.The preparation of thisbooklet has been Approximate several of the sponsored by most prominentilluminating engineers Initial Absorption of the countryand it is therefore Absorption After Burning detail. up-to-date inevery in per cent in per cent Furthermore, thepresentation of the matter is such that subject of Clear Bulbof Clear Bulb the average highschool student will Light OutputLight Output be directly interestedin the practical lighting and illumination applications of Inside Frost per cent to every -day life,and he is, 1- 2 1- 5 therefore, much interested Sand Frost (Outside) in the laboratoryexperi- per cent 5-10 10-20 ments which will reallybe of some practical Spray Frost (Outside) him. benefit to per cent 5-10 10-20 White Mazda "Chapters on Light"will makean excellent addition to present text books (Sprayed) per cent.. and may be used 10-15 15-30 substitute for present in part asa Opal Glass 10-20 15-30 material.It is hoped that booklet will be used this more extensively in highschool physics coursesas it will undoubtedly The light absorption bythe inside frost is of little tend to increase the students' interestincorrectlighting and importance when the materialreduction in the glareapplication. its ACTIVITIES 79 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED En- NEW YORK DISTRICT: GeorgeL. Knight, Mechanical _ Brooklyn, N. Y. g gineer, Brooklyn Edison Company, GREAT LAKES DISTRICT: B.G. Jamieson, Engineer ofInside -g Plant, Commonwealth EdisonCompany, Chicago, Ill. 7g - SOUTH WEST DISTRICT: A. E.Bettis, Vice -President, Kansas I J OURNAL City Power & Light Company,Kansas City, Mo. OF THE _ NORTH WEST DISTRICT: H. H.Schoolfield, Chief Engineer, = 1= _ Pacific Power & Light Company,Portland, Ore. g _ E AmericanInstitute E. - FOR MANAGERS E aE F. J. Chesterman, Chief Engineer,Bell Telephone. Company of g m Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. ofElectrical E E H. C. Don Carlos, OperatingEngineer, Hydro -Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ont. g. - Engineers I. E. Moultrop, Asst. Supt.,Construction Bureau, Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston,Boston, Mass.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE A. I.E. E. FOR TREASURER 33 West 39th Street, New York George A. Hamilton, Electrical Engineer,Elizabeth, N. J. Under the Direction of the PublicationCommittee Institute provide that the H The constitution and by-laws of the M. I. PUPIN, President nominations made by the National NominatingCommittee shall GEORGE A. HAMILTON, F. L. HUTCHINSON, the Institute JOURNAL; National Secretary be published in the January issue of National Treasurer land provision is made for independentnominations as indicated PUBLICATION COMMITTEE below : L. F. MOREHOUSE. Chairman F. L. HUTCHINSON E. B. MEYER. CONSTITUTION DONALD MCNICOL J. H. MORECROFT petition of SEC. 31.Independent nominations may be made by a GEORGE R. METCALFE, Editor twenty-five (25) or more members sent to theNational Secretary when and as provided in the By -Laws; suchpetitions for the nomination of Vice - Subscription.$10.00 per year to United States, Mexico, Presidents shall be signed only by members withinthe District concerned. Cuba, Porto Rico. Hawaii and the Phillipines; $10.50 toCanada and $11.00 to all other countries.Single copies $1.00.Volumes BY-LAWS begin with the January issue. SEC. 22.Petitions proposing the names of candidates asindependent Changes of advertising copy should reach this office by the nominations for the various offices to be filled atthe ensuing election, in 15th of the month for the issue of the following month. accordance with Article VI, Section. 31 (Constitution),must be received by The Institute is not responsible for the statements and the Secretary of the National NominatingCommittee not later than opinions given in the papers and discussions published February 15 of each yeak, to be placed before thatCommittee for the herein.These are the views of individuals to whom they are inclusion in the ballot of such candidates as are eligible. credited and are not binding on the membership as a whole. On the ballot prepared by the NationalNominating Committee in accordance with Article VI of the Constitution and sentby the National Secretary to all qualified voters during the first weekin March of each year. the names of the candidates shall be groupedalphabetically under the A. I. E. E. Nominations name of the office for which each is acandidate. The National Nominating Committee of the Institute met at Institute headquarters, New York, December 3, and selected a F. L. HUTCHINSON, complete official ticket of candidates for the Institute offices that Secretary will become vacant August 1, 1926. National Nominating Committee The committee consists of fifteen members, one selected by the executive committee of each of the ten Geographical Districts, and the remaining five elected by the Board of Directors from its own membership. Those present were: H. P. Cramer, Portland Ore.; W. P. Cummings C. Chesney Dobson, Toronto, Ontario; Gano Dunn, New York, N. Y.; Mr. Chesney, official nominee for the office ofPresident of the G. Faccioli, Pittsfield, Mass.; M. M. Fowler, Chicago, Ill.; Institute, was born in Selingsgrove, Pa.,October 28, 1863, and J. E. Kearns, Chicago, Ill.; M. M. Koch, Denver, Colo.; E. B.was graduated from thePennsylvania State College in 1885. Merriam, Schenectady, N. Y.; L. F. Morehouse, New York,After teaching mathematics and chemistry forthree years he N. Y.; A. G. Pierce, Cleveland, Ohio; T. C. Ruhling, Kansas became associated with Mr. William Stanley'slaboratory at City, Mo.; A. M. Schoen, Atlanta, Ga.; Harold B. Smith,Great Barrington, Mass., and was one of theoriginal incorpora- Worcester, Mass.; N. W. Storer, Pittsburgh, Pa.; H. S. Warren, tors of the Stanley Electric ManufacturingCompany, of Pitts- New York, N. Y. (representing Pacific District); and Nationalfield, Mass., which developed the well-known SK C polyphase Secretary F. L. Hutchinson.Mr. Gano Dunn was unanimouslysystem (Stanley -Kelly -Chesney).Mr. Chesney was vice-presi- elected chairman of the committee. dent and chief engineer of the StanleyCompany from 1904 to The following is a list of the official candidates: 1906, and in the latter year he became chief engineerand manager Company, which FOR PRESIDENT of the Pittsfield Works of the General Electric had acquired the Stanley Company.Mr. Chesney has served as Cummings C. Chesney, Manager and Chief Engineer, General Manager and Vice -President of the A. I. E. E., andalso upon Electric Company, Pittsfield, Mass. various committees.He is also a member of various other FOR VICE-PRESIDENTS scientific and engineering organizations.The Edison Medal was NORTH EASTERN DISTRICT: H. M. Hobart, Consulting En-awarded to Mr. Chesney in 1921 "for early developmentsin gineer, General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. alternating -current transmission." St 1

1 1 I 1 11: 1 1 1; 1 1 I 1 411 v I'I'I Es i 1 \( for !hi, :m41_ Journal 1 I E ii% I tolIN ell! 14/11 i'4.1 11111C. pl'i1.111(.(1 I 44111 iii1111114,1% 1itii .2,11 ti -111111c(1 1(!111' I nit 1\0l(.1 -II, 1.1.'11 Itiii1r4 li hi 11/ A 111rf1 1 1'i/111111V 11/11g, 111,11(11, \111. l'Xi'4410111 . !milers ,, ill beIn', oltif al the Con entiotthich 1 ill lie hchl NI t IIyr PINOWIAM or in the EngineeringSoiici Itnild MIDWIN EVII CONVENTION Mg, 33 West 39111Street, N ew York, rEntaiAliv t4.1 I. NEW 1011114. entertainment told February s -I I, 1926.The social featuresas \yell its the inspeci ions In, IIii'reuglily enjoyable. kill NII/N1.1 ifNI 1,11\1\,, Ammo; the teelinicalsubjects to be discussed 101,(1 l'itl 11111 are transmission ( 'm1111111 11I' etrtbilil , proteetive 811(1 emai)l const met ion, eleet systems, bus andstructural rival nitteltinery, 11/4111ND.1 1 Al 1 141',(lea', dielectricabsorption, measurement s, insulat ion and electromagnetisitiand eleetrophysics, TI(AV,\11*-:,111', communication andsound reproduction, and furnace -resistor 1. .4 / 141,:1Ifiat Ion design.The list of of T wn-S vtnPaterrla Nlrl s, papers given below showsin detail the Copies C. A. Niehle, Getter:II to be presented. Eleetrie ( 'omputty, and F. L.Law- In the social part ton,Quebec Developmentcompany. of the program therewill be an informal Resells or smoker on Tuesday theon't leafanalysis,%wittedby miniature -system evening, February 9, tests,of thei,ol%cI at the Hotel Astor. timid,of trunsmiliSlinaPi)NtellIN. Some very interesting U11( Among entertainers will add 11111101' concln,luns arc110( this evening. to the pleasure of rnitm,lug:(I) The criterion of stability for ail conditionsIs the steady -state power limit, the charging h 1 -a 12) The dinner -danceon Wednesday evening exercises 111}11(111 dt(ll'll11111( MI sta- better than the dinner promises to beeven bility, (3) the characteristicsof 1,5 IlehrollotIr. terminal -dances of the past few are of great importanec, apparatus years which always (4 )lmprt,\t tueuts can be made have been most heartilyenjoyed. mollifyingpresent by Hotel Astor and This event will be heldat the apparat usdesign, 15)automaticvoltage a Paul Whiteman orchestrawill furnish the regulators, suitable ,,'snoreand fastrelays are essential, and music.This fortunatecombination is an absolute (Of Ule Iii(-1111ry-art r4.11111eras au adjunct in excitation circuits guarantee of shows real ad tages. an excellent dinner, finemusic and very enjoyable o. On Thursday evening dancing. Colcolotion of Stendy-Shute,Ntability in Transmission an address will be given bya prominent. Lines, speaker and all shouldtake the opportunity Edith (larke, ( ;own('Elect vie ( 'ompany. of hearing him. Two simple New York, ofcourse, offers a limitless illt`thods of determiningwhether a Proposed Wow. variety of possible mission sysh'in will Or willnot be stable for steady-state - inspection trips and thetrips being arranged will Lion under the maximum opera - ive. be most instruct- proposed load, (1) bymeans of an Among the places to bevisited will be 'the equh'alent eit.,uh and (2) bymeans of a (*trek diagram. Tunnel (the vehicular new Holland ples are soh cd to illustrate Exam- tunnel under the HudsonRiver), Broad- the methods. casting Station W. E. 3. Practical Asincis of A. F. of the AmericanTelephone, and System Stability, RoyWilkins, Pacific Telegraph Company, theEdison Lighting Institute Gas and ElectrieCompany. Lamp Works, the of the Edison Loening Airplane Factory,Kearny Power An account of field test, wadeon a 220-kv. transmission system Station of the Public ServiceElectric and Gas Company, to determine Ow behaviorof the system under transient Hudson ditions.Among several important con- Avenue Station of the conclusions reachedare: Brooklyn Edison Company,Hell Gate (1) Stabilityis and Sherman Creek Stations inextricably entangled withsystem economies, of the United ElectricLight and (2) studies of artificialsystems are not adequate, Power Company, the Bell certain part of a system's (3) only a Telephone Laboratories anda machine - storedenergyis available during trouble. switching central telephoneoffice. (4) proper relay action is vital,and (5) operating distribution exciting current is a major of A live convention committeeis perfecting plans to problem. all who attend the meeting assure that 4. Further Studies of will have a pleasurable andprofitable Transmission Stability, R. D.Evans and time.The general committee C. F. Wagner, WestinghouseElectric & Mfg. Company. appointed by President Pupinis This paper deals with as follows: H. A. Kidder,Chairman. H. H. Barnes, Jr., the principal elements enteringinto the G. L. stability problem, suchas the action of generators and Knight, E. B. Meyer andL. F. Morehouse. Chairmen during disturbances,' effect exciters in charge of dissymmetry produced bysingle- of entertainment featuresare as follows: Smoker, G. W. Alder; phase short. circuits. simplificationof load networks, and of combining these factors methods Inspection Trips, H. Y.Hall; Dinner -Dance, J. B.Bassett, and in determining electro-mechanical Special Meeting, H. S. oscillations followingdisturbances.Results of calculations Sheppard. comparedwith recent tests are on the Pacific Cias and ElectricCom- pany system.Various methods of REDUCED RAILROAD RATES- discussed. improvingstabilityare A reduction in railroad faresis available to out-of-town visitors 5. TransmissionSystemswith under the certificate plan. Over -CompoundedVoltages, Under this plan eachperson requests H. B. Dwight, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. a certificate when purchasing A discussion of the advantages a one-way ticket to New York. of causing the voltage atgenera- Presentation of this certificate ting stations to be raisedby automatic regulation at convention headquarters will heavy load.Methods of calculation at times of entitle the passenger to half-rate fare for the return trip by the and transformers for for the transmission line same route provided 250 certificates over -compounded operationare given. are presented at the Two methods are given(1)for over -compounded convention. voltage and constant receiver generator voltage and (2) for over voltages at both generator -compounded Members should advise theirlocal ticket agents whenpur- and receiver. chasing tickets of theirintention to attend the A. I. E. E.con- MONDAY EVENING vention and should askfor certificates.Return tickets issued DIELECTRICS AND at the reduced rates INSULATION are not acceptable on a few limited trains. 6. Dielectric Absorptionand Theories of Tickets must be purchasednot more than a fixed number of days J. B. Whitehead, Johns Dielectric Behavior, prior to the opening date of Hopkins University. the meeting and return ticketsmust A review and comparisonof all the theories of dielectric be used withina certain period after the closing date. and dielectric absorption behavior Details This is a report made which are found in existingliterature. relative to these dates,etc., can be obtained from ticket on these subjects to theDivision of Engi- agents. neering and IndustrialResearch of the National Immediately on arrival in NewYork certificates should bepre- An exhaustive bibliography Research Council. sented to the endorsing officer is included. at convention headquarters. 7. Theory of Absorptionin Solid Dielectrics, Cornell University. V. Karapetoff, ALL VISITORS SHOULD GETCERTIFICATES The purpose ofthis paper is to establish Everyone, whether he will between (a) the increase certain general relations use it or not, should get a certificate in electrical displacementin a solid if his regular fare to New Yorkis 67 cents or more, because all dielectric and (b)time after the initial occurs almost instantly after displacement which applying a constant d-c. voltage. 81 INSTITUTE AND RELATEDACTIVITIES .1an 1926 the calculation of no-load coppereddy -currentloaner'. Test The ultimate aim of the theory is to make it possible tocorrelate thatthe theoretical formulas and result('are presented to show and mutually to check experimental data on absorption Some of the consequences of thisanalysis test developed are correct. dielectric loss and to predict these quantities where no are rather unexpected wherethe frequencies are sufficiently high figures are available. to produce large skin effect.For instance laminating the copper 8. Ionization Studies in Paper -Insulated Cables,C. L. Dawes may increase or decrease thelosses depending on conditions. and P. L. Hoover, Harvard University. 17. Mechanical Force BetweenElectric Circuits, R. E. Doherty Tests data are given in this paper which show the relations among in and R. H. Park, General ElectricCompany. voltage. power factor. watts. capacitance and temperature for the mechanical impregnated -paper cables and in model cables.A new type of In this paper a general equation is developed forces exerted by electric circuits containinginductances which a -c. bridge for measuring dielectricloss and power factor with The equation Is great accuracy at vary ow power factors is described. Some are functions both of positionand of current. from the results applicable to circuits involving saturated iron.The results are to new and interesting conclusions have been drawn synchronous machines under and theories formulated to amount for the results. he used in investigating the forces in short-circuit conditions. TUESDAY MORNING IS. Concluding Study of Ventilationof Turbo -Alternators, C. J. PROTECTION, CONTROL AND BUS CONSTRUCTION Feehheimer and 0. W. Penney,Westinghouse Electric 9. Operating Performance of a Petersen EarthCoil -II, J. M. and Mfg. Company. Company. An investigation by means of models of amethod of ventilating Oliver and W. W. Eberhardt, Alabama Power the methods of determining A record of eleven months' operating experiencewith a Petersen turbo -alternators.Test results, earth coil installed on a 44,000 -volt transmissionsystem.A the losses and the equations derived are given. often the compilation of system troubles is given showing how (B) COMMUNICATION AND SOUNDREPRODUCTION coil functioned correctly or Incorrectly.In 109 cases of insulator flashover the coil operated correctly in 94 cases. 19. The Development and Applicationof Loading of Telephone 10. Theory of the Auto-Ur:1re Lightning Arrester,Joseph Slepian, Circuits, William Fondiller, Western ElectricCompany Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Company. an'l Thomas Shaw, American Telephone &Telegraph A discus -ion of the advantages of the valve -typearrester for Company. protectionofhigh -voltage power systems.The theory of the A review of the art of loading telephone circuits aspractised in breakdown autovalvearelto is given including a discussion of the the United States.Loading is discussed in relation to develop- potential of very short gaps. ments during the last 14 years pertaining to (1)phantom group ] Current -Limiting Reactors with Fire -Proof Insulation onthe loading. (2) loading for repeatered circuits, (3)incidental cables in open -wire lines.(4)crosstalk.(5) telegraphy over loaded Conductor, F. H. Kierstead, General Electric Company. and (7) This paper describes tests made to determine the properinsu- telephone circuits. (6) loading for exchange -area cables lation to use to prevent flashovers of current -limitingreactors submarine cables. due to conducting objects accidentally lodged betweenthe turns. 20. Automatic Enciphering and DecipheringSystems., G.S. The paper describes(a)short-circuittests to determine the Company. insulation necessary and (b) thermal tests to determine theflre- Vernam, American Telephone and Telegraph This paper describes a printing telegraph cipher systemdeveloped resist inz characteristics of the insulation. during the World War for use of the Signal Corps,U. S. Army. 12. Temperature Rise and Losses in Structural -SteelMembers The system is so designed that the messages are in secretform Exposed to the Fields from A -C. Conductors, 0. R. Schurig from the time they leave the sender until they aredeciphered and H. P. Keuhni, General Electric Company. 'automatically at the office of the addressee.If copied en route Results of an experimental investigation to obtain practical data the messages cannot he deciphered by the copier eventhough on the temperature rises and losses in variousstructural -steel he has full knowledge of the method used. members when exposed to the fields from a -c. conductors.Should 21. Refraction of Short Radio Waves in theUpper Atmosphere, be useful to designers in making estimates of temperature rise Electric and avoiding construction in which heavy losses would occur. W. R. G. Baker and C. W. Rice, both of General Data are given which will serve as a basis for designing copper Company. sleeves to MiTIMIZe heating and losses in iron members. Estimation of the most suitable wave lengths for night orday communication between any two points is made possibleby the 13. Carrying Capacity of Silly -Cycle Busses for Heavy Currents, theory and calculations proposed in this paper.The paper shows Titus 0. LeClair, Commonwealth Edison Company. first how the striking phenomena of short-wave radiotrans- This paper describes tests on grouped copper busses carrying mission (below (50 meters) can be quantitatively accountedfor by verylarge phase currents. It shows how with very high currents a simple electron -refraction theory.The paths taken by waves the usual arrangement becomes quite inefficient on account of from an antenna to distant points on the cart h's surface are unequal distribution of current.Special arrangements of hum calculated.Ideal signal -intensity curves are given which show bars are suggested which have muck greater current -carrying how the transmitted energy is distributed over the earth's sur- capacity.One arrangement shows athree-phase bum which face. Reflection at the surface also is considered. carried rt500 amperes per phase with 30 deg. cent. rise. 22.High -QualityRecording and Reproducing ofMusic and 14. Supervisory Systems for Electric Power Apparatus, Chester Speech, .1. P. Maxfield and H. C. Harrison, Bell Telephone Lichtenberg. General Electric Company. Laboratories, Inc. A general survey and deesription of the various types of super- An analysis of the general problem of recording andreproducing visory systems for control and indication of remotely located sound with particular reference to the phonograph. Avery cdestrlcatapparatus.The systems describedare classedas definite design of mechanical !tarts is made 114)55011e bysubsti- follows. (I) selector. (2) distributor 13) audible, (4) rode -visual. tuting In the analysis electrical analogs for mechanical parts a ml 14) aynchronrius-relay-visual and (6) carrier -current.The is applied to these Also lb.' functions.The theory of electrical filters prineiples and features of each system are diseussed. analogs and is of great assistance In determining the(leaked sUPervIllOry system is compared with the tatter known remote - mechanical wave -transmission system for high-quallt y recording control system.Telemetering also Is rovered. and reproduction. TtEsDA y A tTERNooN Tt'EsDAv E v Evi () TwoPARALLEL SEMRIONS,A AND B Smoker (A)ELECTRICALM mitts; Y WEI)NEMDAY 11O1ININ4 1:),KJ' pteime nialDetermination of Losses inAlternators, Munnrd ELECTRICAL NI ACIIIVItY Itnth, SocieteAlsaeienne de ConstruetionsMeettniques. 21. hlrilPM of11«ttirig('urgesofEl,Used/ .11orh,nrrp, This paper orpiment, some studies Rut+. I.) find neciirnle and "Imply !id% ersil . V. Kitrit.pettlIT, im111,01. ,if iklertniningI hi. loissesInlarge electrical nowhines I., imbued out that an el4eirlrol nunhln1. for wart Irillarly alternators.The mile.,wrte undertaken because In tI11s paper It ('$u'l'nae' 11111111111,0 rondtlt'ntl 34 a 4114114 NO) lit itlib IAA tell that the Rpwrl for dr loTrRIR 1111'1111111 tnt11us1 rifissi out imschilie the sill nr c,,o,.0.0% of Iwo 1111191 11111111..1 1101111'141 Iliv ill, efficient" of large tinisehinew dose, itiol give vtirrieiresult, Is 1111101111trr' 111111 hr' 11 I I lir.,.111Ter1tirs, and the ,ottlio. IttAO-Lurit/ '1,Itpur Limn, ThlillInMSift1 nor , 'roe of Ihr ttott.1h'''ides I Iwo. Isn null Uol 111.0litm1)4,11,419i

.1 11 11111141111111T 1111,1, 41.1111r1111' 1111'1111 11111111.01 Westinghouse Electric ItMfg, Company. staler,' anti I III .11.11111g 111.11141 Till* Palter is an attempt Io piniae nn n firm theoretical founrhetlnn 111111 .11 1111 4'1111..1 :111111,1 11111,11. 82 INSTITUTE .1NII ICE1..1TED .1( "111' !TIES Journal A. 1. E. E. 21.li'oting of Electrical Machinery as Affectedby rocItliviilivr, Westinghouse .1. mental 1)1'004111re (4i rapidity or obtaining Eleetrie & Alfg. rmitita and It,) !Weill141.y IL is Imo, a that 'oniptoQ, . and el . The Milerv4,11.11.14 tw ciectricail machine rwmtlully ofitOpt.,011 eurrying a glteu loud 114,441.41 1.11.1.111t 1.1111kilsi Idtan rotors hotter at highaltitude than It does 1.0111111/14.1.10 Ullaa Val 1c11,1. paper proposed equations at seale% el. This 1.1111(1.-11/..1 to show how the tewiwrittiiro 32. With elevation.Also tainatlints lurreusrs pplitaiiim ofl'ilootroo1 nstrumenin to !Iola, namely to show lam ant given for the coroller3ease, no the ratting tined bedecreased at high atilt tide Eluclrical Mochtm,s, J. thowndroyd,Westinghouse Elec- for the sumo temperature tric. & Mfg. The paper discusses rime am normallyoccurs at NPli telt+ ('Oniiutny. the rules of the A.1. Tile possibilities of using vibration this point. E. E. Standardsout lost ruments In test lag rotaltog elvelrleitt apparatus art, taittliird Inthis paper 25. Motor Rand Losses, of vibrat him -I The advantages Thomas Spownlc,Vlrestinghouse Electric his( nonvii I s ror cerothioiaposcs uud an outline & Mfg. Company. of instruments illIttpled to thevarli II Is uses are discussed. This paper shows that 33. Ilse of High P'requency for rallyvay-motor band lossesurn of appreciable 7'estingInsulation of Ifolottng magnitude. sometimeslarge enough to be Apporotox, IL E. Ferris and cooling of the motor. detrimental to thS .1.L. Rylander, bothOf Band losses art, shownto vary accordine Westinghouse Klee t rie tool Mfg. to (a) the 1.7 power ofthe frequency and (b) '0 ni put iy. power of the induction. the 1.35 to the 1.g This Nowr tells of the advan'ages of' using high-fretincnrY for testing the insulation between voltage 26. Starting Characteristicsof Polyphase Squirrel the 11111LS of coils or windings -Cage Induction fly the use of high frequeitry,high voltages may be Motors and Their between turns. applied Control, H. M. Norman,Westinghouse '!'his method has been founduseful LiJi Electric & Mfg. Company. method for checking defects in a shop The characteristics material and poor workmanship. of squirrel-cagt, inductionmotors during 31. 7'he Cross -FieldThe'or'y of Alt( rnaling-Curreni starting, stopping andreversing are discussed in Machines. Equations are given which this paper. H. R. West, General EleetrieCompany. allow a comparison to bemade be- 'l'hls paper shows how tween loss and time ofacceleration. a general plan of analysis followingthe in determining the best Those equations are useful (Toss -field them) may hi, appliedto a -c. motors to obtain simple value of secondary resistancefor a certain and accurate numerical application.Short methods are given methods for routine calculationsof acceleration and moment of for determining time of perforniancu cliar.,eteristies.To explain the details inertia of rotors. cation of the method and appli- two examples ard worked respectivelyfor a WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON single-phase inductionmoonr and a repulsion motor. :i5. Riding of Healing Inspection Trips Elements for Electric Furnaces,A. D. Keene and G. E. Luke, bothof Westinghouse Electric WEDNESDAY EVENING Company. & Mfg. Dinner -Dance, (HotelAstor) An exnurimeltital study of the effective heat producedby various THURSDAY MORNING arrangements of resistor heating ovens and furnaces. elements such as used in electric ELECTROMAGNETISM The effects of spacing,resistor shape, AND PHYSICS shielding, radiation andreflection are studied. 27. Calculation of Magnetic data obtained should be The resultant Attraction, Th. Lehmann,Consulting useful in designing ovens andfurnaces. Engineer. THURSDAY EVENING A description of a simple and practical way of surveyingand Address by prominentspeaker. appraising the magnetic force inan air gap by means of the theory of the potential function.The author decomposes the field into elemental tubes magnetic of magnetic force whoseenvelopes Five Regional enclose spaces in which themagnetic density is constant. Meetings Planned 28. The Magnetic HysteresisCurve, Hans Lippelt, with For Coming Year E. Murray, Inc. Thomas The Regional Meeting An analysis of the phenomena idea has workedout so successfully of hysteresis introducing thecon- in the Institute thatthree, and possibly five, ception of a reactive componeqtand a dissipative component of will be held during of these meetings the counteractive force which the year 1926.Meetings will be held in subjected to a magnetizing acts when magnetic material is Cleveland, Niagara Falls, force.Equations and curvesare and Madison, Wis.,during the first developed which show how thesecomponents vary with variations half of the year; andpossibly in New York of the magnetizing force. during the latter half. and Kansas City 29. Properties of the Single Conductor, Carl Hering,Consulting Very fine programs Electrical Engineer. are contemplated for all thesemeetings and technicalpapers of the highest quality In this paper the properties ofa unit length of single, straight will be presented. conductor far removed from all Authors of high-gradepapers are realizing that their other circuits are investigated in be well received and papers will an endeavor to find whether sucha unit is a basic, fundamental 'ably discussedat the regional meetings. one on which deductions and a methodof mathematical treatment There are two advantages could be based. A constant is to presenting apaper at a regional deduced for the energy stored bya meeting.The first results from current in such a unit length, whichseems to he one of the most the fact thatpapers are selected fundamental, basic constants in which will be ofparticular interest in electrodynamics, from which meeting is held, and the locality where the many useful deductions can bo made.This energy corresponds therefore the audiencewill be responsive. to the inv2. 2 of movingmasses. The second advantage it is shown that what might be is that ample timeis allowed for dis- called "wattless flux" should herecognized, and that "self-cussion. Thesepapers are given the inductance" is used in twosenses which may sometimes lead to same treatment and publica- different results. tion rights as arepapers for the so-called national The plans for the conventions. 30. Heaviside's Proof of HisExpansion Theorem, M. S. Vallarta, contemplated meetingsare given in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. following paragraphs. Heaviside's proof of his ExpansionTheorem found scattered Cleveland Regional in his "Electrical Papers" isreconstructed in this paper.It is Meeting based on his so-called "conjugatetheorem" which establishes a March 18 and 19 relation between any two normal modes Sectionalized of oscillation of a dynam- drive and electricalrefrigeration ical system.The relations between Heaviside's,Carson's and be the principal technicalelectricalwill topics discussed Wagner's proofs are pointed out. which will be held under at the regional meeting the Second Districtof the Institute at THURSDAY AFTERNOON Cleveland on March 18and 19. has been well planned The social side of themeeting MEASUREMENTS, MACHINERYAND INDUSTRIAL and trips of inspectionalso will be made. 31. A New Wave -Shape Factor The Hotel Cleveland willbe headquarters. and Meter, L. A. Doggett, J. W. The technical Heim and M. W. White, all ofPennsylvania State College. papers on sectionalizedelectrical drive will deal A meter for determiningwave -shape factor is described in this specifically with applicationto paper -making paper.This meter is claimed to have advantages account of the great possibilities machines, but on over the method of applying synchronizeddrives of analysis based on oscillograms.The advantages come underin, other industries it isfelt that these the following headings: (1) cost, (2)portability. (3) ease of experi-meeting many engineers papers will attract to the connected with rubbermills, textile 83 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES mills, wire mills,coal -handling, conveying, automobile pro- St. Louis duction, etc.Three papers on this subject will be presented on Long -Distance Cable Communication for St. Louis, byH. H. March 18 by representatives of the three manufacturers who makeNance, American Tel. & Tel. Co.January 20. equipment for this purpose.The authors will be H. W. Rogers New York of the General Electric Company, S. A. Staege of the Westing- E. E. house Electric and Manufacturing Company, and R. N. Norris The next meeting of the New York Section of the A. I. will be held at 8:15 p.m., Friday, January 29, 1926, Auditorium, of the Harland Engineering Company. Engineering Societies Building, 33 West 39th Street, New York, A paper on Electrical Refrigeration will be presented on March 19 by C. F. Kettering, president of the General Motors Engineer-and will be devoted to a subject of inherent interest to every engineer,-in fact to the general public itself ,-" The Trend of the ing Corporation.This will be followed by an address by Dr. The meeting will be Farley Osgood, Past -President of the Institute on The Human Electric Light and Power Industry." based on an analysis and discussion of the prize winning papers Side of Engineering. Ample time for very full discussion will be allowed on all the in the essay contest, conducted last Spring by Bonbright and papers presented at this meeting as the committee incharge hasCompany. arranged the program with this object particularly in view. The Meetings and Papers Committee has been successful in A dinner will be held on the first evening at which two addresses obtaining several very prominent speakers: will be delivered.These will probably begiven by City Robert M. Davis, Statistical Editor of the Electrical World Manager Hopkins of Cleveland and John Stanley, presidentand second prize -winner in the contest will give a statistical of the Cleveland Railway. A number of inspection trips willanalysis or survey of the field, including an analysis of the 1925 be available, the main trip being one on the second evening to the operating figures which will then be available. Nela Park laboratories. H. P. Liversidge, Vice -President of the Philadelphia Electric Arrangements for the meeting are being made by a. competent Company, will discuss the engineering possibilities and prob- general committee which isas follows: Chairman, A, M.abilities in the industry's development. MacCutcheon; Secretary, C. S. Ripley; A. G. Pierce, Vice - John F.Gilchrist, Vice -President of the Commonwealth President of District No. 2; C. L. Dows, Ralph Higgins, A. F. E. Edison Company, will discuss the commercial policies and prob- Horn and. Nathan Shute. able developments.' Madison Meeting in May H. V. Bozell, of Bonbright & Company, will cover the financial questions. Rural electrification, interconnection between power systems, Other speakers of prominence will probably take part in cooperative research relations between colleges and industries,the general discussion. and underground distribution developments will be featured Directly preceding the meeting a second get-together dinner on the program of the regional meeting to be held in Madison, will be held at the Fraternity Club, and as accommodations are Wis., early in May.Various other subjects also will be covered. limited, members of the Section should make an early return of This will probably be a two-day meeting.The officers of Dis-the dinner reservation cards which will accompany the regular trict No. 5 are progressing with further details of the plans. notice. Niagara Falls Meeting, May 26-28 A three-day meeting with a wide variety of technical topics New York Electrical Society will be held by District No. 1 at Niagara Falls, N. Y., May 26, 27 and 28.A number of important engineering subjects will be to Discuss Long Distance Broadcasting covered and a full program of social and entertainment features At a meeting of the New York Electrical Society to be held in is contemplated. the Auditorium, Engineering Societies Building, 33 West 39th The technical subjects will include methods of dielectric -lossSt., New York, N. Y., at 8.15 p. m. on the evening of Wednesday, measurements, transmission, power plants and a number ofJanuary 6th, 1926, Mr. S. M. Kintner, Manager of Research other topics. Dept., Westingthouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., will give an instructive Plans are being made for a special illumination of the Falls, talk on "Long Distance Radio Broadcasting."Short wave length a trip down the Gorge, visits to power plants, a dinner and enter-broadcasting is in a very active stage of development and Mr. taining addresses of general interest.Further details will heKintner is particularly qualified to describe the most recent published in later issues. accomplishments.The talk will be accompanied by some unusually interestinganduniqueexperimentsand demon- Future Section Meetings strations.All interested in this meeting b,re cordially invited Boston to be present as the guests of the Society. Latest Design and Practise in Power Plants, by Vern E. Alden, Consolidated Gas, Elec. Lt. & Pr. Co.Lorimer Hall, Tremont Annual Meeting of American Society of Temple.Joint meeting with A. S. M. E.January 14. Civil Engineers High -Tension Cable Testing,byF. M. Farmer, Electrical The American Society of Civil Engineers will hold its seventy- Testing Laboratories.Meeting to be held in the new 750,000 -third Annual Meeting beginning January 20, 1926, in the volt testing laboratory of the Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston,Engineering Societies Building, New York, N. Y.The general Mass.February 19. arrangement so popular in the past will be followed,, with busi- Connecticut ness sessions and honorary awards Wednesday morning; reports Maintenance of Industrial Equipment.Hartford.Januaryof the Society's committees Wednesday afternoon; meeting of 19. the Technical Division throughout Thursday and an all -day ex- High -Voltage.New Haven. January 29. cursion on Friday, the 22nd. Patents.Stamford.Februaty 9. Beside the awards of Society prizes and medals, the Wednes- day morning session will embrace the conferring of two honorary Lehigh Valley memberships --one upon William Barclay Parsons and the Research of Today, the Engineering of Tomorrow, by E. B. Craft, other upon Arthur N. Talbot. Bell Laboratories, Inc.Joint meeting with Engineers' Club, A wide range of subjects will be considered in the technical Lehigh University Branch and LafayetteCollege Branch. sessions of Thursday, many of them of general as well as national Easton, Pa.January 20. importance. 84 INSTITUTE AN I) 1(E1..1TEI)AC1'I1T1'11,:s Joornitl .1.I. E. E. Edison NIrdalk%iirded fornia companies, and Professor Itvi&ii eilowralvoi I Professor I larri,.1. It) u i I lie engi- The Edison Medal an neers in finding ways to eope with the insulator problem"en- for the year Itr.!.. been awarded by thecountered, and it is on the mobil ion of similar Edison Medal Committeeof the Iasi i problene; tluil his lite to Dr. Harris J. Ryan, genius in I hi' 11941.11.rell held is (.X111.01.11 to e01101111114 Professor of ElectricalEngineering, Stanford an untstanding fornia, "for his contributions University, Cali-advantage to scienee. to the science and theart of high- tension transmissionof power." Thu Edison Medal was founded by I he EdisonMedal Associa- Dr. Ryanwas born in Powells Valley tion, composed of associates and friendsof Mr. Thomas A. He studied at Pa., January 8, 1866 Edison,andis awardedannually by Baltimore City College1879 to 1880; 1,obannon. a committeecon- Valley 1880 to 1882,and resisting oftwenty-fourmembersoftheAmericanInsti- ceived the degreeof M. E. tute of Electrical Engineers inElectricalEngineering for"meritoriousachieve - from Cornell in 1887.In ment in electrical science, 1888 he becamea member electrical engineering,or the of the Western Engineering electrical arts." Company at Lincoln, The medal has previously Nebraska, and in 1889In- been awarded Milli' Thom- structor in charge ofthe son, 1909; Frank J. Sprague electrical machinery labora- 1910; George Westinghouse, toryatCornell.From 1911 ;William Stanley, 1912; 1890 to 1895 he servedas CharlesF.Brush,1913; Assistant Professor ofelec- AlexanderGrahamBell, trical engineering inpro- 1914; Nikola Tesla, 1916; visional charge of thede- John J. Carty, 1917; Ben- partment and from 1895to jamin 0. Lamme, 918; 1905 wasProfessorin W. L. R. Emmet, 11919; charge of the departmentof Michael1. Pupin,1920; electricalengineering.In CummingsC.Chesney, 1905 he accepted thesame 1921; Robert A. Millikan, position at Stanford Uni- 1922; John W. Lieb, 1923; versity which he holdsto- John White Howell, 1924. day.In1909Professor Ryan becameconsulting First engineer for the Los Angeles Convention AqueductPowerDevel- of Radio Engineers opment.During the war A convention of the Radio asa member of the Engineers will he held in Pacific Coast Section of the New York,' January 18-19, Submarine Group of the 1926, when theInstitute National Research Connell of Radio Engineers holds he carried on valuable work its Annual Meeting in the andin1918and1919 Engineering Societies Build- was in charge for the Re- ing, 33 West 39th Street. search Council Supersonics Important technical papers Laboratory at Pasadena. will be presented and dis- In the Chicago Exposi- cussed by engineers prom- tion of 1893 Professor Ryan inent in the profession; there will be organized trips of was a member of the Jury HARRIS J. RYAN of Awards of the Depart- inspection to largeradio factories and broadcasting ment of Electricity -and in 1904was a delegate to the Inter-stations, and the convention will national Electrical Congress, St. LouisExposition.He is a close with a banquet at which many of the foremost radio engineersand executives of the Fellow of the American Associationfor the Advancement ofcountry will deliver addresses Science,member of the American Electrochemical on up-to-the-minute radio topics. Society, It is desired thatevery one identified with the Institute of Institute of Radio Engineers, Societyfor Promotion of Engi-Radio Engineers will attend neering Education, American Physical one or more of the sessions, and Society and Nationalguests are welcome.Chairman of the Convention Academy of Science.In 1887 he was elected an Associate of the is R. H. Marriott. Committee A. I. E. E.; in 1895 was transferredto Member and in 1923 became a Fellow.He was a Director of the Institute from 1893 to 1896; Vice -President, 1896 to 1898; Honorary Vice-President A. I. E. E. Directors representing the Institute at the Panama -Pacific Meeting International The regular meeting of theBoard of Directors of the American Exposition, San Francisco, 1915; President, 1923-24; andhas Institute of Electrical Engineers served on the Edison Medal, Meetings and Papers, was held at Institute head- Electro-quarters, New York, on Friday,December 11, 1925. physics, Transmission and Distribution andResearch Com- Officers present were: PresidentM. I. Pupin, New York; Past mittees. President Farley Osgood, - During Professor Ryan's twenty Newark, N.J.;Vice -Presidents years at Stanford, he has been Harold B. Smith, Worcester,Mass.; A. G. Pierce, Cleveland; a pioneering leader in high -voltage transmission, upon theManagers H. M. Hobart, Schenectady; development of which largely depends the future growth of the G. L. Knight, Brooklyn, N. Y.; H. P. Charlesworth, N.Y.; John B. Whitehead, Balti- Pacific Coast region.About three years ago the first 220,000- more; E. B. Merriam, Schenectady; H. volt power lines were successfully put into commission by Cali- A. Kidder, New York; National Treasurer George A.Hamilton, Elizabeth, N. J., and 85 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES and Alternating -Cur- National Secretary F. L. Hutchinson, New York; alsoby invita- No. 10-Standards for Direct -Current tion: Messrs. A. W. Berresford, J. Franklin Meyerand John B.rent Fractional Horse Power Motors. The following resolutions were adopted: Taylor. The minutes of the meeting of the Directors held,October 14, RESOLVED THAT in support of the plans and purposesof the A. E. S. C. in 1925, were approved. Novemberestablishing American Standards, and recognizingthe value and Reports of meetings of the Board of Examiners held field of electrical 16, and December 7, 1925, were presented and theactions takennecessity of cooperative procedure in the standardization, the Board of Directors of theAmerican In- at those meetings were approved.Upon the recommendation the A. E. S. C. of the Board of Examiners, the following actions weretaken onstitute of Electrical Engineers recommends to enrolled; 84that the A. E. S. C. set up an ElectricalAdvisory Committee pending applications: 764 Students were ordered representatives of at least the applicants were elected to the grade of Associate; 7applicantsof the A. E. S. C. constituted of applicant was transferredmajor interested groups, to advise the MainCommittee on all were elected to the grade of Member; 1 general to the grade of Fellow; 37 applicants weretransferred to the questions relating to Electrical standards and to serve as a coordinating committee in the electrical fieldwithin the scope grade of Member. Procedure of the The Board ratified the approval by the FinanceCommitteeof the Constitution, By -Laws and Rules of of monthly bills amounting to $18,391.51. A. E. S. C. A request from the Executive Committee of theGreat Lakes RESOLVED FURTHER Geographical District, for authority to hold a regionalmeeting THAT it is recommended that this Advisory Committeeshould at Madison, Wisconsin, early in May 1926, wasapproved. have such constitution and functions as to besufficiently elastic The organization of a Section at Sharon, Pa. wasauthorizedto permit the appointment of Special Committeesof particularly andqualified experts to pass upon specific questions in case any in accordance with a petition from members in Sharon S. C. vicinity. interested parties so requesting should submit to the A. E. The organization of a Student Branch at StevensInstitute ofreasonable evidence of the desirability of such action. Technology, Hoboken, N. J., was authorized. The Edison Medal Committee reported that the medal forthe Corrections in Standards Pamphlets year 1925, has been awarded to ProfessorHarris J. Ryan, of Section1.General Principles Upon Which Temperature Stanford University, Cal., "for his contributions to the scienceLimits are Based in the Rating of Electrical Machineryand and the art of high-tension transmission of power." Apparatus. Upon request of the Committee on Education, an appropria- E. tion of $600 was made, to apply to the cost of cooperating with In the reprint (September 1925) of Section 1 of the A. I. E. the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, in anStandards the following fundamental statement should appear investigation relating to electrical engineering courses in colleges. just below the title on page 5: "THESE ARE NOT RULES FOR RATING OR TESTING" Mr. G. L. Knight was appointed a representative of the Insti- the tute, upon the Board of Trustees of the United Engineering "The limits of temperature and temperature rise given in Society, to succeed H. A. Lardner, whose term will expire inpamphlet are not limits for the rating or testing of electrical January and who is not eligible for re -appointment. machinery.The pamphlet deals with the general considerations Professor W. I. Slichter was appointed to succeed himself asupon which rating limits are based.It is the introductory a Member of the Library Board of the United Engineeringchapter to the Standards of the A. I. E. E." Society, for three years, beginning January 1, 1926. Messrs. A. G. Pierce, of Cleveland and E. C. Stone, of Pitts- Attention is also called to the corrections as noted on page burgh, were appointed Alternates, upon the Assembly of the 1359 of the December JOURNAL.Correct copies of both Sections American Engineering Council. 1 and 10 can be obtained by returning the incomplete pamphlets The report of Dr. A. E. Kennelly, who represented the Insti-to H. E. Farrer, Secretary, Standards Committee, A. I. E. E., tute at the Fotirth National Radio Conference, Washington,33 West 39th St., New York, N. Y. November 9-11, 1925, was presented and accepted with a vote of appreciation to Dr. Kennelly for his services. American. Roadbuilders' Association in Other matters of importance were discussed, reference to Convention January 11-14. which may be found in this and future issues of the JOURNAL. The Annual Convention and Road Show of the American Road Builders' Association will be held in Chicago, January 11-15, Standards of the A. I. E. E. 1926.Sessions will be held for the discussion of varying prob- At the meeting of the Board of' Directors held December 11,lems in connection with traffic regulation, highway design and 1925, the following Sections of Standards, as recommended byconstruction, with an innovation this year of a division of these the Standards Committee, were adopted as Institute Standards.meetings into two sections-one for the investigation of traffic No. 9-Standards forInduction Motors and Inductionand engineering problems contingent to the cause, and the other Machines in General. for points of interest on the side of construction. Men nation- No. 30-Standards for Wires and Cables. ally representative for each subject on the program will address No. 9 was referred to the Sectional Committee on Rating ofthe meetings and these addresses will be followed by open, Electrical Machinery, for consideration and report to the sponsor. general discussion. No. 30 was referred to the Sectional Committee on Insulated Wires and Cables, for consideration and report to the sponsor, and then to he referred to the American Engineering Standards Dr. Parke Rexford Kolbe New President Committee for approval as an American Standard. of Polytechnic Institute The following three Sections of the A. I. E. E. Standards were An event of interest to engineers and chemists generally will referred to the Sectional Committee on Rating of Electricaltake place at the Academy of Music, Brooklyn, N. Y., on Machinery. January 13th, 1926, when Doctor Parke Rexford Kolbe will be No. 5-Standards for Direct -Current Generators and Motorsinstalled as the new president of the Polytechnic Institute. and Direct -Current Commutator Machines in General. Doctor Charles Alexander Richmond, president of Union College, No. 7-Standards for Alternators, Synchronous Motors andwill deliver the principal address of the evening; the presentation Synchronous Machines in General. of the charter, seal and keys will be made by Charles E. Potts, of 86 INSTITUTE AND RELATEDACTIVITIES .111ernal A.I,K the class of 1802, now chairman of the Boardof Trustees of thein the set.% lee, after a long and arduous eampaigii, Polytechnic Institute.Other speakers of the I he evening will be and scion I ilk Welland the Milli lifIL(11111.114 N1111111.111.(1 iu..uliecsi15iy Doctor William 11.Nichols, chairmanof the Board of the General Chemical Company, raising the Patent Office salaries to stemthetide oft., igna- and for manyyears chairman Of the tions, with the result that the Patent Offiee Corporation of thePolytechnic Institute; was oi ;- Collins, senior member Doctor George S. integration and has now made substantialprogress toward an of the faculty, and BancroftOherardi,efficient condition. chief engineer of theAmerican Telephone and pany. Telegraph Com- Butthegranting of patents is only one brunch of I lie operation Official delegates fromcolleges, universities and societiesof the patent system. have been invited toattend and acceptances The other branch is the adjudication of received indicate an patents and theirenforcement in proper eases. attendance of a noteworthynumber of prominent 'Phis latter func- parts of the country; men from alltion isperf()1.111(.(1 exclusively by the federal courtsand the among them Robert Lincoln Kelley,efficient operation of those courts is ofas much importance to executive secretary of theAssociation of American Colleges; George B. Pegram, president the patent system as that of the Patent Office.The rise in the of the Society for the Promotionof Engineering Education; W. cost of living, and the depreciation of the purchasingpower of the E. Wickenden, director ofInvestiga-dollar have placed those in courts ina position where their tion for the Society for thePromotion of Engineering Education; H. Foster Bain, efficiency is being impaired by causingmany excellent judges to secretary of the American Instituteof Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; resign and by disturbing thatpeace of mind without which the Robert Ridgway, American Societybest work is not likely to be done. Manyof the judges are of Civil Engineers; ElmerE. Brown, Chancellor, New York University; Charles C. Mierow, restive and waiting to see whether relief willnot be given them, president of the Colorado College; feeling that they will be forced to leave the bench General James G. Harbord,Kansas State Agricultural College, if the present Col. R. C. Langdon, West condition continues.Distress of the judges is particularly keen in Point; Arthur M. Greene, Jr., Engi-the larger cities where the cost of living ishighest. neering Foundation; PalmerC. Ricketts, Rensselaer Polytechnic Here also it is Institute, and Allen Hazen, more unjust that they should be asked to work fortotally inade- University of New Hampshire.quate salaries because the compensation which A reception for the officialdelegates will be held at the conclusion they could re- of the academic exercises. ceive in the private practise of law iscorrespondingly greater. The federal courts have jurisdictionover a wide variety of sub- iiiiiii 111111111111111/11/1111111111111111111111111111101.114111111111111111111.11.1111111111111111 iiiiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIIII110111111/4111111111.11111111111111111111111111111111111111111/1111 iiiiii I iiiii jects-much wider than that of thecourts of any of the States- so that the position is one of large responsibility,and requiring ENGINEERING FOUNDATION a high order of ability. 1.14111.101.1.1111111/111111111 iiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii 1.1111111111111101111101 iiiiiii 111,1.1111 N111111111111x1111N111111111N111N1111x111N111NN111xN1111NN111111111N11111N1Niimum Yet their salaries areso low that they are unable to live as befitting their station andthe high dignity PROFESSOR MARX SUCCEEDSPROFESSOR DERLETH, Jr. of 'their office, and to educate theirchildren.They may not Charles David Marx, professoremeritus of civil engineering, practise law, and have practicallyno opportunities for earning, Leland Stanford, Jr., University,has been elected chairman ofoutside of their salaries. the Engineering FoundationCommittee in charge of the Arch These conditions are probablymore important to the welfare Dam Investigation.He succeeds Professor Derleth,Jr., of theof our patent system than toany other branch of the jaw, be- University of California, who relinquishesthe chairmanship be-cause almost without exception,the federal judgeswhen appointed, cause of ill health, but continuesa member of the workinghave had no contact whateverwith patent law.It takes committee. years of education and experience in trying andlistening to the The Southern California EdisonCompany is furnishing theargument, and in deciding patentcases, to make a competent services of its chief constructionengineer, H. W. Dennis to be inpatent judge under these circumstances.When a federal judge charge of the building of thetest dam, and also the services ofwho is efficient in patent lawresigns, the process of education other members of its organizationessential to the accomplishmenthas to be gone through with byhis successor, and the resultnec- of this undertaking.Use of the property for the erectionof theessarily is in suchcases that the average ability brought to dam is contributed by the U. S.Department of Agriculture:the decision of patentcases over a series of years is low. A The Portland Cement Association is alsocooperating and Doctorfew unwise decisions wouldcost not only the parties, but the J. A. Mathews, vice-president andmetallurgist of the Cruciblecountry, many times the differencebetween present salaries and Steel Company of America is producingspecial metal for someadequate ones. of the instruments. The United States districtjudgesreceive but $7500 per annum and United States circuit The Engineering Foundation contributes fundsand services judges only$8500. Compar- for the general purpose of the Committee, ison with the salaries paid inthe State courts shows thegross un- but unfortunately itsfairness of these salaries. resources will not yet permit it to do more.It invites all others interested to cooperate in providing the remainder of In New York City theSupreme Court judges receive 817,500, the $100,000and the question is being necessary to the completion of the dam. . considered of raising that salary. judges of the New York The iii Court of Appeals in Albany receive $13,750. AMERICAN ENGINEERING COUNCIL In New Jersey the judges ofthe Supreme Court receive $18,000. In Pennsylvania theyreceive$17,500. In Illinois they receive$15,000. AN APPEAL TO AID BILL FOR PROVIDINGADEQUATE In Massachusetts they SALARIES FOR FEDERAL JUDGES receive $12,000. In Michigan they receive$10,000. BY EDWIN J. PRINDLE, A bill having the approval Chairman, Patents Committee of the federal judges has been introduced into Congress, knownas the Reed Bill, which provides Americans having to do with engineering, scienceor the in-salaries for the circuit judgesof $15,000 for the Second Circuit, dustries are pretty generally aware of the tremendous importance comprising New York andVermont; $14,000. for the nextmost of keeping our patent system operating in a helpful and efficientpopulous circuits-Third, Seventh,Eighth and Ninth; and manner.They realize that that system has been of primary im-$13,000 for the remaining of thenine circuits. portance in enabling our country to attain the foremost position The Bill provides salaries for among the nations in inventing, manufacturing and agriculture. the United States District judges of $10,000 with the provisionthat if the population ina district When the Patent Office was going to pieces because of salariesexceeds 2,000;000 the salaries insufficient to induce trained Patent Office Examiners to stay shall be increased $500 for each 100,000 population in excess ofthat sum up to within $1000 87 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES demands of finance, of the circuit judges' salary.If the differential in favor of theall plans. Industrial preparedness means that enacted,power, labor, transportationand materials be intelligently salaries in the more populous districts should not be be then the salaries for the district judges in general shouldbe corre-analyzed and properly coordinated, that all resources may marshalled against aggression.The combination of a weak and spondingly raised. If While our federal judicial system is one of the threegreatwealthy nation has never existed for any lengthof time. withpresent plans can render America safe for peacefor one genera- branches of our government and is co -equal in importance plans in our the legislature and the executive, yet its cost is trulyinsignificant. tion only they will accomplish more than any other capita is nowhistory. There are only 191 federal judges, and the cost per The one but one and one-half cents. Two pictures of industry stand out in the planning: it is impossibleis the picture of industry as it operates in timeof peace; the No matter how conscientious a judge may be, Industrial preparedness for him to have as high an average of clear, penetratingthoughtother, the picture as it looks in war. questions whichhas as its purpose the planning of the transition from onepicture in deciding the many intricate and important confusion. both come before him if his living andthat of his family are inade-to the other, with a minimum of dislocation and quately provided for, as if his mind is reasonably freefrom finan- before and after war.Competent bodies have studied and are studying the general problems, with the cooperation of business cial care.The loss to the public through avoidable mistakes, of failure to think clear through a problem under theseconditions,and industrial concerns and of individuals, and courses of ac- must be vastly greater than the cost of propersalaries. tion are being formulated. As Ex -Judge Edwin L. Garvin of Brooklyn has said: In general industrial preparedness is the contribution of "The present salaries paid to United States judgesbusiness to the national peace.It is preparedness against war, are a disgrace to the Americanpeople." not for war.But if war comes it will be a potent factor in win- Judge Garvin has just left the Federal Bench, beingforced toning peace through victory.Equality of obligation, mutuality do so by inability to live on his salary and theabsolute impossi- of responsibility, the common defense of all by all is the demo- bility of giving a college education to either ofhis children.cratic doctrine of a free republic.This is the spirit of industrial Many of the federal judges are eking out their salariesby usingpreparedness. the savings which they had provided for their old age.The Assistant -Secretary MacNider emphasized the fact that for American Engineering Council has adopted vigorousresolu-each combat soldier there should be seventeen people backing tions favoring the increase of the federal judiciarysalaries, andhim up with material.With the help of experts and business last Winter appeared, by Mr. L. W. Wallace, itsExecutiveexecutives plans have been formulated for swift mobilization. Secretary, the Chairman of its Patents Committee, andotherThe supply organization must be built so that it can in a moment representatives, before the Committees of Congress in favor ofbe stretched to a hundred times its peace -time size and function bills for that purpose.These efforts will be continued and re-effectively.The nation's best insurance against war is not a inforced at the present session of Congress. great army but an expert nucleons. General Harbord emphasized the need of sustaining interest Fair play and simple justice should make every American citi- zen interested in correcting this unjust andunwise condition. and support for the work of national defense of which industrial Every man and concern who is at all interested in patents andpreparedness is one part.To bring out the advantage of pre- in preserving our patent system in an efficient condition shouldparedness, he stated that if the present plan and organization express himself to his Senator and Representatives asbeinghad been in effect prior to the World War, besides greatly de- strongly in favor of immediately passing the Reed Bill or somecreasing our losses in killed and wounded, for every hour by other bill for raising the salaries at least as high as that bill. which the war was shortened one million dollars would have Let us he as effective in aiding the federal judges as we were been saved. in aiding the Patent Office.That can be done if every man will Major -General Summerall, in the name of the Army, acknowl- do his duty. edged all that industry is doing for the welfare of the military establishment and the country, and said that these efforts hearten Industrial Cooperation With the and encourage that establishment beyond measure. War Department ADDRESS OF W. L. SAUNDERS, ACCEPTING THE 24TH Hearty endorsement of the War Department in its program ENGINEERS COLORS for industrial preparedness and insurance against war was repre- Engineering Auditorium. December 4, 1925 sented by the large audience which gathered in the. Engineering Societies Building, New York, on the evening of December 4,Colonel Whitlock and men of the 24th Engineers: at a meeting held under the auspices of the New York Sections On behalf of the Trustees of United Engineering Society I ac- of the A. I. E. E., A. S. C. E., A.- I. M. E., A. S. M. E., Ameri-cept the custody of these colors of the 24th Engineers.They can Chemical Society and Society of Automotive Engineers,shall be carefully installed and exhibited in the halls of this and the Army Ordnance Association.Honorable Elbert H.building, there to remain as a permanent memorial. Gary presided and the speakers of the evening were Dwight F. Yours was the first regiment of its kind to be organized in the Davis, Secretary of War; Hanford MacNider, Assistant Secre-Army of the United States.Never before had the value and aid tary of War; General James G. Harbord, president of the Radio of the engineers in war been so fully recognized.You built Corporation of America, and Major -General Charles P. Summer -and maintained shops, cement block plants, railways, pumping all, Commander of the Second Corps Area, U. S. Army. A tele- stations, lighting plants, buildings, hospitals, schools, camps, gram of commendation from President Coolidge also was read.stables and many other things so important in modern warfare. Prior to the addresses, the colors of the 24th Regiment of Engi-To the men in the trenches you were what the laboratory is to neers were transferred, by an impressive ceremony, to the custody the chemist.Through such work as you did the world war was of the United Engineering Societies. brought to an end. Secretary Davis first spoke of the many constructive peace- And as future generations look upon these colors, they shall time accomplishments of the Army, including its activities insee in them not a cold monument of stone raised to a gallant standardization, communication, navigation, power develop-warrier, whose example one might seek to follow, but a living re- ment, medicine, agriculture, mail, merchandising and aviation.minder that strength in war is no longer a human, but a material He then outlined the plans and the necessities for industrial thing; that through machinery, industry and engineering a preparedness for national defense.He said, in part, that thenation fully prepared in peace is likewise prepared for and insured saving of time in swift and effective mobilization is the essence of against war. 88

INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES .1,}u lint IA.I. E.

Fuel and Power MeetingHeld in Boston JAMES R. CRAVATH, President of the Pioneer Electric Company Power problems in industrialplants wore discussed ata meet- of Richmond, Calif., has opened an office in the Call Building, ing hold in Boston, December10 and 11, by the Affiliated Tech-San Franciseo,as a consulting electrical and illuminating nical Societies of Boston ofwhich the A. I. E. E. Section isa mem- engineer. ber. The papers presentedwere Sources and Utilization of Coal, by HARRY A. YoE has resigned from the engineering department F. H. Daniels, Sanford -RileyStoker Company; Supply and Utili-of the New York Central Railroad where he has been employed zation of Fuel Oil, by E. H. Peabody,Peabody Engineering Corp.;for ten years and has entered the firm of Schultze & Weaver of Diesel Engines for New EnglandPower Plants, by J. F. Hocking, New York City. Worthington Pump and MachineryCorp.; Possibilities of Ob- CLIFFORD Cl. 11 ILLimi, formerly manager of the Merchandkink-, taining Power from Public -ServiceCorporations, by L. R. Nash, Sales Department of the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Stone & Webster, Inc.; Powerfor Textile Mills, by C. T. Main,Company, in their Boston office, has been appointedmanager Consulting Engineer; Powerfor the Palm.. Industry, by J. A. of the Receiver Section of the Radio Department of that Com- Warren, S. D. Warren Company;The Utilization of Power inpany, with headquarters in New York City. the Typical New England Plant,by K. D. Hamilton, Geo. E. DR. E. R. BERRY, assistant director of the Thomson Research Keith Company; The Advantagesand Disadvantages of High- Laboratory of the General Electric Company of Lynn, Mass., Pressure Steam in Industrial Plants,by Joseph Pope, Stone &has been awarded the Grasselli Medal by the American Section Webster, Inc.; Utilization of ExtractionSteam, by E. A. Dickin-of the Society of Chemical Industry, in honor of thepaper pre- son, General Electric Company; The Supplyof Industrial Power, sented by him describing a new achievement in applied chemistry. by W. H. Larkin, Jr., U.S. RubberCompany; The Coal Situation, SAMUEL W. BEACH, Chief Radioman, U. S. S. Nevada,has by E. C. Hultman, Chairman ofSpecial Commission (Mass.) recently written a book entitled, "The Great Cruiseof 1925"- on the Necessaries of Life; Household Heating, byH. R. Linn,a history of the trip made by the United States Fleet to Australia, American Radiator Company. New Zealand and South Sea ports. It also containsspeeches made by the Premiers and Governors -General of Australiaand New Zealand upon the occasion of the fleet's visitto their respective Sterling Fellowship forResearch at Yale countries. The Sterling Fellowship has been establishedby a gift of one million dollars from the John W. SterlingEstate, "to stimulate Addresses Wanted scholarship and advanced research in fieldsof knowledge." A list of names of members whose mail has beenreturned by the While a Yale University fellowship, this isopen to all approvedPostal Authorities is given below, togetherwith the addresses as colleges and universities both here and abroad,-menand women they now appear on the Institute records.Any member know- -whether graduate students, instructorsor professors whoing the present address ofany of these members is requested to desire to carry on studies and research underthe direction of thecommunicate with the Secretary at 33 West39th St., New Graduate Faculty of Yale University in affiliationtherewith. York, N. Y. Applications should be addressed to the Dean of theGraduate All members are urged to notify the InstituteHeadquarters School, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,on blankspromptly of any change in mailingor business address, thus supplied by him.Junior prior to March 1 and Senior Fellow-relieving the member of needlessannoyance and also assuring ships by April 1. the prompt delivery of Institute mail, theaccuracy of our mailing records, and the elimination ofunnecessary expense for postage Penn State Branch Holds Electrical and clerical work. Show1.-Ezra Adelsberger, 1912 Cold SpringAve., Milwaukee, Wis. On November 7, the annual Alumni Homecoming Day,the 2.-F. E. Bell, U. G. I. Contracting Co.,Box 371, Sioux City, Student Branch at the Pennsylvania State College presentedan Iowa. electrical show in the laboratories of the two ElectricalEn-3.-Geo. B. Coleman, P. 0. Box 322,Dayton, Ohio. gineering Buildings. The exhibits which were designed and4.-T. L. Davenport, 2530 May St.,Cincinnati, Ohio. prepared by the members of the Branch proved of great interest5.-George E. Haines, 3538 W. MonroeSt., Chicago, Ill. to the thousands who visited the show. 6.-S. Larios, 143 Fourth St., Milwaukee,Wis. The exhibits, of an educational nature, sholired the work carried7.-Willis E. Osborne, 312 West 4th St.,Erie, Pa. out in the Electrical Engineering Department of the College.8.-Mary Shimanovsky, 24 Mt. MorrisPark W, New York, Other exhibits traced the historical development ofcommon N. Y. electrical devices.Special lighting exhibits were featured at the night session.Numerous trick features constituted a less serious part of the show. Obituary George I. Bro.,n, an Associateof the Institute since 1908, 21010111111.111101101.1.01 .1111141101.1MMI1110110111.110101111.11011161141111111.116111MaIMMOMMYMMIMMONIM. died on November 1st, 1925.Mr. Brown was a Canadian by PERSONAL MENTION birth and received his educationunder private tutoring and at the University of Toronto, beingemployed by the Canadian VON*11.1180111111.10MMIIMIIIIIMMONINIMMOMI...... ensw. Government during theyears 1879 to 1892.Mr. Brown resided G. W. QUENTIN has resigned from the American Blowerin this country formany years, in 1915 opening an officeas Company in Pittsburgh to accept the position of promotion consulting engineer in Red Bank, N.J. manager for the Electrical World. David C. Rankin, Managing Directorof the Commonwealth F. L. GILMAN has been elected Treasurer of the WesternPower Equipment Company of Melbourne,Australia, died in that Electric Company to take effect January 1, 1926, and thereaftercity after an illness of twoyears.Mr. Rankin was a native of will be located at 195 Broadway. Melbourne, being a graduateof Melbourne University, and MORRIS KEISER, formerly with the National Bureau of Stand-coming to this country in 1919.He was in the employ of the ards, has joined the Research Department of the Marland Refin-Guarantee Battery Company ofSan Francisco as automotive ing Company as Associate Electrical Engineer. instructor and the Ballantine ElectricalCompany of Chicago as HAROLD J. MCCREARY, Inspection Methods Engineer of theplant superintendent and generalmanager, returning to Australia Western Electric Company, has accepted a position as research in July, 1923. engineer with the Automatic Electric Company of Chicago. Allen A. Tirrell, inventor andconsulting engineer of the ACTIVITIES 89 Jail, 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED education died recently.November 6th.Mr. Wirth received his engineering Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company during the World Warlhe Mr. Tirrell was the inventor of the voltage regulatorwhich bearsat Drexel Institute in Philadelphia; General Electricserved as a commissioned pilot instructor inthe air Service of the his name, being employed for some years by the the employ of Stone Company as a designing engineer-later going intobusiness forUnited States Army. He was afterwards in Pittsburgh. & Webster, in Philadelphia, later withthe Right and Left Tool himself as mechanical and electrical engineer in Manufacturing George Harry Wirth, Associate of the Institutefor the pastHolder Company and with the Edw. G. Budd Company as operator in charge of High VoltageSubstations. five years, dio(1at his home in Collingdale, Pennsylvania on 11111011110110011011 lllllllll 111111110110 lllllll 0001 lllllll llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 104 .4.104100101 llllll 1 llllllllllll 010.111 llllllll 1 lllll V110010111111111P lllllllll 10.111 llllllllllllll 1 lllllllllllll 1111 llllllllllllllllllll nn ettorin en tnntenonnntnnnnnnmn n m nut in monnoinnne. Engineering SocietiesLibrary

nonintotnninnintint lllllllll lllll n llllllllllll t lllllllllllllll Innen...non llllllllllll ninon lllllllllll tsionont llllllll nnn. llllll llllllll 011010111 llllll innnen lllll Institute of Electrical Engineers, the AmericanSocietyof The library is a cooperative activity of the American of Mechan- Civil Engineers, the American Institute of Mining andMetallurgical Engineers and the American Society It is administered for these Founder Societies by theUnited Engineering Society, as a public reference ical Engineers. It contains 150,000 volumes and pamphlets andreceives currently library of engineering and the allied sciences. West Thirty- most of the important periodicals in its field.It is housed in the Engineering Societies Building, 29 ninth St., New York. Library is In order to place the resources of the Library at thedisposal of those unable to visit it in person, the prepared to furnish lists of references to engineering subjects,copies or translations of articles, and similar assistance. Charges sufficient to cover the cost of this work are made. The Library maintains a collection of modern technical bookswhich may be rented by members residing inNorth America.A rental of five cents a day, plus transportation, is charged. The Director of the Library will gladly give information concerningcharges for the various kinds of service to those interested.In asking for information, letters should be made as definite aspossible, so that the investigator may understand clearly what is desired. The library is open from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m. on all week days exceptholidays throughout the year except during July and August when the hours are 9 a. m. to 5 p. in. BOOK NOTICES (Nov. 1-30, 1925) HISTORY OF ARITHMETIC. Unless otherwise specified, books in this list have been pre- By Louis Charles Karpinski.Chic. & N. Y., Rand McNally sented by the publishers.The Society does not assume respon-& Co., 1925.200 pp., illus., facsims., 8 x 5 in., cloth.$2.00. sibility for any statement made; these are taken from the pref- A brief account, intended primarily for teachers of arithmetic inelementaryschools.Gives particular attentiontothe ace or the text of the book. material of arithmetic which is still taught in those schools. All books listed may be consulted in the Engineering Societies It also pays particular attention to early American textbooks Library. and to the popular English treatises from which they were DYNAMIK, 2; DYNAMIK VON KORPERSYSTEMEN. derived.Bibliographies accompany each chapter and there are By Wilhelm Mfiller.Ber. u. Lpz., Walter de Gruyter & Co., many illustrations from early books. 1925.137 pp., 6 x 4 in., cloth.1.25 mk. INTERMEDIATE LIGHT. Devoted to the methods for mathematically investigating the By R. A. Houstoun.Lond. & N. Y., Longmans, Green & Co., motion of structures composed of rigid elements.An attempt 1925, 228 pp., inns., diagrs., 8 x 5 in., cloth.$1.75. is made to condense the development of the subject as much as A brief elementary textbook intended for use by students in possible and to arrange the whole systematically.The analyticsecondary schools and the first years of college. methods used are grouped in general around d'Alembert's MAKING, SHAPING AND TREATING OF STEEL.4th edition. principle. By J. M. Camp and C. B. Francis.Pittsburgh. Pa., Carnegie ELEKTROMASC HINENB AU. Steel Co., 1925.1142 pp.,illus.,diagrs., tables, 8 x 5 in., By P. B. Arthur Linker.Ber., Julius Springer, 1925.304fabrikoid.$7.50.[Payment should accompany order.Money pp., diagrs., 9 x 6 in., boards.24 -gm. orders and checks to be made payable to Carnegie Steel Co. A textbook on the design of continuous -current dynamos and Orders and inquiries should be addressed to Carnegie Steel Co., motors, transformers, induction motors, synchronous dynamos Bureau of Technical Instruction, Carnegie Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. ] and motors, converters and alternating -current commutator This book is intended primarily for use as a text -book in the motors.The book follows the course given in the Hannoverschools conducted by constituent companies of the United States Technical High School. Steel Corporation for employees without a technical education. The author shows how the design of electrical machinery mayIt is also admirably adapted to the needs of every one, wishing be based on the intelligent use of the elements and basic lawsan accurate account of standard practice in the American steel of theoretical electricity, and how it may be used also to deepenand iron industry. by use the student's knowledge of theory.At the same time, Beginning with a survey of those principles of physics and many devices to lessen the purely clerical items of design arechemistry which are useful to the metallurgist, the authors take shown. up refractories, iron ores, fuels, fluxes, describing their varieties, FOUNDATIONS OF BRIDGES AND BUILDINGS. properties and uses.The manufacture of pig iron, wrought iron and steel are then discussed,Section two is devoted to By Henry S. Jacoby and Roland P. Davis.N. Y., McGraw-the shaping of steel by rolling and forging.Section three treats Hill Book Co., 1925.665 pp., illus., diagrs., 9 x 6 in., cloth.of the constitution, heat treatment and composition of steel. $6.00. Section four describes the manufacture of wire, sheets, pipe and Treats of piles and pile driving, cofferdams, caissons, piers, tubes. abutments, spread foundations and underpinning.Intended to No other book approaches this in its fulness of detail on current present American practice on the entire subject of foundationspractise in American iron and steel works.It is a complete in a systematic manner.Includes a useful, classified bibliog-account of the.industry, from the ore to the semi -finished prod- raphy of selected articles. uct, prepared by men in intimate contact with current practice. The new edition has been revised and amplified. MECHANICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF LEONARDO DA VINCI. FOUR -FIGURE MATHEMATICAL TABLES. 13y Ivor B. Hart.Chic., Open Court Pub. Co., 1925.240 By G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby.Lond., & N. Y., Long -pp., illus., facsims., port., 9 x 6 in., cloth.$4.00. mans, Green & Co., 1925.26 pp., 10 x 6 in., paper.$.40. The author's primary purpose was to make a detailed study of A convenient collection of the mathematical functions usuallythe nature and value of Leonardo's contribution to the study of tabulated in four -figure tables, printed in clear type. Logarithms,aeronautics, but as the study of flight is linked with that of anti -logarithms, reciprocals, squares, natural and logarithmicmechanics, the whole field of his work in mechanics has been sines, cosines and tangents, degrees to radians,powers, roots andsurveyed. reciprocals are included. After an introductory chapter on the characteristics of

90 INSTITUTE AND ItI.: LA E D ACTI VITI ES Journal A. I. E. E. Leonardo's manuscripts, there is a discussionof the state of mechanical sciencein the fifteenth P it 1 PLEB OF ELECTRIC POWER Tit A NSMISSIONAND DISTILIB influences that bore century, of the scientific TION. upon Leonardo and of thesources of information availableto him.This is followed by I iy L. F. Woodruff. work in mechanicsand as a pioneer an account of his N. Y., John Wiley & Sons, 1925.340 concludes with of aviation.The bookpp., illus., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., cloth.$4.00. of Birds and othera complete translation of hisCodex on the Flight of Turin. Matters from themanuscript in the Library A work based on instruction givento senior and graduate students at the Massachusetts Instituteof Technology.Its MECHANISM OFTHE CAR. aim is to call attention to the fundamentalscientific principles involved in power transmission and t he By Arthur W. Judge.Lond., Chapman & Hall, methods by which they manuals, v. 3.) 1925. (Motorare made applicable to practical engineering problems;and at 175 pp., illus., 8x 5 in., cloth.4s. the same time to impart as much informationas is feasible about A non -technical present practise in electric power transmission. by examples fromexposition of the basicprinciples, illustrated chassis, transmission,current automobile practice.Covers the PROTEUS, OR THE FUTURE OF INTELLIGENCE. gears, etc.While adapted touse by owners and mechanics, it alsowill interest the engineer. By Vernon Lee.N. Y., E. P. Dutton & Co.,1925. (To -day OIL ENGINE POWERPLANT HANDBOOK. and to -morrow series.)63 pp., 0 x 4 in., cloth.$1.00. By Staff of Oil Engine Power.N. Y., Oil Engine Power,1925. In this very interesting littlevolume Vernon Lee discusses 192 pp., illus., diagrs.,11 x 8 in., fabrikoid. intelligence; what it is, when it originated,and how it influences $3.00. us in the realms of art, religion, morals and The work is a combinationof catalog information economics and in our ucts of various manufacturers on the prod-personal lives and outlooks. of oil engines and accessories,with a series of articles by various engineers.These articles treat of THEORY OF MEASUREMENTS. such matters as lubrication,operation and maintenance, valve By Lucius Tuttle and John Satterly. setting, installation and similar - Lond. & N. Y., Long- practical viewpoint. topics, and are written fromamans, Green & Co., 1925.333 pp., diagrs., 9x 6 in., cloth. $4.50. OSCILLOGRAPHS. . . . By J. T. Irwin. This textbook is intended for N. Y., Isaac Pitman & Sons,1925.164 pp.,in physics or mathematics. use in connection with courses illus., diagrs., 7 x 5 in., cloth.$2.25. It emphasizes general considerations of measurement, theoryof errors, general methodsof After a chapter on the fundamentalprinciples involved, theprocedure, quantitativeaccuracy, adjustment of observations, author describes the varioustypes of oscillographs and theand similar topics thatare usually merely mentioned in methods of damping. Muchspace is given to the cathode-raytory manual, but that need laboratory a labora- oscillograph. work and drill as muchas The book is apparently thefirst in English de-measurements of individual quantities.Itis voted to the subject and is, theauthor remarks, to a greatfor use as a reference book. alsoadapted extent original. The work represents a course given in the Universityof PHOTO -ELECTRICITY. . Toronto. By H. Stanley Allen. 2d edition.Lond. & N. Y., Longmans, TREATISE ON THE LAWOF PUBLIC UTILITIES. Green & Co.,1925. (Monographs on physics). By Oscar 320 pp., L.Pond.3rdedition.Indianapolis,Bobbs- 9 x 6 in., cloth.$6.50. Merrill Co., 1925. A very complete exposition of 1065 pp., 10 x 7 in., buckram.$10.00. our theoretical knowledge of An endeavor to give photo -electric phenomena and of thepractical applications ofmunicipal public utilities.a full, impartial exposition of the law of photo -electric cells.The new edition incorporates theresults The book is basedon the decisions of the investigations during the of the courts and the variouscommissions, so that it is authorita- past decade and includes ative and practical.The new edition contains valuable bibliography of all the relevantpapers publishedof motor vehicle transportation study between 1913 and 1924. appeals. and a chapter on the subjectof

lllllllllllll I llllll 111111 llllll I llllllll 111.11111111n1.11 ILLIIIMMI.M11111111111111.1110 Past Section andBranch Meetings

lllll 111111111111.1111111/111111111111111/1111/11111111.1111111101111111111 lllll 111 lllllll 10111111.111111111111111101101111111001111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 llllll 1111111111 llllllll 4111111111111 llllllll llllllll I lllllll SECTION MEETINGS Akron Fort Wayne Transformers and Reactors in Radio,by R. H. Chadwick, General Frogleg Windings for Multipolar D -C. Generators andMotors, by Electric Co.Motion pictures on the action G. M. Albrecht, Allis Chalmers Co. A dinnerpreceded the ing tubes were shown. of radio receiv- lecture.November 20.Attendance 54. November 12.Attendance 40. Boston Ithaca The Power System of Alabama,by F. G. Switzer and J. G. Business Meeting. November 23.Attendance 8. Tarboux. November 20.Attendance 50. Chicago Lehigh Valley Rectifiers, by L. T. Robinson, General Electric Co.Joint withAutomatic Stations an,d Their Western Society of Engineers.November 23.Attendance Remote Supervision, by Chester 260. Lichtenberg, General ElectricCo.October 30.Attend- Cincinnati ance 50. Transmission Problems, by C. L. Fortescue, Westinghouse Elec.Power -Electrical and Personal,by Farley Osgood, Consulting & Mfg. Co. An illustrated lecture on the "Klydonograph" engineer and Past -Presidentof the A. I. E. E.; was also given.November 10.Attendance 142. Developments in Control of MineEquipment, by H. D. James,

Connecticut Westinghouse Electric & Mfg.Co., and Distribution at Increased Voltages, by J. E. King, ConnecticutBusiness Engineering, by J. H.Pierce, Buck Run Coal Company. Light and Power Co.December 9.Attendance 125. The three above addresseswere given November 13 and Cleveland an inspection trip was made to theLansford Coal Company and the Lehigh Coal andNavigation Company November Inspection trip to the plant of the Otis Steel Company.October 14.Attendance 200. 22.Attendance 300. Denver Los Angeles Some Epoch -Making Scientific Advances within the Last OneAutomatic Substationsand PowerConversionforRailway Hundred Years. by B. F. Howard, The Mountain States Tele- Purposes, by L. J. Turley, LosAngeles Railway Co., Decem- phone and Telegraph Co.November 20.Attendance 33. ber 1.Attendance 118.

Erie Lynn The Metric System, by Howard Richard, Secretary of the MetricDream Pictures, by Branson DeCou.This was in the form of a Association. A buffet luncheon was served.November musical travelog, illustrated withmasterpieces of art and 17.Attendance 65. photography. November 23.Attendance 580. ACTIVITIES 91 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED Temperature and Motor Endurance,by Leo Brandenberger, Industrial Heating by Electricity, by N.R. Stansel, General with moving picture. December 2.At- ElectricalEngineer.Illustrated Electric Co.Illustrated with slides. December 2.Attendance 46. tendance 100. Vancouver Madison Radix, by Dr. H. Vickers,University of British Columbia. Natural Electricity and Lightning Protection,J. Slepian, Westing- Attendance 61. Attendance 80. Illustrated with slides.December 1. house Elec. & Mfg. Co.November 27. Washington Mexico Light & Power Co.Municipal Electrical Regulation, byA. R. Small, National Fire Substations, by L. M. Speirs, Mexican Protection Association.December 8.Attendance 112. November 5.Attendance 34. Worcester Milwaukee Transmission of Pictures over Wires,by R. D. Parker, American The History of Cooperation AmongEngineers, by W. M. White, Telephone and Telegraph Co.Illustrated withslides. Allis Chalmers Mfg. Co. November 19.Attendance 75. Activities of A. I. E. E. in Great LakesDistrict, by Professor Edward Bennett, University of Wisconsin.A film, en- BRANCH MEETINGS titled"MilwaukeeElectrically"wasshown.Dinner Attendance 75. Alabama Polytechnic Institute meeting.November 23. A motion picture, entitled "WhiteCoal," was shown.No- Minnesota vember 18.Attendance 38. Some Contemporary Advances inRadio Communication, byPro- of Minnesota. NovemberThe Tunnel under the Hudson River, byMr. Earnest; fessor C. M. Jansky, University The Development of the Steam Locomotive,by Mr. Stain. Mr. 30.Attendance 100. Allen gave a talk on his work with theWestinghouse Com- Niagara Frontier pany.Joint meeting with A.S. M. E.December 2. Radio Development, by C. W.Horn, Westinghouse Electric & Attendance 21. Mfg. Co.November 6.Attendance 35. Armour Institute of Technology Some Fundamental Properties ofthe Electron, by Professor V. December 7.Attendance Smoker.November 18.Attendance 72. Karapetoff, Cornell University. Wired Wireless, by R. U. Hagen, IllinoisBell Telephone Co. 123. Illustrated.December 3.Attendance 59. Pittsfield University of Alabama Certain Researches and Hobbies, by Dr.W. R. Whitney, General given by F. R. Electric Co.November 17.Attendance 280. Talks on .membership in the A. I. E. E. were considerations of power Maxwell, Jr. C. E. Rankin and E. H. Pritchett.Moving Round -table discussion on fundamental special reference to pictures, entitled "Back of the Button(Electrical)" and limits of transmission systems with "How Uneeda Biscuits Are Made," were shown.Novem- stability.Mr. R. E. Doherty, General ElectricCo., led the discussion by abstracting his paper"Fundamental ber 16.Attendance 14. Considerations of Power Limits ofTransmission Systems." Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute December 8.Attendance 60. Radio Meters and Their Application; by Mr.Banks, Jewell Portland Electric Instrument Co., and Public -Service Management, by F. T.Griffith, Portland ElectricTransmission of Motion Pictures by Radio, byJoseph Heller, Power Co. A motion picture, entitled"Modern Pioneers" student.November 24.Attendance 50. was shown.November 18.Attendance 165. Inspection trip to the new Swedish liner "Gripsholm."Decem- Providence ber 5.Attendance 50. The Quest of the Unknown, by Professor H. B.Smith, Worcester University of California Polytechnic Institute.December 2.Attendance 50. Business Meeting.The following officers were elected: Faculty Advisor, T. C. McFarland; Chairman, E. A.Fenander; Rochester F. Dalziel; Automatic Train Control.This illustrated lecture was written Vice -Chairman, E. L. Ramer; Secretary, C. by W. H. Raichard, General Railway Signal Co.,but pre- Treasurer, G. B. Kenline.November 24.Attendance 25. sented by one of his assistants.November 6.Atten- University of Cincinnati dance 50. Miami Fort Power Plant, by J. R. Hartman, ColumbiaGas and Saskatchewan ElectricCo.Illustratedwithslides.November 12. Advances of Physical Science from' the Electrical Viewpoint,by Attendance 75. Dr. E. L. Harrington, University of Saskatchewan.No- Power Transmission, by Professor A. M. Wilson,University of vember 27.Attendance 65. Cincinnati.November 19.Attendance 70. Schenectady Clarkson College of Technology Smoker.October 23.Attendance 350. A talk on his experiences while working with theGeneral Electric The Quest of the Unknown, by Professor H. B. Smith,Worcester Company was given by Edward Augustine.November 17. Polytechnic Institute.Illustrated with slides.November Attendance 21. 13.Attendance 310. Clemson Agricultural College Springfield Past, Present and Future of Industrial AccidentPrevention, by Electric Propulsion of Ships, by W. E. Thau, Westinghouse J. A. Davis; Elec. & Mfg. Co.Illustrated with slides.November 23. The. Economics of Safety, by F. A. -Burley; Attendance 56. Safety Work at the Plants of the SouthernManganese Corpora- Toledo tion, and Federal Phosphorous Company, by F.J. Fishburne, Police, Fire and Traffic Signal Systems, by Tyler Green, Chief and City Electrician.After the lecture an inspection trip to Current Events, by J. R. Smith.November 5.Attendance 22. an engine house was made. November 18.Attendance 35. University of Colorado Toronto Officials of the Public Service Company fromDenver and Boulder Electric Steam Generators, by C. E. Simon, Canadian General explained the Doherty Training Course offered by thePublic Electric Co.November 13.Attendance 63. Service Company for college graduates.After the meeting Watthour Meters, Demand Meters and Kv-a. Meters, by E. G. the visitors inspected the electrical engineeringlaboratories Ratz, Canadian Westinghouse Co.Illustrated with slides, ofColorado.November 18.Atten- and of the University Recent Developments in Relays, by L. N. Crichton, Westinghouse dance 60. Elec. & Mfg. Co.November 27.Attendance 100. Super Power, by II. M. Webber, student, and Resuscitation from Electric Shocks, by Dr.Gillespie.Demon- Utah strated.December 2.Attendance 55. Switchboards and Switches, by S. W. Manger, General Electric Co . Illustrated with slides and moving pictures.October 21. University of Denver Attendance 44. The Wave Propagation of High Frequency,by Stewart Ellis, and Carrier -Current Communication, by R. E. Pierce, Utah PowerA Year's Progress in Lighting, by EarlReed. November 12. & Light Co., and Attendance 15. 92 INSTITUTE AN I)!CPA..1TED At"I'lIT1 KS .4 Ne:e Departure Journal A. I. E. E in Electrical Education.by C. A. ElectricShiwels, by 'tooter, mill Bull Lliburatury ,,f New York Clio, 11. ( ' I la ley. dams, 21. 1.teeetnher4, AtI411 - by Professor ilratnly .1 Illitt on the mm1'01'01111'of NtAmtlee ivriipi was shown. November '2..:11endatice Drexel Institute kleetrificatim, of Railways Recent Progresson th,Delaware River Historyand th-r, Ita putrid of /eaput A. S. C. E.Joint meeting with Bridge, by Mr. chase, l'ransit,byProfessor Johnson. No% ember 16. A. S. M. E. and A.S. C. E. dative 21. A tten- December 4. AIlemlance 250. Uniersity of Florida Montana State College The Development A moving piettire, of St, am Turbines, King or lb, !Wk." ,,110%%o. Elect trio Co., and by Mr. Carey,Western November In tenduttee1112. Heat Insulation,by Mr. Dean. The Transmutation of.11,0.111'11unto (Mb!. leetore %%;e- read by B. A. Shaw,11,11.1 vonher 16.Attendance 20.Illustrated with slides.No- The Action aml ydrogen as a CantinaII veil am juiEl, Or ir,s1 Development of theBell Telephone, by by John Chamberlain. .11 I( viol R.L. Boyd,Southern Bell Telephone Colonel Dceeniher 7.Attendance 159. System. and Prelegraph University of Nevada with Illustrated with movingpictures.Joint. meeting BentonEngineeringSociety. Transformers, by \V. C. Smith, tendance 50. December7.At- with (leneral Electrie rattd slides and a modeltransformer. Nu,,1111,,,- Georgia School ofTechnology Attendance 48. Telephotography, by D. College of the City of New phone M. Therm), TheSouthern Bell Tele- York Co.Illustratedwithslidesand Railway Signals, by JamesWilson, student. November 24.Attendace 60. photographs. Attendance 17. Nuinilor19. University of Idaho Inspection trip to the Electrical'Posting Laboratories. Experiencesin Shops at her 30.Attendance 14. Nu,4111 - November 17. Schenectady, by ProfessorBailey. A report on the test of Attendance 15. a 150 -kw. alternator was given byDaniel University of Iowa Schneeweis and James Wilson.December 10.Atten- Railless Electrical Vehicles, dance 13. by F. A. Kulas, and ' Manufacturing InsulatedCopper Wire, by M. C. North Carolina State College ber 18.Attendance 45. Little.Novem- The Life and Work of the LateJ. B Duke, and The St. Lawrence Report of Committee Water Way, by R. H.Lird; on Production and Application ofLight, by Rural Electrification,by E. F. Miller, and E. W. Chadwick.November 3.Attendance 36. Methods of Resuscitation, by Electric LocomotiveDrives, by D. A. Captain Gordon, RedCross Life Attendance 48. Shaw. November 25. Saving Corps.November 17.Attendance 45. Water, by N. C. University of North Carolina Grover, United StatesGeological Survey. Joint meeting with A.S. M. E. and A. S. C. ydrogen-Cooled Generators,by W. E. Wortman, 4.Attendance 53. E.December November 19.Attendance 20. st tuletit. Alternating -Current Railways, by J. C. Risius,and University of North Dakota Wilson Dam, by G.Smith. Sightseeing in a Large December 9.Attendance 47. Jenkins; Manufacturing Plant, byProfessor D. R. Kansas State College A New Theory of Light, by Summer Work with theKansas Gas and Electric Elmer Johnston, student,and A. L. Brady. November Company, by Permalloy, by HelmerGronhovd, student. Attendance 30. November16. UniverSity of Kansas 7'he Vacuum Tube, by Karl Economics in Engineering,by Professor John Ise. Rudser, student, and Attendance 59. December 3. Muscle Shoals, by Merton Attendance 15. Peterson, student.November 30. Annual Banquet.December 10.Attendance 173.

Northeastern University University of Kentucky Business Meeting. Business Meeting.The following officers The following officerswere elected: Chair:. dent, J. W. Weingartner; were elected: Presi- man, F. W. Morley; Vice -Chairman,E. 0. Alden; Assistant Secretary, C. E. Albert.Oc- Secretary -Treasurer,L. C. Tyack. November tober 7. tendance 21. 27.At- University of Maine University of Notre Dame Business Meeting.The following officers man, S. B. Coleman; Vice -Chairman,were elected: Chair-Short -Wave Propagation,by Frank Castro, and R. A. Parkman; Heating as Your Job, by Mr. Secretary, H. S. McPhee; Treasurer,R. M. Noyes. Novem- Strawbridge, Indiana andMichigan ber 24.Attendance 9. Elec. Co.November 2.Attendance 31. .4 Comparison ofElectrically Driven Centrifugal Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology Steam -Driven Reciprocating Oil Pumps with Uses of Vacuum Tubes, by 0.M. Hovgaard, student. Pumps, by M. B. Daly, and ber 27.Attendance 21. Novem- The Milky Way, by Rev.Emil de Wulf. ber 16.Attendance 26. Illustrated.Novem- Inspection trip to plant of theGeneral Electric Company Lynn.December 2. at Ohio Northern University Attendance 5. Business Meeting. Michigan State College December10.Attendance15. Business Meeting. November17.Attendance 17. Ohio State University A film, entitled "WhiteCoal," was shown. Arc Welding, by E. K.Lincoln, Lincoln Electric Attendance 80. November 24. 20.Attendance 180. Co.November School of Engineering of Milwaukee Oklahoma Agricultural Rural and Mechanical College Lightning Arresters, by R. N. Selleg,Westinghouse Electric & Electrification, by EarlMiller,student.Illustrated. Mfg. Co.October 31.Attendance 56. November 18.Attendance 19. Business Meeting.The following officers were elected: Chair- University of Oklahoma man, S. A. Moore; Vice -Chairman, Carl Herr;Secretary, A Brake Test on B. J. Chromy; Treasurer, W. G.Peek. a 0.000,001-H. p. Motor, by Prof.0. W. Walter; Attendance 25. November 19.Local Engineering, byBruce Spence; Electric Meters, by Floyd Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy Williams, and High -Line Maintenance,by Ralph Tyler. Loud Speakers, by DrydenHodges. tendance 32. November 19.At- dance 14. December 4.Atten- Pennsylvania State College University of Missouri Business Meeting. Talks were given by students October 28.Attendance 40. on their Summer experiencesA film, entitled "The Queenof the Waves," workingforvariouscompanies.October 19.Atten- fessor L. A. Doggett was shown.Pro- dance 17. gave a talk in which he describedthe electrical installations of theU. S. S. New Mexico, theU. S. S ACTIVITIES 93 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED by W. E. Mueller.Septem- He also gave an expla- Commercial Research Engineering, Saratoga and other battleshipS. ber 30.Attendance 19. nation of the action of the gyro -compassand its installa- October 7.Attend- Attendance 100. High -Tension Cables, by E.L. Dunlap. tions.November 18. ance 18. Canal Zone, by G. .J. Cartwright; Automobile Braking Systems, by0.. R. Brownell.October 14. Bell Telephone Laboratories, by D.A. McMaster; Attendance 17. New York Edison Company, by J. E.Hogan, and The Dufour High -FrequencyOscillograph, by L.F.Busse. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Company,by Professor H. I. Tarp - October 21.Attendance 19. These talks dealt with recent Summerexperiences Oc- ley. Attendance 52.Piezo Crystals and PiezoElectricity, by B. C. Carpenter. of some of the members.December 9. tober 28.Attendance 19. University of Pittsburgh The Klydonograph and Its Applicationto Surge Investigation, by K. N. Cook.November 4.Attendance 20. Pittsburgh Railways Problems, by G. A.Culbertson, student; Lines, by C. N. Coombe. R. L. Johnson; student Carrier Telephony on High -Voltage Putification.of Circuit -Breaker Oils, by November 11.Attendance 20. and Palestine, by A. Abulafia,student.Street -Railway Power and LineDistribution, by E. R. Fitzgerald. Recent Developments in Attendance 20. November 6.Attendance 29. November 18. Machine -Switching Telephones, by S. H.King, student.Novem- Texas Agricultural and MechanicalCollege ber 13.Attendance 26. High -Voltage Transmission Lines, byD. M. Davis, student, and The Klydonograph, by E. H. Powell;student.; student.November D. P. Mitchell, student, and Power -Plant Design, by R. M. Kennedy, The Manufacture of Steel Pipe, by 20.Attendance 83. Harnessing the Tides of the Bay of Fundy,by N. Watkins, student. November 20.Attendance 25. Virginia Military Institute Engineering Education, by Cadet S. A. Purdue University .4 New Departure in Carson; The Use of Electrical Analogies inSolving Mechanical Problems, Losses in Iron under the Action of SuperposedA -C. and D -C. by J. A. Long. American Tel. &Tel. Co., and Excitations, by Cadet L. Metcalfe, and Telephone Apparatus in the PurdueTelephone Laboratory, by Cadet R. L. Yeager. Telephone Co.October 26. Electricity as Applied to Medicine, by E. B. King, Indiana Bell December 7.Attendance 21. Attendance 40. Improving Consumer Substations, by A.W. Miller, student, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute Transformer Design and Operation, byA. M. Wiggins, student. The New Orthaphonic Victrola, by A.R. Green; November 10.Attendance 80. New Courses Offered by the Universityof Pennsylvania, by Mr. The Electric Railway and Its Relation toI mInstry, by Professor Keller, ana D. D. Ewing, and The Corn Products Refining Plant,by H. E. Broyles. Novem- Swordfishing, by Professor J.L.Bray.December1. At- ber 18.Attendance 25. tendance 100. The ;Fireless. by Professor llaynes.December 2.Attendance Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 35. Work with the New York Edison Company,by Fred Van Olinda ; University of Virginia Work with the United Electric Lightand Power Company, by A film, entitled "Speeding Up Our Deep-Sea Cables," was shown. Louis M. Dowell; November 16.Attendance 23. Work with Kingston Public Utilities Company,by Luke Holton; University of Washington Work with the New Haven Power andLight Company, by Paul The Development of the Submarine Cable,by M. T. Crawford, Escholtz; Puget Sound Power and Light Co.Illustrated with slides. Work with the General Electric Company, atSpringfield. by Leslie November 4.Attendance 27. Hochgraf; -Line Surreys, by Dr. West Virginia University New Methods of Making Transmission What Mental Tests Will Do in Industries, byW. L. Nuhfer: Win. L. Robb; by W. F. Davis; New Alloy for Spark -Plug Points, by Dr. M.A. Hunter; Dipping and Baking Railway -Motor Armatures, Physics and the Theory of Relativity, by Dr. R. A.Patterson and Babbitt Metal, by G. R. Latham; Making an Interference Survey by Radio, by Dr. W. J.Williams. Advantages of Highway Lighting, by W. A.Williams; November 10.Attendance 106. Steam Geysers and Electrical Development, by E. A.Berry; .4 Thermostat, by S. McGowan, and Rhode Island State College Highway Lighting, by C. W. Moore.November 23.Attend- The Life and Work of Oliver Heaviside, and ance 28. The Einstein Theory ofRelativity, by Professor Anderson.Business Meeting.November 30.Attendance 28. November 20.Attendance 27. The Melrose Substation, by J. Lamb. December 4.Atten- University of Wisconsin dance 18. The Value of Non -Professional Subjects tothe Engineer, by Pro- fessor Edward Bennett: Rose Polytechnic Institute Accuracy in Engineering Work, by Professor C.M. Jansky, and Principles of Street Lighting, by G. F. Mudgett, Westinghouse Branch and National Attendance 41. The Value of Membership in the Student Elec. & Mfg. Co.November 11. A. I.E.E., by Professor J. T. Rood. November 10. High -Frequency Waves, by D. R. Werner.December 2.At- Attendance 110. tendance 43. Worcester Polytechnic Institute South Dakota State School of Mines Business Meeting.The following officers were elected: Chair- Telephone Engineering, by Fred Spain.November 16.At- man, 0. H. Brewster; Vice-Chairman, D. A. Calder; Secre- tendance 16. tary. R. A. Beth; Treasurer, J. F. Wood:Counselor, H. A. Maxfield.November 19.Attendance 21. Swarthmore College My Travels in Mohammedan Countries, by Professor H.B. Smith. Engineering as a Profession, by A. Prescott Willis.December 10. December 8.Attendance 60. Attendance 50. University of Wyoming Syracuse University Business Meeting.The. following officers were elected: Chair- Business Meeting.The following officers were elected: Presi- man,Everett Murray; Vice -Chairman, James Yates; dent, K. N. Cook; Secretary, R. H. Watkins; Treasurer, Secretary -Treasurer,VirgilShinbur;FacultyAdvisor, G. R. Brownell.September 23.Attendance 20. G. H. Sechrist.November 19.Attendance 9. 9-1 AND itio.ATED ,\("riITIEs .1 I I.: iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii .iiiiiiiiiiiiii 1.401.0441.1......

bey . 144A= NIII14...1.111010 E ngineering, _SocietiesEmploymentService .W, 4444444444 MUUUU... M iiiiiiiiii 10 llllll 61111.11 iiiiiii 1 iiiii I iiiii .4. ii r. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 14 iiiiii sitalifuly W OINIM1 . Under joint YM. atuld1. management of the nationalsocieties of Civil, Mining, with the Western Societyof Engineers. Mechanical and Electrical Engineer-1i cooperating tive bureau by The service is availableonly to their membership, and is contributions from thesocieties and their individual maintained as a coopera- Offices: --s3 West39th St., New York, N. members who are directly benefited. 53 West Jackson Blv'de., Y., -W. V. Brown, Manager. Room 1736, Chicago, Ill.,A. K. Krauser, Manager. MEN AV AI LABLE.-Brief announcements requests received afteran interval of one month. will be published without charge butwill not be repeatedexcept upon period of three months Names and records will remainin the active files of the and are renewableupon request. Notices for this Department bureau for a EMPLOYMENT SERVICE, should be addressedto the month. 33 West 39th Street,New York City, and should be received prior to the15th of OP PORT UN I T I ES.-A Bulletin ofengineering positions available members of the Societiesconcerned at a subscription is published weekly andis available to tions not filled promptly rate of SS per quarter,or $10 per annum, payable in advance. as a result of publication inthe Bulletin may be announced Posi- VOLUNTARY CON T RIBU TIONS.-Members herein, as formerly. invited to cooperate withthe Societies in the obtaining positions through themedium of this service placement, on the basis financing of the work by nominal are of $10 for all positionspaying a salary of $2000 contributions made withinthirty days after amounts in excess of $2000per annum; temporary positions or less per annum; $10 plusone per cent of all The income contributedby the members, together (of one month or less) threeper cent of total salary received. it is hoped, be sufficient with the finances appropriatedby the four societies not only to maintain, butto increase and extend the named above, will REPLIES TO ANNOUNCE service. M E N TS.-Repliesto announcements published be addressed to the keynumber indicated in each herein or in the Bulletin,should to the Employment Serviceas above. case, with a two cent stamp attachedfor reforwarding, and filled will not be forwarded. Replies received by thebureau after the positions forwarded to which they refer havebeen POSITIONS OPEN ELECTRICAL DESIGNER, ENGINEER -SCIENTIST, 30,married, edu- who has hadcated at M. I. 'P., three ELECTRO-PHYSICIST AND RADIO experience on oil switches.Salary $200-$250 a years in chemistry, threeENGINEER, age 40, married, month.Location, Chicago. R -7818 years In mathematical physics,graduating in former professor -R -7-C. mechanical engineering. in Russian technicalcolleges;publications and DESIGNER, for manufacturingpurposes of Employed as technicalinventions in x-rays, positive such equipment as air report writer for researchlaboratory of G. E. and rays, radio, measur- break switches, gangoper-as industrial physicist and ing instruments, agriculturalapplications. ated disconnect switches,bus supports, etc. designer by Corningyears' Industrial experience Two perience in simple station Ex-Glass Works.Executive experience and broad In radio receivers and operation, design oftraining parts in UnitedStates. substations, etc., does incommercial subjects.Employed. Employed in testing not qualify a man for thisB-9930. laboratory of radioconcern.Desires research, position.Experience in the actualdesign and radio engineering, manufacture of the class of ENGINEERING EXECUTIVE,nine years' or testing position.Available equipment describedexperience, mainly with on one week's notice.B-371. essential.Location, Pennsylvania. R-8118-C. one large power company SALES ENGINEER, in station operation,distribution lines, substation ELECTRICAL AND VALUATIONENGI- technical graduate, forconstruction, transmission line NEER, 32,single,good working knowledge manufacturer of storage batteries.Opportunity. construction, dis-Spanish.Ten years' Apply by letter stating tribution engineering, commercialwork Including practicalexperiencein- age, education and ex-power sales. stallation,operationof perience. Now district superintendentcharge steam,hydro -electric Location, Georgia. R -8208-C. distribution entire district, plants,electric mining,industrial and public ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,experienced in also entire chargeutility equipment, including developing small electrical local offices reporting to districtoffice.Graduate two years General machines and devices.electrical engineer, G. E. Electric Company'stests, two years with Public Knowledge of spot weldingand heat resistance test course training. units desirable. Wants place as assistantto chief engineer, orService Commission of NewYork State.Now Apply by letter stating experi-general manager electric specializing in inventories,appraisals, property ence, age, education and salary desired.Location. power company, or Inreports, investigations, classified Middlewest. R -8243-C. consulting engineering firm.Married, 32. C-650. accounting sys- ENGINEERING EXECUTIVE, tems for public utilities,mining and industrial SALES ENGINEER, formanufacturer of elec- 44, married,corporations. considerableexperienceselection. Salary $300 per month.B-9636. trical heating and controlappliances.Apply by installation, ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL letter.Location, San Francisco. operation wide variety electricaland mechanical ENGI- R -8257 -C -S. equipment.G. E. test sales engineering, NEER. 45, married, withvery wide experience DESIGNING ENGINEER,30-35, with elec- steelin dredging, mill superintendent.Successful record building construction and executive work, trical crane and hoistexperience.Apply byefficient desires a permanent position letter. operatingorganization.Effectivein with public utility, or Salary $3000 a year.Location, Pennsyl-practical analysis and consulting, or constructionfirm. vania. R -8205-C. presentation of industrialanywhere. Willing to go problems.Refer present employer. Perfect knowledge of modernlan- MEN AVAILABLE January first. Availableguages. Available end of January EXECUTIVE, 43, married, thoroughly Location anywhere.C-615. or earlier. C-720. com- ELECTRICAL ENGINEER. ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, 25, single, petent to take charge of offices,plant or factory. 30.technicalColumbia graduate graduate, desires positionas assistant engineer 1925, extensive training of six Many years' actual experiencein organization, per-executive. oryears with ability to sonnel management, valuation Eighteen months G. E.test,four use his hands and his head; and appraisal, in-years assistant foreman on installation, ten years' electrical andmechanical shop experi- stallations and supervision, office testingence, seven months' experience management,and development work.Will not consider a place in test department correspondent and special confidentialinvestiga-that has no chance for of large powercompany, desires a position with a tions.Available at once.Location, New York advancement.Location, or New Jersey. greater New York City.Available on two weeks'manufacturing company wherethere is an oppor- C-521. notice to present employer. tunity for advancement.Wishes to specialize C-702. in electric relays ENGINEERING EXECUTIVE, positionde- ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, college and control devices and would sired with growing company incommercial orwith five years' experience graduatebe most interestedin this work. engineering capacity, preferably in power house andtwo weeks' notice. Available on as departmentsubstation design, as well as Location, anywhere.C-237. head,orassistantto general executive.At construction, desires TECHNICAL GRADUATE. responsible position with public utilityor engineer- 'desires position present assistant to chief engineercompany manu-ingfirm, with established radio facturingheavy offeringopportunity.Available on manufacturing concern, machinery.Ten years'ex-reasonable notice.C-692. domestic or foreign.Present position with U. S. perience since graduation from RensselaerPoly- ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, Government oncare, upkeep, and maintenance of technic Institute in design, manufacture research,de-radio direction finding heavysigning and executive practice,particularly in stations.C-723. machinery, design, manufacture electricalequip-gasoline -electrictraction PROFESSOR, electrical ment, appraisal of physical property of public problems,fullyac-consider making engineering. would quainted with theory and practiceof electrical, a change.Ten years' of teach- service corporations, maintenance of shopequip-electro-physical and mechanical ing experience.Well acquainted with industrial ment, and power plant operation. problems andrequirements through Authorityshop practice, desires responsiblepermanent posi- design,application and on application of industrial electrical equipment.tion.At present chief and consulting constructionexperience.Desires Available because of closing of plant with which engineer.in an institution professorship Available in short time.Pittsburgh or Eastpre- where research is encouraged. connected for past seven years.A-280. ferred.C-693. B-7083. PLANT ENGINEER, age 33, technical edu- GRADUATE OF THE UNIVERISTY STUDENT ENGINEER,age22,single, cation, broad experience in the design, OFseventeen months on G. E. construc-PENNSYLVANIA in industrialmanagement. test, desires position tion and maintenance of industrial plants.Spe- in powerplant,preferably in four years' experience in electricalconstruction,with connection cialty oil refineries. New York license. Availabledrafting and machine design in executive generationandtransmission.Available immediately.B-9376. capacity.on two weeks' notice. Age 26.Available January 15, 1926.C-694. Location, New England:or Eastern New York.C-731. 95 ACTIVITIES Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ...... 111111111111111111111111111...... Etc. MEMBERSHIP-Applications,Elections, Transfers, ...... 1111111111111111111111111111111111111/111111111111111111111/111111.1.1% ...... 1111111111111...... 111111111101111111111111111 .....01110.10.11.11111111111111,1111111111111111111111,111111111111111111111111 ...... 111111111111111111111111111111imeminIiiillimimit1111111.11111pitii 111111...... 111111.14.111...... i111111i1,111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .1111111111...... 11111111111111111..... Electrical Work,PETTERSEN,HERBERT CHRISTIAN, Drafts- ASSOCIATES ELECTED DECEMBER11, 1925*FANAFF, PAUL ANDREW, man, Inside Plant Dept.,Commonwealth Electrical 628 Ogden Ave., Toledo, Ohio. Edison Co., 72 W. Adams St., ChicagoIll. AGENS, HERBERT M., Asst. to FLEMING, WILLIAM RAYMOND,Electrical Engineer, The Foundation Co., 120Liberty Edi-PULLEN, JOHN THOMAS, JR., Asst.Engineer, St., New York, N. Y. Switchboard Operator, Commonwealth Southern Utilities Co., West PalmBeach, Engineer, son Co., Fisk Street Station,Chicago, Ill. ARMERO, JOSEP.,Electrical GARDNER, JOHN H., Jn., Captain, U.S. A., Fla. AlabamaPowerCo., PYLE, MARK, Engineer, Puget SoundPower & OperatingDept., Fort Hayes, Columbus, Ohio. Birmingham, Ala. The Light Co., Eastern Dist., Wenatchee,Wash. GETTESS, GEORGE HAROLD, Engineer, Engineer, BARBER, HARRY ORVAL, Supt., Snoqualmie 2000SecondAve.,QUINN, JOSEPH JOHN, Estimating Falls Generating Sta., Puget SoundPower & Detroit Edison Co., Engg. Dept., Duquesne Light Co., 4356th Detroit, Mich. Light Co., Snoqualmie, Wash. GLAZIER, FORREST SMOOT, SalesEngineer, Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. BATES, L. W., Engineer in charge ofAutomatic St.,*RICHARDS,KENNETH WEATHERBY, Substations, Appalachian Power Co., Blue- W. A. Ramsay, Ltd., 74 S. Queen & Honolulu, T. H. Cadet Engineer, Public Service Electric field, W. Va. Elec. Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Electrician, MarshallGRISWOLD, RALPH. G.,Instructor, BOOTHE, EUGENE F. University,WestROBINSON, TREVOR ARMSTRONG, Electric Co., 3225A Locust St.,St. Louis, Engg.Dept.,Purdue Draughtsman, Northern States Power Co., Lafayette, Ind. Mo. 76 W. 3rd St., St. Paul, Minn. &HARDY. ROBERT S., Asst. GeneralManager, BUSCH, HUGO WILLIAM,Designing Niagara Lockport & Ontario PowerCo.,ROITBURD, BERNARD, 2905 Grand Con- Maintaining of Test Equipment, Ware Radio 608 Lafayette Bldg., Buffalo, N. Y. course, Bronx, New York, N. Y. Corp., 543 West 42nd St., New York, N.Y. En-ROTE, OAKLEIGH C.,StudentEngineer, CARVER, DELMONT WILSON, Chargeof*HOFFMAN, HENRY JULIUS, Student General Electric Co., Schenectady, N Y. Meter Dept.. Brevard County PowerCo., gineer, General Electric Co., Erie, Pa. RUDERSHAUSEN, FRANZ JOSEF, Labora- HORN, HENRY GEORGE, DesigningEngineer, Melbourne. Fla. toryAssistant,ChileExplorationCo.. Elec. General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass. CASSELL, WALLACE LEWIS, Instructor, *HOWERTH, DWIGHT GOLDWIN, Asst.to Chuquicamata, Chile, So. Amer. Engg. Dept.. University of Colorado, Boulder, RUMP, SIGURD, Yarmouthville, Maine. Statistician,Adirondack Power & Light Colo. Corp., Clinton St., Schenectady, N. Y. SALERNO, MARCUS JOSEPH, 515 W. 111th CAYLOR, RALPH A., Service Manager, The St., New York, N. Y. E. H. Walker Co., 210-212 N. Erie St.,HUBBARD, McCOY, Asst. Engineer,Southern Utilities Co., West Palm Beach, Fla. SANDSTROM, PER N., Draftsman, Common- Toledo, Ohio. wealth Edison Co., 72 W. Adams St., Chicago, CHRISTIE, SOREN L., Jn., Electrical Engineer,HUBINGER, JOSEPH EDWARD, JR., Con- struction Dept., Mississippi River PowerCo., Ill. Elec. Heating Engg. Dept.,Westinghouse SAYRE, EARL ROLAND,SalesEngineer, Elec. & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh;res., Keokuk, Iowa: for mail Warsaw, Ill. Blvd., ISAAC, ARCHIBALD CHARLES THOMP- Hart & Hegeman Co., 623 W. Jackson Wilkinsburg, Pa. SON, Mechanical Engineer, General Electric Chicago, Ill. CLANCEY, JOSEPH A., JR., Production Mana- SCHENCK, IRVING PRIESTLEY, Electrical Inc., Co., Pittsfield, Mass. ger, Gray Electro Chemical Laboratory, JOHNSTON, ROBERT FOSTER, Estimator, Engineer, Day & Zimmerman, 1600 Walnut 9-11 W. 20th St., Bayonne, N. J. General Electric Co., 120 Broadway, New St., Philadelphia, Pa.; for mail, Plainfield. *CONNOLLY, ROBERT COTTMAN,Asst. N. J. Electrical Engineer, Western Sugar Refinery. York. N. Y. KOLDOFF, ANTHONY GEORGE, CablingSCLAVOUNOS, LAMPROS P., Manager, Mem- San Francisco, Calif. Engineer, Western Electric Co., Inc., 24th ber, Board of Directors, The Egyptian Radio CONOLEY, ALEXANDER GORMAN, Divi- Co., Cheriff Pacha Street 16, Alexandria, sion Line Inspector, American Tel. & Tel. St., & Cicero Ave., Cicero. res., Elmhurst, Ill. Egypt. Co., 928 Hurt Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. General *CORCORAN, HARRY ROBERT, Sales Engi-KOPATZKE, GEORGE A., Service Manager,SCOTT, ARTHUR H.,Engineer, neer, Electric Controller & Mfg. Co., 2700 E. WagnerElectricCorp.,501Broadway, Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass. 79th St., Cleveland, Ohio. Milwaukee, Wis. SIMPSON, WALTER LA VERN, Electrical *ORANICALL, RICHARD JOHN, Technical,*KWONG, FREDERICK KIMMING,Chief Engineer, Canadian & General Finance Co., Writer. Engg. Dept., National Lamp Works, Engineer, Toi-shan Electric Light & Power 357 Bay St., Toronto, Ont., Can. General Electric Co., Nela Park, Cleveland, Co., Ltd., 97 Wing Lok St., Hongkong, China.SIVIAN, LEON J.,Research Engineer, Bell Ohio. LARSON, NILS GERON, Electrical Drafting, Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St., CULLINAN, CORNELIUS, Construction Super- The International Paper Co., 100 E. 42nd New York, N. Y. intendent, Public Service Production Corp., St., New York, N. Y. LEROY, EVERETT ROOSEVELT, Engineer-SOCOLOF SKY, PAUL, Student, Industrial Elec. 15 E. Park St., Newark, N. J. Engg. Dept., Pratt Institute, 254 Clermont DANCE, HERBERT ERNEST, Asst. Consult- ing Assistant, New York Telephone Co., ing Engineer, Lecturer, Elec. Engg. Dept., 104 Broad St., New York, N. Y. Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Birkenhead Technical School, Birkenhead,LOCHNER, BJORN R., Draftsman, Westing-STAROSSELSKY, DMITRY V.,Inspector, Eng. house Elec. & Mfg. Co., Sharon, Pa. Electrical Construbtion Bureau, Brooklyn DAVIS, ROWLAND FENNER, Engineer, 0. &LOSINSKY, JACOB, Control Engineer, Volhov Edison Co., Pearl & Willoughby Sts., Brook- E. Dept., American Tel. & Tel. Co., 195 Hydro -Electric Power Plant Works, lyn, N. Y. Broadway, New York; res., Brooklyn, N. Y. A. S. E. A., Ludvika, Sweden. STEWART, PHILIP BRUCE, Supt. of Trans- DEAN, SAMUEL MILLS,Engineer,TheMARSH, HALLOCK SNYDER, Service Clerk, mission, Union Gas & ElectricCo.,4th Detroit Edison Co., 2000SecondAve., Radio Corp. of America, 925 FortSt., & Plum Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. Detroit, Mich. Honolulu, T. H. SUMMERS, CHARNELLEH.,JR.,Asst. DEARLOVE, TOM CARLTON,ElectricalMILTON, ROBERT McCARLEY, Electrical SouthernUtilities Engineer's Office, Wilson DistributionEngineer, Engineering, 19 Homewood Ave., Toronto, Inspector, U. S. Co., West Palm Beach, Fla. Ontario, Can. Dam, Florence, Ala. Instructor, Engineering *DR VEYIJER,CONSTANTIN,Fioldman,*McNAIR,J.W.,Engr.Assistant,UnitedTAYLOR, PAUL B., Transmission Engg. Dept.,So.California Electric Light & Power Co., 56 Cooper School, Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. Telephone Co., 433 S. Olive St., Los Angeles, Square, New York, N. Y. THOMAS, WINTHROP ATHERTON, Asst. Calif. McNALLY, CLAUDE, Electrical Instructor & Engineer,Elec. Engg.Dept., New York DIGGINS, GEORGE J., Jn., Mat. Engineer, Engineer, Academy High School, Erie, Pa. Edison Co., 124 E. 15th St., Now York, N. Y. RailwayElectrification,Gibbs & Hill,MILLER, WILLIAM G., Electrical Engineer,*THOMASON, FREDERICK LAYTON, En- Pennsylvania Sta., Now York, N. Y. Designing Dept., Electeric Bond & Share Co., gineer, Murrio & Co., 45 E. 17th St., New DRUSHEL, RAYMOND WENDELL, Division 71 Broadway, Now York, N. Y. York; res., Brooklyn, N. Y. Operator, The Ohio PublicService Co.,NUTTALL, BRANSON, Switchboard Engineer,THOMPSON, SUMNER M AT E LL, Electrical Alliance, Ohio. Messrs. Ferguson Pailin Ltd., Higher Open- Inspector, Bureau of Power & Light, City of ECK ERSLEY, JAMES, Foreman, Meter Dept., shaw, Manchester, Eng. Los Angeles, 120 E. 4th St., Los Angeles, Toronto Hydro -Electric System, 225 YongePARRY, EDWARD M., 202 Howard St., Passaic St., Toronto, Ont., Can. Park, N. J. Calif. ELBE RTY, ROBERT S., Jn., Engineer, Ameri-PALMER, I IA RLA NI B., Instructor,Elec.WILKINSON, GEORGE DAVID, Division can Laundry Machinery Co., Norwood; res., Engg. Dept.,University of Colorado, 810 Traffic Inspector, Western Union Telegraph Cincinnati, Ohio. 14th St., Boulder, Colo. Co., 24 Walker St., New York, N. Y. tIll I \ Ill k j(j%I.ATEI)It IA 11 fli.j4 Journal A 1 E. E W telt) 1 Ito% Al. Ass t 5(415,11 IOW The Philadelphia Elecitic "'IA.% I' 11 co till101164 1NI N Chief of 11)dtotem s, so IN l'hllsdelpttla l's rieett I. anwaileolon ItliWARI1 1. Metal*, et/Tartmiral 1.041414- n4,0 11.-11 Trirtaidalte Total iv.! 446* Ittlivirie I'4,/ Naito liffaaaviarcit silt 1411/1011losties Sew Formeriv h ItI 4o F it E. 1ER t talents 'hsuperiiitendent of PowerAl V P.11 A A Piodoetam Assistant liana.** aftpwriasofoh.ot Polio Rico Hail*of I1464 Assoccivrrs REELECTED ('.,Mee'o f. li.al 'it 1/vIesit urcrunret11, Juan I'It NIINro 19i111 1 %ch. CARL T., Al A It KILN A A 'loaf EngInorer A s II LE Y. AttoruetatVasPao -et nal bairn! Teleport ALIA(' N . Sr. York Rept 1.1,41% 'swam. Washington. D 4 ' ItoIlflNNa\,111.1(811T 10 'meth Electrical Alfig LAREN, MALVOLNI kattiliiimrt II W p %% holt-two,..r Eit, stNew York. N 12.01 'veld 1'r/otter /11 (ItI ffrSeto Vora Eilifinecring , '1' t l't merlont inter soj )411E1111(1fIt( off V.I('YIi Eli. 1 Elortrfeal Kftginver, ALLAN W N T111041' NI riolm't N ['nib Technical Stag, Hell N II I AiilallUtfitil \kr* Yuri Inc Telephone Laboratories\I' (14)" I") TeetwicalEngineersILMiIEI'.t 11A NI '1 igIf 4t13 West M., Newlurk, N. . res. ming Dept hlioll Kitt/am ('u. Ihntrcait, Ils) deist. bureau of West New York.N.J. Mich. Standard.I lc -martini -oil of ' ifteme Wa.h. AI ETU.: Nil EINI, Mews' II ' !MEMBERS ELECTED HENRI 11 InstructorIn DECEMBER sNIIT11, E. ERET1' 11 , Electricity & Nil at le I. Nrqtriarl. super.littig Ideal School. Newark Insists1...itsine4.r,Belll'elephour UaLIS. PIETRO, \ .1 to, lea Nes York Chief Engine'e'r, Transformer ictimrri,4) II. (ander.En-sys,1 1,11,, ft Factory, l'ompagnia(ionerale di 1.344ttrieit gineering, Argentin, ,,P,111(1, F.It 'hie, Klretriovsllen Via Borgtbgnone, , gjw-,1 PA VII . init., PUNIC Kt.1" We rat 40, Milan. Italy.. E 14 Engineer, General Engineering ('letrlslr) 11 DOW, JAY L.,Telephone Engineer, Bell Dept ieitei STE% ENS,11.ENANIIV.Iit Met -Ira -al Tel l'..lectrii , Selietiortil4b ku Laboratories, Inc.,4t13 West St., New York, N. V. gtrltr1I,rrleralEleetrii Pielselieetarlf. N. Y. REID, MEREDITH N Y. DREESE, ERWIN W.,ElectricalEngineer,WEIGHT, JOHN N' ERNEST, Chief Engineer, General Engineering &Management Corp. IgulubtAal Tits k Lincoln Electric Co.,Cleveland, Ohio. New York, N. I'. andley' Mr Dept , PER SHAD, BALA, hatter> , New York Supt., Telephone Dept , RUSSELL, ROY E., H. E. H., The N Estimator. Prank J. York,11 11.1:1 N M, ItOY, Assistant Liam's Government, IIy den*. Co., Detroit, Mich. N.ugilux r. Dept.of bad, Deccan, India. LOUIS Iodro-Eh.e. & 'Fran...missionEning., Puente RUTH, CONANT Assistant to General Super- tas. & W., President, C. W.Ruth intendent, t'onstillditted Gas,Electric Light (Nr, San Francisco, ('slit. Engineering Co., 8 S.Dearborn St., ('Ilicage. & Power Co.. Baltimore, Md. 111. APPLICATIONS FOR ELECTION SNYI)ER, EDWARDB., Manager. SCUDDER, FREDERICK Sales & Applications ILAN'', Wen recehed J., Technical Staff, Engineering,Hi -TensionLm.lilt by the Nee. Bell Telephone retary front the followingcandidates for election Laboratories, Inc., 403 'West Brass Co., Mansfield, Ohio. to St., New York, N. N' in theI Militate.(Alkali dither- VAN SPooNER, HENRY W.,Engineer, The rlitillda- NIEETEREN, WILLIAM, i011Co., % hie indicated, the applicanthas applied for ad- ger. Sleinens-Mexico, General Mana NeW York, N. Y. mission as an Associate. S. A., Puente de Al% a-STENILER, EDWARDJ , If the applicant has ratio, 91-99, Mexico, D. ChiefOperator,applied for direct admission F., Mex. Interborough Rapid TransitCo., New York, to a higher grade N. Y. than Associate,the grade follow. TRANSFERRED TOGRADE OF FELLOW i diatel) TALBOT, EMMETT D., after the name.Any member objectingto (1,, DECEMBER 11, 1925 Engineer, Bell Tele-election of any of these phone Laboratories, NewYork, N. Y. candidates should PA \ \ ELL, ERNESTV., Technical Advisor to inform the Staretary before Ibr British Aluminum TOUR, GREGoRY I.,Assistant Engineer. Some January 31, 1920. Co., New York, N. I'. & Webster, Inc.. Boston, Abe, T.. JapaneseGovernmtnt Rails ay., NI Nlass. York, N. I'. TRANSFERRED TOGRADE OF MEMBERTRUEBLOOD, HOWARDM., Engineer. Dept ofDevelopment & Adam, A. 0., Jr., Bell Teltph aturir- DECEMBER 11, 1925 Research,American the.,lnc., New York, N. Y. BAILEY, EDGAR L., Telephone & Telegraph Co.,New York, N. Y. Electrical Engi ear, VAIN Adkins, A.H., Detroit, Mich. N1EUKERKEN, J. M., AssistantEngineer, Electric Storage Batter)('o, BARTON, ROBERT Cleveland Union Terminals Waaltingtou, 1). C. C., Engineer on Construc- Ohio. Co., Cleveland,Ahre(ns,,mJn..11., Henry & Wright Mfg. tion Methods, PacificTel. & Tel. Co., San Cu., Hartforo, Francisco. Calif. VINET, EUGENE,Assistant to Vice -President inchargeof Ahrling, G. A., Murrie & Co.,Inc., New York. BROWN, HARRYF.,AssistantElectrical Engineering,MeddleWest N. Y. Engineer, N. Y., N. H. Utilities Co., Chicago, III. & H. R. R. Co.,WOOD, E.M., Midas, N. B., New EnglandTel. & Tel. Co.. New Haven, Conn. AssistantEngineer.Hydro - Portland. \l.'. CAMP. C. R., Head Electric Power Commission,Toronto, Ont. Draftsman, Commonwealth Alexander,(:. 11W.. Bell Telephone Laboratorkis, Edison Co., Chicago. III. RECOMMENDED FOR CANNADY, N. E., State TRANSFER Inc., Nes York. N. Y. Electrical Engineer. The Board of Examiners,atIts meeting heldAlexander, R., Jr . NI urrie & Co., New York, N. Y. Raleigh, N.C. December 7, Allen,.1.P..N, CODDING, HENRY W., 1025, recommended thefollowing York Telephone Co., New Assistant Engineer.members for transfer to thegrade of membership York . Elec. Engg. Dept., Public Allen, I. NI Service Productionindicated.Anyobjectiontothesetransfers (Member). Bell Telephone Labora- Co.. Newark. N.J. shouldbefiledat tories. ifle., New York, N. Y. COLEY, WALTER R., oncewiththeNational Plant Superintendent,Secretary. Allison, D. C., GeneralElectric S. A., Mexico Leeds & Northrup Co.,Philadelphia,Pa. To Grade of Fellow I). F., Mex. CROTHERS, HAROLD M., Professor of Elec-BETTIS. ALEXANDER Auden'. K. S., Public ServiceProduction Co.. tricalEngineering,SouthDakotaState E..!else -President, Newark, N. J. College. Brookings, S. D. Kansas City Power &Light Co.. Kansas City, Mo. Anderson. A. S.. New OrleansPublic Service. D'ALTON, F. K., AssistantLaboratory Engineer, New Orleans. La. Hydro -Electric Power CURTIS, HARVEY L.. SeniorPhysicist, Bureau Commission of On- Anderson. E. W. N . tario. Toronto, Ont. of Standards,Department of Commerce, Virginia Northern Power Co.. Washington, D. C. Warrenton. 1 a DANA, ALAN S.,Research Engineer. Kerite Arnold, O. 14., General Electric Insulated Wire & Cable Co., DANN. WALTER M.,ElectricalEngineer, Co.. SchenectadY, Seymour. Conn. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. N. Y. DAVIS. LEE 1.. TestEngineer, Otis Elevator Pa. Co., Sharon,Auer, 0., Automatic Electric. Co.. Yonkers. N. Y. Inc.. Chicago, Ill. HOBART, K. Baer, ii. J., MetropolitanEdison Co.. Reading, DUBOIS, DELAFIELD,ElectricalResearch E..Superintendentovtrheati Pa. Engineer, Safety Insulated Wire& Cable Lines. Commonwealth EdisonCo., ('hicago, F. A.:1., Canadian Marconi Co.. Bayonne, N. J. P. Q., Can. Co., Montreal, FINCH, FLOYD R., Electrical PRINCE.DAVID Engineer, General ('.,ResearchEngineer,Barber, II. W.. Jr., GeneralElectric Co.. 1-411h, Electric Co., Pittsfield. Mass. General Electric Co., Schenectady, Mass. GAGE. DAVID H., N. Y. Foreign Wire Relations Barley, T. T., PublicService Electric & Gas ('o., Engineer, Postal Telegraph -CableCo.. 253 TO Grade of Member Orange, N. J. Broadway, New York, N. Y. CAMPBELL. THADDEUS C..Telephone En-Barringer, F. D.. PrattInstitute. Brooklyn, N. Y. GEORGE, F. R., Engineer ofOperation. Pacific gineer, Systems DevelopmentDept.,BellBart held.L.P.,Bell Telephone Laboratoritst, Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco.Calif. Telephone Laboratories. New York. Inc.. New York, N. Y. HALL. HERBERT S.. Electrical Engineer onEIVENS, W. SYDNEY. DistrictManager, AlfredBartholomew, H. G., NesYork Telephone Co.. Valuation. NIurrie & Co., New York.N. Y. Collyer & Co.. Toronto, Ont. New York, N. Y. HYER, RAYMOND 0.. Superintendent DesignHAZELTINE. HAROLD L., Batt. L. T., Public ServiceElectric & Gas Co.. & Construction, WestchesterLighting Co.. Engineerof Newark, N. J. Yonkers, N. Y. Insulation, Sterling Varnish Co..Pittsburgh. Pa. Baumgarten, A. J.,Westinghouse Mee. & Co., East Pittsburgh. Pa. I Ili ACTIVITIES 97 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED Mexico, D. F..Fidler, I., Stehli Silks Corp., NewYork, N. Y. Baxandall, F. M.. Commonwealth Power Corp.Clark, S. W., Consulting Engineer, Finkelstein, L. M., International HarvesterCo., Mex. of Michigan. Jackson, Mich. Norwich, Chicago, Ill. Baxter, L. H., Hydro-Elec. Pr. Commission ofClarke, H. A.. Meter Dept., City of Finkenstein, A., General Electric Co., NewHaven, Norwich, Conn. Ontario. Toronto, Ont., Can. So. New England Telephone Co., Conn. Bayers, C., Brooklyn Edison Co., Inc., Brooklyn,Clarke, P., Fitz -Gerald, M. C., Pacific Tel. & Tel.Co., San New Haven. Conn. N. Y. Survey, Francisco, Calif. Bedi, H. S., Public Service Co. of No. Illinois, Chi-Clifford, C. J., U. S. Coast & Geodetic Washington, D. C. Fitzgerald, W. F., Chicago Surface Lines, Chicago; cago, Ill. Pa. Ill. Beller, C. J., Cleveland Elec. Illuminating Co.,Cole, C. C., Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Lewiston, Coley, J., New York Edison Co., NewYork, N. Y.Floyd, R. E., Pacific Power & Light Co., Cleveland, Ohio ElectricCo., Idaho Bergen, P. V., Bronx Gas & Electric Co., Bronx,Combs,C.R., Omar -Schaefer Flynn, J. A., Interborough Rapid TransitCo., New York, N. Y. Detroit. Mich. New York, N. Y. Contino, N., Public Service Electric & GasCo., Electric Co., Best, A. 0., Ignition & Repair Service Station, Irvington, N. J. Forbes, L. N., No. Indiana Gas & Owensmouth, Calif. N. Y. Hamniond, Ind. Commonwealth EdisonCo.,Conway, J. T., Murrie & Co., New York, Cincin- Bitterli,J.A., Cook, John W., A. T. & S. F. R. R. Co.,Topeka,Ford, W. F., Union Gas & Electric Co., Chicago, Ill. nati, Ohio Bixby, 0. M., New York Central Railroad, New Kans. Co., Coram, R. E., (Member), Bell TelephoneLabora-Freedman, E. A., New York Central Railroad York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Blocklin, H. G., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., tories, Inc., New York, N. Y. Corby, E., General Electric Co., Bridgeport,Conn.French, B. V., American Bosch Magneto Corp., New York, N. Y. Inc., Springfield, Mass. Blurnstein, G., Pullman Car Co., Long IslandCook, H. S., Cia. Cubana de Electricidad, ElectricCo., Sancti -Spiritus, Cuba Fruchtman,M.,Metropolitan City, N. Y. N. Long Island City, N. Y. Bobb, L. C., Pennsylvania Power & Light Co.,Coultrip, R. L., Fausteel Products Co., Inc., Chicago, Ill. Gallup, W. G., Lake Shore Electric Railway, Sunbury, Pa. Bay Village, Ohio Bolstad, A. L., Western Electric Co., Seattle,Crabtree, T. H., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New York, N. Y. Gamboa, C. F., CIa. Cubana de Electricidad, Inc., Wash. Station Clara, Cuba Borge, W. P., Illinois Power & Light Co., Chicago,Crosby, R. A., Los Angeles Gas & Electric Corp., Los Angeles, Calif. 'Gannon, J. T., Brooklyn Edison Co., Brooklyn, Ill. N. Y. Brandt, C. H., Chas. B. Hawley & Co., Wash-Dahl, H. A., Bell Telephone Laboratories,Inc., New York, N. Y. Gerard, H., Public Service Co. of No. Illinois, ington, D. C. Kankakee, Ill. Brazier, W., The Canadian Crocker -Wheeler Co.,Dahl, J. F., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New York, N. Y. Gerhart, P. L., Electrical Testing Laboratories, Ltd., St. Catherines, Ont., Can. New York, N. Y. Brown, H. H. ,Iowa Electric Co., Cedar Rapids, Ia.Daley, J. J., Murrie & Co., New York, N. Y. Davis, C. F., Jr., General Electric Co., Schenec-Geymer, H. H., Armour Institute of Technology, Brown, L. P., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ill. East Pittsburgh, Pa. tady, N. Y. Davis, J. A., Automatic Electric Co., Chicago, Ill.Giersch, 0. L., General Electric Co., Schenectady, Brown, N. H.. Consolidated Steam Specialty Co., N. Y. Milwaukee, Wis. Day, J. F., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Sharon, Pa. Gilchrist, J. M., Empire Gas & Electric Co., Bruce, E..Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Auburn, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Daymude, E. L., Puget Sound Power & Light Co., Portland, Ore. Gillen, G., Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., Bruhn, H. D., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Hauto, Pa. New York, N. Y. Dean, H. C., Brooklyn Edison Co., Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. Girault, M., General glectric S. A., Mexico D. F., Buckner, L. 0., American Trona Corp., New Mex. York. N. Y. de Bernard, E., Compania Cubana de Electricidad. Inc., Matanzas, Cuba Goddard, E. J., Pennsylvania Railroad, Long Bugge, A. F. C., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Island City, N. Y. Sharon, Pa. Degner, L. A., Industrial Controller Co., Mil- waukee, Wis. Howson, Philadelphia, Bump, R. L., General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Pa. Conn. De Graw, H., Louis Kalisher, Inc., Brodklyn, N. Y. Goldsworthy, T. H., Portland Electric Power Co., Burkhart, W. G., Commonwealth Edison Co., Portland, Ore. Chicago, Ill. de Savoye, L. A., Brooklyn Edison Co., Brooklyn, S., Brooklyn Edison Co., Brooklyn, Burnett, N. 0., N. Y. & Queens Electric Light N. Y. Goodwin, & Power Co., flushing, N. Y. Dewey, G. H., General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. N. Y. Graham, A., Postal Tel. & Commercial Cable Co., Bums, A. F., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Dickinson, A. G., Consolidated Mining & Smelt- Burrier, E. R., (Member), Hudson Coal Co., ing Co., Trail, B. C., Can. Graham, R. C., Bartholomew & Montgomery, Scranton, Pa. Dietz, H. W., Auto Specialties Co., Inc., Elkhart, Vancouver, B. C. Ind. Granich,A. M.(Member),BellTelephone Bushman, A. K., (Member), General Electric Co., Laboratories, Inc., New York, N. Y. Chicago, Ill. Dittwe, G. R., Pacific Gas. & Electric Co., San Busteed, J. R., American Tel. & Tel. Co., New Francisco, Calif. Gray, E. V., Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. York, N. Y. Dolarea, 0. M., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Gray, F. R., Murrie Engineering Co., New York, Byrne, J. A., Troy Gas Co., North Troy, N. Y. East Pittsburgh, Pa. N. Y. Callow, C. A., Utah Power & Light Co., Grace,Dowling, R. C., Wisconsin Telephone Co., Mil-Gray, R. H., Foreman Electrician, City of Los Idaho waukee, Wis. Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif. Camp, 0. B., Arctic Dairy Products Co., Detroit,Downing, W. C.,Jr.,Yale University, NewGreene, 0. W., Jr., General Electric Co., Pitts- Mich. Haven, Conn. field, Mass. Campbell, A. H., Madras Hotel, Portland, Ore. Dreyer, W. C., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Greenwald, R. C., Murrie & Co., Inc., Now York, Caradonna, V., New York Edison Co., New York, East Pittsburgh, Pa. N. Y. N. Y. Dugger, P. K., Chief Engineer, Farmville, Va. Groer, L., General Electric Co., Lynn, Mass. Carlson, E., Jr., Stone & Webster, Inc., Boston,Dunn, B.J.,Victor X -Ray Corp. of Texas,Griffin, G. A., Union Gas & Electric Co., Cin- Mass. Dallas, Texas cinnati, Ohio Carr, C. C., Bell Tolophono Laboratories, Inc.,Ebert, H., Canadian General Electric Co., Toronto,Gruenberg, A. R., with W. T. Swoyor Co., John- New York, N. Y. Ont., Can. son City, Tenn. (Applicant for re-election) Ehrke, L. F., Westinghouse Lamp Co., Bloomfield,Gussett, N. B., San Antonio Public Service Co., Caskin, J. M., Danvers Electric Light Dept., N. J. San Antonio, Texas Danvers, Mass. Ellis,F. A.,University of Toronto, Toronto,Gustafson, H. M., General Electric Co., Seattle, Caywood, It. B., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Ont., Can. Wash. East Pittsburgh, Pa. Ensor, .1.S., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Hadley, P. 'P., General Electric Co., Schenectady, Cedillo,.1. (Member), Mexican Railway Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. N. Y. M filtrate. Vora Cruz., Mex. Erwin, E. L., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.,Halloran, D., Now York & Queens Elec. Lt. & Chandler.M.,CommonwealthPowerCo., New York, N. Y. Pr. Co., Flushing, N. Y. .Jackson, Mich. Essig, C. II., Pacific Gas & Electric Co., SanHalpin, L. C., A. P. & L. Corp., Glens Falls, Chapin. R. I., Crocker McElwain Co., Holyoko, Francisco, Calif. N. Y. Mass. Etkin, H. A., General Electric Co., West Phila-Hamilton, W. R., West Penn Power Co., Pitts- Churchill, T. C., Hell Telephone Co. of Canada, delphia, Pa. burgh, Pa. Toronto, On t ., Can. Everett, W. J., Cla. Cubana de Eloctricidad, Inc.,Hamke, J. C., Aluminum Co. of America, Niagara Clark, II. 01110 Public Co., Lorain, Ohio Cienfuegos, Cuba Falls, N. Y. Clark. R. F., Edison Elec. Illuminating Co. ofFarnham, C., Schweitzer & Conrad, Inc., LosII arrlm, II. R., Detroit Edison Co., Connors Crook Boston, Boston, Mums. Angeles, Calif. Plant, Detroit, Mich. 98 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E. Harrison, C. A., PublicService Co. of Colorado, Denver, Colo. Kemp, M. V., WestinghouseElec. & Mfg. Co., Hart, W. J., Sharon, Pa. Mathison, K. V., Westinghouse Elec. SrMfg. Co., Westinghouse Elec. &Mfg. Co., Sharon, Pa. Sharon, Pa. Keoughan, L. M., DuquesneLight (to., Pitts- Hatch. P: M., The burgh, Pa. Matson, T. M., with F. G. Baum.Cassel via Connecticut Co., NewLondon, Redding, Calif. Conn. Kepp, K., Puget SoundPower & Light Co.,Maus, T. j., Commonwealth Edison Hausman, S. I. R., Seattle, Wash. Co., Chicago, Nelson Co., Newark,N. J. Ill. Haw, C. H., New Kershner, V. H., OklahomaGas & Electric Co., York Edison Co., NewYork, Muskogee, Okla. Maxwell, M. V., Westinghouse Elec.& Mfg. Co., N.Y. Wilkinsburg, Pa. Hazlett, H. M., 13. Kietzmann E H BeloitWater, Gas & Electric S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mazak, J., Jr., Western Electric Co.,Inc., Phila- Rupert, Idaho Co., Beloit, Wis. delphia, Pa. Hearding, W. S., King, C. W., UnionGas & Electric Co., Cincin- Brooklyn Edison Co.,Brooklyn, nati, Ohio McCandless,C.F..Consumers PowerCo., N. Y. Muskegon, Mich. Helpbringer, J. N., Kinney, A. A., Murrie & Co.,New York, N. Y. (Fellow), Staten IslandEdison McCauley, C., Jr., 32 Wool St., SanFrancisco, Co.. Staten Island,N. Y. Kirchner, B. J., WesternElectric Co., Inc., New Calif. Hendrickson, 0. F., York, N. Y. Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, McClellan, B. A., Hudson Motor CarCo., Detroit, N.Y. Kirk, D., Ware RadioCorp., New York, N. Y. Mich. Herbers, H. H. W., Nissell, A. L., Schoolof Engg. of Milwaukee, New York EdisonCo., McDaniel, 0. S., SouthwesternBell Tel. Co., Astoria, N. Y. Milwaukee, Wis. St. Louis, Mo. Herrick, G. H., The Koch, E. L., KelloggSwitchboard & Supply Co., Ideal Electric & Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ill. McDougall, J. B., InterboroughRapid Transit Mansfield, Ohio Co., New York, N. Y. Hershey, P. j., Western Kooistra, L. F., Babcock& Wilcox Co., Bayonne, Electric Co., New York, N. J. McIntire, M. M.. MercedIrrigation District, N. Y. Exchequer, Calif. Herskind, C. C., General Kopp, 0. H., (Member), Electric Co.. Schenec- Bell Telephone Labora-McKechnie, J. D., Charles H.Tenney, & Co., tady, N. Y. tories. Inc., New York. N. Y. Boston. Mass. Hibbeler, A. (Applicant for re-election) F., Commonwealth EdisonCo..Kristan, P., Jr.. Brooklyn McNally, J.0.,Bell Telephone Laboratories, Chicago, Ill. Manhattan Transit Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Hicks. F. T., U. S. Brooklyn, N. Y. Patent Office, Washington,'KruPY, McNicol, F. C., IndustrialController Co., Mil- D. C. A.J.,CommonwealthEdisonCo., waukee, Wis. Hill, A. S., Allis-Chalmers Chicago, Ill. Mfg. Co., Milwaukee, Meadows, J. J., New York CentralRailroad Co., Wis. Knelling, V. A., MarkoStorage Battery Co., New York, N. Y. Hirsch, C. J.. Electrical Brooklyn, N. Y. Engineer, 452 RiversideKunef, C. T., Fort Meeks, J. R., WestinghouseElec. & Mfg. Co., Drive. New York.. N. Y. Humphreys, Va. New York, N. Y. Hoffman, N. W., The Kurtz. E. K., Edison ElectricCo.. Lancaster, Pa. Milwaukee Elec. Ry. &La Forge. C., Murrie Meiers. W. W., New YorkCentral Railroad Co., Light Co., Milwaukee. Wis. Engineering Co.. New York, New York. N. Y. Holborn,F., N. Y. HazeltineCorp.Laboratories, Meserve, W. E., University ofMaine, Orono. Me. Stevens Inst., Hoboken. N.J. Lamb, J. F., WestinghouseElec. & Mfg. Co.. East Pittsburgh. Pa. Methfessel, C. W., CommonwealthPower Corp., Hooks. J. H., E. L.Phillips & Co., New York, Jackson. Mich. N. Y. Landau. M., Bureau of Pr.& Lt., City of LosMetzner, H. A., Interborough Hotchkiss, F. H., Western Angeles. Los Angeles, Calif. Rapid Transit Co., Electric Co.. NewLangman. J. D., Langman New York, N. Y. York. N. Y. Electric Sr Mach. Co.,Micheisen, J. H., Pacific Tel. & Hubbell. F. J.. Western Portland, Ore. Tel. Co., Sacra- Electric Co., Inc., NewLangworthy, R. mento, Calif. York. N. Y. S.. United Electric Light &Miller, Cl.W., Power Co.. New York, N. Y. Rochester TelephoneCorp., Huggins. L. 0., WestinghouseElec. & Mfg. Co.. Rochester, N. Y. Larner. R. A., Texas PowerSr Light Co., Dallas, East Pittsburgh, Pa. Texas Minnich. J. W.. PennsylvaniaPower & Light Co., Hunt. Smith Robinson & Co., Ltd., Hazleton, Pa. couver, B. C. Lawthers, Mizell, M. H., Huseby. 0. E., Western Swissvale, Pa. Corps, Wash- Electric Co.. Chicago. III. ington. D. C. Hussey, E. 0., Alabama Ley. H. S.. East Penn ElectricCo.. Pottsville, Pa. Power Co., Tuscaloosa.Lindvall. I., Adirondack Power Moellendick, K. F., L. A.Automotive Works, Ala. & Light Corp.. Los Angeles. Calif. Inman. E. J.. Westinghouse Schenectady, N. Y. Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Litchfield. H. S., Blackstone Valley Montemurro. M. M., Hydro-Electric Power Com- Sharon. Pa. Gas & Elec- mission, Toronto, Ont., Can. Jacocks, T. B., General tric Co.. Pawtucket. R. I. Electric Co.. Schenectady.Little, F. G., Home Tel & Tel. Morrison, J. J., AmericanSteel & Wire Co.. N.Y. Co. of Pasadena. Worcester, Mass. Jarvie. J.. Kansas City So. Pasadena, Calif. Railway Co., Nleavener,Locher, L. L., General Electric Co., Mulford, V. A.. AmericanGas & Electric Co., Okla. N.Y. Schenectady, New York, N. Y. Jatlow, J. L.. Conner CrouseCorp.. New York. Mundy. T. V., PublicService Production CO.. N. Y. Long. G. A., Jr., General ElectricCo.. Schenec- tady. N. Y. Kearny, N.J. Jeffery, A. 0.. Bell TelephoneLaboratories, Inc..Ludlow. M. 0., Myers. L. E., PennsylvaniaPower & Light Co., New York, N. Y. Pacific Gas & Electric Co., Hazleton, Pa. Jewett. U. M.. Eastern Antioch, Calif. Connecticut Power Co.,Lundius, E. R., Bell Telephone Nardi. M.. CommonwealthPower Corp., Jackson, Norwich. Conn. Laboratories, Inc.. Mich. New York, N. Y. Jimenez, R.. General ElectricCo.. Schenectady. Neifert, J. 0., PennsylvaniaPower & Light Co., N. Y. MacLaren, R. P.. Bell TelephoneLaboratories, Hauto, Pa. Inc., New York. N. Y. Jockers. F. E.. GreenpointElectric EquipmentMader. C. E.. Lewis Institute. Chicago. Nock, H. K., NewburyportGas & Electric Co., Co.. Brooklyn. N. Y. Ill. Newburyport, Mass. Maloney. J. I., Bell Telephone Co.of Pa., Phila- Johannessen, V. L.. Western ElectricCo.. Chicago. delphia. Pa. Norlander. S. 0. S., AdirondackPower & Light Ill. Corp., Schenectady, N. Y. Niallett, M. B., General ElectricCo.. Pittsfield, Johnson. R. E.. Railroad Commissionof Wiscon- Mass. Norman, G. H. C., ConsolidatedMining & Smelt- sin, Madison. Wis. ing Co.. Trail. B. C. Johnson. Maltby, C. W.. So. California Tel.Co.. LosNorth, C. V.L..Bell Telephone Laboratories. Angeles, Calif. S., Supervisor of Constr., Mrs.M. Inc., New York, N. Y. North, Newport, R. I. Margiotts. G.. New York Edison Co..New York. Johnston. D. F..Bell Telephone Laboratories. N. Y. O'Connell. M. J.. PennsylvaniaPower & Light Inc.. New York. N. Y. Co., Hauto, Pa. Johnstone. H. H.. Cleveland Elec. (.;., W. A. Wieboldt & Co., Chicago,Ill.Oliver. C. J., Canadian IlluminatingMarsteller, 0. F.. C. H. Tenney &Co.. Boston. National Electric Rail- Co.. Cleveland. Ohio Mass. ways. Toronto. Ont., Can. Oliver. C. N., Now Orleans Joslin, G. B., Bell Telephone Laboratories,Inc.. (Applicant for re-election) Public Service Co., New York. N. Y. Martin. J. J., Wagner Electric Corp., Inc.. New Orleans, La. Chicago. Ill.Olsen, H. A., Pacific Tel. Kahn, J., Otis Elevator Co., Yonkers, N.Y. Martin. T. 0., (Fellow). Automatic ElectricCo.. & Tel. Co.. San Fran- Kaplan, S.. General Electric Co., Pittsfield. Mass. Inc., Chicago, Ill. cisco. Calif. Karsten, E. J.,United Light & Power Co..Martin, W. H., General Electric Co.,Schenec-O'Neil, T. J., Bell TelephoneLaboratories, Inc., Davenport, Ia. tady, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Marling,H.E..(Member),Bell Keckler,C.W.,(Member).BellTelephone TelephonePaige, J. H.. with W.E. Langstaff, Pasadena, Laboratories, Inc.. New York. N. Y. Laboratories. Inc.. New York. N. Y. Calif. (Applicant for re-election) Paine, L. A.. Keeton. T. E., Cia. Cubans de Electricidad. Inc..Mason, M. A.. Los Angeles Gas & ElectricCorp., (Member). Lincoln Meter Co., Cienfuegos, Cuba Los Angeles, Calif. Toronto, Ont., Can. (Applicant for re-election) 99 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

Palmer, E. L., Pennsylvania Power & Light Co.,Schaefer,J.H., New York Telephone Co..Tomlinson, F. R., General Electric Co., Cleveland, Allentown Pa. Albany, N. Y. Ohio Parker, C.N.,Southern Sierras Power Co., (Applicant for re-election) Tousey, C. H., The Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Riverside, Calif. Schahfer, R. M., Northern States Gas & Electric Mich. Parker, L. W., (Member), Bell Telephone Labora- Co., Hammond, Ind. Towers, R. A., Metro -Goldwyn -Mayer Corp., tories, Inc., New York, N. Y. Schnautz, W. J., New York Telephone Co., Culver City, Calif. Parnell, W. S., The Canadian Crocker -Wheeler Buffalo, N. Y. Tracy, H. H., Oregon Short Line Railroad Co., Co., Ltd., St. Catharines, Ont., Can. Schnurr, F. E., Murrie & Co., New York, N. Y. Pocatello, Idaho Paxton, R., General Electric Co., Schenectady,Scholz, C. B., Interstate Utilities Co., Spokane,Troy, J. R., Mnrrie & Co., New York, N. Y. N. Y. Wash. True, J. G., Tampa Electric Co., Tampa, Fla. Pedersen, L. E.,Bell Telephone Laboratories,Schrum, M. 0., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.,Tucker, R. S., American (rel. & Tel. Co., New Inc., New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. York, N. Y. Pennell, S. B., New York Central Railroad Co.,Seese, R. St. C., Western Electric Co., Detroit,Tudor, R. DuB., Western Electric Co., Denver, New York, N. Y. Mich. Colo. Percy, J. P., Companla Azucarera Arroyo Blanco,Seiple, W. M., Pennsylvania Power & Light Co.,Tuttle, C. M., General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Maceo, Oriente, Cuba Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Conn. Perring, R. B., (Member), Hydro -Electric Sys-Sheihorse, A. W., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Underhill, W. L. L., British Columbia Electric tem, East York, Toronto, Ont., Can. East Pittsburgh, Pa. Rwy. Co., Coglan, B. C. Peters, J. C., Jr., Leeds & Northrup Co., Phila-Shepherd, D. H., New York Telephone Co.Utter, R. E., Union Gas & Electric Co., Cincin- delphia, Pa. New York, N. Y. nati Ohio Peters, J. R., City Light Dept., Seattle, Wash. Shiley, S. W., (Member), Bell Telephone Labora-Vaclavik, F. J., Commonwealth Power Corp., Peters. R. C., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., tories, Inc., New York, N. Y. Jackson, Mich. Buffalo, N. Y. Shiroyan, H. K., American Brass Co., Hastings -Valentine, C. W., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Peterson, D. M., Ohio Brass Co., Los Angeles, on -Hudson, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Calif. Simmons, R. J., Fairbanks -Morse Elec. Mfg. Co.,Van Wyk, H., Puget Sound Power & Light Co., Phillips, C. F., Mechanics Institute, Rochester, Indianapolis, Intl. Seattle, Wash. N. Y. Simon, H. 0., Western Electric Co., Chicago, Ill.Velasco, L.R., Mexican Railroad Co., Vera Plant, P. R., New York Central Railroad, NewSimpson, P. H., Gould Coupler Co., New York, Cruz, Mex. York, N. Y. N. Y. Vickers, H., (Member), University of British Plass, R. B., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Skroder, C. E., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. San Francisco, Calif. Slater,F.R.,OregonAgriculturalCollege,Vogelsang, L. 0., San Antonia Public Service Co., Plotner, L. D., (Member), Bell Telephone Labora- Corvallis, Ore. San Antonia, Texas tories, Inc., New York, N. Y. Sogge, R. C., General Electric Co., Schenectady,Voss, H. M.,So.California Telephone Co., Ports, E. G., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., N. Y. Los Angeles, Calif. New York, N. Y. Soderberg, E. W., Pacific Gas & Electric Co.,Wadsley, C. R., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Prangley, A. G., Jr., 28 Division St., Schenectady, San Francisco, Calif. Inc., New York, N. Y. N. Y. Sovitzky, W. V., Pawling & Harnischgeger Co.,Waite, 11,.. T., Aetna Life Insurance Co., Hartford, Premo, J. G., Jr., Commonwealth Power Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. Con,n. Jackson, Mich. Spaulding,J.N., Great Western Power Co.,Waligaski, A. A., Western Electric Co., Chicago, Prieto, A. I., Stevens Institute of Technology, San Francisco, Calif. Ill. Hoboken, N. J. Spicer, F. 0., Radio Corp. of America, New York,Walker, J. J. R., Western Electric Co., New York, Prior, W. J., Los Angeles Gas & Electric Co., N. Y. N. Y. Los Angeles, Calif. Spring, E. W., The Detroit Edison Co., Detroit,Walker,S. W., Canadian National Railways, Pritchard, E. 0., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Mich. Toronto; Ont., Can. Inc., New York, N. Y. Standish, G., Bronx Gas & Electric Co., NewWebb, W. R., Worthington Pump & Machinery Raab, H. J., Chas. Cory & Son, Inc., San Fran- York, N. Y. Corp., Elmwood Place, Ohio cisco, Calif. Stastny,J.F.,International HarvesterCo.,Weber, C. W., Licensed Electrical Contractor, Randolph, L. S., New York Central Railroad Co., Chicago, Ill. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Steward, H. R., East Penn. Electric Co., Potts-Weiner, W., Pennsylvania Railroad Co., Long Reese, L., Jr., Pacific Gas & Electric Co., Modesto, ville, Pa. Island City, N. Y. Calif. Stewart, A. W. J., Toronto Hydro -Electric Sys-Westin, C. H., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Reichard, W. H., (Member), General Railway tem, Toronto, Ont., Can. East Pittsburgh, Pa. Signal Co., Rochester, N. Y. Stewart, H. R., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Williams, A. T., Newfoundland Power & Paper Remington, A. E., City Light Dept., City of East Pittsburgh, Pa. Co., Ltd., Deer Lake, N. F. Seattle, Seattle, Wash. Stone, E. G., Mt. Shasta Power Corp., Cassel,Williams, F. A., Western Electric Co., New York, Rhodes, R. S., New York Central Railroad Co., Calif. N. Y. New York, N. Y. Stubbs, W. W., Middletown Auto-Elec. ServiceWilliams, S. R., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Richards, D., Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., Co., Hamilton, Ohio South Bend, Ind. Hauto, Pa. Sykes, P. M., 1510 S. Center St., Terre Haute,Wills, A. L., General Electric Co., St. Louis, Mo. Robertson, B. L., University of Michigan, Ann Ind. Withrow, C. H., Bell Telephone Laboratories,

Arbor, Mich. Syler, R. E., Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.

Robertson, E. P., Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Denver, Colo. Wurth, C. G., Western Electric Co., Inc., New Mich. Tang, K. Y., Ohio State University, Columbus, York, N. Y. Robinson, C. R., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Ohio Yarmack, J. E., Yale University, New Haven, Inc., New York, N. Y. Tate, W., Mexicana Railroad, Maltrata, Vera Conn. Robinson, H. I., Postal Telegraph Co., New York, Cruz, Mex. York, F. J., Frank J. York Co., Detroit, Mich. N. Y. Teague, J. A., Baker Iron Works, Los Angeles,Zimmerman, J. A., (Member), Chas. H. Tenney Rojas, J. G., General Electric Co., Schenectady, Calif. & Co., Boston, Mass. N. Y. Tecklenburg, H. C., N. Y. & Queens Elec. Lt.Zucco, J. J., New York Edison Co., New York, Rolfe, J. T., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co & Pr. Co., Flushing, N. Y. N. Y. Sharon, Pa. Terry, D. M., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.,Total 433 Rounds, T. E., Jr., New York Central Railroad Now York, N. Y. Foroldn Co., Now York, N. Y. Thielman,J.A.,PhiladelphiaElectricCo.,Chernyshoff, A., (Follow), Leningrad Polytechnic Philadelphia, Pa. Inst., Sosnowka, Leningrad, Russia Rumrill, H., General Electric Co., West Lynn,Thomas, Mass. J.W.,Johns HopkinsUniversity, (Applicant for re-election) Baltimore, Md. do Oliveira,V., Compagnia Luz Electrica de Rupponthal, F. W., Jr., Western Electric Co., Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. Thomas, 0. J., Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., Amargosa, Amargosa, Bahia, Brazil, S. A. Hazleton, Pa. Doyle,J.T.,Westport Stockton Coal Co., Rush, S. E., Union Gas & Electric Co., Cincinnati,Thompson, A. J., The Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co., Ngakawau, Westport, Now Zealand Ohio San Francisco, Calif. Russell, R. II., Western Electric Co., Chicago, Gibson, H. J., British Electric Federation, Ltd., Thompson, A. W., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. London, W. C. 2, Eng. Saliger,II.F.,So. California Edison Co., Los Co., Sharon, Pa. Angeles, Calif. Harvey, A.F.,(Member), Central Argentine Thorud, E., Adirondack Power & Light Corp., Railway, Victoria, F. C. C. A., Argentina, Samson, D. F., Electrical Contracting, Branford, Schenectady, N. Y. S. A. Conn. Tlnkey, 0. G., Ideal Electric Co., Urbana, Ill. Inouye, R., Hitachi Engineering Works, Sukegawa Savage, E., American Can Co., Portland, Oro. (Applicant for re-election) Ibarakiken, Japan INSTITUTE AND 'I'I?I) ACTI V IT I le,S Jourmil A. I. K. E. IduaKlul,If \ iclicrs de Cinistr.ElectritiledoUurnedl,'I'honttts 11,, \I Jounicul, .iiuniont, Nord, ass, InstOr Technology King, Ilumllton NvWorcester Poly. him France Davidson, John W., Yule Univ. Ono, V., Shiba urn EngineeringWorks, shibaku, Kistler, John I" I nkersity of North Carolina 'Tokyo, .1 twilit Day, Cortez, Univ. of Kentucky \ilk% aukee school of Fogg Sok Demeter, Julius, Rutgers University Y.. mitsubisiit Ilectrica hinting, \I a I. ,1111I. I tilt:. of Nol rat I Kt ig Mooring Co.,Denison, Harold NI., Kansas I lain,, Nagasaki, Japan St. Agri. College houltudt, 1w I, \ 11% mim, school of Engg. Dloguardl, Paul J., Brooklyn Poly. i Smell( vasitn, Ind Inst. I A \ I artilittl I list it ut 14Ofscience,Donogne, 'I'. F., Univ. of Notre holy. Bangalore, Intl. Dame .1 Stale. Agrl. College boohoo, Will, Univ. of So. Delwin Whitson, J. W., (\lember),Yorkshire Electric Lantilfier, Itobci IF , lid, Univ. Power Co., Leeds, Yorkshire, Dougherty, Patrick J MarquetteUniv. Larsen, Lloyd, r ,j1 a.,1 ;oh. Eng. Drexler, Elmer W., Case school Appl. Science , Zeplaier, P. P., PolytechnicInstitut'. of Lenin. Lantildarit, Atilona, la N.%%1 oil,I'111% grad, Leningrad, Russia Drugg, A. Burbank, WorcesterPoly. Inst. La Salle, W. \I., Purdue Uin% Total 12 Dunham, 5, Vette., Armour Inst, Laupp, Charles N., Martinet Ic Pula, Edwards, M. A., Kansas St.Agri. ('oliogu Leatherman, 11, Ardent, Corte -11 I !five/Idly Eisenberg, Julius G., Armour Inst. Levine, Vietor A., Yale Link STUDENTS ENROLLED Elliot, Earl R., Purdue University DECEMBER 10, 1925 Lindorsmith, Paul NI., Ohio Nor: hcrit Univ. Elwell, Maynard, NortheasternUniversity Lisle, Claiborne, Univ. of Kent tick% Achenbach, Jay Oswald, Cornell Univ. Erickson, John C., Case SchoolAppl. Selene., Adams, Hampton C., Univ. of Lockwood, Edwin II., Jr., Yah IMy. Ky. Esenwoin, August C., Jr., Yak,Univ. Loeb, Frederic, W., Armour inst. Allen, Lesion E., University ofKansas Ewald, Fred J., Jr., Armour Inst. Allen, William B. 0., Yale Univ. Faber, Roger N., Northeastern Univ. Loeffler, Bernard T., Univ. of Nounr Dame Alvarado,Everardo Long, Loraine C., Kansas University M.,MilwaukeeSchoolFarrant, George A., Univ. of Kentucky Lowe, Walter E., Univ. of Tenn. ofE ngg. Fielder, Frederick D., WorcesterPoly. Inst. Antlers, Russell D., Penn. State College Lyon, !lean A.. Cornell Univ. Finch, Irving, Jr., Cornell Univ. Mackey, Theodore, Lehigh University Andriacchi, Louis A. Marquette Univ. Finlayson, Kenneth M., Worcester Poly.Inst. Arehart, Narbin E., U. of Notre Dame Madden, Edwin II., Armour Inst. . Fisher, L. C., Purdue University Malloy, Robert 0., Univ. of Kentucky Askey, Russel 0., Univ. of Ill. Flenner, Aetley C., Armour Inst. Babcock, John W., University of Mann, William If., Jr., University of Arkansas Nevada Fligg, James A., University ofKansas Mason, Charles E., Univ. of Notre Dame Barsheweki, Francis A. Mil. School ofEngg. Fogarty, Edward J., Yale Univ. Batchelor, Harold, Kans. St. Agri. College Mather, Thomas T., Drexel Institute Foley, Melville, J., Jr., Ore. Inst. of Tech. Mathewson, Philip L., Univ. of British Columbia Bauer, Lawrence J., State College ofWashingtonFoley, Robert J., Worcester Poly. Inst. Baur, Roy E., Armour Inst. McCoy, Julius C., Univ. of Notre Dame Frankel, Charles S., Armour Inst. McDonnell, John F., Univ. of Mich. Beckman, Clifford A., Armour Inst. Freisleben, Wenrorth H., Milwaukee School of Bell, Delamar T., Ga. School of Tech. Engg. McGillicuddy, Eugene J., Worcester Poly.Inst. Bellaschi, Peter L., Mass. Inst. of Technology McPhee, Howard S., Univ. of Maine Gilbert, Franklyn C., Yale Univ. Merrill, Dean L., Worcester Poly. Inst. Benner, Philip E., Iowa State College Gill, Otto H., Univ. of British Columbia Metcalfe, Laurence, Virginia MilitaryInst. Benson, Arnold, University of Nevada Glennan, T. Keith, Yale Univ. Miller, Albert B., Milwaukee School Bergstrom, Francis A., Ore. Inst. of Tech. Glick, John A., Cornell Univ. Engg. Bernhard, Carl W. H., University of Wash. Moauro, Joseph S., Northeastern University Goldben, Isadore, Univ. of Ky. Moore, Wilbur A., Union College Beth, Richard A., Worcester Poly. Inst. Goldman, Abraham S., New York Univ. Morgan, M. G., Armour Inst. Bishop, Charles B., Univ. of British Columbia Gossman, Lew Z., Purdue Univ. Muluihill, Thomas A., Marquette Univ. Bliss, Donald S.. Worcester Poly. Inst. Greene, Richard H., Univ. of Notre Dame Nelson, William A., Kansas State Agri.College Bostwick, Myron A., State College of WashingtonGreenstein, Philip, New York Univ. Neville, Jesse 0., Virginia Military Inst. Bower, Marcy J., Univ. of Delaware Gremillion, Bichat X., Univ. of Notre Dame Bowyer, Dee, Kansas State Agri. College Newton, David A., Univ. of Kentucky Haas, Sam G., Okla. A. & M. College Nordbrock, Raymond, Armour Inst. Boyd, Spencer W., Georgia School of Tech. Hahn, Alvin W., Case School Appl. Science North, John T., Jr., Univ. of Br. Columbia Boyle, Stanley C., Univ. of Notre Dame Halet, Ahmed H., Mass. Inst. of Technology Brandt, R. T., Case School Appl. Science Hansen, Marion 0., Montana State College Northrop, Russell 0., Milwaukee School ofEngg. Nye, Victor C., Alitwaukee School ofEngg. Braunsdorf, Joseph A., Univ. of Notre Dame Hanson, Walter I., Armour Inst. O'Dwyer, John M., Colorado University Breen, Raymond K., Notre -Dame Univ. Harless, Charles M., Rice Inst. Olson, Lynn R., University of Nevada Bretschneider, Max E., Northeastern Univ. Harmon, J. Clayton, Univ. of Illinois O'Neill, Daniel J., Univ. of Notre Dame Brewster, Oliver H., Worcester Poly. Institute Harris, Lawrence, Poly. Inst. of Brooklyn Osborne, Samuel C., Cornell Univ. Brooks, Gerald, E., Okla. Agri. & Mech. CollegeHarrod, Robert H., Univ. of Kentucky Owen, Stanley Z., Purdue Univ. Brown, Arthur R., Worcester Poly. Inst. Hastings, Gerald M., Yale Univ. Paltz, Walter J., Univ. of Notre Dame Brown, Paul M., University of Colorado Hathaway, Claude Macy, Univ of Colorado Parker, William W., Yale, Univ. Brumbaugh, Claude J.,Case School AppliedHeckman, George J., Worcester Poly. Inst. Science Heft, Merrill, Ohio Northern Univ, Parsons, Delmont, University of Maine Buchanan, Thomas G., University of BritishHefty Herman, New York Univ. Perry, William J., Worcester Poly. Inst. Columbia Peterson, Carl H., Mass. Inst. of Technology Heitmeyer, Paul R., Ore. Inst. of Tech. Peterson, Lawrence S., Worcester Poly. Inst. Bundy, C. Le Grand, Cornell University Hensel, Marion L., Colorado Univ. Picking, J. W., Lehigh Univ. Bunte, Herman C., Kansas State College Hinkley, James W., 3rd., Yale Univ. Pischke, Frank J., Armour Inst. Burchfield, Clinton. R.. Penn., State College Hinman, Wilbur S., Jr.. Virginia Military Inst. Polk, Orval H., University of Colorado Burcky, Charles W., Armour Inst. Hitchcock, Norman P., Case School Appl. Science Ptacek, John E., Jr., Case School Appl.Science Burns, Leroy H., Yale Univ. Hodik, Frank, Milwaukee School of Engg. Purcell, Edward J., Jr., Worcester Poly. Inst. Burton, Raymond E., Kansas State Agri. CollegeHogan, Bernard T., Armour Inst. Raffone, William P., Northeastern Univ. Calder, Donald A., Worcester Poly. Inst. Hollingsworth, F. H., Purdue University Hollins, Fred. G., Rice Institute Ramm, John B., University of Wash. Camelio, John F., Northeastern Univ. Randall, Gerald A., Case School Appl. Science Capodanno, Rocco J., Univ. of Illinois Holmes, D. W., Iowa State College Rapley, William J., New York University Capouch, Charles, Jr., Armour Inst. Horan, Joseph J.. Univ. of Notre Dame Rathbun, Harold V., Kansas State College Carlson, John L., University of Nevada Houlihan, Richard P., Worcester Poly. Inst. Reeder, Wilson F., Case School Appl. Science Carpenter, Harry B., Jr., Univ. of Ky. Howell, Clifford A., New York Univ. Reupke, Albert A., Univ. of Illinois Cartwright, P. Marquette Univ. Hoyer, Henry E., Univ. of S. Dakota Reynolds, James Walter. Univ. of Tenn. Castor, Thomas D., University of Wash. Hummel, Carl C., University of Cincinnati Reynolds, Marshall E., Armour Inst. Chase, William C , Rensselaer Poly. Institute Jackson, Lloyd R., Univ. of Colorado Rice, Chester C., Univ. of Kentucky Chepoorin, Nicholas J., University of CincinnatiJamison, John S., Jr., Virginia Military Inst. Richards, Philip A., WashingtonState College Christie, Wilfred J., Armour Inst. Johannessen, Raymond, New York Univ. Riethmiller, Earl R., Univ. of Mich. Churchill, A. E., Kansas State Agri. College Johnson, Dan A., Washington State College Robinson,GeorgeR.,UniversityofBritish Conklin, James Wolf, Cornell Univ. Johnson, Mark F., Milwaukee School of Engineer- Columbia Conrad, Irving F., Purdue Univ. ing Rue, Albert, Rutgers University Conway, George J., Mass. Inst. of Technology Jones, William L., Clemson College Busch, Philip W., Univ. of Kentucky Jones. William W., Milwaukee School of Engg. Cook, Edwin E., Ga. School of Tech. Russell, William A., Jr., WorcesterPoly. Inst. Coole, G. Edwin, Armour Inst. Joslin, Edward, Univ. of Wyo. Rutigliano, Dominic, P.. New York Univ. Copans, William J., Northeastern Univ. Juuti, William, Armour Inst. Ryan, Thomas E., Worcester Poly. Crofts, Elmer B., Case School Appl. Science Kanke, Charles H., Worcester Poly. Inst. Inst. Samson, Emery E., Case SchoolAppl. Science Ouneo, F. N., Yale Univ. Kasher, Raymond J., Univ. of Notre Dame Sanders, Howard C., Marquette Univ. Dam, Cyrus K., Univ. of Nevada Khoo, Robert Y., Univ. of Notre Dame Schamel, Clyde H., Univ. of Notre Dame Daniels, Erving, Ore. Inst. of Tech. Kiely, Harold J., Univ. of Notre Dame Schofield, Bernard R., Armour Inst. Danstedt, Rudolph T., Worcester Poly. Inst. King, Donald .L., Worcester Poly. Inst. Schrier, Donald P., Univ. of Mich. 101 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Weber, Henry A., New York University Schultheis, Leo J., Univ. of Notre Dame Sullivan, John E., Univ. of Notre Dame Swanson, Vincent W., Armour Inst. Weinberg, Joe, Armour Inst. Schumacher, Addison E. W., Cornell Univ. Werden, Arthur C., Jr., California Inst.of Tech- Shaw. John C., Univ. of N. Dakota Swicegood, Harry L., Ga. School of Tech. Tarbox, Arthur M., Worcester Poly. Inst. nology Sheridan, Thomas W., Univ. of Notre Dame White, Taylor G., Jr., Univ. of Kentucky Sherman, Kenneth S., Case School Appl. ScienceTarbox, Roger B., Worcester Poly. Inst. Taylor, Elmer L., Worcester Poly. Inst. Whitehead, Edwin, Univ. of Colorado Sherys, John J., Northeastern University Wilcox, Stanley H., Rutgers University Short, Howard A., Ore. Inst. of Tech. Taylor, Frank. C., Worcester Poly. Inst. Thacker, William J., Worcester Poly. Inst. Williams, Charles H., Univ. of Colorado Sirnmonds, Arthur T., Worcester Poly. Inst. Williams, Harold R., University of Michigan Simpson, Alfred, Univ. of Kentucky Thierman, Vincent, Univ. of Notre Dame ThottThson, Browder J., University of Wash. Williamson, Richard C., Univ. of Kentucky Skelley, Paul L., Univ. of Notre Dame Woeltge, Franklin W., University of Illinois Smith, George L., Jr., Cornell Univ. Thorsen, Ewald C., Armour Inst. Tielking, John W., University of Cincinnati Wolfe, W. F., Purdue University Smith, Herbert H., University of Washington Wolverton, Charles D., Yale Univ. Solomon, Raymond J., Univ. of Ill. Tijerino Cesar D., Lehigh University Tine, Amasa N., Lafayette College Wood, John F., Worcester, Poly. Inst. Somppi, Theodore S., Case School Appl. Science Woods, Henry L., Jr., Univ. of Kentucky Spyut, Albert B., Northeastern Univ. Travis, Irven A., Univ. of British Columbia Tsu Ye Lu, Mass. Inst. of Technology Works, Herbert F., Northeastern Univ. Stahl, Elmer W., Armour Inst. Wright, Marshall E., Univ. of Ky. Starr, Troy S., Municipal U. of Akron, Ohio Tucker, Wallace H., Worcester Poly. Institute Valesio, Mario J., New York Univ. Yates, James 0., Univ. of Wyo. Steele. Mabbott B., Worcester Poly. Inst. Yim, Henry Y., Marquette University Steeneck, W. Robert, New York Univ. Vines, Alex., Ore. Inst. of Tech. Steensen, Alfred P., Mass. Inst. of Technology Von Voigtlander, Frederick, Univ. of Michigan Young, Albert M., Kansas State Agri. College Steffen, Charles L., Marquette Univ. Wade, Llewellin W., Worcester Poly. Inst. Young, John E., Drexel Inst. Stolt, William, Washington State College Waehner, Albert R., Armour Inst. Young, L. L., Purdue University Stone, Howard C., Univ. of Washington Wainman, Philip R., Univ. of British Columbia Sudduth, Henry N., Yale Univ. Watkins, Noble, Univ. of Pittsburgh Zornik, Anton, Carnegie Tech. 102 INSTITUTE ANI) RELATEDACTIVITIES Juin-hal A. I. E. E.

Officers A. I. E.E. 1925-1926 MEETINGS AND PAPERS COMMITTEE E. B. Meyer, Chairman, 80 Park PRESIDENT Place. Newark, N. J. R. H. Hubert, Secretary, :13 W. 31.11.12St., New York (Term expires July 31. 1926) A. W. Berreeford, M. I. PUPIN II. W. Melee. C R. Skinner E. II. P. Creighton, J. E. Macdonald, Harold B. Smith. JUNIOR PAST PRESIDENTS L. W. W. Morrow (Term expires July 31. 1926) Chairman of Committeeon Coordination of Institute Activities, ex-oflIcio. HARRIS J. RYAN (Term expires July 81, 1927) Chairmen of technical committee*,ex -"A( FARLEY OSGOOD PUBLICATION COMMITTEE VICE-PRESIDENTS L. P. Morehouse, Chairman, 195 Broadway,New York (Terms expire July 31.1926) F. L. Hutchinson, Donald Mc Nicol, J. If. Morecroft. HAROLD B. SMITH (District (Term expire July 31, 1927) No. 1) P. M. DOWNING (DistrictNo. 8) fi:B. Meyer, EDWARD BENNETT (DistrictNo. 5) HERBERT S. SANDS JOHN HARISBERGER (District No. 6) COMMITTEE ON COORDINATION OF INSTITUTEACTIVITIES (DistrictNo.9) W. E. MITCHELL(District No. 4) Farley Osgood, Chairman, 80 Park Place, L.°F. MOREHOUSE (DistrictNo. 3) Newark, N. J. H. W. BALES (District ARTHUR G. PIERCE (DistrictNo.2) F. L. Hutchinson, E. B. Meyer, No. 7) W. P. DOBSON (District No. W. 1. Slichter, 10) G. L. Knight, L. P. Morehouse, Harold B. Smith. MANAGERS BOARD OF EXAMINERS (Terms expire July 31, 1926) H. M. HOBART (Terms expire July 31, 1928) Erich Hausmann, Chairman, PolytechnicInstitute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, N. Y. JOHN B. WHITEHEAD H. W. Drake, Harold Goodwin, Jr., W. M. McConahey, ERNEST LUNN E. H. Everit, G. L. KNIGHT J. M. BRYANT F. V. Magalhaes, N. L. Pollard, E. B. MERRIAM F. M. Farmer, W. I. Slichter. (Terms expire July 31, 1927) (Terms expire July 31, 1929) SECTIONS COMMITTEE W. M. McCONAHEY Harold B. Smith, Chairman, Worcester W. K. VANDERPOEL M. M. FOWLER Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Mass. H. A. KIDDER H. H. Henline, W. B. Kouwenhoven, Herbert S. Sands. H. P. CHARLESWORTH E. C. STONE C. E. Magnusson, NATIONAL TREASURER Chairmen of Sections, ex -officio. NATIONAL SECRETARY (Terms expire July 31, 1926) COMMITTEE ON STUDENT BRANCHES GEORGE A.HAMILTON F. L. HUTCHINSON C. E. Magnusson, Chairman, Universityof Washington, Seattle, Wash. C. Francis Harding, HONORARY SECRETARY Charles F. Scott, W. H. Timbie. RALPH W. POPE GENERAL COUNSEL Harold B. Smith, PARKER & AARON Student Branch Counselors, ex -officio. 30 Broad Street, New York MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE 'J. L. Woodress, Chairman, 1806 PineStreet, St. Louis, Mo. R. B. Bonney, J. M. Bryant. PAST -PRESIDENTS -1884-1925 E. E. Dorting George E. Quinan, *NORVIN GREEN, 1884-5-6. C. K. Chapin, R. B. Mateer, A. E. Soderholm, *SAMUEL SHELDON, 1906-7. H. C. Don Carlos, *FRANKLIN L. POPE, 1886-7. *HENRY G. STOTT, 1907-8. S. H. Mortensen, J. F. Warwick. *T. COMMERFORD MARTIN,1887-8. L. S. O'Roark, LOUIS A. FERGUSON, 1908-9. Chairmen of Section membership committees, EDWARD WESTON, 1888-9. LEWIS B. STILLWELL, 1909-10. ex -officio. Etinu THOMSON, 1889-90. DUGALD C. JACKSON, 1910-11. HNADQUARTERS COMMITTEE *WILLIAM A. ANTHONY, 1890-91. GANO DUNN, 1911-12. H. A. Kidder, Chairman, 600 W.59th Street, New York *ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, 1891-2. RALPH D. MERSHON, 1912-13. F. L. Hutchinson, G. L. Knight. FRANK JULIAN SPRAGUE, 1892-3. C. 0. MAILLOUX, 1913-14. LAW COMMITTEE *EDWIN J. HOUSTON, 1893-4-5. PAUL M. LINCOLN, 1914-15. W. I. Slichter, Chairman, Columbia *Louis DUNCAN, 1895-6-7. University, New York JOHN J. CARTY, 1915-16. H. H. Barnes, Jr., L. F. Morehouse. Charles A. Terry. *FRANCIS BACON CROCKER, 1897-8. H. W. BUCK, 1916-17. R. F. Schuchardt, A. E. KENNELLY, 1898-1900. E. W. RICE, JR., 1917-18. PUBLIC POLICY COMMITTEE CARL HERING, 1900-1. COMFORT A. ADAMS, 1918-19. Gano Dunn. Chairman, 43 ExchangePlace, New York *CHARLES P. STEINMETZ, 1901-2. CALVERT TOWNLEY, 1919-20. A. W. Berresford, CHARLES F. SCOTT, 1902-3. F. B. Jewett, William McClellan, A. W. BERRESFORD, 1920-21. H. W. Buck, John W. Lieb, BION J. ARNOLD, 1903-4. WILLIAM MCCLELLAN, 1921-22. Harris J. Ryan. JOHN W. LIED, 1904-5. FRANK B. JEWETT, 1922-23. STANDARDS COMMITTEE *SCHUYLER SKAATS WHEELER, 1905-6. HARRISJ. RYAN, 1923-24. Executive Committee FARLEY OSGOOD, 1924-25. H. S. Osborne, Chairman, 195 Broadway,New York Deceased. H. E. Farrer, Secretary, 33 W. 39thStreet, New York W. A. Del Mar. A. M. MacCutcheon, L. T. Robinson, H. B. Gear, J. Franklin Meyer, C. R. Harte. C. H. Sharp LOCAL HONORARY SECRETARIES F. D. Newbury, C. E. Skinner, T. J. Fleming. Calle B. Mitre 519, Buenos Aires, H. M. Hobart, Harold Pender, Argentina, S. A. G. L. Knight, R. H. Tapscott, Carroll M. Mauseau, Caixa Postal No. 571, Rio deJaneiro, Brazil, S. A. F. L. Rhodes. H. R. Woodrow, Charles le Maistre, 28 Victoria St., London, S. W. 1,England. Ex -officio A. S. Garfield, 45 Bd. Beausejour, Paris 16 E, France. Chairmen of Working Committees H. P. Gibbs, Tata Sons Ltd.. 24 Bruce Road, Bombay-1, India. Chairmen of A. I. E. E. delegationson other standardizing bodies. Guido Semenza, 39 Via Monte Napoleone, Milan, Italy. EDISON MEDAL COMMITTEE Elji Aoyagi, Kyoto Imperial University, Kyoto, Japan. Appointed by the President forterm of fire years. P. H. Powell, Canterbury College, Christchurch, NewZealand. (Terms expire July 31, 1926) Axel F. Enstrom, 24a Grefturegatan, Stockholm, Sweden. B. A. Elehrend, John H. Finney, C. S. Ruffner. W. Elsdon-Dew, P. 0. Box 4563, Johannesburg, Transvaal.Africa. (Terms expire jufy 31, 1927) Gano Dunn, Chairman,F. A. Scheffier, W. R. Whitney. (Terms expire July 31, 1928) C. C. Chesney, Robert A. Millikan, M. I. Pupin. (Terms expire July 31, 1929) A. I. E. E Committees N. A. Carle, W. C. L. Eglin, John W. Lieb. GENERAL STANDING COMMITTEES (Terms expire July 31, 1930) George Gibbs, Samuel Insull, Ralph D. Mershon. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Elected by the Board of M. I. Pupin, Chairman, 1 W. 72nd St., New York Directors from its own membership forterm of two years. (Terms expire July 31, 1928) Farley Osgood. Vice -Chairman L. F. Morehouse, Harris J. Ryan, H. P. Charlesworth, G. A. Hamilton, G. L. Knight, Harold B. Smith. (Terms expire July 31, 1927) H. W. Eales W. K. Vanderpoel. W. P. Dobson, Farley Osgood. A. G. Pierce. FINANCE COMMITTEE Ex -Officio G. L. Knight, Chairman, Pearl & Willoughby Sts., Brooklyn, N. Y. M. I. Pupin, President. L. F. Morehouse George A. Hamilton, National Treasurer, W. K. Vanderpoel F.L. Hutchinson, National Secretary ACTIVITIES 103 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ELECTROCHEMISTRY ANDELECTROMETALLURGY COMMITTEE ON CODE OF PRINCIPLES OFPROFESSIONAL CONDUCT G. W. Vinal, Chairman, Bureau ofStandards, Washington, D. C. John W. Lieb, Chairman, 124 E. 15th Street, NewYork F. A. J. Fitzgerald, Carl G. Schluederberg L. F. Morehouse, Lawrence Addicks, C. A. Adams, G. Faccioli, Arthur N. Anderson, W. F. Hendry, Magnus Unger, R. D. Mershon, C. E. Skinner. A. H. Babcock, T. C. Atchison, Walter E. Holland, J. B. Whitehead, Farley G. Clark, F. A. Lidbury, J. L. Woodbridge, COMMITTEE ON AWARD OF INSTITUTEPRIZES Safford K. Colby, Wm. A. Moore, J. L. McK. Yardley. Charles H. Moritz, E. B. Meyer, Chairman, 80 Park Place, Newark,N. J. Percy H. Thomas. L. F. Morehouse, ELECTROPHYSICS J. H. Morecroft, Chairman, ColumbiaUniversity,New York UNIVERSITY SCHOLARSHIPS COMMITTEE ON AWARD OF COLUMBIA V. Bush, A. E. Kennelly, Harold Pender, Chester W. Rice, W. I. Slichter, Chairman, Columbia University,New York R. E. Doherty, W. B. Kouwenhoven, Francis Blossom, H. C. Carpenter. Herbert Bristol Dwight, R. A. Millikan, J. Slepian, Charles Fortescue, F. W. Peek, Jr. Harold B. Smith, J. B. Whitehead. COMMITTEE ON SAFETY CODES V. Karapetoff, Paul Spencer, Chairman, 1401 Arch St.,Philadelphia, Pa. INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS F. A. Barron, H. B. Gear, J. E. Moore, Yale University, R. W. E. Moore, A. E. Knowlton, Chairman, Dunham Laboratory, Philander Betts, P. J. Howe, New Haven, Conn. W. J. Canada, L. C. Ilsley, George Quinan, Joseph Sachs, F. V. Magalhaes, Vice -Chairman R. N. Conwell, M. G. Lloyd. H. B. Brooks, Secretary J. V. B. Duer, Ernest Lunn, H. R. Sargent, W. M. Goodwin, Jr. H. A. Perkins, W. H. Sawyer, 0. J. Bliss, J. C. Forsyth, Wills Maclachlan, Perry A. Borden, C. M. Jansky, Jr. L. T. Robinson, R. C. Fryer, J. C. Martin, M. L. Sindeband, W. B Kouwenhoven, Bryon W. St. Clair, H. S. Warren. W. M. Bradshaw, D. H. Gage, J. R. Craighead, P. M. Lincoln, G. A. Sawin, W. A. Del Mar, W. M. McConahey I. B. Smith, E. D. Doyle, W. J. Mowbray, Roy Wilkins. APPLICATIONS TO IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION SPECIAL COMMITTEES F. B. Crosby, Chairman, Morgan Construction Co.,15 Belmont St., PROCEDURE Worcester, Mass. INSTITUTE PRIZES-POLICIES AND A. C. Cummins, A. G. Pierce, G. E. Stoltz, L. W. W. Morrow, Chairman, Electrical World,10th Ave. & 36th St., New York W. C. Kennedy, A. G. Place, J. D. Wright. H. P. Charlesworth, C. E. Magnusson, M. E. Skinner, F. 0. Schnure, H. A. Kidder, A. C. Stevens. PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF LIGHT LICENSING OF ENGINEERS Preston S.Millar, Chairman, Electrical Testing Laboratories, 80th St. & East End Ave., New York Francis Blossom, Chairman, Sanderson & Porter, 52William Street, New York F. H. Murphy, E. W. Rice, Jr. W. T. Blackwell, F. F. Fowle, H. W. Buck, Gano Dunn, J. M. Bryant, G. C. Hall, Charles F. Scott, L. E. Imlay, W. T. Dempsey, H. H. Higbie, B. E. Shackelford, H. W. Eales, A. S. McAllister, C. J. Stahl, G. H. Stickney. TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES F. M. Feiker, G. S. Merrill, A. G. Pierce, Chairman, 1239 Guardian Building, Cleveland,Ohio APPLICATIONS TO MARINE WORK J. B. Whitehead. H. P. Charlesworth, H. M. Hobart, L. C. Brooks, Chairman, Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp.,Quincy, Mass. H. A. Kidder, H. F. Harvey, Jr., Vice -Chairman J. S. Jones, Secretary R. A. Beekman, M. A. Libbey, H. M. Southgate, J. F. Clinton, E. B. Merriam, W. E. Thau, C. S. Gillette, W. F. Meschenmoser C. P. Turner, TECHNICAL COMMITTEES William Hetherington, Jr. I. H. Osborne, A. E. Waller, H. L. Hibbard, Arthur Parker, J. L. Wilson, COMMUNICATION Edward C. Jones, G. A. Pierce, R. L. Witham. H. P. Charlesworth,Chairman. 195 Broadway,New York A. Kennedy, Jr. F. L. Baer, D. H. Gage, Lieut. Comm. B. B. Ralston, 0. B. Blackwell, S. P. Grace, F. A. Raymond, APPLICATIONS TO MINING WORK L. W. Chubb, P. J. Howe, Chester W. Rice, F. L. Stone, Chairman, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. J. K. Roosevelt, Charles E. Davies, F. H. Kroger, W. C. Adams, G. M. Kennedy, Charles H. Matthews, H. A. Shepard, H. W. Drake, N. M. Lash, M. C. Benedict, R. L. Kingsland, D. C. McKeehan, Major P. W. Evans, Ray H. Mansnn, John F. Skirrow, A. B. Kiser, W. F. Schwedes, E. B. Tuttle, Graham Bright, R. D. Evans, , R. D. Parker, H. W. Eales, Carl Lee, W. A. Thomas, E. A. Wolff, E. H. Everit, H. S. Phelps, L. C. Ilsley, W. H. Lesser, C. D. Woodward. L. F. Fuller. C. A. Wright. John A. Malady,

EDUCATION GENERAL POWER APPLICATIONS Co., Harold Pender, Chairman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. A. M. MacCutcheon, Chairman, Reliance Electric Engineering C. A. Adams, C. E. Eveleth, Harold B. Smith, 1088 Ivanhoe Road, Cleveland, Ohio P. H. Adams, H. D. James, H. W. Rogers, Bion J. Arnold, D. C. Jackson, R. W. Sorensen, J. B. Whitehead, D. H. Braymer, P. C. Jones, H. L. Smith, Edward Bennett, F. B. Jewett, W. H. Timbie, Farley Osgood, W. R. Whitney, H. E. Bussey, J. C. Kositzky, Gano Dunn, W. K. Vanderpoel, W. C. L. Eglin, W. E. Wickenden. R. F. Chamberlain, A. C. Lanier, C. W. Drake, W. S. Maddocks, A. E. Waller, E. W. Henderson, N. L. Mortensen, W. C. Yates. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY H. M. Hobart, Chairman, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. POWER GENERATION J. C. Parker, Vice -Chairman, Brooklyn, N. Y. Vern E. Alden, Chairman, Consolidated Gas & Electric Company, C. A. Adams, L. L. Elden, P. M. Lincoln, Baltimore, Md. H. C. Albrecht, G. Faccioli, A. M. MacCutcheon, H. A. Barre, P. Junkersfcld, J. C. Parker, B. F. Bailey, W. J. Foster, F. D. Newbury, E. T. Brandon, H. A. Kidder, M. M. Samuels, B. L. Barns, Harold Goodwin, Jr., N. L. Pollard, H. W. Bales, J. T. Lawson, P. A. Schaller, B. A. Behrend, J. I. Hull, R. F. Schuchardt, Louis Elliott, W. H. Lawrence, R. F. Schuchardt, A. C. Bunker, V. Karapetoff, C. E. Skinner, N. E. Funk, James Lyman, A. R. Smith, James Burke, A. H. Kehoe, A. Still, C. F. Hirsnfeld, W. E. Mitchell, Nicholas Stahl, Walter M. Dann, A. E. Kennelly, R. B. Williamson. Francis Hodgkinson, I. E. Moultrop, W. M. White. 104 INSTITUTE ANDRELATED "II ' I 'I' I Kti Journal A. I. E. K. POWER TRANSMISSIONAND DISTRIBUTION P. H. Thomas, Chairman, APPARATUS MAKERS AND USERS, P. H. Chase, Vice 120 Broadway, New York COMMITTEE OF. -Chairman, Philadelphia, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL R. N. Conwell, Vice Pa, -Chairman, Newark, N. F. M. Farmer, Secretary, J. H. Skinner C. G. Adsit, 80th St. & East EndAve., New York Herbert H. Dewey, R. W. Atkinson, Clifford R. Oliver, BOARD OF TRUSTEES, UNITEDENGINEERING SOCIETY L. L. Elden, John C. Parker, H. 11. Burnes, Jr. A. 0. Austin. Bancroft Glirrardi, 11. A. Lurdner. R. D. Evans, F. W. Peek, Jr. P. G. Baum, C. L. Fortescue, John A. 13rundige, G. G. Post, CHARLES A. COFFIN FELLOWSHIP C. D. Gray, D. W. Roper. AND RESEARCH FUND V. Bush, \V. A. Hillebrand, COMMITTEE George F. Chellis, C. E. Schwenger, J. P. Jollyman, A. E. Silver, Farley Osgood Wallace S. Clark, A. H. Kehoe, Edith Clarke, M. L. Sindeband, C. H. Kraft, H. C. Sutton, ELIMINATION OF FATIGUE, COMMITTEE W. H. Cole, A. H. Lawton, ON, SOCIETY OF Philip Torchio, M. T. Crawford, W. E. Meyer, INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS John C. Damon, W. E. Mitchell, Theodore Varney, C. Francis Harding W. A. Del Mar. H. S. Warren, R. J. C. Wood. ENGINEERING FOUNDATIONBOARD Gano Dunn, L. B. Stillwell. PROTECTIVE DEVICES E. C. Stone, Chairman, F. L. Hunt, Vice Duquesne Light Co., 435Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. JOHN FRITZ MEDAL BOARD OFAWARD -Chairman, Greenfield,Mass. Gano Dunn, Frank B. Jewett, W. S. Edsall, George S. Humphrey, Farley Osgood. H. Halperin, W. H. Milian, William McClellan, J. Allen Johnson, J. M. Oliver, F. C. Hanker, M. G. Lloyd, S. E. M. Henderson, N. L. Pollard, JOINT COMMITTEE ON WELDED H. C. Louis, E. J. Rutan, RAIL JOINTS R. A. Hentz, A. A. Meyer, D. D. Ewing, A. P. Way. E. A. Hester, E. R. Stauffacher, H. R. Summerhayes. JOINT CONFERENCE COMMITTEEOF FOUNDER SOCIETIES The Presidents and Secretaries, RESEARCH ex -officio. John B. Whitehead, C hairman, Johns HopkinsUniversity, Baltimore, Md. LIBRARY BOARD OF UNITED Edward Bennett, B. Gherardi, ENGINEERING SOCIETY V. Bush, E. W. Rice, Jr. Edward D. Adams, F. L. Hutchinson, V. Karapetoff, D. W. Roper, E. B. Craft, Alfred W. Kiddie, E. H. Colpitts, A. E. Kennelly, W. I. Slichter. E. E. F. Creighton, C. H. Sharp, M. G. Lloyd, C. E. Skinner, W. F. Davidson, F. W. Peek, Jr., NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION W. A. Del Mar. Harold B. Smith, ASSOCIATION, ELECTRICAL Harold Fender. R. W. Sorensen. COMMITTEE Paul Spencer.

NATIONAL FIRE WASTE COUNCIL John H. Finney. Paul Spencer.

A. J. E. E.Representatives NATIONAL MUSEUM OFENGINEERING AND INDUSTRY Board of Trustees AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR Gano Dunn F. B. Jewett THE ADVANCEMENT OFSCIENCE COUNCIL NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL,ENGINEERING DIVISION A. E. Kennelly, John B. Taylor. John B. Whitehead A. E. Kennelly, E. W. Rice. Jr. F. L. Hutchinson, ex -Officio, AMERICAN BUREAU OF WELDING NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, H. M. Hobart. ELECTRICAL COMMITTEE OF A. S.S. E.-ENGINEERING SECTION Paul Spencer AMERICAN COMMITTEE ONELECTROLYSIS B. J. Arnold, N. A. Carle, F. N. Waterman. THE NEWCOMEN SOCIETY E. B. Craft AMERICAN ENGINEERING COUNCILASSEMBLY SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION Comfort A. Adams, H. M. Hobart, M. I. Pupin, OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION C. G. Adsit, BOARD OF INVESTIGATIONAND COORDINATION F. L. Hutchinson, E. W. Rice, Jr., Gano Dunn, A. W. Berresford, D. C. Jackson, Frank B. Jewett. H. W. Eales, Charles F. Scott, William McClellan, C. E. Skinner, U. S. NATIONAL COMMITTEE John H. Finney, L. F. Morehouse, OF THE INTERNATIONAL Calvert Townley, ILLUMINATION COMMISSION M. M Fowler, Farley Osgood, A. E. Kennelly, C. 0. Mailloux, Clayton H. Sharp. WASHINGTON AWARD, AMERICAN ENGINEERING STANDARDS COMMISSION OF COMMITTEE L. A. Ferguson, Charles F. Scott. H. M. Hobart, H. S. Osborne, C. E. Skinner, L. T. Robinson (Alternate) U. S. NATIONAL COMMITTEEOF THE INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION C. A. Adams, A. E. Kennelly, AMERICAN MARINE STANDARDS M. I. Pupin, (ex -officio) L. W. Chubb, G. L. Knight (ex -officio) COMMITTEE W. A. Del Mar, L.IT. Robinson, F. V. Magalhaes, D. W. Roper, John F. Clinton, G. A. Pierce (Alternate) Gano Dunn, C. 0. Mailloux, Charles F. Scott, H. W. Fisher, A. S. McAllister, B. Gherardi, C. H. Sharp, A. H. Moore, C. E. Skinner, AMERICAN YEAR BOOK, ADVISORY BOARD H. M. Hobart, F. D. Newbury, D. C. Jackson, Elihu Thomson. Edward Caldwell H. S. Osborne (ex -officio)R. B. Williamson. Farley Osgood ACTIVITIES 105 Jan. 1926 INSTITUTE AND RELATED LIST OF BRANCHES LIST OF SECTIONS Name and Location Chairman Secretary Name Chairman Secretary C. W. McMullan Jas. B. Davis Ralph Higgins John Grotzinger, 64 Marguerite Alabama Poly Inst., Auburn, Ala. Akron Ave., Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio Alabama, Univ. of, University. Ala. C. E. Rankin Sewell St. John Atlanta W. E. Gathright W. F. Oliver,Box 2211, Atlanta,Ga. Arizona, Univ. of, Tucson, Ariz. C. A. Rollins J. W. Cruse W. B. KouwenhovenR. T. Greer, Madison St. Build- Baltimore ing. Baltimore, Md. Arkansas, Univ. of, Fayetteville, Ark. R. McFarland J. Demarke 39Boylston W. A. Dean Boston J. W. Kidder W.H.Colburn, Armour Inst. of Tech., Chicago, Ill.H. J. Prebensen Street, Boston, Mass. Brooklyn Poly Inst., Brooklyn, N. Y. J. C. Arnell J. H. Diercks Carl Lee B. E. Ward, Room 1679, 230 S. Chicago Clark St., Chicago, Ill. Bucknell Univ., Lewisburg, Pa. T. J. Miers C. A. Rosencrans A. E. Schueler Cincinnati H. C. Blackwell E. S. Fields, Union Gas & Electric California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena W. A. Lewis Co., Cincinnati, Ohio California, Univ. of, Berkeley, Calif.E. A. Fenander C. F. Dalziel Chester L. Dows J. F. Schnable, 3503 Mapledale Cleveland Ave., Cleveland, Ohio Carnegie Inst. of Tech.,Pittsburgh,Pa. G. L. LeBaron H. E. Ashworth Columbus R. J. B. Feather W. T. Schumaker,2534 North High Case School of Applied Science, Cleve- St., Columbus, Ohio land, 0. C. A. Baldwin A. B. Anderson Connecticut A. A. Packard A. E. Knowlton, Dunham Labora- Catholic Univ. of America, Washing- tory,YaleUniversity,New B. J. Kroeger J. E. O'Brien Haven, Conn. ton, D. C. F. Sanford W. C. Osterbrock Denver V. L. Board R. B. Bonney, Telephone Building, Cincinnati, Univ. of, Cincinnati, 0. P. 0. Box 960, Denver, Colo. Clarkson Coll. of Tech.,Potsdam,N.Y. W. R. MacGregorL. G. Carney G. B. McCabe Harold Cole, Detroit Edison Co., Detroit -Ann Arbor SecondAve..Detroit, Clemson Agri. College, Clemson Col- 2000 lege, S. C. B. V. Martin W. H. Sudlow Mich. D. W. Asay Erie H. J. Hansen L. H. Curtis, General Electric Co., Colorado State Agri. Coll., Ft. Collins C. 0. Nelson Erie, Pa. Colorado, Univ. of, Boulder, Colo. 0. V. Miller L. E. Swedlund D. W. Merchant, General Electric Fort Wayne E. L. Gaines Denver, Univ. of, Denver, Colo. Earl Reed R. L. Kuhler Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. W. N. Richards Indianapolis -LafayetteH. M. Anthony J. B. Bailey, 48 Monument Circle, Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. E. B. Middleton Indianapolis, Ind. Florida, Univ. of, Gainesville, Fla. 0. B. Turbyfill R. Theo. Lundy Ithaca J. G. Pertsch, Jr. Geo. F. Bason, Cornell University. Georgia School of Tech., Atlanta, Ga. S. M. Thomas C. E. Burke Ithaca, N. Y. James Gartin Kansas City F. S. Dewey Henry Nixon, 509 Mutual Build- Idaho, University of, Moscow, IdahoR. C. Beam ing, Kansas City, Mo. Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa P. E. Benner H. J. Bidduloh W. H. Lesser G. W. Brooks,Pennsylvania Lehigh Valley Power & Light Co., Allentown. Iowa, Univ. of, Iowa City, Iowa L. Diamond A. C. Boeke Pa. Kansas State College, Manhattan H. M. Porter E. J. Weeks Los Angeles R. A. Hopkins R. E. Cunningham, 1725 Camden Kansas, Univ. of, Lawrence, Kans. L. E. Allen A. F. Hartung Ave., So. Pasadena, Calif. J. A. WeingartnerC. E. Albert Lynn E. D. Dickinson F. S. Tones, General Electric Co., Kentucky, Univ. of, Lexington, Ky. Lynn, Mass. Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. A. H. Gabert F. G. Keim Madison L. E. A. Kelso LeoJ.Peters,Universityof Lehigh.Univ., S. Bethlehem, Pa. F. G. Kear J. H. Shuhart Wisconsin, Madison. Wis. 0. D. WesterbergR. G. Raymond Mexico E. F. Lopez H. Larralde, Isabel La Catolice, Lewis Institute, Chicago, Ill. 33 Mexico, D. F., Mexico Maine, Univ. of, Orono, Me. S. B. Coleman H. S. McPhee Milwaukee H. R. Huntley L. F. Seybold, 446 Public Service C. H. Legler M. J. Smith Building, Milwaukee. Wis. Marquette Univ., Milwaukee, Wis. Minnesota A. G. Dewars J. E.Sumpter, 919-23 Security Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cam- Building, Minneapolis, Minn. bridge, Mass. Stuart John H. W. Geyer Nebraska P. M. McCulloughC. W. Minard, 509 Electric Build- Michigan State Coll., East Lansing H. C. Roberts R. A. Bailey ing, Omaha, Neb. Michigan, Univ. of, Ann Arbor, Mich. M. H. Nelson S. L. Burgwin New York H. A. Kidder H. V. Bozell, Bonbright & Co.. 25 NassauSt.,New York, Milwaukee Engg.Schoolof,Mil- N. Y. waukee, Wis. S. A. Moore B. J. Chromy Niagara Frontier J. Allen Johnson A. W. Underhill, Jr., 606 Lafayette Minnesota, Univ. of, Minneapolis R. L. Christen A. A. Lee Building, Buffalo, N. Y. Missouri, Univ. of, Columbia, Mo. M. P. Weinbach L. Spraragen Oklahoma E. R. Page C. C. Stewart, Oklahoma Gas & Elec. Co., Norman, Okla. Missouri School of Mines and Metal- Panam L. W. Parsons I. F. Mcllhenny, Box 413, Balboa lurgy, Rolla, Mo. W. J. Maulder R. P. Baumgartner Heights, C. Z. Montana State Coll., Bozeman, Mont. T. A. Van Noy J. A. Thaler Philadelphia Nathan Shute R. H. Silbert, 2301 Market St.. Nebraska, Univ. of, Lincoln, Neb. R. Worrest C. J. Madsen Philadelphia, Pa. Nevada, Univ. of, Reno, Nev. Lloyd Crosby R. C. Samuels Pittsburgh G. S. Humphrey W.C.Goodwin, Westinghouse New York, College of the City of, New Elec. & Mfg. Co., East Pitts- York, N. Y. J. Wilson Frank Kulman burgh, Pa. New York Univ., New York, N. Y. W. R. Steeneck H. A. Weber Pittsfield E. D. Eby C. H. Kline, General Electric Co., North Carolina State College, Raleigh, Pittsfield, Mass. N. C. F. P. Dickens H. Baum Portland, Ore. L. W. Ross J. C. Fenkle, Hawthorne Building, North Carolina, Univ. of, Chapel Hill H. KlingenschmittJ. D. McConnell Portland, Ore. North Dakota, Univ. of, University V. L. Cox 0. B. Medalen Providence W. P. Field F. N. Tompkins, Brown Univer- Northeastern Univ., Boston. Mass. F. W. Morley L. C. Tyack sity, Providence, R. I. Notre Dame, Univ. of, Notre Dame,Ind. C. A. Rogge T. T. Burton Rochester A. E. Soderholm Earl C. Karker, Mechanics Insti- Ohio Northern Univ., Ada, Ohio H. N. Seslar Frank Boulton tute, Rochester, N. Y. Ohio State ITniv., Columbus, 0. L. W. HendershottF. S. Kinkead St. Louis Fred D. Lyon Ralf T. Toensfeldt, 311 City Hall, Oklahoma A. & M. Coll., StillwaterB. Wrigley K. Woodyard St. Louis, Mo. Oklahoma, Univ. of, Norman, Okla.P. 0. Bond E. F. Durbeck, Jr. San Francisco R. C. Powell A. G. Jones, 807 Rialto Building, Oregon Agri. Coll., Corvallis, Ore. H. E. Rhoads B. E. Plowman San Francisco, Calif. PennsylvaniaStateCollge,State Saskatchewan E. W. Bull W. P. Brattle, Dept.of Telephones, College, Pa. W. L. Koehler J. E. Hogan Parliament Bldgs.,Regina,Sask. Pennsylvania, Univ. of, PhiladelphiaP. K. Welch J. G. Haydock Schenectady W. J. Davis, Jr. W.E.Saupe,Bldg.No.41. Pittsburgh, Univ. of, Pittsburgh, Pa.S. A. Swetonic L. M. Brush General Electric Co., Schenec- Purdue Univ., Laftayette, Ind. W. 0. Osbon R. C. Parker tady, N. Y. Rensselaer Poly. Inst., Troy, N. Y.F. M. Sebast K. C. Wilsey Seattle E. A. Loew C.E. Mong,505Telephone Rhode IslandState Coll.,Kingston,R.I. D. B. Brown S. J. Bragg Building, Seattle, Wash. Rose Poly. Inst., Terre Haute. Ind. J. H Utt E. Letsinger Sharon Rutgers University, New Brunswick, Southern Virginia H. B. Hawkins E. W. Trafford, 1030 W. Franklin N. J. StanleyHunt S. B. Aylsworth St., Richmond, Va. South Dakota State School of Mines, Spokane G. S. Covey Richard McKay, Washington Rapid City. S. D. J V. Walrod C. Allen Water Power Co., Lincoln & SouthDakota,Univ.of,Vermillion,S.D. L. J. Stverak R. T. Brackett Trent, Spokane, Wash. Southern California,Univ.of,Los Springfield, Mass. R. P. King J. Frank Murray, 251 Wilbraham Angeles, Calif. H. B. Wilcox W. T. Scott Ave., Springfield, Mass. Stanford Univ., Stanford University. ' Syracuse W. C. Pearce L. N. Street, College of Applied Calif. F. E. Crever C. R. Walling Science,SyracuseUniversity, Stevens Institute of Technology Syracuse, N. Y. Swarthmore Coll., Swarthmore, Pa. J. D. Donal, Jr R. W. Lafon Toledo A. H. Stebbins Max Neuber, 1257 Fernwood Ave., Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, N. Y. K. N. Cook R. H. Watkins Toledo, Ohio Tennessee, Univ. of, Knoxville, Tenn. D H Sneed H. S. Shultz Toronto L. B. Chubbuck W. L. Amos, Hydro-Elec. Power Texas A. & M. Coll., College Station L. H. Cardwell C. A. Altenbern Commission, 190 University Ave., Texas, Univ. of, Austin, Tex. A. A. Bown J. B. Coltharp Toronto, Ont. Utah, Univ. of, Salt Lake City, Utah F. C. Bates C. E. Hoffman Urbana C. A. Keener J.T. Tykociner, 300 Electrical Virginia Military Inst., Lexington E. T. Morris J. H. Diuguid Laboratory, University of Illi- Virginia Poly. Inst., Blacksburg, Va.M. R. Staley R.. M. Hutcheson nois, Urbana, Ill. Virginia, Univ. of, University, Va. T. M. Linville H. M. Dixon Utah John Salberg D. L. Brundige, Utah Pr. & Lt. Washington, State Coll. of, PullmanD. D. Miller L. A. Traub Box 1790, Salt Lake City, Washington Univ., St. Louis, Mo. W. W. Braken S. E. Newhouse, Jr, UCotah., Washington, Univ. of, Seattle, Wash, H. 0. Compton C. M. Murray, Jr. Vancouver A.Wilstrup C. W. Colvin, B. C. Elec. Railway West Virginia Univ., Morgantown R. W. Beardslee W. F. Davis Co., Hastings St., Vancouver, Wisconsin, Univ. of, Madison, Wis. N. G. Robisch Stanley Roland B. C. Worcester Polytechnic Inst., Worces- Washington, D. C. A. F. E. Horn L. E. Reed, Potomac Elec. Pr. ter, Mass. 0. H. Brewster R. A Beth Co.,14th & C Sts.,N. W., Wyoming, University of,Laramie,Wyo. E. Murray V. D. Shinburn Washington, D. C. Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn. S. A. Tucker G. C. Bailey Worcester E. T. Harrop Fred B. Crosby, 15 Belmont St., Total 84 Worcester, Mass. Total 50 106 INSTIT(l'PE AN I) Rt.:LATE!) .1("I'I V I'll I'S .11 )1111111 I A. I. [...... 0111111.11111 iiiiiiiiii NM iiiiiiiii 1111 iiiiiii I.:. K. I iiiiiii 11.1111111.111111. iiiii 1111101/411101.1111101101 DIGESTOF CURRENT 111.101401111101111.1.4.04111111.611 iiiiiii INDUSTRIALNEWS

NEW CATALOGUES AND OTHERPUBLICATIONS Mailed to interested to construct a harbor, breakwater,wharves, roads, etc., for the readers by issuingcompanies. Government of Liberia at Monrovia, Motors.-Bulletin 137,12 pp. West Africa, recently t Describes Wagnerwound - construction organization via Englandon the steamship Presi- rotor, slip -ring, polyphasemotors. Wagner Electric Corpora-dent Roosevelt.Plant, tools, equipment andallnecessary tion, St. Louis, Mo. supplies also went forward Circuit Breakers.-Bulletin on the same day, via the steamship 9000, 12 pp.Describes Pacific West Huniliaw, sailing directto Monrovia. multi -break oil circuitbreakers..Pacific Electric & Manufac- turing Company, 5815 Electrification of Chilean Mines.-The Andes Copper Third Street, San Francisco,Cal. Company and the Chilean ExplorationCompany, both of Chile, Transformers.-Bulletin 2050,4 pp. have placed with the Westinghouse polyphase transformers, Describes Pittsburgh Electric & Manufacturing and discusses the importanceof low Company, orders totallingtwenty-three industrial electric exciting current and itsvalue in the operation motives for the loco- of transformers. purpose of inaugurating the electrificationof the Pittsburgh TransformerCompany, Columbus & haulage systems of these two Pittsburgh, Pa. Preble Avenues, mining properties.The complete electrification eventually will Outdoor Substations.-The require some fifty additional70 - December 15 issue ofthe ton locomotives.The electric power for thehaulage system at "Delta -Star Monthly,"published by the Delta the Chile Exploration Star Electric Company is generated bysteam turbines Company, 2400 BlockFulton Street, Chicago, and oil fired boilers located interesting description contains an at the seacoast seventy-fivemiles of a standard outdoorsubstation con-away, and transmitted to the mining struction for voltagesup to 132 kv. property at 110,000 volts. General Electric CompanySecures Manufacturing Electrical Drives for PowerPlant Auxiliaries.-Bulletinin St. Louis.-Gerard Swope, Site 7381, 24 pp.Describes the advantages President of the GeneralElectric of motor drivenpower Company, has announced thatthe company has definitely plant auxiliaries, includingpumps, fans and blowers, coal hand-cided to purchase de- ling equipment, pulverized a site for a manufacturingestablishment in fuel equipment, etc.Westinghousethe City of St. Louis.The tracts of real estate Electric & Mfg. Company,East Pittsburgh, Pa. in the aggregate about selected contain Illuminating and Wiring 155 acres, of which all but11 acres are pp. Equipment.-Catalog 24, 182 within the city limits of St.Louis; the balance lies just Describes Benjamin electricalproducts, which include beyond re- the city limits in St. LouisCounty.The property in general flector -sockets, outdoor lightingfixtures, store and office lightinglies between the Belt Line equipment, industrial signals, of the Terminal RailroadAssociation wiring devices, etc., Benjaminand Goodfellow Avenue.It also has a frontage Electric Manufacturing Company,120 So. Sangamon Street, Avenue. on Bircher Chicago, Ill. Increase in Foreign Trade Block Signals Ona Steam Railway.-Bulletin 146, 100pp., During 1925.-The Directorof entitled "Alternating Current the Bureau of Foreign andDomestic Commerce reports Signals on the Southern."Theexport trade of the United that the installation describedcovers 667 continuous miles of double track States during 1925 continuedits and presents a good example steady advance, exceedingby more than 7% its value of the applicability of thistype ofThe total value of in 1924. signal system on a steam railroadwhere average track conditions our exports for the year is in theneighborhood prevail. of $4,900,000,000, the largestfigure since 1920. General Railway Signal Company,Rochester, N. Y. of domestic products British exports General Electric Catalog No. were slightly less than in 1924, andFrench 6001 B.-Supersedes allpre-exports also showeda decline.Those of Germany increased vious catalogs issued by thecompany, except those dealing withabout 6%. railway, mine and industrial supplies and merchandise products. Exports of electrical machinery,in contrast with the normal This complete catalog is issuedevery two years.The book isincrease in recent years, have been stationary.The increase two inches thick and containsmore than 1100 pages, the illus-of recent years in exports trations total more than 3200. The of copper was continued during1925. catalog is thumb-indexed Buffalo General Electric into sixteen sections,as follows:Generation, wire and cable, Company Expands.-Therapidly increasing load supplied bythe Niagara system, and the distribution transformers, arresters,voltage regulators, switch-sity of maintaining neces- boards and accessories, meters and a proper balance in the supplyof steam and instruments, motors, motorhydro -power have made applications, industrial control, railway,lighting, industrial it necessary to adda 60,000 kw. turbine to the equipment of theRiver Station of the Buffalo heating, miscellaneous and indexes. Electric Company. General The construction schedulecalls for the new NOTES OF INDUSTRY unit to be in operationearly in the fall of 1926. Station at present includes The River Union Electric Manufacturing three 20,000 kw. andone 35,000 kw. Company, Milwaukee,turbine generators.These, as well Wis., manufacturers of electricmotor control equipment, an- as the new unit now to be added, are of GeneralElectric manufacture. nounce the opening of a New York office in the HudsonTerminal Western Electric Creates Building, 30 Church Street, under the directionof A. J. Heidt. New Company.-Theelectrical supply business carriedon by the Western Electric Company Simplex Wire & Cable Company, Boston,Mass., has openedbeen set apart from the has a branch office in the Lew Building, St. Augustine, telephone manufacturingbusiness and Fla., inincorporated under thename of Graybar Electric Company. order to better care for the steadily increasingvolume of businessThe Western Electric in this state.F. H. Pettee, who has represented the Company has been boththe manufactur- companying company of the BellSystem and a distributor in Florida for a number ofyears will be manager of the newsupplies. of electrical office. Both of these linesof business require specialized organization andspecialized management. The Gray Instrument Company, 64W. Johnson St.,pansion of the supply The rapidex- Germantown, Philadelphia, has been organized by department madean entirely separate J. G. Gray,corporate identity evenmore necessary. formerly president of Queen & Company,Inc., and Queen- The new company iscapitalized at $15,000,000, Gray Company. The newcompany will continue the manu-the Western Electric all owned by facture of the line of electrical measuring and scientific Company.The officers are as follows: instru-Charles G. DuBois, presidentof the Western Electric ments made for many years by the above namedcompanies. is chairman of the Board; Company, The 3. G. White Engineering Corporation, New Albert L. Salt, president;Frank A. York, Ketcham, George E. Cullinan,Leo M. Dunn and Howard which has a contract with the Firestone PlantationsCompanyHalligan, vice-presidents; A. Richard H. Gregory,comptroller. ADVERTISING SECTION 1 Jan. 1926

Another year added tothe PERFORMANCE RECORD OF KERITE

KERITE COMPANY NEVSTVORIC C 1-1Icfikao Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. I I ; I I \I )\ I TheMuleis FadingAway in the CoalField

C. -HEpicturesque, plodding old mine mule is rapidly fadingaway in the coal field. As hisweary, hunched back grows dimmer, a new "mule" becomes brighter eachyear. In more and more coal mines electriccurrent takes the place of oats and bustling wheels swiftlyturn where tired legs shambled before. The motors manufactured formine locomotive service by the General Electric Company offer the sturdiness and durability which give this "electric mule"pow-

conditions-and SRB Ball Bearings with Forged Mo-lyb-den-um Steel Balls are contributing their shareto this efficiency. Standard Steel and Bearings Incorporated Plainville

Q -E Mine Locomotive Motor Type HM 8to, 250 Volts, go H.P. at 400 R.P.M. Equipped with SRB Numbers 412 and 4 rs Single Row Bearings with Forged USE SRB BALL BEARINGS -7W I Mo lyb den -um - they'll last Steel Balls Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I.E. E. when writing to advertisers. 3 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

You areusing ElectricMotors We can positively prove to youthat by ordering your motorsequipped with New Departure Ball Bearings you can cut your motormain- tenance costsin halfor more. Write for folders giving the figures. Motor manufacturers will supplyyouNew Depar- ture equipped motorsif youspecify them.

The New Departure ManufacturingCompany Detroit Bristol, Connecticut Chicago

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. I. I. when writing to udvertiners. \ DV ERTISINlltiff"NON Journal A. I. E.E.

VIE

Bakelite an importantpart of KeystoneArrester Air gap adjustmentof great accu- capable ofmany lightning dis- racy is vital to an efficientlight- charges. ning arrester.In the Keystone Expulsion Arresterexact control The makers ofthe Keystone Ar- of airgapsettingsismade rester state that theuse of Bake- possible throughthe accuracylite is an "addedsales point of withwhich Bakelitecan bevery considerable weight."Per- molded. haps you, too,make some device or appliance that Since Bakelite also would be im- possesses such proved throughthe use of Bake- high dielectric strengthit is used lite. Our engineers forthe spacers between and our lab- theoratories are readyto serve the heavy brassdischarge plates electrical industryin developing which havean arcing surfacenew applications. Write for Booklet3 BAKELITECORPORATION 247 Park Avenue,New York, N. Y. Chicago Office: 636West 22nd Street g We have an industrial motionpicture film called "THE various stages of the manufactureof Bakelite from theSTORY OF BAKELITE,"which shows tho wide variety of finished products. Itis a two -reel subject,raw materials, downto the fabrication of stock. (We will be glad to senda print to any manufacturerprepared on standardwidth non -inflammablea who has theproper projection apparatus.

KREGISTERE. U. S.LITE PAT. OFF. THE MATERIALOF Oro A "The registered Trade Mark and Symbol THOUSAND shown above may be used only USES manufactured by Bakelite Corporation. Underthe capital "13- is the numericalon products made from materials quantityIt symbolises the infinite number of sign for infinity. or unlimitect present and future uses of Bakelite Please mention the JOURNAL Corporation's products."' of the A. I. E. E.when writingto advertisers. 5 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

Let fibre work itsmiracle for you! WHEN you had toast and household appliances, tele- coffee this morning, Vul- phones, the radio, etc. canized Fibre was at your elbow Because it is tough, light and -helping some appliance manu- readily shaped into any special facturer give you cheap, efficient form, the world's finest trunks service ... On your way to office, now are made with National Vul- Vulcanized Fibre rode along in canized Fibre .. . While its ex- your car, or safeguarded the sig- ceptional wearing and machin- nals that guided your train ... ing qualities make it the perfect When you ring for a stenographer, material for wheels, washers, fric- reach for a waste basket or an- tion discs, brake shoes, gaskets, swer the phone-there is Vulcan- bushings, bearings and general ized Fibre, in some form or other, mechanical parts. waiting to function as industry's Hard as iron; durable as steel; most versatile friend. lighter than aluminum, and Since 1873, in literally thou- cheaper than most substitutes- In nearly a million offices, and homes,theworld's sands of manufactured articles, National Vulcanized Fibre is a most efficient waste basket general purpose materialwell is in daily use. Made of National Vulcanized Fibre has Islitional Vulcanized Fibre, come to replace many materials worthy of your closest study and and unconditionally guaranteed for five years. of less general utility-materials investigation. Just as fine tool Ask your stationer for that lack fibre's unique combina- steels are tempered to meet par- tion of qualities. . .Fibre can ticular conditions, so this fibre can VUL- COT be machined, bent or punched; it be furnished with varying degrees -the standard waste basket resists wear; will not crystallize of hardness or toughness to give under vibration, and is of high greatest service in particular uses. insulating value. Let our staff of fibre experts To meet the exacting re- Because it will not crack or show you how to develop a place quirements of radio and for National Vulcanized Fibre as electrical manufacturers we splinter,NationalVulcanized have developed a new Fibre is used almost exclusively a profitable substitute for some productthatmachines easily, has great dielectric by the textile industry for its less satisfactory material you now strength,is not effected employ in your product or manu- by age or temperature, and trucks, roving cans, reinforced does not warp, swell or shuttles, spool heads, etc. facturing process. Long experience disintegrate in water or steam. Ask us for further As insulation, you willfind qualifies us to study your special details about National Vulcanized Fibre em- needs and furnish just the grade ployed everywhere-in the power of fibre that will work a miracle in H ENOLITE plant; machine shop; factory; in your production. Write, or phone, numerous parts of automobiles; now for our representative to call Laminated BAKELITE in railroad and trolley cars; in -by appointment, and without motors, dynamos, switches, obligation or annoyance to you. National Vulcanized Fibre Co. Wilmington, Delaware Branch Offices in All Principal Cities

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 6 ADVERTISING SECTION .Journal A. I. E. E. fiLLISNOWILMER5

1000 K. W., 600 Volt D. C., 6 Phase, 60 Cycle,900 R. P. M., Rotary Converter. Rotary

PRODUCTS Electrical Machinery Converters Gas Engines Allis-Chalmers RotaryConvertersare made Steam Engines in various capacities Steam Turbines from 100 kw.up, and Condensers are adapted to various kinds of Oil Engines municipal Hydraulic Turbines and railwayservice,industrialservice, Pumping Engines mines, steel mills and Centrifugal Pumps many other installa- Mining Machinery tions.Theyare equipped with Frog Metallurgical Machinery -Leg Crushing Machinery windings, insuringperfect commutation Cement Machinery under all conditionsof load. Flour Mill Machinery Saw Mill Machinery Evidence of their superior Air Compressors design and work- Air Brakes manship is found inyears of constant service Steam and ElectricHoists Farm Tractors performed. Power Transmission Send for Bulletin Machinery pi-LIS-CHALMERSMANUFACTURINGCO. MILWAUKEE, WIS.U.S.A. District Offices in AllPrincipal Cities Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 7 ADVERTISING SECTION Jan. 1926

One of the 120 Fafnir -equipped Louis Allis motors installed at the Rockwell Mfg.Co.,Mil- waukee, Wis. The motor shown is driving a Whitney Sander.

Not a bearing replacement in 10 years for these 120 Fafnir -equippedmotors!

An almost incredible record,yet it is typical of the remarkable long life and enduranceof the high grade ball bearing in motor service. Fafnir Single Row Radial Ball Bearing, the standard The motors referred to are Louis Allis make, ball bearing for motor serv- equipped with Fafnir Ball Bearings. They were ice.Among the many advantages it gives are: installed in the plant of the Rockwell Mfg. Co. 1.Short overall length of in 1915.Although they have been in continu- motor 2. Noshorts fromoily ous operation up to the presentday, not a windings bearing replacement has been needed. 3.Clean bearings 4. Small, constant air gap THE FAFNIR BEARING COMPANY 5.Reducedmaintenance Makers of high grade ball bearings-the most costs complete line of types and sizes in America 6. Thrust load capacity NEW BRITAIN, CONN. 7.Repair bills cut Chicago Newark Cleveland Detroit 8.Smaller stock of spares 9.Belted in any position from any direction 10. International inter- changeability 11.Long life 12.Higher efficiency. BALL BEARINGS

-"`

THE MOST COMPLETE LINE OF TYPES AND SIZES IN AMERICA Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. .11 )\' I: ler 1st\ s I"I'r\ .11ifirlittl A. I. E.II:.

Protection For the Little Motorwith the BigBurden The load rating ofa fractional h.p. motor is in no wise responsibilityupon it.Think of the indicative of the its abilityto "keep going". operations --the resultsdependentupon And think of thecare and attention it probably will not receivefrom those whorun it. Isn't it the best of business, then,to give this motor --small reasonable protectionagainst the carelessness though it be-every that will almostsurely be its lot? Neglectedor improper oiling, for instance---every motor man knows that causes more "motor troubles"thanany other one thing. that easily andso thoroughly guarded And yet itcan be so against, simply byusing vtiN vizm

PRECISIONBALLBEARINGS To these high-precision units successfully operatingat speeds up to 50,000 the speed of thefractional h.p. motor is merely moderate. R. P. M.- dust -tight mountings, And --mountedin non -leaking with a magazine oflubricant surrounding for_months and monthswithout oiling. the bearing-theywill run There'll beno "servicing" of such There'll be a motor, because ofworn-out or "seized" no complaint of vagrant oilgetting into the bearings. the surroundings.It will be windings or escapingupon a sweet -running,ever -ready motor using the the work it does.And how it will standup to its job! least current for

Our engineers havehad a very wideex- perience in helping to makegood motors better.Can they be ofservice to you? \c7) ErARINec tifr tara yarn, ,n?, AreATIFFMettot _ "r vimilsvn Stamii7rd-Connecticut PRECISIVN BALL, ROLLER AND THRUSTBEARINGS

Please mention the JOURNALof the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 9 ADVERTISING SECTION Jan. 1.126

1 Where heavy starting torque or speed control is necessary, consider di11110 the advantages of commutator type motors.

.11

541 .1k,\141:110110=00....

1111111111111111111...111111iiiir fitHim .. 'I'll'' 541 N LUBRICATED THE highest attainable brush life and least amountof ring wear on the AC sideof rotary converters can be obtained by the use of National Grade 541. This is aspecially impregnated brush which will require additionallubrication after a few monthsof service. Where operators are willing to perform this necessary lubrication, Grade 541will be found to give exceptionally longlife and economical operation. The long life and highly satisfactory operating characteristics of this grade are secured by specialmaterials and processes developed by ourengineers. NationalOur Sales Engineers are eager to serve you Pyramid. Brushes NATIONAL CARBONManufactured and guaranteed COMPANY, by INC. Carbon Sales Division Cleveland, Ohio San Francisco, Cal. Canadian National Carbon Co., Limited, Toronto, Ontario Emergency Service Plants CHICAGO, ILL. PITTSBURGH, PA. NEW YORK, N. Y. 551 West Monroe St. Arrott Power Bldg. No. 3 357 West 36th St. Phone: State 6092 Barker Place Phone: Lackawanna 8153 Phone: Atlantic 3570 N-..--...,

P ease mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. .11)1 1.:1(TIsINiiSLCTI(r .urPia!1.I.1.,

INSULATINGPAPERS

Foy HC)

TradeMark-"INSULONE"CABLES Made under HighlySpecializedTech- nical and PracticalControlresulting in the Productionof PaperCombining GreatestMechanicalStrengthwith HighestInsulatingProperties by TULLIS,RUSSELL& CO.,LTD., PAPERMAKERS HEAD OFFICE ANDMILLS MARKINCH, SCOTLAND ESTABLISHED 1809 MANCHESTER OFFICE 376 CORN EXCHANGE CABLES-"TULLIS, MARKINCH" BUILDING SALES OFFICE CORPORATION STREET 1, TUDOR STREET MANCHESTER LONDON, E.C. 4,ENG. CABLES: AUCHMUTY,LONDON Please mention the JOURNALof the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 11 ADVERTISING SECTION Jan. 1926 SelectionofDistribution SpecialtiesSimplified Send for G &1V"Catalog No. 26 Your copy of the new G & WCatalog No. 26, "1926 Edition'', will be ready soon.I t was specially compiled for your convenience.Your time is saved in selectingpotheads and boxes by the new listing arrangements. The listing of additional specialtiesand accessories helps you group yourmaterial purchases, thus saving clerical and transportation costs. There are almost twice as many pages.All productsareprofuselyillustrated,and the applications described.Dimension data is more complete.Installationdirectionsareclearly outlined.The new catalog is a markedimprove- ment over its predecessorCatalog No. 12 in every way. G & W has been making goodpotheads and boxes for many years.You will find them easily in the new catalog.Send in your name; so that you will not fail to get your copy. Print in Your 40014 " A 1,--w) Name and 'W' G 6,W ELECTRICSPECIALTYCO. Address 77; 0 DANTE AVE. CHICAGO. ILL. in Space \/A" if IF below _141-lek

-----Then Mail to Us for Catalog Name Position Comp any Address_ City State Are You on Our Mailing List ? Yes No ED

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E: E. when writing to advertisers. 1'2 A DV 1.:11T1811\111 1414;( 7T1 ON .14 iu 11 ail .11.

"Earth proudlywears the Parthenon as the best gem upon herzone."-Emerson. TOTHE LASTDETAIL Although farremoved from the the frieze in the eyes of man, pediment of theParthenon of ancient Athensis noted forits consum- mate perfection. For,as its buildersre- marked, "TheGodssee everywhere." The builders of Conditswitchboards and Bench Type Switchboard switch housingshavea similar conception of perfection.Every detail, as prominent, hiddenas well must be absolutelyright. For safetyenclosed able truck switchboards,remov- type, bench boards,automatic electrical andmanual controlled boards, switch- ee 99 diet io-uoh, with,Co-nciii Truck Type, CONDIT Safety Enclosed Switchboard ELECTRICAL MFG.CORP. Manufacturers of ElectricalProtective Devices Boston, Mass. Noefrera Electric Cooloony Outdoor Switch House Sole Distributor forthe Dominionof Canada

,vr p

Please mention the JOURNAL 8366 of the A. I. E. E.when writingto advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 13 Jan. 1926 fourreatest powercompanies Difie:s use

Oil Purifiers

/-' )o

4't/ 40-'-.Y:- eeisil*).."7 e , 4c Q

POrtable De Laval Transformer Oil Puri- THEfier shown above helps round out the equipment (3 which insures the most dependable transmission of the nearly 400 million kw.hr. of electrical energy generated yearly by the Georgia Railway and Power Company, °Vs Atlanta, Ga. Its job is to keep clean, dry oil in the transformers and oil switches of the company.In doing this it effects savings Acelsen SurPey amounting in some cases to as much as 83 per cent of the cost of doing the work by other methods. shot& hom Other power systems included inDixie's "Big Four" are: one ofthan sales Southern Power Company, Charlotte, N. C.; Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, Ala.; and Tennessee Electric Power in dehqdrati4 Company, Chattanooga, Tenn. All of them use De Laval Oil Purifiers. transformeroil Eighty per cent of the largest power systems in America and hundreds of smaller ones now use De Lavals to maintain the efficiency of lubricating or insulating oil. The engineers of these companies have found that no other method of oil conditioning is so safe and economical as De Laval centrifugal purification. The De Laval engineering department will be glad to cooperate with you in order that you may have the same kind of oil that keeps these great power systems operating so smoothly. We have interesting proof of the savings in machinery, oil and labor that can be made, among which is a special survey at Georgia Railway and Power Company. This and other information will be mailed on receipt of the coupon. r WOO Please send further information on oil purificationas.checked: 0 Dehydration of transformer oilincluding:Nielsen Survey at Ga. Ry. & Power Co. The De Laval Separator Company 0 Purification of turbine lubricating oil. New York Chicago 0 Purification of Diesel lubricating oil and fuel oil. 165 Broadway 600 Jackson Boulevard DE LAVAL PACIFIC COMPANY San Francisco Name

Company JAI -534T -Inom. Address Please mention the JOURNAL of theA. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 14 ADVERTISINII .14,1inaul.1 I an-01'

- ,,-,/ rf

T.:4;3r. "`

The powercompany load dispatchercan talkreliably over wires carrying100.- 000 volts ormore. Tievoice thatrode loo,000 horsepower DING astride horsepower enough to run an industrial city,came the voice over the wire, "Badstorm put Mill City lineout of commission, tie inSpringvale circuit." Now electric lightand power ators can telephone company oper- over their own powertrans- mission lines carrying thousands of horsepower. Yet they talkand signal withease with a few Not a giant chess- thousandths of man. This coupling a horse -power by theuse of the condenser gives the Western Electric voice currents safe Power Line CarrierTelephone conduct from tele- Equipment. phone instruments to power line. It is the most satisfactorymeans yet devised for communicating between the stationsof com- Amplifying vacuum On a cross country panies whichcover a wide area and where tube. This is one of power line any sta- com- a number of vacuum tion can talk with mercial telephonefacilitiesare not available. It tubes used in the any other - with is an important transmitter circuits. Western Electric aid in equipment. emergency and it helps maintain servicetwenty-four hoursa day. Here isa worthynewcomer to the long list of productsmanufactured by the maker of telephones. world's largest

SINCE 18 6 9 MAKERSOF ELECTRICALEQUIPMENT Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I.E. E. when writingto advertisers. ADVEICTIsir\-(; SEC'CION 15 Jan. 1926

The new factory and offices of the DubilierCompany in New York are a monument to the achievements ofthe largest and best known manufacturer of condensers inthe world. Still Pioneers From 1745 until 1910 the cumbersomeLeyden jar was the only fixed condenser.It was in 1910 that William Dubilier first conceived the idea of a small fixedcondenser; using mica as a dielectric. The electrical world wasastounded at the work done by Dubilier's device, and in1913 he was encouraged to develop and manufacture his micacondensers. Since that time Dubilier condensers have becomethe world's standard in transmitting circuits. The more recentdevelop- ment of the Micadon has achieved for it, asimilar position of leadership in radio receiving sets. The Dubilier Company has now perfected a power factor condenser. With the rapid development of carrier current telephony, safe and economical coupling thereto is an out- standing requirement.Dubilier coupling condensers are incomparable for this work and make possible a vast increase in communication range. Dubilier CONDENSER AND RADIO CORPORATION

'euer mentionlir.1( A. il< NA I . oftheA.I.I..F..when waiting In ,olver titict m. 16 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. For theACCURATE MEASUREMENTof RotationalSpeeds MEASUREMENT ofevery form of rota- tional speed can besuccessfully solved with the Weston MagnetoSpeed Indicator. It has innumerableapplications inpower, industrialplants andintransportation systems and is a mostversatile type of speed indicator. It consists ofa magneto whichmounts directly at ornear the apparatus to be Balkite measured and an indicatorwhich may be Rectifiers located at any desiredposition remote from the apparatus. Theindicator may be scaled for Substation to read in R. P. M., M. P.H. Units of Pro- Control duction or in any otherunits as desired. BatteryCharging A common methodof operating circuit iliary apparatus in breakers andaux- transformer substations,particularly in isolated locations, is bymeans of storage batteries. Current draw is onlyfor short periodsso that low charging rates are sufficient.The best is by means of way to charge such batteries a "trickle" charger operatingfrom A. C. circuits practically alwaysavailable. The Balkite Rectifier is particularly satisfactoryfor such service. It provides forsuch batteriesa means of charging characterized by reliability,economy and freedom from maintenance. The diagram shows a transformer designed withtaps to enable charging from1 to 6 cells ata 1 -ampere maximum rate. This makes a very flexibleunit. Other types to meet various requirements. are supplied The Weston Model44 Magnetogenerates Detailed information will besent if we are informedas to an E. M. F. directlyproportional to the the voltage of battery, chargingrate desired, and supply volt- speed at which it isdriven and when wired age and frequency. to a Weston voltmeterwill indicate the speed with remarkableaccuracy and de- F^NfL pendability. The magneto requirespractically no attention other thanvery slight lubrication about once a year. Balkite Engineers the world over have adopted Weston as a part of theircreed of accuracy and economy- they now rely upon the Weston speed indicatorto answer speed Rectifiers questions with Weston FANSTEEL PRODUCTSCOMPANY, INC. assurance. NORTH CHICAGO, ILL. For further informationaddress FANSTEEL PRODUCTS COMPANY, Inc.,North Chicago, Illinois Gentlemen: Please send me informationon uses of the Balkite Rectifiers WESTON ELECTRICAL in the type of work checked below. INSTRUMENT 0 Substation Control CORPORATION 0 Time Recording Systems Name 48 Weston Avenue, CI Burglar Alarm Systems Newark, N. J. El Fire Alarm Systems Company C) Emergency Lighting 101111.110 0 Communication Systems STANDARD THE WORLD OVER 0 Signaling Systems Address diar 0 Power Plant Control C) Instrument Operation - 7 WESTON 5)ioneers since 1888

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I.E. E. when writingto advertisers. THOMSON INDICATING WATTMETER01 \

oGENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY 0 Pd P.471741 SCHENECTADY. N.Y.U,S.A.

Type H-5 Supreme Accuracy Horizontal Edgewise Instruments perform with an unquestioned accuracy that per- sists with use. Invariably they have won thegeneralappreciationof the most critical engineers. Their artistic form is in keeping with the recent refinements in their engineering design. Long regarded as the standard for both a -c. and d -c. switchboard service, they will continue to be the index of the latest advance toward perfection in the art of building electrical instruments. GENERAL ELECTRIC GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, SCHENECTADY, N.Y.,SALES OFFICES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 5TANDANDIZINO LABOXATOIRY GLNCRAL ELCCIVIC COMPANY. LYNN. MASS. 11. S. A SINGLIIMIASE WA FIME II P

MAXIMUM MOUES MAXIMUM VOLTS

...... 1.11 epic.

A qualityinstrument backed byexperience Experience teaches-andG -E Portable Instru- ments are the result of For extreme precision an enviable experience. in checking working standards, test meters Good engineers the worldover know that to and other instruments, rely upon an instrumentthey must first be General Electric offers certain of its quality-its Laboratory Standards accuracy. They know, of the very highesttoo, from their own experience, grade. These instru- that in the G -E ments possess utmostPortable Instrument theyhave an instrument constancy and areworthy of the utmostconfidence. equally superior in appearance. Ratings and other details inBulletin 46044.

35.11 GENERAL GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, SCHENECTADY,ELECTRIC N. Y., SALES OFFICES IN ALLLARGE CITIES 19 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

Thhatis theOSISO

It Simplifies The Photography of Re -OccurrentPhenomena

THE most pronounced advancement in the of transient oscillography has been accomplished by Westinghouse in the development of asingle - element oscillograph. This new instrument is known as the "OSISO." The "OSISO" is extremely portable and compact in all respects; it fulfills a demand for a single element, at a very low cost, and yet has many of the features of the larger oscillograph. It simplifies both the photographing, and visual observation of alternating -current waves of a repeating nature. The simplicity of the "OSISO" is welcomed by all branches and departments of industry. This instrument is extremely simple, of moderate cost, affording remarkable and unlimited possibilities of use. Write our nearest district office for Reprint 219 describing the "OSISO" in detail.

Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company Newark Works Newark, N. J. Sales Offices in All Principal Cities of the United States and Foreign Countries Westing seouELECTRIC Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. A I)V ISIN Ci SECT ION Journal A. I.le,

Sangamo Type H Single-phase Meter Consistent Development

FOR eleven years there has beenno basic change in the Sangamo Single-phase Watt- hour Meter, andas the various polyphase meters have been developed there have been incorporated into their construction the well- tried single-phase parts wherever they could be used. This practice simplifies maintenance and repairs, reducing thecost of each, and avoids troubles which might arise from changes in design. How perfectly this practice has been carried out is exemplified by the four meters making up the Sangamo alternatingcurrent line, which are identical in all partsexcept for details noted below. Sangamo Type H Sangamo Type H Vertical Polyphase Meter Horizontal Polyphase Meter Differs only in base, case, grid and spin- Has different base and dle. Employs torque - case, also differentially balancing adjustment geared register. All sarAe as used on 3 - other parts are identi- disk meter. cal with those used in single-phase meter.

Sangamo Type H 4 -wire, 3 -phase, 3 -disk Meter. Has different base and case, also longer spindle than other types. Torque -balancing adjustments same as used on Vertical Polyphase meter. ONO SANGAMO METERS SANGAMO ELECTRIC COMPANY

102 3 -9 Springfield, Illinois I[New York -Boston Chicago Birmingham San Francisco Los Angeles

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 21 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

0 ALL our friends in the Electrical Industry who, with steadfast faith, trod with us the narrow and often uncertain path back in the early nineties; To those who, year by year, have joined with us along the broader way; And to those who have made new roads, parallel and friendly, in a common bond of ever -widening service to the Cause- We wish you all a Happy and Prosperous hlk New Year! 411W

LOCKE INSULATOR CORPORATION\ f BALTIMORE, MD. Factories at Victor, N.Y., and Baltimore, Md.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. ADVERTISIN(1 Journal A. I. E. E.

I NSTALLATIONTof O -B Insulatorsmeans a. long period of trouble- less service with the insulators literally "out of mind."You canput themup and forget them. Enviablerecordsfor reliable service made by O -BInsulatorsofall typesistheresultof buildingyearageinto them atevery step from design to final inspection. The Ohio [Brass Company Mansfield, Ohio, U. S. A.

lUl

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 23 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION Plok EQUIPME f, l T

DROP -FORGED CLIPS ASSURE EXTRA QUALITY The entire line of Champion indoor disconnecting switches is completely equipped with one - piece, drop - forged hinge and contact clips. This feature, original with Champion, applies to single throw, double throw and selective types, with amperage ratings from 300 to 3,000 and voltage ratings from 7,500 to 25,000. The clips are of solid construction generously over -sized and drop -forged of pure copper, maintaining a low current density and a conductivity of 981/2 per cent, according to Matthiessen's standard. This is one of many advantages, exclusively Champion, that guarantee the operating engineer the utmost satisfaction in his Champion equipment. The highest standards ofaccuracy are rigidly followed Back at every stage of Champion fabrication, particularly of Connected Hinge Clip currentcarrying parts. These standards, together with the finest materials and workmanship,assure the purchaser a product that can be relied upon to deliver the maximum of service. Additional Champion service can be had in all types of outdoor equipment.Quality is always the most important ob- jective. Delivery is gratifyingly prompt. Consult our engineers. Champion productsare distinguished by their one-piece porcelaininsu- lators and one-piece drop -forged hinge and contactclips,two outstand- ing advantages thatassure better service and greatereconomy. Front Connected Contact Clip THE CHAMPIONSWITCH COMPANY 550 ABBOTTROAD- BUFFALO, N. Y. NEW YORK CHICAGO ATLANTA Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. whenwriting to advertisers. 24 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

Vitrohm Pressed -steel Plate Field Rheostat disassembled showing enclosing cover.

Anewline of field rheostats

erHE last word in field rheostats is the Ward Leonard makes resistors newWard Leonard Vitrohm pressed- and rheostats for every electrical steel plate type.It is stauncher andmore need. 1 compact than ever for the same electrical Vitrohm Tubes

rating, and may be solidly enclosed- 2 terminals and all. Field Rheostats We carry a large stock of field rheostats at all times and therefore can 3 usually make prompt delivery. Controllers A catalog covering our entire standard line of field rheostats in which the construction and design features of both Vitrohm and Ribohm Field 4 Rheostats are described, has just been completed. Send for the new catalog (Bulletin No. 60). Ribohm Resistors

rw 5 Ward Leonar -ectnic company Plate Rheostats

37-41 South Street Mount Vernon, N. Y. 6 Atlanta-G. P. Atkinson Los Angeles- Pittsburgh- Montreal-Bishop Sales Corp. Baltimore-J. E. Perkins Elec. Material Co. W. A. Bittner Co.Toronto-D. M. Fraser, Ltd. Boston-W. W. Gaskill New Orleans- San Francisco- London, Eng.- Automatic Starters Chicago-Westburg Eng. Co. Electron Eng. Co., Inc. Elec. Material Co. " W. Geipel & Co. Cleveland-W. P. Ambos Co, Philadelphia- Seattle-Elec. Material Co.Melbourne & Sydney, Austra- Detroit-C. E. Wise . W. Miller Tompkins St. Louis-G. W. Pieksenlis-Warburton, Franki. Ltd.

Circuit Breakers 8

Dimmers

2522-3

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. Jan. 1926AmericADVERTISING SECTION 25

This unit consists of an oil immersed, self -cooled testingtransformer, dial switch,auto type voltage regulator, primarymain line switch, circuit breaker, pilot lamp, voltmeter and ammeter.The whole is mounted on a swivel castor truck.Voltage is raised from zero to 100% in 1% steps without interrupting the circuit. Send for Bulletins 1025-1030.

NEW RADIO TRANSFORMER-the AmorTran American Transformer Do Luxe-latent and highest developmentin audio frequency transformers. Possesses an unusually Company straight line frequency characteristicover the entire audible range down to the lowest note 176 Emmett Street, Newark, N. J. broadcast.Two typos -1st and 2nd stage.now being scriptive booklet In ready. De-

TransformersPlease mention the JOURNAL ofthe A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. .%liVElerlsIN(; .11 0 11 111 ill

Vital Links in New Jersey's(ireat Electric System

DOSSERT Solderless Connectors exclusively installed in the Public Service Electric Power Company's new KEARNY PLANT

Catalog and full information upon request DOSSERT & COMPANY

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to -advertisers. 27 ADVERTISINO SECTION Jan. 1926

33.000 Volt. KUHLMAN TransformerInstallation at an Important NewEngland Station The Service Back ofKUHLMAN Transformers Undoubtedly the service back oftilt transformer isthe yardstick by which you measure it. Kuhlman Transformers are backed by a service that does two things: I. Delivers transformers in the quickest possible time that is consistent with good workmanship. 2. Gives reasonably prompt follow-up service. KUHLMAN ELECTRIC COMPANY Manufacturers of Power, Distribution and Street Lighting Transformers BAY CITY - - MICHIGAN

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 28 ADVERTISING SEcTION Journal A. I. E. E.

r"r0 GIVE real pulleyservice2194 different 1- sizes of RockwoodPaper Pulleys from 11/2" to 14" diameters always in stock-notonly at the factory, but in warehousesfromcoast to coast. You can quickly get the pulleyyou want from the Rockwood Paper Pulley warehouse nearest you-see list below. Whenordering, give diameter of pulley wanted, width of belt to be used, shaft size anddimensions of keyway in shaft. ATLANTA, GA., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Fulton Supply Co., 70 Nelson St., BALTIMORE, MD., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc All Sizes 1 1/2 to 12 in. dia. Carey Machinery & Sup. Co., 119-121 E. Lombard St. All Sizes 1 1/2 to 10 in. dia. BIRMINGHAM, ALA., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc.,Matthews Electric Supply Co. . . . BOSTON, MASS., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Olmsted All Sizes 1 1/2 to 8 in. dia. -Flint Company, Cambridge - All Sizes 1 1/2 to 14in. dia. BUFFALO, N.Y., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Root,Nea I & Co., 178-i80 Main St. CHICAGO, ILL., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Chicago - All Sizes 1 1/2 to 10i n. dia. Elearic Company, 740 W. Van Buren St. AU Sizes 1 1/2 to 14in. dia. CINCINNATI, 0., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., TheDoermann-Roehrer Co., 450.456 East Pear 1St. CLEVELAND, 0., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., The Strong. Carlisle - All Sizes 1 % to 10 in. dia. DALLAS, TEXAS, ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Southwest General& Hammond Co., 1394 W. Third St. All Sizes 1 1/2to 14 in. dia. Electric Co., 1801 N. Lamar St..I All Sizes 1 % to 14 in. dia. DENVER. COLO., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., The Hendrie& Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co., 1635 17th St. DETROIT, MICH., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORE, Inc., Spaulding Electric All Sizes 1 1/2 to:8 in. dia. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., 1801 EnglishCompany, 1344-1346 Michigan Ave.All Sizes 1 1/2 to 14 in. dia. Avenue All Sizes 1 1/2 to 14 in. dia. JACKSONVILLE, FLA., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Cameron &Barkley Co., 336 E. Bay St. KANSAS CITY, MO., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Webb Belting - All Sizes 1 1/2 to 8 in. dia. Company, 1501 West Twelfth St. All Sizes 1 1/2 to 10 in. dia. LOS ANGELES, CAL., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Illinois ElectricCompany, 313 S. San Pedro St. MILWAUKEE, WIS., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Julius All Sizes 1 1/2 to 24 in. dia. Andrae & Sons Co., Broadway and Mich. Sts. All Sizes 1 % to 8 in. dia. NEW YORK CITY, ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., 6 Murray St. - . - - . All Sizes 1 % to 14 in. dia. OMAHA, NEB., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, INC., Interstate Mchy. & SupplyCo., 1006 Douglas St. PHILADELPHIA, PENN., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Charles Bond - All Sizes 1 % to 8i n. dia. Company, 617 Arch St. . All Sizes 1 1/2 to 14 in. dia. PITTSBURGH, PENN., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Transmission& Belting Co., 325 Second Ave. SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Capital Electric Co., All Sizes 1 1/2 to 12 in. dia. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES. Inc., Buzzell 310-314 W. Second South St. All Sizes 1 1/2to 8 i n. dia. SEATTLE, WASH., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Seattle Hardware Co.,Electric Works, 253 Sansome St. All Sizes 1 1/2to 20 i n. dia. 501 First Ave. South - All Sizes 1 1/2 to 14 in. dia. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Teuscher Pulley & BeltingCo., 801 N. Second St. ST. PAUL, MINN., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES. Inc., St. Paul Electric Co., 145 E. All Sizes 1 1/2 to 14 i n. dia. Fifth St. - - All Sizes 1 1/2 to 10 in. dia. SYRACUSE, N. Y., ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., Syracuse Supply Company,314 West Fayette St. TOLEDO, OHIO, ROCKWOOD PAPER PULLEY STORES, Inc., The W. G. Nagel Electric Co., AU sizes 11/2 to 8 in. dia. 28-36 Saint Clair St. - All Sizes 1 1/2 to 8 in. dia. THE ROCKWOOD MFG. CO. INDIANAPOLIS, U.S.A. 41.0 4111141,418 40. 411100 olop 4004111:07 PAPER PULLEY

ROCKWOOD le. 41. 01110 SERVICE CATatiOn Wide Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 29 ADVERTISING SECTION Jan. 1926

Wires and Cables for X -Ray Laboratory Apparatus

Solves Winding Problems of 280,000 Volt X -Ray Transformers X-RAY Transformers, with their enormous voltages exceeding a quarter -million volts, offer extremely difficult winding problems, because such high voltages require an exceedingly large number of turns in asmall space, and a factor ofsafety in insulation which is unnecessary in commercial,low -voltage equipment. Silkenamel, the well-known Beldenamel wire with a wrap of silk insulation, is anoutstanding success for windings of this type. The Beldenamel coating provides insulation unequaled by textiles, and the silk covering protects the enamel without addingmaterially to the bulk of the conductor. Hence, more turns are obtain- able with Silkenamel and with a higher factor of safety. Instrument makers, small motor and fan manufacturers, and many others havesolved their difficult, winding problems and eliminated service trouble with Silk - enamel. Let us help you, too! MAIL THE COUPON Xi

"ItS*11,11111$01 Manufacturisig,Mlaicato,111. e.,CCompany Belden Western k2316B $o. booklet onSilkeuarag your pleasesend me wives. Beldenarnel Manufacturing Company and other 2316B So. Western Ave. Chicago, Ill. Mfrs. of Insulated Wire since 1902 CoraPa" Address lusisisow's

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E.E. when writing to advertisers. I \It\IITISINti Jliuruul .t I kRIPPIRIPR44:tti IINnffilleSEMNOINIMINNINOR1lIH fDNUNF41.1 Fourteen Yearsof Good Hard Usagewith Full Satisfaction I hr tecAnd thade at tile btatitanopprt `,`(irks ofthe Anaconda Coppet Mining (..ompttny atI .rhAmboy, N I I., Iit ROLLER -SMITH CIRCUIT BREAKERS Carrying an average load of 8,000 Amperes each This tremendous current is used inthe electrolytic process of refiningcopper. These large circuit breakersare of the overload and reversecurrent type and serve to protect six big generatorsrun- ning in parallel.In all these 14years these ROLLER -SMITH circuit breakers S have been faithful in their performance S and have more than justified the implicit a confidence placed in them by the officials of the Raritan Copper Works. -Oyer thirty years' experience R -SCircuit Breakers are available inall is back of ROLLER -SMITH." stylesoftrips; overload, underload,over - voltage,under -voltage, shunt -trip,reverse current, etc.Alsoone or multipole combina- OLLER-SMITH COMP tions and with such special featuresas shock Electrical Measurtng and ProtectiveApparatus proof, free handle, interlocked trip,remote control, enclosed, etc., etc. Main Office: Works: Send for BulletinsAE -520, AE -530, AE -550 a 12 Park Place, NEW YORK Bethlehem, Penna. andAE -560giving full details, or get in touch Offices in principal cities in U. S. A. and Canada, also inHavana. Cuba. with the R -S office nearestyou.

1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIn11111III IIIIIIIulIl1IIIIIIIIIIIIII II I VIII II VIII III IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII11111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II VIII II11111111111111II

II III IIIIIIIII1111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIuhIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIRIIIIImIlI11n11nIIlIl111IIlIlI ll III II IIIIIIIIII III II VIII II II III II II III lul II III II II III IIII IIII Illullll (IIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIII II gK

VIIHNHOMOUNDOMMOMOMMOHNOMMOHNUORMHHHOMOMMOOMHOUNOBBWOHNONHHHOONNUM s E _@ s- g -1- g.

= . -4 = = . , f.<311 %:. --1- E a= a -.RP:ft, .11ft a = .g.sang.wr. E Bristol's Recording a '7"...P.,4%.410.4 Ez- rpr=4:.:4).-,1_ lec t ric a = a 1 Instruments = = UsuallyPreferred?Are a a E E E ka- Z.1:41 "44.itt. E. They are invariably ....."...... T.4.-- = .."-#....40401- , . Ler&40-210:40`2Zfriire.. selected because of ft....4n1P7.70tip4tt."--r---4`" -.0.-..--.41.,..- theirextremeac- = curacy, E New Model TypeU2. = simplicity F. s. a = and low maintenance Only Filtered Air Is Clean Air! cost. a Your turbo -generators, air -blast transformers, Keep a permanent motorgenerators,converters,condensers, switch rooms, battery rooms, and similar record ofvoltage equipment and locations in your station- need clean air to insure steady operation at variationsofyour rated capacity and efficiency. Recording Voltmeter for system and be in- The only dependable, economical and effi- Wall or Switchboard formed on all cient means of obtaining cleanairis by filtration.Midwest Air Filters have demon- troubles at all times. strated their superiority amongst air filters. Can we send you complete information? Bulletin BC -332 gives in-1. Write Dept. F-1 formationon thelatest models.Write for it.

the'Bristol Company `Waterbury, Connecticut MAKERS OF 114 ED 3 JUDWISICAJ411DALIMITID INC013 IniDrlil.1114111i$111C.C.1111C 83 Craig Street. W. 915.0/../10. Pl/1101.03 ROAM. CANADA BRADFORD, PA. 11..1 crAncluo Ca, RECORDING BRISTOL S -.INSTRUMENTS FEdossummunsimmunosmoussissionississsinisiouninniusioniumonsflownitiunummutiiimiumutimulumniumiiiiiisinniiiiiiiiff Please mention theJOURNALof theA. I. E.E. when writing to advertisers. 31 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

Instrument building Because of the very exacting nature of their work,. instrument makers must depend in great part on operating conditions.For instance, the moving parts of instruments,especiallythe miniature types,are small and delicate and the clearances are proportion- atelytine.The Jewell organization gives fullcon- sideration to these requirements and supplies them in a complete way. Good illumination-clean surroundings-ample room-proper equipment-infact every facilitythat proves of value in maintaining accuracy of the instrument is found here. Twenty-five years of experience in making instruments that have proven accurate under various conditions assures you of successful results with all Jewell installations.

Jewell Electrical Instrument Co. 1650 Walnut Street, Chicago, Ill.

SPRACO AIR FILTERS Embody Such Features as- CORRECT MEDIA PRINCIPLE with resultant high cleaning efficiency.Maximum dust collecting surface area with low resistance.Ample space for .retention of accumulated dirt. MULTIPLE SECTION FRAMEWORK-Vertical members extend continuously from top to bottom.Horizon- tal members welded to vertical members for increasing strength and rigidity.Minimum erecting expense and no chance for air leakage through framework. TWO POINT SEAL between cell and framework.All air must pass through filter media. QUICK ACTING SPRING LATCHES for locking cells in framework.Facilitates removal and replacement of cells in framework. ROTARY WASHING TANKS for cleaning filter cells on NO NO large insliallations insure complete removal of all accu- SMAI,I, AIR mulated dirt from filter media with a minimum of effort. FRAMES LEAKS Send for Bulletin F-69.

Air Washers PATS. PEND. Spray Engineering Company Air Filters Cooling Ponds 60 High Street Strainers Spray Nozzles BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTS Flow Meters

Ileuse mention the JOURNAL of the A. I.E.F..when writing to iulvertiserr. S2 1)\ 11111 I I/TIMM(' MITION I 1.. I .

Transmission Line Structures I Built of High Elastic Limit Steel Refined Rolled- Fabricated Galvanized in Our Own Plants PACIFIC CUAST STEEL COMPANY MANUr AC 1111(r1IU Ur OPEN HEARTH STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES MERCHANT AND REINFORCING BARS TRANSMISSION TOWERS AND STRUCTURES Gen'l Office: Rialto Bldg., San Francisco Plants: San Francisco, Portland, Seattle,

TOPPERWELD" Copper OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE Conductors TELEPHONE WIRE Bare, Solid, Stranded GUY WIRE Weatherproof MESSENGER WIRE Varnish Cambric Cable Leador BraidCovered CABLE RINGS Paper Lead Cable. GROUND RODS ANACONDA LONG SPAN CONDUCTORS COPPER MINING COMPANY Impart III W. Washington St., Chicago Reliability THE AMERICAN BRASS CO. - Long Life 25 Broadway, New York Freedom from Maintenance .11,11s Ansonia, Coon.Waterbury, Conn. and Hastings -on -Hudson, N. Y. S Great Falls, Mont. Non -Rusting Properties Kenosha, Wis. to your Line Construction Your reference files are incomplete without - "Engineering Data- Copperweld."Write for your copy (no charges or obligation to you). (Copperweld Steel Comp MAIN OFFICE 6 MILLS -1614000000 P 0, RANKIN, P0 30 ENURCH ST. NEW YORIT 129 $ JEFFERSON 5F. ENICACTO 001 RIALTO BLDG. SAN FRANCISCO In Canada: Northern Electric Co., Ltd. COPPER WIRE There is no other "copper -covered steel" or "copper -clad steel" made like "COPPERWELD"-by the Molten Welding Process.

Pittsburgh Transformer Company Lamest Manufacturers of Transformers exclusively In the Untried States Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION 33

E. - STEEL g." TOWERS and component parts

E.. F. E g FOR ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION

-E-- E g s E a - I' F.' E -g . aE AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY aE- g a: g 71 Broadway, New York City g g s g... g TOWER DEPARTMENT g. g Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. E- P_ E -,2- .1-

--f g Offices in Principal Cities s g E

ELECTRICAL CABLES of DISTINCTION!

ove& 6...a.'" Necis el, ,,to. /e fc ae op le,s i'c'ce No\e eC2e. ,ieNNIz" ''''''''''''''' A9-ee :-(4 '''''' x 2,0 N4 el.%se' V `-' VI4 e2I' Cet"- -\\?'.$ ,.0%"°%%%' VZ` stie Nlest .11 ' ''''' 10 IMIP Ac,00.V 2., le°. '''''' N .N$'9% b\e' do. N1" IM9:c ,g'`?" ca. setN't '''''''''''''' elvis2;;,z,olse6 e9° \`'c'.c b.._\ lo %14. -V)91\co 41.05 ' -. 2,,\DONI*C eke'' vtio Atse ''' cp., 'cNe k t i1:0% 'Clfe :r...°%kvx ez.se elvt 0000000000% .,'... A. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 34 A DV E ItT I S !NO SEVP I ON .Journal A. I. E. E.

I II I It I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II 1 I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I II I I I II I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I "AMERICAN BRAND" ATLANTIC Weatherproof Copper Wire andCables WIRES COST You can buy weatherproof wire cheap, but isitworth what it costs? "AmericanBrand"gives you more mileage per dollars with a longer life on the line. 'AMERICAN BRAND' Including all types of rubber covered, and rubber WEATHERPROOFWIREANDCABLES Get a sample and satisfy covered lead encased wires and cables, bare wire, . HAS NO EQUAL yourself. magnet wire, and flexible cords. American Insulated Wire & CableCo. = K.- ATLANTIC INSULATED WIRE & CABLE COMPANY 1 = 954 West 21st Street, Chicago Rome, N. Y. r.iiffiummliiiiinommoimmmumminiiiiiiniminiiiiiminionlimiiiminiminuminimultimmiumiminomomiliuminiummiliiing

WIRE PRODUCTS John A. Roebling's Sons Company : Trenton, New Jersey -g For Varied Applications :g-- We manufacture many types of wires, cords s= and cables for specific uses. Among themare: ELECTRICAL WIRES AND CABLES Rubber Covered Wire-Solid Conductor, Stranded Conductor, Flexible Conductor, Extra Flexible Conductor. rf of Highest Conductivity g Lamp Cords, Reinforced Cords, Heater Cord, Brew- g cry Cord, Canvasite Cord, Packinghouse Cord, Deck 1 Cable,StageCable,BorderLight Cable, Flexible ki Wires are drawn from carefully selected metals R.: A- rmored Cable, Elevator Lighting Cable, Elevator Oper- a- ting Cable, Elevator Annunciator Cable.Switchboard and insulated with the best materials,to insure 1 Cables, Telephone Wire, Flameproof Wires and Cables, RailwaySignalWires,HighVoltageWiresand E long and satisfactory service. E AutomobileCables. Ignition Cables, Automobile Light- ing Cables, Automobile Starting Cables, Automobile E. Charging Cables.Moving Picture Machine Cable. E- E.- Boston Insulated Wire (. Cable Co. g = Main Office and Factory: Dorchester District Boston, Mass. -1 Canadian Branch, Office and Factory, Hamilton, Ont. 2' 5111111111111111ISIISSISSHSSissussinsISsilintiliSIMIIIIIIIIISISSIIISISSIMIIIIIIIIIIIIISSISSUmssussionsiiiissuussisssussissins0 FaissississusisissuussissississisinuislisonsisinsinussusissussississisissismisSUSSISHSSOSSWISSSIffississisisusunius0

gjnitiniffinnimmimiiiimummumflimmoimmummomminiumnionnininummimmiiiiminimminumnuminithiliminung 11111110W. .11111111111110111 lllll 11111111111111111111111111011 11111111011111010 .17- THE ELEMENTS OF OUR BUSINESS = dorAcr ... 4 1- Ebomas Cualttp PORCELAIN INSULATORS efi LINE HARDWARE (t- WIRING PORCELAINS and PorcelainSpecialties f UND An American Standard since '73 TRADE -MARK Automatic Starters Pressure Regulators Circuit Breakers Remote Switches Float Switches Speed Regulators Hand Starters Transfer Switches Magnet Switches Valve Control THE R. THOMAS,- SONS CO. WRITE FOR CATALOG New York Chicago Sundh Electric Company, Newark, N. J. Boston East Liverpool, Ohio London Branch Offices or Sales Representatives in Principal Cities -a. II III IIIIIIII IIIIIIII IIIIIIII IIIIIIII IIIII IIIII 1111111 111 ll III Illilll III IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIII IIIII II 1111111 1111111 (IIIIIIII IIIII II II IIIIIIHIIIIII Itlll II II IIIII (IIIIIIII 1111111 IIIII II II:

Bare and Tinned Copper Wire, Enameled, Cotton, Silk, Cotton Enameled and Silk Enameled Magnet Wire. Coil Windings for Ignition, Radio, Meter, Telephone, Transformers, X -Ray, Violet -Ray, Magnets andevery electrical purpose. Dudlo Manufacturing Corporation Fort Wayne, Indiana Eastern Office and Warehouse - Newark, N. j. San Francisco -A. F. Lindstrom Company liapetWire PLC andWinthnOr Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing to advertisers. Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION 35

_911HIIIIII I11111111111111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1111111111111111111111IIIIIIIIII 1111111 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiII 1111111 IIIII IIIII III IIII III IIIII 1111111 II 1111111 1111111 IIIIIIII III 1111111 IIII ll IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIII 111111 II (IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIII 111111 lllllllllll II II IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIHIIIUUIHMIIHIHNNNHINI Minerallac Insulating Compound has been found very effectivein making up high - voltage cable joints. Recently,atEastSt. E Louis,submarinecables were laid across the Miss- issippiandCable Joints

-N. were made on a barge anchoredinmid -stream. Even under ordinary con- ditionsitis not always possible to construct satisfactory high voltage cable

joints;therefore,inthis installation, it was neces- Finished 33KV Joint-ready for its trip (o the river -bed. sary to use great care both in the selection of proper Minerallac Insulating Compound No. 104 IInsulating Materialsand in the methods of installation. was poured into the Cable Joint. The Public Service Production Company of Newark, MINERALLAC ELECTRIC COMPANY N. J., were the engineers in charge.

1045 Washington Blv'd., Chicago, Illinois Habirshaw 3 -conductor cable was used.

FOR COPPER TUBING ANDCABLES CLAMP AND FITTED TYPES STRAIGHT- CONNECTORS T-CONNEC TORS END -CONNECTORS ELBOWS TUBING, CLAMPS E. -

Lapp Insulators do not fail! LAPP INSULATOR CO., Inc. LE ROY, N. Y. Sales Representatives BIRMINGHAM, ALA.,Industrial Supply Co.,714 Brown -Marx Bldg. CHARLOTTE, N. C., J. W. Fraser & Co., Commercial Bank Bldg. CHICAGO, Transelectric Co., Inc., 360 No. Michigan Ave. CLEVELAND, 0., Engineering Merchandising !Syndicate, Rockefeller Bldg. 608 COLUMBUS, 0., Engineering Merchandising Syndic -ate, 600 Joyce Realty Bldg. DALLAS, TEX., Jack D. Milburn, 304 Interurban Bldg. DENVER, The 0. H. Davidson Equipt. Co., 1633 TremontSt. INDIANAPOLIS. W. D. Hamer Co., 518 Trac. Terminal Bldg. KANSAS CITY, Mo., Power Machinery Co., 301 DwightBldg. MINNEAPOLIS, J. E. Sumpter Co., 940 Security Bldg. NEW YORK CITY, Shield Electric Co., 149 Broadway. PHILADELPHIA, Rumsey Electric Co., 1007 Arch St. PITTSBURGH i Henri N. Muller Co., 812 Westinghouse Bldg. PORTLAND, O., S. Herbert Lanyon, 1120 Board Trade Bldg. B N DIll SAN FRANCISCO, S. Herbert Lanyon, 509 New Cal.Bldg. ENGINEERING CO.NC SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, Chas. M. Terry. WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND, Jas. J. Niven & Co. 10 EAST 43Rd STREET NEW YORK

si II II II II II II IIII IIII IIII II II II II II II II II II II II II IIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIII IIII II II II II IIIIIIII IIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIII IIIIIIIIIIIII IIII111111111111111IIIIIIIII II II IIIIIIIi1 Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writingto advertisers. T1 sINI. .1 1 ititirtinl A. I. E. E.

1,II,I!1:9,1'1,1!It11,111,,:1;!,,,.. a

a Your Switch Problems We hi,erialize in the design and( on,d ruction of Disconnecting Switch, bolt lock type. all types of heavy duty switches. a Made in capacities of If you have a difficult switch problem, we shall he S 300 amperes and up. glad to submit designs fur its solution and work in conjunction with your own engineers, if desired. A number of the largest power companies and engineeringorganizationsinthis country con- stantly avail themselves of our facilities. Our services are equally at your disposal. THONER & MARTENS 463 Commercial St. BOSTON, MASS.

"iiiximiffitittiummtitwinnokonummummunitionioiniminionoinionoimonommiumoin inimumininionnioninnitiniummmining DUNCAN

7-7 MODEL E The ideal direct cur- Simpler- rentwatthourmeter. A pioneer in the service Stronger- with a record for un- stinted accuracy, anda Better- reputation for depend- abilityunderallcon- ditionsthatnaturally recommends it to fastid- ious engineers who demand the best in the art. DUNCAN ELECTRIC MR CO. Lafayette, Ind. Installation 60 KV. Switches, San Joaquin Lt. & Pwr. Corpn.. Calif. - FRAHM Vibrating Reed K -P -F POLE TOP SWITCHES consist of fewer parts, are more rugged and require less labor a: I FREQUENCY Iand material for installation than any other. METERS Each pole becomes aself-containedunit. are unaffected by tempera- Switches are shipped ready to bolt on to cross- ture changes and can be arm in place of line insulator. E relied upon to hold their

calibration indefinitely. One crossarm supports it.Contacts are far removed from insulators and a unique device The familiar "row of reeds" is seen on switchboards everywhere, g and the Portable Type instruments are largely used bypower prevents sticking or freezing. companies as frequency standards. E There are no delicate springs or moving parts,-practically noth- iSend for bulletin K105 containing full details. ing to get out of order.Acquaint yourself with these instruments E through our new Bulletin 1110-J. Et K -P -F ELECTRIC CO. JAMES G. BIDDLE 855-859 Howard St. San Francisco 1211 -13 Arch Street, Philadelphia

Loll,, .-tz GANG OPERATED D 4.pkcyr DID YOU SEE SWITCHES THE NOV. ISSUE I,. TIV, FOR EVERY USE illt OF THE MESSAGE?

INTERCHANGEABLE JUST TURN TO PAGES INSULATORS FOUR AND FIVE

-=- 1.1W110.AVIS EllexlEit OP) "UNIT TYPE" 2400 Block, Fulton St., Chicago, Ill. "UNIT TYPE" Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 37 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

STANDARD in Wire and Cahle Manufacture means a qualitysuited to the service to be performed.It means economy in first costand efficiency in operation.Forty-four years of specialized experience in the manufacture and installationof electric wires and cables is our guarantee.This experience is at the service of those who buy, design or operate electric transmission systems.Our nearest office will gladly co-operate with you. Standard Underground Cable Co. BOSTON PHILADELPHIA ATLANTA CHICAGO ST. LOUIS SEATTLE NEW YORK WASHINGTON PITTSBURGH DETROIT KANSAS CITY LosANGELES SAN FRANCISCO FOR CANADA: STANDARD UNDERGROUND CABLE CO., OF CANADA, LIMITED, HAMILTON, ONT.

Moloney Transformers Successful installationsaresult of quality You can place fullconfi- denceintheabilityof Moloney Transformers to operate economically and rendereffectiveservice. There is a steady growth ofMoloney Transformer users. This is in great part due to the very fine results users are obtainingwith Moloney Transformers. Experience is teaching the value of these transformers. Letussendyou descriptions. Moloney Electric Co. St. Louis, Mo.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1.E. E.when writing to advertisers. 3ti A DV E SIN(; SE( "I'ION Journal A. I. E. E. Qualityisa.41211) Story that West Virginia Bears Fibre Board Repeating.16- I -N

More and More BOARD VENUS For Electrical Insulation I -N Board has been tested andap- PENCILS proved by the Underwriters' Labora- are used t") tories for electrical insulation. This board has a very high tensile and EACH year more artists, architects, engineers dielectric strength and is being used and .draftsmen use the successfully by many electricalmanu- VENUS Pencil because facturers who are finding ita decided they want the best tools factor for economy. for their trades. Each year more business Pulp Products Department and professional men buy Venus Pencils because its West Virginia Pulp & Paper Company smooth, non -crumbling 503 Dime Bank Bldg.200 Fifth Avenue732 Sherman Street leads mean quicker, easier Detroit, Mich. New York, N.Y. Chicago. HI. pencil work and less out- lay in the long run. Pick a degree that exactly suits your purpose. 2" 17 Black Degrees 3 Copying For bold, heavy lines 6B -5B -4B -3B For writing, sketching 2B-B-HB-F-H For clean, fine lines 2H -3H -4H -5H -6H For delicate, thin lines . 7H -8H -9H ) Plain Ends, Per doz. $1.00 Rubber Ends, Per doz. $ 1 . 2 0 i' Insulators ----____ I VENUS ERASERS made of Made of special gray (non -dis- coloring) rubber of highest quality. Superior to all others for cleaning drawings, etc. LAVA At Stationers and Stores throughout the world Electric appliancescannot be too intricate American to incorporate lava parts.

Lead Pencil Company When instruments ofaccurate dimension 204 Fifth Avenue, New York and dielectric strengthare required, use

Lava. AMERICAN LAVA CORPORATION 27-67 Williamson Street Chattanooga Tennessee

The largest selling .ality Pencil Manufacturers of Heat Resistant Insulators in the world -=- Tinnffinumminiimmliniummoimmininnumminimunimminiminnthumnumumniummuummummnimmunoutim Pleasementionthe JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 39 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION ACME WIRE SIMPLEX PRODUCTS WIRES AND CABLES

SIMCORE - National Electrical Code Standard. Every length is subjected to searching electrical tests to insure a first quality product. Ask for specifications. CAOUTCHOUC - "B. C." A rubber covered braided wire insulated with a 30'4' Para compound. Send for specifications. LEAD COVERED CABLES AND WIRES - For under -ground distribution where a conduit system is used. STEEL TAPED CABLE - Used where a conduit system is not available.It carries its own conduit. Descriptive booklet upon request. CONDE% PARK CABLE - Adequately insulated and protected by an overlapping, interlocking flexible steel conduit. For series lighting circuits. OVERHEAD SERVICE CABLE - Designed for use between pole and house where service is not carried underground. FIBREX OVERHEAD SERVICE CABLE - For aerial service connection from pole to house when service must pass through trees. FIBREX TREE WIRE - For installation among trees or where chafing may occur. It is non -inductive. Send for circular. FIBREX FIRE ALARM CABLE - Consists of a multiple conductor cable protected with the abrasion resisting fiber tape which protects FIBREX Tree Wire and FIBREX Overhead Service Cable. SUBMARINE CABLES - For power transmission or for telephone or telegraph service. Our engineering department is .012" BLACK CABLE TAPE always available for consultation. SIGNAL CABLE - Dependable insulated cable for railway signals and police or fire alarm service. Designed for high tension IGNITION WIRES - Used extensively, and with satisfaction throughout the automotive field. TIREX PORTABLE CORD - For electrical tools and appliances. cable construction; works per- Rubber -armored.Flexible.It cannot kink,-and has the wearing qualities of an automobile tire. fectlyontaping machines. TIBER SJ CORD - A rubber armored cord for drop lights or table lamps; made in colors. Send for folder. Our standard cloth construc- TIREX MINING MACHINE CABLES - Heavily insulated, rubber -armored, portable cables with the wearing qualities tion, 72 of a cord tire. 68 x threads per POLE FIXTURE CABLE - For wiring from the base of ornamental lighting standards to the lamp fixture at the top or square inch. from line to lamp on goose neck fixtures. ARC CABLE - For connecting swinging arc lamps with transmission lines. Has high dielectric strength AUTOMOBILE - Wires and cables for lighting and ignition systems. RUBBER INSULATED CABLES - For any commercial voltage. anduniformlylowpower Special descriptive bulletin on request. CAMBRIC INSULATED CABLES - For power transmission factor.Aging quality excep- service, submarine, underground or aerial. Special bulletin on request. tionally good. PAPER INSULATED CABLES - For high voltage power transmission. Descriptive bulletin upon request. SPECIAL INSULATED WIRES AND CABLES - To meet any conditions of service. On specification drawn by our engi- Continuous rolls without splices. neers or to conform to customers' specifications. We also furnish .005, .006, Technically trained experts who know how .007, .008, .009 and .010 for to impart the qualities which insure satis- other types of cables. factory service supervise the manufacture of all Simplex Wires and Cables. Cable tapes are furnished in any specified widths and diameters; or, the cambric can SIMPLEX WIRE &CABLE @ be supplied in 36 -inch rolls. MANUFACTURERS 201 DEVONSHIRE ST., BOSTON Ask for CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO NEW YORK Catalog 3A. THE ACME WIRE CO. Main Office and Plant NEW HAVEN, CONN. Now York, 62 Vanderbilt Ave. Chicago, 427 West Erie St. Boston, 80 Federal Street Cleveland, Guardian Bldg.

>-<>-<...,-<>,""je<>-eje,-, .<1. 11....>

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 40 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. 1. E. E.

a "BURKELECT" MouldedControlead Terminal Blocks E-1 By the use of these TerminalBlocks simplifications in all methods of control wiring circuitsare possible and offer many other advantages whichare fully described in Bulletin H-2. BURKE ELECTRIC COMPANY HIGH TENSION EQUIPMENT DIVISION ERIE, PA. Ettimumnimuininumi

giummiliminomiunitmutiounmonounuminimiminimmionommouniminimimmilmmummimmonommulinumnumuuniug TRUMBULL FP- Y-26 High -Heat Mica Plate For High Temperature Insulation ELECTRICAL SHEETS Possesses all the advantages of natural mica forinsu- lating heating appliances.Is more economical, partic- for years have stood the most exactingtests ularly when used in the larger units. of scores of the largest motor, dynamo,generator, and radio builders in the United States. Supplied in sheets up to 30' x 42", in thicknesses often mils or over.Can be cut or punched toany form. Our Engineering Department is atyour service. Y26 Send for samples and prices. Write us concerning your requirements. NEW ENGLAND MICA CO. THE TRUMBULL STEEL COMPANY c Waltham 54, Mass. Mills, Laboratories and General Offices yfATtAt5P,.vbP New York Office - 220 Broadway WARREN OHIO ALL FORMS OF MICA FOR ELECTRICALPURPOSES a I a E 1 a a E "IRVINGTON" PRODUCTS g Black and Yellow Wanted! E Varnished Cambric P -- Copies of the following back numbersof Varnished Paper the JOURNALare urgently required: Varnished Silk E E E Flexible Varnished Tubing a April, May, June, 1925 E E E Insulating Varnishes and Compounds Wrappers returning these issues should .-f-- bear ..E. I "Cellulak" Tubes and Sheets t - sender's name and address.Twenty-five cents E a will be paid for eachcopy returned. E E E E-g IRVINGTON VARNISH V. INSULATOR G- E AMERICAN INSTITUTE of Irvii6ton.)1F2.2erjersey. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS g 2 Sales Representatives in all principal cum 33 West 39th Street, New York

Nthumnimuininumnononvionniiinimmimmommonnimminummmimminirriffirnininntummimmunnssomounnimmtnitua

Is your name on our Morganite mailing list for bulletins anite Brush Co., Inc. and catalog? 519 W. 38th St. rushes New York

ELECTRICAL Inspections -Tests -Research :al E Tests may be used by the purchaser for thefollowing purposes: TESTING(I) To determine the quality of competing samples, =a This enables the purchase m of the best quality for the money, =- (2)To make sure that shipments comply with --=- LABORATORIES specifications,This makes possible = the assurance to the customer that shipmentsmatch buying samples, (3) E = 80th Street and East End Ave. ' To furnish an impartial decision incase of disputes between purchaser and E NEW YORK manufacturer, = Testing places the whole buying problemon a sound basis. E .iiiinnuinininnimminimumiiiiimifilimmillfilliniiiinillill1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 I Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 41 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

Next Issue MIDWINTER CONVENTIONNUMBER

THE February issue of theJOURNAL will be the MIDWINTER CONVENTION- NUMBER, featuring the 14thAnnual Mid- winter Convention of the A. I. E.E.,to be held at the Engineering SocietiesBuilding, New York, February 8-9-10-11. The technical program of thismeeting will consist of thirty-four papers onvaried subjects, including - Power LimitsofTransmission Lines; Protective and Control Systems;Bus and Structural Construction; ElectricalMachinery; Measurements; Insulation and DielectricAb- sorption; Communication and Sound Repro- duction; Heating -Resistor Design, and others. Advertising copy for this edition should be received not later than January 15th. The circulation of the MIDWINTER CON- VENTION NUMBER will be 24,000 copies, distributed February 1.

THE JOURNAL OF THE AM ERI CAN INSTITUITE OF ELECTRI CAL ENG INEERS 33 Hsi 30 aireel JVecuort

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 42 A I )V Elt'lil SIN() til,;("I'ION Journal A. I. E. E. immominimoiniolowiliiiiiiiitionionolimionminumuniunituionuniiimmummoiminiiiimmionimmiiiiii111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIImi EPIIIIIIIIIII0111111110111111Immiiiiiiiimmunummonommummilinnummummilmiliniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisiiiiiminioniiimmiummm "AK" Variable Speed Motorfor a Printing Machinery Highest efficiency under variableload.Wound for 25% overload. Pushbuttoncontrol. For A. C. any cycles. In sizes 1/20 to 5 H. P. Modern, safe equipment for job or cylinderpress Write for complete information NORTHWESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY Also Mfrs. of the "Martin" Rotary Converter WHEN the Electro Dynamic 409 So. Hoyne Avenue Polyphase CHICAGO, ILL. Induction motorwas first conceived, it was

our determination to producea motor as depend- gjoiniumnimmuniuiliounnimossommminimimmumminmiliininonomminumminnonimmonimannommonninummg able as human ingenuityand practical limitations would permit.A motor so well designed, elec- Trade "ESCO" Mark trically and mechanically, of suchsturdy construction, of such expert workmanship,that it would be I ELECTRIC SPECIALTYCO. I practically trouble -free and fool-proof. Engineers and Manufacturers t.! Our engineers will be gladto explain to you the DESIGN- DEVELOP - PRODUCE many distinctive features thatmean absolute de- pendability and trueeconomy. Small Motors, Generators, Dynamotors, Motor Generators, Rotary Converters,Etc. ELECTRO DYNAMICCOMPANY (Est. 1880) FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES BAYONNE, N. J. g.- Send Us Your Problems Manufacturers of 4. C. and D. C. Motors andGenerators. A to 1000 H.P. 222 South Street STAMFORD, CONN.,U.S.A.i FIII I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I 111111111 I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I II I I I II I I I II I II II I I I I I I I I 111111111 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II 1 I I I I rff.

ail I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I 11111111 I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I I I I I 11111111 I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I 1111! -a= For Power Factor 55.1% Special iSur evanfi Elezifit Purposes Efficiency 80.1 % at Full Load -A. C. and D. C.; single andpolyphase-builtin sizes from small fractional to250 horse-power-de- 5 H. P, 28 poles, 250 RPM, 3 -phase, signed to operate undera 60 -cycle, 220 volts constantfullload where Squirrel Cage Motor uninterruptedserviceis Noiseless demanded. B. F. STURTEVANT COMPANY Write for information HYDE PARK, BOSTON, MASS. CHANDEYSSON ELECTRICCOMPANY Mo. Pac. Ry. and Bingham Ave. St. Louis, Mo. Numinommtiminiiimmmomminimminimmimmnimittiouniinumiumiumininiiiiiiiimminulionimmniiimmuthoomor,

II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II 1 I I II I I I III I I 111111111 I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I II I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I anininimiminommoimiumumniminmininninummuminuouniummintifinionuiniummunmiiiiiiimmiumirminimilionniumuniumiei I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I III I I I I PI Star Ball Bearing Motors For MODELSI g. - Hard Usage MANUFACTURING STANDARDS A. C. SALES DEMONSTRATION ANDDISPLAY and USE IN LITIGATION D. C. Experimental Development under ClientSupervision

E -- Complete line of standard motors and generators, all sizes up to 75 h.p. and 50 kw. respectively. MANUFACTURERS' & INVENTORS' .1 Our Engineering Department at your service for all special applications ELECTRIC CO. -3 (Smith Building) STAR ELECTRIC MOTOR CO. 228 West Broadway, N. Y. City NEWARK. NEW JERSEY Incorporated 1897 Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 43 . 1 a ri . 1 2 fi

THE ROWAN A.C. STARTINGSWITCH "They Keep a -Running" PUSH BUTTON OPERATED OIL IMMERSED

ROW.ANCONTROL!

VI Horse Power Century Repulsion -Start Induction Single -Phase Motor. A Motor You Can Forget FOR Century Repulsion - startInduction STARTING AND STOPPING SMALL SQUIRREL CAGE MOTORS THAT CAN BE THROWN ACROSS Single-phase Motors - widely used on THE LINE refrigerating machines, pumps, compressors,oil burners and similar apparatus-are practically self -maintaining for at least a year. 1.The Century Wool -yarn System of Lubrication assures proper lubrica- L a year's continuous service-without reoiling. 2. Filtering properties of the pure wool yarn used in the Century Wool - Interchaleabilily yarn System of Lubrication prevent abrasive particles and compounds pm. from reaching the bearing surfaces. 3. Bearing housings are closed - as nearly dust tight as it is possible to SINGLE PHASE POLYPHASE DIRECT CURRENT build them. 2 OR 3 PRASE 4. Bearings are made from the highest grade cast phosphor bronze with MASTER GUARANTEED MOTORS are machine -cut figure -8 oil grooves- interchangeable in principal dimensions and many parts for the same horsepower rating large enough for lifetime service and speed. -accurately machined to micro- This accomplishment means that manufac- meter dimensions. turers can, by the use of Master Motors, standardize their mounting dimensions and handle Built in all standard sizes from N to changes in the field with the utmost ease. S Let Master Engineers tell you how this 40 horse power --temperature rise not feature will cut your cost. more than 40° Centigrade.

THE MASTER ELECTRIC COMPANY Linden and Master Ave.. Dayton, Ohio CENTURY ELECTRIC COMPANY k-7 1806 Pine Street St. Louis, Mo. STOCKS CARRIED IN PRINCIPAL CITIES For More Than 22 Years at St. Louis MASTER GUARANTEED MOTORS

E Y8TO 732H.R toilysLess than 40° 3' to 40 H. P. to 40 II. P Ohio 0 Aimmionomoniiiiiionomoommimiumnimminumummuummoiniiiiiminimminimimmiimmuniminiiiimmoiliniummunimg Please mention the JOURNAL of theA. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 44 ADV PAM SIMI SE( "PION Journal A. I.147, E. PROFESSIONALENGINEERING DIRECTORY For Consultants in the Fields of Engineering,and Related Arts and Sciencr%

Established 1857 EDWARD E. CLEMENT ALEXANDER & DOWELL Fellow A. I. E. E. FRANK F. FOWLE & CO. Er - Attorney and Expert Attorneys at Law in Patent Causes Electrical and Mechanical PATENT, TRADEMARK AND Soliciting, Consultation, Reports, Engineers COPYRIGHT CASES Opinions 902 F Street, N. W. McLachlen Bldg. Washington, D. C. MONADNOCK BUILDING CHICAGO Washington, D. C. 700 10th St., N. W. 7.4

AMBURSEN DAMS FREYN ENGINEERING COMPANY Hydroelectric Developments C. E. CLEWELL Water Supply and Irrigation Dams Industrial Electric Power Consulting Engineer Generation-Application-Purchase DAMS ON DIFFICULT FOUNDATIONS Municipal Street Lighting Systems Combustion Engineering AMBURSEN CONSTRUCTION CO. Incorporated Factory and Office Lighting Electric Furnace Installations Grand Central Terminal, New York PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA Kansas City, Mo. Atlanta, Ga. 310 South Michigan Ave. 1500 Chestnut St.

THE AMERICAN APPRAISAL C O. VAL. A. FYNN Valuations and Reports HAROLD A. DANNE Consulting Engineer of Public utility, industrial Specializing in designing, solving manufac- and all other properties turing difficulties, appraising value of inventions, developing novel ideas, advisingon Rate Cases Condemnation Suits LIGHT AND POWER all patent matters. Reorganizations Liquidations Service to Manufacturers, Patent Attorneys NEW YORK MILWAUKEE and Capitalists. 1896 41 PARK ROW NEW YORK And Principal Cities 1925 Boatmen's Bank Bldg. ST. LOUIS, MO.

W. S. BARSTOW & COMPANY DAY & ZIMMERMANN, Inc. Incorporated Engineers L. F. HARZA Financial and Operating Power Plants, Sub -Stations, Transmission Lines,Industrial Plants Managers of Examinations and Reports, Valuations, HYDRO -ELECTRIC ENGINEER Public Utilities Management of Public Utilities 50 Pine Street New York 1600 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA Monadnock Bldg. Chicago New York Chicago

Fellow A. I. E. E BATTEY & KIPP Member A. S. M. E. HOOSIER ENGINEERING CO. Incorporated W. N. DICKINSON ENGINEERS Consulting Analyst Erectors of Complete Industrial Plants Transmission Lines and Substations Power Plants & Electrical Installations BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING Engineering Reports, Analyses & Appraisals PROJECTS ANALYZED 325 South New Jersey Street 123 W. Madison Street CHICAGO Aeolian Hall, 33 W. 42nd St., New York City INDIANAPOLIS INDIANA

BLACK & VEATCH ELECTRIC HEATING ENGINEERS DAVID V. FENNESSY Electricity applied for heating air, water, oils, chemicals, compounds, ovens, Consulting Engineers dryers, and industrial processes. Water, Steam and Electric Power Investiga- High voltage and large capacity work a Consulting Power Engineer specialty. Utilization of surplus and off peak tions, Design, Supervision of Construction, power.Temperature and remote control. Valuation and Tests. Consulting-Manufacturing-Erecting Mutual Building KANSAS CITY, MO. MILLS BUILDING EL PASO, TEXAS Hynes & Cox Electric Corporation 406 North Pearl Street, Albany, N. Y.

THOMAS FRANCIS FLYNN Dugald C.Jackson BYLLESBY Engineer Edward L.Moreland ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Specializing in Public Utility-Industrial- Mining Problems CORPORATION Rates Cases Inventories JACKSON &MORELAND Capitalization Cases Investigations Reports Valuations 231 S. La Salle Street, CHICAGO Plant Construction and Management CONSULTINGENGINEERS Formerly with Public Service Commission of New York San Francisco 31 St. James Ave. Boston, Mass. ALBANY New York State N. Y.

WALTER G. CLARK Patent Law - Electrical - General FORD, BACON & DAVIS Radio, Television, Photoelectric Cells, Tele- F4. Consulting Engineer Incorporated graphy, Automatic Telephony, Measuring, Electrical, Mining and Industrial Selecting Systems, Supervisory Control, etc. Reports Supervision of Organization and Arrange- ENGINEERS LUTHER JOHNS Patent, Trademark and Copyright Lawyer ments for Financing 115 Broadway, New York LOS ANGELES NEW YORK JOHN E. GARDNER, Associate 1211 Insurance Exch. Bldg. 40 Wall St. Philadelphia Chicago San Francisco First National Bank Bldg. Chicago

atnmwuuuunmmmmuuuumnnunnuunmmnnmunmunmmunmwunnnmmnunmunnuuuuumnnnmumnummmnnumunn !mum vimiinnitnow initimmilimniumi Hums Immo Please mention theJOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 45 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION PROFESSIONALENGINEERING DIRECTORY For Consultants in the Fields of Engineeringand Related Arts and Sciences

William M. Stockbridge Victor D. Borst E. S. LINCOLN Inventions Developed Patents Sold or Purchased Consulting Electrical Engineer STOCKBRIDGE & BORST Designs Investigations Reports RADIO PATENTS CORP. Patent Lawyers Incorporated 1917 Electrical Research Laboratory 41IPARK ROW NEW YORK CITY 534 Congress St. PORTLAND, MAINE 247 Park Avenue New York City

Dwight P. Robinson & Company STONE & WEBSTER J. N. MAHONEY Incorporated Consulting Engineer Incorporated Fellow A. I. E. E. Mem. Am. Soc. M. E. Design and Construct Examinations Reports Appraisals Design, Supervision, Specifications, Reports Power Plants, Hydro -Electric De- on Specialist in Electrical Power Switching and velopments, IndustrialPlants, Industrial and Public Service ProtectiveEquipment,Industrialand Properties Railway Control and Brake Railroad Shops and Terminals Equipment Los Angeles NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO 615 -77th STREET BROOKLYN, N. Y. Chicago New York

MCCLELLAN & JUNKERSFELD SANDERSON & PORTER PERCY H. THOMAS Incorporated ENGINEERS Consulting Engineer Engineering and Construction Power Developments-Industrial Plants PUBLIC UTILITIES & INDUSTRIALS ELECTRIC POWER Electrifications-Examinations Design Construction Management Generation - Transmission Reports-Valuations Examinations Reports Valuations NEW YORK Applications 68 Trinity Place Chicago New York San Francisco 120 BROADWAY NEW YORK Chicago St. Louis Washington

W. E. MOORE & CO. SARGENT & LUNDY THE U. G. I. CONTRACTING CO. Incorporated Engineers Engineers & Constructors Mechanical and Electrical Power Developments, Industrial Plants, Gas Plans and Specifications for Plants, Transmission Systems, Appraisals Engineers Hydroelectric and Steam Power Plants Broad & Arch Sts., PHILA., PA. Industrial Plants and Electric Furnaces 1412 Edison Bldg., 72 West Adams Street 421 Peoples Gas 928 Union Trust Union Bank Building Pittsburgh, Pa. CHICAGO ILLINOIS Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa.

N. J. NEALL SCOFIELD ENGINEERING CO. VIELE, BLACKWELL & BUCK Engineers ConsultingEngineers Consulting Engineer Designs and Construction Power Stations Gas Works for Hydroelectric and Steam Power Plants Hydraulic Developments Electric Railways Industrial Plants Electrical and Industrial Properties Valuations Transmission Systems Examinations & Reports Reports Appraisals 12 PEARL STREET BOSTON, MASS. Philadelphia 49 WALL STREET NEW YORK

NEILER, RICH & CO. J. E. SIRRINE & COMPANY THE J. G. WHITE Engineers ENGINEERING CORPORATION Electrical and Mechanical TextileMills;Hydro -ElectricDevelop- Engineers-Constructors Engineers ments; Tobacco Products Plants; Cotton, Oil Refineries and Pipe Lines, Tobacco and General Warehousing; Indus- Steam and Water Power Plants, Consulting, Designing and trial Housing; Steam Power Plants; Steam Transmission Systems, Hotels, Apartments, Supervising Utilization. Offices and Industrial Buildings, Railroads Greenville Chattanooga 431 So. Dearborn St. ---Chicago South Carolina Tennessee 48 EXCHANGE PLACE NEW YORK

PUBLIC SERVICE J. G. WRAY & CO. STEVENS & WOOD Engineers PRODUCTION COMPANY INCORPORATED Engineers and Constructors J. G. Wray, Fellow A.I.E.E. Cyrus G. Hill Design and Construction of Power Plants, Engineers and Constructors Utilities and Industrial Properties Substations and Industrial Plants Appraisals Construction Rate Surveys Examinations and ReportsValuation and Plans Organization Estimates Management of Public Utilities 120 BROADWAY, NEW YORK Financial Investigations Management 80 PARK PLACE NEWARK, N. J. Youngstown, 0. 1217 First National Bank Bldg., Chicago

41111111111111111111111111111111111111101SSMS0111111111111111finfislimusmosssfflmsussussfinsi Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writng to advertisers. 44 A DV ER TISI NO SECTION Juurnul A. I. E. le,

PROFESSIONALENGINEERING DIRECTORY g For Consultants in the Fields of Engineering, and Related Arts and Sciences

Established 1857 EDWARD E. CLEMENT ALEXANDER & DOWELL Fellow A. I. E. E. FRANK F. FOWLE & CO. Attorney and Expert Attorneys at Law in Patent Causes Electrical and Mechanical PATENT, TRADEMARK AND Soliciting, Consultation, Reports, Engineers COPYRIGHT CASES Opinions 902 F Street, N. W. McLachlen Bldg. Washington, D. C. M ONADNOCK BUILDING CHICAGO Washington, D. C. 700 10th St., N. W.

THE AMERICAN APPRAISAL CO. VAL. A. FYNN Valuations and Reports Consulting Engineer of HAROLD A. DANNE Public utility, industrial Specializing in designing, solving manufac- and all other properties turing difficulties, appraising value of inven- LIGHT AND POWER tions, developing novel ideas, advising on Rate Cases Condemnation Suits all patent matters. Reorganizations Liquidations Service to Manufacturers, Patent Attorneys NEW YORK MILWAUKEE and Capitalists. 1896 41 PARK ROW NEW YORK And Principal Cities 1925 Boatmen's Bank Bldg. ST. LOUIS, MO.

BLACK & VEATCH ELECTRIC HEATING ENGINEERS DAVID V. FENNESSY Electricity applied for heating air, water, oils, chemicals, compounds, ovens, Consulting Engineers dryers, and industrial processes. Water, Steam and Electric Power Investiga- High voltage and large capacity work a Consulting Power Engineer specialty. Utilization of surplus and off peak tions, Design, Supervision of Construction, power. Temperature and remote control. Valuation and Tests. Consulting-Manufacturing-Erecting Mutual Building KANSAS CITY, MO. MILLS BUILDING EL PASO, TEXAS Hynes & Cox Electric Corporation 406 North Pearl Street, Albany, N. Y.

THOMAS FRANCIS FLYNN Dugald C. Jackson BYLLESBY Engineer Edward L. Moreland ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Specializing in Public Utility-Industrial- Mining Problems CORPORATION Rates Cases Inventories JACKSON & MORELAND Capitalization Cases Investigations Reports Valuations 231 S. La Salle Street, CHICAGO Plant Construction and Management CONSULTING ENGINEERS Formerly with Public Service Commission of New York San Francisco 31 St. James Ave. Boston, Mass. ALBANY New York State N. Y.

WALTER G. CLARK Patent Law - Electrical- General FORD, BACON & DAVIS Radio, Television? Photoelectric Cells, Tele- Consulting Engineer Incorporated graphy, Automatic Telephony, Measuring, Electrical, Mining and Industrial Selecting Systems, Supervisory Control, etc. Reports Supervision of Organization and Arrange- ENGINEERS LUTHER JOHNS ments for Financing 115 Broadway, New York Patent, Trademark and Copyright Lawyer LOS ANGELES NEW YORK JOHN E. GARDNER, Associate 1211 Insurance Exch. Bldg. 40 Wall St. Philadelphia Chicago San Francisco First National Bank Bldg. Chicago

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 45 .1an. 1976 ADVI.:ItTESINt; PROFESSIONALENGINEERING DIRECTORY For Consultants in the Fields of Engineering andRelated Arts and Sciences

Dwight P. Robinson & Company STONE & WEBSTER J. N. MAHONEY Incorporated Consulting Engineer Incorporated Fellow A. I. E. E. Mem. Am. Soc. M. E. Design and Construct Examinations Reports Appraisals Design, Supervision, Specifications, Reports Power Plants, Hydro -Electric De- on Specialist in Electrical Power Switching and Plants, Industrial and Public Service ProtectiveEquipment,Industrialand velopments, Industrial Properties Railway Control and Brake Railroad Shops and Terminals Equipment NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO 615 -77th STREET BROOKLYN, N. Y. Chicago New York Los Angeles

W. E. MOORE & CO. SARGENT & LUNDY THE U. G. I.CONTRACTINGCO. Incorporated Engineers Engineers & Constructors Mechanical and Electrical Power Developments, Industrial Plants, Gas Plans and Specifications for Plants, Transmission Systems, Appraisals Engineers Hydroelectric and Steam Power Plants Broad & Arch Sts., PHILA., PA. IndustrialPlants andElectric Furnaces 1412 Edison Bldg., 72 West Adams Street 421 Peoples Gas 928 Union Trust Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. Union Bank Building Pittsburgh, Pa. CHICAGO ILLINOIS Bldg., Chicago, Ill.

NEILER, RICH & CO. J. E. SIRRINE & COMPANY THE J. G. WHITE Engineers ENGINEERING CORPORATION Electrical and Mechanical TextileMills;Hydro -ElectricDevelop- Engineers-Constructors Engineers ments; Tobacco Products Plants; Cotton, Oil Refineries and Pipe Lines, Tobacco and General Warehousing; Indus- Steam and Water Power Plants, Consulting, Designing and trial Housing; Steam Power Plants; Steam Transmission Systems, Hotels, Apartments, Supervising Utilization. Offices and Industrial Buildings, Railroads Greenville Chattanooga 481 So. Dearborn St. -- -Chicago South Carolina Tennessee 48 EXCHANGE PLACE NEW YORK

Rudolf Wildermann, E. E. OPHULS & HILL, Inc. Dr. 0. K. Zwingenberger Formerly Ophuls, Hill & McCreery, Inc. JOHN A. STEVENS Wildermann & Zwingenberger CONSULTING ENGINEERS CONSULTING POWER ENGINEER 112-114 WEST 42nd ST.,NEW YORK CITY PATENT ATTORNEYS Ice Making and Refrigeration BMerrimack Street Investigations and Reports LOWELL MASSACHUSETTS 160 Fifth Ave. New York J. G. WRAY & CO. PUBLIC SERVICE STEVENS & WOOD PRODUCTION COMPANY Engineers INCORPORATED J. G. Wray, Follow A.I.E.E. Cyrus G. Hill Engineers and Constructors Design and Construction of Power Plants, Engineers and Constructors Utilities and Industrial Properties Substations and Industrial Plants Appraisals Construction Rate Surveys Examinations and ReportsValuationand Plans Organization Estimates Management of Public Utilities 120 BROADWAY, NEW YORK Financial Investigations Management 80 PARK PLACE NEWARK, N. J. Youngstown, 0. 1917 First National Bank Bldg., Chicago

Please mention the .JC)URNAI. of the A. I.F.. when writing to advertisers. 44 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. PROFESSIONALENGINEERINGDIRECTORY For Consultants in the Fields of Engineering, and Related Arts and Sciences

Established 1857 EDWARD E. CLEMENT FRANK F. FOWLE & CO. ALEXANDER & DOWELL Fellow A. I. E. E. Attorney and Expert Attorneys at Law in Patent Causes Electrical and Mechanical PATENT, TRADEMARK AND Soliciting, Consultation, Reports, Engineers COPYRIGHT CASES Opinions 902 F Street, N. W. McLachlen Bldg. Washington, D. C. MONADNOCK BUILDING CHICAGO Washington, D. C. 700 10th St., N. W.

AMBURSEN DAMS FREYN ENGINEERING COMPANY C. E. CLEWELL Hydroelectric Developments Industrial Electric Power Water Supply and Irrigation Dams Consulting Engineer Generation-Application-Purchase DAMS ON DIFFICULT FOUNDATIONS Municipal Street Lighting Systems Combustion Engineering AMBURSEN CONSTRUCTION CO. Electric Furnace Installations Incorporated Factory and Office Lighting Grand Central Terminal, New York CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA Kansas City, Mo. Atlanta, Ga. PHILADELPHIA 310 South Michigan Ave. 1500 Chestnut St.

THE AMERICAN APPRAISAL C O. VAL. A. FYNN Valuations and Reports HAROLD A. DANNE Consulting Engineer of Public utility, industrial Specializing in designing, solving manufac- and all other properties turing difficulties, appraising value of inven- LIGHT AND POWER tions, developing novel ideas, advising on Rate Cases Condemnation Suits all patent matters. Reorganizations Liquidations Service to Manufacturers, Patent Attorneys NEW YORK and Capitalists. MILWAUKEE 41 PARK ROW 1896 And Principal Cities 1925 NEW YORK Boatmen's Bank Bldg. ST. LOUIS, MO.

Fellow A. I. E. E BATTEY & KIPP Member A. S. M. E. HOOSIER ENGINEERING CO. Incorporated W. N. DICKINSON ENGINEERS Consulting Analyst Erectors of Complete Industrial Plants Transmission Lines and Substations Power Plants & Electrical Installations BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING PROJECTS ANALYZED Engineering Reports, Analyses & Appraisals 325 South New Jersey Street 123 W. Madison Street CHICAGO Aeolian Hall, 33 W. 42nd St., New York City INDIANAPOLIS INDIANA

BLACK & VEATCH ELECTRIC HEATING ENGINEERS DAVID V. FENNESSY Electricity applied for heating air, water, Consulting Engineers oils, chemicals, compounds, ovens, dryers, and industrial processes. Water, Steam and Electric Power Investiga- High voltage and large capacity worka tions, Design, Supervision of Construction, Consulting Power Engineer specialty. Utilization of surplus and off peak power. Temperature and remote control. Valuation and Tests. Consulting-Manufacturing-Erecting Mutual Building KANSAS CITY, MO. MILLS BUILDING EL PASO, TEXAS Hynes & Cox Electric Corporation 406 North Pearl Street, Albany, N. Y.

THOMAS FRANCIS FLYNN Dugald C. Jackson BYLLESBY Engineer Edward L. Moreland ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Specializing in Public Utility-Industrial- Mining Problems CORPORATION Rates Cases Inventories JACKSON & MORELAND Capitalization Cases Investigations Reports Valuations 231 S. La Salle Street, CHICAGO Plant Construction and Management CONSULTING ENGINEERS Formerly with Public Service Commission of New York San Francisco 31 St. James Ave. ALBANY New York State N. Y. Boston, Mass.

WALTER G. CLARK Patent Law- Electrical - General FORD, BACON & DAVIS Radio, Television, Photoelectric Cells,Tele- Consulting Engineer Incorporated graphy, Automatic Telephony, Measuring, Electrical, Mining and Industrial Selecting Systems, Supervisory Control,etc. Reports Supervision of Organization and Arrange- ENGINEERS LUTHER JOHNS ments for Financing 115 Broadway, New York Patent, Trademark and Copyright Lawyer LOS ANGELES NEW YORK JOHN E. GARDNER, Associate 1211 Insurance Exch. Bldg. 40 Wall St. Philadelphia Chicago San Francisco First National Bank Bldg. Chicago atlwlwlwwlmomin Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 45 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION PROFESSIONALENGINEERING DIRECTORY For Consultants in the Fields of Engineering and Related Arts and Sciences

Victor D. Borst E. S. LINCOLN Inventions Developed William M. Stockbridge Patents Sold or Purchased Consulting Electrical Engineer STOCKBRIDGE & BORST Designs Investigations Reports RADIO PATENTS CORP. Patent Lawyers Electrical Research Laboratory Incorporated 1917 41IPARK ROW NEW YORK CITY 534 Congress St. PORTLAND, MAINE 247 Park Avenue New York City

J. N. MAHONEY Dwight P. Robinson & Company STONE & WEBSTER Incorporated Consulting Engineer Incorporated Fellow A. I. E. E. Mem. Am. Soc. M. E. Design and Construct Examinations Reports Appraisals Design, Supervision, Specifications, Reports Power Plants, Hydro -Electric De- on Specialist in Electrical Power Switching and Plants, Industrial and Public Service ProtectiveEquipment,Industrialand velopments, Industrial Properties Railway Control and Brake Railroad Shops and Terminals Equipment NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO 615 -77th STREET BROOKLYN, N. Y. Chicago New York Los Angeles

W. E. MOORE & CO. SARGENT & LUNDY THE U. G. I. CONTRACTING CO. Incorporated Engineers & Constructors Engineers Mechanical and Electrical Power Developments, Industrial Plants, Gas Plans and Specifications for Plants, Transmission Systems, Appraisals Hydroelectric and Steam Power Plants Engineers Broad & Arch Sts., PHILA., PA. IndustrialPlants and Electric Furnaces 1412 Edison Bldg., 72 West Adams Street 421 Peoples Gas 928 Union Trust ILLINOIS Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. Union Bank Building Pittsburgh, Pa. CHICAGO

VIELE, BLACKWELL & BUCK N. J. NEALL SCOFIELD ENGINEERING CO. Engineers ConsultingEngineers Consulting Engineer Designs and Construction Power Stations Gas Works for Hydroelectric and Steam Power Plants Hydraulic Developments Electric Railways Industrial Plants Valuations Transmission Systems Electrical and Industrial Properties Examinations & Reports Reports Appraisals 12 PEARL STREET BOSTON, MASS. Philadelphia 49 WALL STREET NEW YORK

THE J. G. WHITE NEILER, RICH & CO. J. E. SIRRINE & COMPANY Engineers ENGINEERING CORPORATION Electrical and Mechanical TextileMills;Hydro -ElectricDevelop- Engineers-Constructors Engineers ments; Tobacco Products Plants; Cotton, Oil Refineries and Pipe Lines, Tobacco and General Warehousing; Indus- Steam and Water Power Plants, Consulting, Designing and trial Housing; Steam Power Plants; Steam Transmission Systems, Hotels, Apartments, 'Supervising Utilization. Offices and Industrial Buildings, Railroads Greenville Chattanooga NEW YORK 481 So. Dearborn St. ---Chicago South Carolina Tennessee 43 EXCHANGE PLACE

Rudolf Wildermann, E. E. Dr. 0. K. Zwingenberger OPHULS & HILL, Inc. JOHN A. STEVENS Formerly Ophuls, Hill & McCreery, Inc. Wildermann & Zwingenberger CONSULTING ENGINEERS CONSULTING POWER ENGINEER 112-114 WEST 42nd ST.,NEW YORK CITY PATENT ATTORNEYS 8 Merrimack Street Ice Making and Refrigeration 160 Fifth Ave. New York Investigations and Reports LOWELL MASSACHUSETTS J. G. WRAY & CO. PUBLIC SERVICE STEVENS & WOOD Engineers PRODUCTION COMPANY INCORPORATED J. G. Wray, Fellow A.I.E.E. Cyrus G. Hill Engineers and Constructors Utilities and Industrial Properties Design and Construction of Power Plants, Engineers and Constructors Appraisals Construction Rate Surveys Substations and Industrial Plants Plans Organization Estimates Examinations and ReportsValuation and 120 BROADWAY, NEW YORK Financial Investigations Management Management of Public Utilities Youngstown, 0. 80 PARK PLACE NEWARK, N. J. 1217 First National Bank Bldg., Chicago

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. \ I)\ 1:ItTISINII .11,iirwil I I.: I., Classified Advertiser'sIndex for Buyers Manufacturers and agents formachinery and supplies used in the electrical and allied industries. Note: For reference to the Advertisementssee the Alphabetical List of Advertisers on page 52. AIR COMPRESSORS Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee COILS, MAGNET FIBRE General Electric Co., Schenectady Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago National Vulcanized Fibre Co., Wilmington, Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Dudlo Mfg. Corp., Ft. Wayne, Ind. Del AIR COMPRESSOR FILTERS General Electric Co., Schenectady FIRE PROTECTION APPARATUS Midwest Air Filters, Inc., Bradford, Pa. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Kidde & Co., Inc., Walter, New York Spray Engineering Co., Boston burgh FLOW METERS AIR FILTERS, COOLING CONDENSATION PRODUCTS Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York Midwest Air Filters, Inc., Bradford, Pa. Bakelite Corporation, New York General ElectricCo.,do.,chenectady Spray Engineering Co., Boston CONDENSERS, COUPLING Spray Engineering Boston AIR WASHERS For Carrier Lure, ratTelephone FURNACES, ELECTRIC Dubilier Condenser & Radio Corp., NewYork General Electric Co., Schenectady Spray Engineering Co., Boston Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., Boston Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston CONDENSERS, RADIO burgh ALARMS, TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE Dubilier Condenser & Radio Corp., New FUSES Enclosed Refillable Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York York General Electric Co., Schenectady AMMETER COMPENSATING COILS General Radio Co., Cambridge, Mass. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Pacent Electric Co., New York Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- CONDENSERS, STEAM burgh AMMETER, VOLTMETERS Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Enclosed Non- Refillable (See INSTRUMENTS, ELECTRICAL) General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady ANCHORS, GUY Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis burgh Open Link ANNUNCIATORS, AUDIO -VISIBLE CONDUIT, UNDERGROUND FIBRE General Electric Co., Schenectady Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn N. Y. CONNECTORS, SOLDERLESS Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities BATTERY CHARGING APPARATUS Dossert & Co., New York High Tension Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Fansteel Products Co., Inc., North Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt.Vernon, N.Y. CONNECTORS AND TERMINALS GEARS, FIBRE Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. National Vulcanized Fibre Co., Wilmington, burgh Burndy Engineering Co., Inc., New York Del. BEARINGS, BALL Dossert & Co., New York GENERATORS AND MOTORS Fafnir Bearing Co., New Britain, Conn. G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Marlin -Rockwell Corp., Chicago Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. New Departure Mfg. Co., The, Bristol, Conn. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Century Electric Co., St. Louis Norma -Hoffmann Bearings Corp., Stamford, burgh Chandeysson Electric Co., St. Louis Conn. CONTACTS, TUNGSTEN Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. Standard Steel & Bearings, Inc., Plainville, Fansteel Products Co., Inc., North Chicago Electro-Dynamic Co., Bayonne, N. J. Conn. General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady BEARINGS, ROLLER CONTROL SYSTEMS Master Electric Co., The, Dayton, 0. Timken Roller Bearing Co., The, Canton, 0. Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Northwestern Electric Co., Chicago BOXES, FUSE CONTROLLERS Star Electric Motor Co., Newark, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady Sturtevant Company, B. F.,Boston Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Rowan Controller Co., Baltimore Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Westinghouse Elec.& Mfg. Co.,Pitts- Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities burgh BOXES, JUNCTION Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- G & W Elec. Specialty Co., Chicago burgh GENERATING STATION EQUIPMENT Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. CONVERTERS-SYNCHRONOUS Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. BRUSHES, COMMUTATOR Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. General Electric Co., Schenectady Carbon Northwestern Electric Co., Chicago Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Morganite Brush Co., Inc., New York Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts National Carbon Co., Inc., Cleveland Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh GROUND RODS burgh COOLING PONDS Copperweld Steel Co., Rankin, Pa. Copper Graphite Spray Engineering Co., Boston Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Morganite Brush Co., Inc., New York COPPER CLAD WIRE HEADLIGHTS National Carbon Co., Inc., Cleveland Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, O. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Copperweld Steel Co., Rankin, Pa. burgh Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh HEATERS, INDUSTRIAL BUS BAR FITTINGS Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities General Electric Co., Schenectady Burndy Engineering Co., Inc., New York CUT-OUTS Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., S. Boston Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago INDICATORS, LOAD burgh Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York CABLE ACCESSORIES Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities INDICATORS, SPEED Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Biddle, James G., Philadelphia Dossert & Co., New York burgh Roller -Smith Co., New York G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago DIMMERS, THEATRE General Electric Co., Schenectady Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. INDICATORS, WATER LEVEL Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago DYNAMOS Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh (See GENERATORS AND MOTORS) INSTRUMENTS, ELECTRICAL Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities DYNAMOTORS Graphic CABLES Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Biddle, James G. Philadelphia (See WIRES AND CABLES) Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. Bristol Co., The, Waterbury, Conn. C ABLEWAYS ELECTRIFICATION SUPPLIES, STEAM Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago ROAD Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg. Co., Roebling's Sons Co., John A.. Trenton, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady Ltd., Toronto, Ont. CAMBRIC, VARNISHED Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, Ohio General Electric Co., Schenectady Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Irvington Varnish & Ins. Co., Irvington, N. J. burgh burgh CARRIER CURRENT TELEPHONE EQUIP- ENGINEERS, CONSULTING AND CON- Indicating MENT TRACTING Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. Dubilier Condenser & Radio Corp., NewYork PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg. Co., Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities DIRY)(SeeECTOR Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., Boston ENGINES Gas &Gasoline General Electric Co., Schenectady CIRCUIT BREAKERS Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago Air-Enclosed Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston Roller -Smith Co., New York Cutter Co., The, Philadelphia Oil Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Roller -Smith Co., New York Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee burgh Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston Weston Elec. Inst. Corp., Newark, N. J. Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Steam Integrating Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Biddle, James G., Philadelphia Oil Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston Duncan Elec. Mfg. Co., Lafayette, Ind. Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston FANS, MOTOR Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. General Electric Co., Schenectady Century Electric Co., St. Louis Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg. Co., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady Ltd., Toronto, Ont. burgh Star Electric Motor Co., Newark, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady CLAMPS, GUY & CABLE Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston Roller -Smith Co., New York Burndy Engineering Co., Inc., New York Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Sangamo Elec. Co., Springfield, Ill. Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities COILS, CHOKE burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. FARM LIGHTING GENERATORS burgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Radio Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Radio Co. Cambridge, Mass. burgh burgh Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 47 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

1)afirs Machlees Power is applied with Timken Tapered Roller halted by the faultlessly preserved position of Bearings in electric motors. Power is carried Timken -mounted shafts, gears, and pulleys. on Timken Bearings in shaft hangers and pil- Replacement is postponed by the extreme en- low blocks. Power is at work in Timken - durance of special Timken steel. equipped machinery of every sort. Throughout industry Timkens are used more Along the whole path of production Industry and more extensively. In every type of plant economizes with Timken Bearings. They re- Timkens can be used more and more inten- move the drain of excess friction. Starting and sively - for economical prime power, for running load is less.Lubrication becomes a economical power transmission, for employ- petty item. Output is increased and improved. ing power economically in every type of me- Basic charges also shrink. Lighter power units chanical equipment. and lighter belts are possible. Depreciation is THE TIMKEN ROLLER BEARING CO., CANTON, OHIO

/ Tapered :A,//, Roller NGS Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 48 ADVERT I SIM; SECTION .Journal A. I. E. E. Classified Advertiser'sIndex forBuyers-Continued INSTRUMENTS, ELECTRICAL-Continued OIL SEPARATORS & PURIFIERS SUB -STATIONS Repairing and Testing DeLaval Separator Co., The, New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Electrical Testing Laboratories, New York Sharpies Specialty Co., The, Philadelphia Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh Scientific, Laboratory, Testing burgh SWITCHBOARDS Biddle, James G., Philadelphia PANEL BOARDS Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee General Electric Co., Schenectady (See SWITCHBOARDS) Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago PATENT ATTORNEYS General Electric Co., Schenectady Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. (See PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Roller -Smith Co., New York DIRECTORY) Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities PLUGS Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago burgh burgh General Electric Co., Schenectady SWITCHES Automatic Time Weston Elec. Inst. Corp., Newark, N. J. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Telegraph Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg.Co., Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities burgh Ltd., Toronto, Ont. INSULATING MATERIALS POLES, STEEL General Electric Co., Schenectady Board American Bridge Co., Pittsburgh Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago West Va. Pulp & Paper Co., New York Pacific Coast Steel Co., San Francisco Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Cloth Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E.Pitts- Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. POLES-TIES, WOOD burgh Irvington Varnish & Ins. Co., Irvington, N.J. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Disconnecting Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago POTHEADS Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- G & W Electric Specialty Co. Chicago Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston burgh Standard Underground CableCo., Pitts- Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Composition burgh General Electric Co., Schenectady American Lava Corp., Chattanooga Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities K -P -F Electric Co., San Francisco Bakelite Corporation, New York PROTECTIVE DEVICES Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Thoner & Martens, Boston Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Fuse burgh PULLERS, SLACK General Electric Co., Schenectady Compounds Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Minerallac Electric Co.' Chicago PULLEYS, PAPER Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh Rockwood Mfg. Co., The, Indianapolis Thoner & Martens, Boston Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities PUMPS Knife Fibre Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston National Vulcanized Fibre Co., Wilmington, PUMPS, SPIRAL General Electric Co., Schenectady Del. Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Bldg.Co., Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis West Va. Pulp & Paper Co., New York The Wm., Philadelphia Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Lava RADIO LABORATORY APPARATUS Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- American Lava Corp., Chattanooga, Tenn. General Radio Co., Cambridge, Mass. burgh Mica Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Magnetic New England Mica Co., Waltham, Mass. burgh Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Paper RAILWAY SUPPLIES, ELECTRIC Oil Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. General Electric Co., Schenectady Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Irvington Varnish & Ins. Co., Irvington, N. J. Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. General Electric Co., Schenectady Tullis, Russell & Co. Ltd., London, Eng. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Silk Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. burgh burgh Remote Control Irvington Varnish & Ins. Co., Irvington, N. J. REACTORS Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Tape Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. General Electric Co., Schenectady Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago RECTIFIERS Rowan Controller Co., Baltimore Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Fansteel Products Co., Inc., North Chicago Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Okonite Co., The, Passaic, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh burgh burgh TACHOMETERS Varnishes REGULATORS, VOLTAGE Biddle, James G., Philadelphia Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. TANTALUM General Electric Co. Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady Fansteel Products Co., Inc., North Chicago Irvington Varnish &Ins. Co., Irvington, N. J. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities TELEGRAPH APPARATUS Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities INSULATORS, HIGH TENSION burgh TELEPHONE EQUIPMENT Composition RELAYS Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Cory & Son, Inc., Chas.,New York Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Glass Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- TESTING LABORATORIES Hemingray Glass Co., Muncie, Ind. burgh Electrical Testing Labs., New York Porcelain RESISTOR UNITS TOWERS, TRANSMISSION General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady American Bridge Co., Pittsburgh Lapp Insulator Co., Inc., LeRoy, N. Y. Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Pacific Coast Steel Co., San Francisco Locke Insulator Corp., Baltimore RHEOSTATS Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Biddle, James G., Philadelphia TRANSFORMERS Thomas & Sons Co., R., East Liverpool, 0. General Electric Co., Schenectady Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Duncan Elec. Mfg. Co., Lafayette, Ind. burgh Post Type Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg. Co., INSULATORS, TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH burgh Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Hemingray Glass Co., Muncie, Ind. ROPE, WIRE General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co.. All Principal Cities American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Kuhlman Electric Co., Bay City, Mich. LAMP GUARDS Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Moloney Electric Co., St. Louis Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis SEARCHLIGHTS Pittsburgh Transformer Co., Pittsburgh Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities General Electric Co., Schenectady Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis LAVA Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities American Lava Corp., Chattanooga burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- LIGHTING FIXTURES SHEETS, ELECTRICAL burgh Factory Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York Trumbull Steel Co., The, Warren, 0. American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. LIGHTNING ARRESTERS SOCKETS AND RECEPTACLES Kuhlman Electric Co., Bay City, Mich. Delta -Star Electric Co. Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Moloney Electric Co., St. Louis General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Pittsburgh Transformer Co., Pittsburgh Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities burgh SOLENOIDS Furnace LOCOMOTIVES, ELECTRIC Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee General Electric Co., Schenectady Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Dudlo Mfg. Co., Ft. Wayne, Ind. Moloney Electric Co., St. Louis burgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Pittsburgh Transformer Co., Pittsburgh METERS, ELECTRICAL Sundh Electric Co. Newark, N. J. Metering (SEE INSTRUMENTS, ELECTRICAL) Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. MICA Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Ferranti, Ltd., London, Eng. New England Mica Co., Waltham, Mass. burgh Ferranti Meter & Transformer Mfg. Co., MOLDED INSULATION STARTERS, MOTOR Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Bakelite Corporation, New York Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Pittsburgh Transformer Co., Pittsburgh Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Mill Type Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Rowan ControllerCo.,Newark,altimore, Md. Pittsburgh Transformer Co., Pittsburgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Sundh Electric Co. N. J. Radio burgh Ward Leonard Electric Co., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. MOLYBDENUM Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Street Lighting Fansteel Products Co., Inc., North Chicago burgh Kuhlman Electric Co., Bay City, Mich. MOTORS Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities (See GENERATORS AND MOTORS) STEEL, SHEET & STRIPS TROLLEY LINE MATERIALS OHMMETERS Trumbull Steel Co., The, Warren, 0. General Electric Co., Schenectady Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York STOKERS, MECHANICAL Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Roller -Smith Co. New York Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Weston Elec. Instr. Corp., Newark, N. J. burgh burgh Please mentionthe JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 49 Jan. 1926 ADVERTISING SECTION

MATTHEWS FUSWITCHWins! In a recent test a Matthews Fuswitchsuccessfully ruptured 53 consecu- tive shorts without the slightestdamage to the Fuswitch or box DOWERcompanies in every part of the 1 country are proving to their satisfaction by tests and prolonged service that Matthews Fuswitches and Disconnecting Switches give the most reliable protection to equipment at Distributors of Matthews Troductsare located in all principal cities. Send for informationon the lowest cost. Matthews Fuswitches Matthews Disconnecting Switches Matthews Scrulix Anchors Matthews Fuswitches on your lines are the Matthews Slack Pullers Matthews Guy Clamps Matthews Adjustable Reels best insurance against service interruptions Matthews Cable Clamps Matthews Woodpecker Telefault that you can get. Wet process porcelain bush- Matthews Teleheight MatthewsMechanicalPaintingEquipment ings and mountings throughout, and a box for housing of genuine Tidewater Cypress, "The Wood Eternal," are two reasons for their superiority. They are safe and easy to inspect and re -fuse. W. N. MATTHEWS CORPORATION 3706 Forest Park Blvd. St. Louis, U. S. A.

CORPORATION Ws. us sssss MILO

Matthews Fuswitch- Matthews Discon- MATTHEWS wire made in fol- necting Switches ore lowingtypos: made in the follow- Type OK ing types: 100 amperes 7500 volts Type 0 K Type H Q 125 amperes 7500 volts FUSWITCH ES Type HQ 200 amperes 7500 volt. 250 amperes 7500 volt. Open Type Open Type andDISCONNECTING SWITCHES 100 amperes 15000 volts 125amperes 15000 volts

Please mention the .JOURNAL of the A. I.E. E. when writing to advertisers. 50 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. 1. E. E.

Science Abstracts All electrical engineers actively engaged in the practice of theirpro- fession should subscribeto "Science Abstracts." Published monthly by the Institution of Through "Science Abstracts" engineers Electrical Engineers, London, in associa-are enabled to keep in touch with engineer- tion with the Physical Society of London,ing progress throughout the world, as one and with the cooperation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the Ameri-hundred and sixty publications, in various can Physical Society and the Americanlanguages,areregularlysearchedand Electrochemical Society, they constituteanabstracted."Science Abstracts" are pub- invaluable reference library. lished in two sections, as follows: "A"-PHYSICS-deals with electricity, magnetism, light, heat, sound, astromony, chemical physics. " B " -ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-deals withelectrical plant, power transmission, traction, lighting,telegraphy, telephony, wireless telegraphy, prime movers, engineering materials, electrochemistry. Through special arrangement, members of the A.I.E.E Subscriptions should start with the January issue. may subscribe to "Science Abstracts" at the reduced rate The first volume was Issued in 1898.Back numbers are of $5.00 for each section, and $10 for both.Rates to non- available, and further information regarding these can be members are $7.50 for each section and $12.50 for both. obtained upon application to Institute headquarters. American Institute of Electrical Engineers 33 West 39th Street, New York

Classified Advertiser's Index for Buyers-Continued TURBINES, HYDRAULIC 4 utomotire Kerite Ins. Wire & Cable Co., New York Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Bldg. Co., Atlantic Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Rome, N. Y. Okonite-Callender CableCo.,The,Inc., The Wm., Philadelphia Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Passaic, N. J. TURBINES, STEAM Boston Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Boston Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee General Electric Co., Schenectady Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston General Electric Co., Schenectady Kerite Ins. Wire & Cable Co., New York Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Westinghouse Elec. & Mtg. Co., E. Pitts- Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh Magnet Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago burgh Atlantic Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Rome, N. Y. TURBINE SIGNAL SYSTEMS Bare Copper Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Cory & Son, Inc., Chas., New York American Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Chicago Dudlo Mfg. Corp., Fort Wayne, Ind. TURBO -GENERATORS American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Chicago Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Atlantic Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Rome, N.Y. Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh burgh Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities VALVE CONTROL, ELECTRIC Copperweld Steel Co., Rankin, Pa. Cory & Son, Inc-, Chas., New York Hazard Manufacturing Co., Wilkes-Barre, Rubber Insulated Pa. American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago VALVES, JOHNSON HYDRAULIC Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Atlantic Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Rome, N.Y. Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Bldg. Co., Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago The Wm., Philadelphia Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities VARNISHES, INSULATING Boston Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Boston General Electric Co., Schenectady Copper Clad General Electric Co., Schenectady Irvington Varnish & Ins. Co., Irvington, N. J. Copperweld Steel Co., Rankin, Pa. Hazard Manufacturing Co., Wilkes-Barre, Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh Pa. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Western Electric Co., AU Principal Cities Kerite Ins. Wire & Cable Co., New York burgh Flexible Cord Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. WELDING EQUIPMENT, ELECTRICAL American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady Atlantic Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Rome, N. Y. Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Ohio Brass Co. Mansfield 0. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Boston Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Boston Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities burgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Trolley WIRES AND CABLES Hazard Manufacturing Co., Wilkes-Barre, American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago armored Cable Pa. Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Chicago American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. Atlantic Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Rome, N. Y. Atlantic Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Rome, N.Y. Roebling's Sons Co., John A. Trenton, N. J Copperweld Steel Co., Rankin, Pa. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Boston Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Boston Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Hazard Manufacturing Co., Wilkes-Barre, Fuse heather proof Pa. General Electric Co., Schenectady American Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Chicago Kerite Ins. Wire & Cable Co., New York Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Chicago Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N.J. Atlantic Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Rome, N. Y. Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Lead Capered (Paper and Varnished cambric Copperweld Steel Co., Rankin, Pa. Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh insulated) General Electric Co., Schenectady Western Electric Co., MI Principal Cities American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Kerite Ins. Wire & Cable Co., New York Asbestos Covered Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Chicago Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Atlantic Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Rome, N. Y. Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Atlantic Ins. Wire & Cable Co., Rome, N.Y. General Electric Co., Schenectady Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Hazard Manufacturing Co., Wilkes-Barre, Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Pa. Western Electric Co., All Principal Cities Please mentionthe JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing to advertisers. Jan192ti ADVERTISING SECT [ON AmericanSteelCony &Wire VARNISHEDCAMBZICPCaiLE

FROM the west windows users. In the process of se- of our New York offices lecting a cable, the contrac- you get a full view of the tors, Hatzel & Buehler, Inc., beautiful New York Tele- New York City, received phone Building. our heartiest co-operation. The fact that a product of The price of Varnished the American Steel 85 Wire Cambric Cable is always Company is used in this right. We invite your in- building makes the outlook quiry for prices on any unusually interesting. quantity, for any voltage and Varnished Cambric for any service condition. Cable, the product used to et Catalog on request a considerable extent, was MADE BY selected after careful con- 1 AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE COMPANY sideration and upon the CHICAGO, NEW YORK, BOSTON, mt. BIRMINGHAM, DALLAS, DENVER, SALT LAKE CITY recommendation of many U. S. STEEL PRODUCTS CO.: SAN FRANCISCO, LOS ANGELES, PORTLAND, SEATTLE

!IIIt: -V- tn.

13 MNNII iStraXI=1,

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 52 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. 3 5i I_ t_i.=.X21=rar:3:11-=-- -I-- -VoltageAmplificationof E- .: oioiunitimilionimmitimiiimilimmilmituniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiimoninitummunimunnumaiiiiiiiiimp, i--1--_-#__ PACENT 5uperauckolonner 1427 E g - 1 iin201-A - z Am Vier Grad ii11111 sanummc 1- I m.....Eimmix...... a...... ;-seuTiammi...misei-.=- E .z I ..-=-- E i - MM.= Th.., ..i. 5. ,C 0 Min[ -3, E. IIM=IIM Cyree. I = MI x...a nuiscror--. E - wM an=m mum Im Latcratna...I....rdlor ....E..,,..3.-- i MUM (..1401, Cary.,-;b. i- e",ile . ...Z..... 1.._, g 1 C, . Cr,' Sterc E E. /6 na SO g 7., The Choice of g. the Engineer! 1 E THE ABOVE CHART, showing voltageamplification of the Pacent E Type 107 g SUPERAUDIOFORMER No. 27-in 201-AAmplifier Circuit- E E represents the average of a number ofcurves taken in several independent Laboratories including the oldestand largest engineering T. 1 laboratories in the worldand verified by g Pacent Engineers.The smooth, even prog- E ress of the curve graphically tells the story Laboratory Variometer of its extraordinary uniformity of amplification and why those who have investigated A variable inductance for general it, pronounce the SUPERAUDIOFORMER -a- "the best transformer made." E laboratory use. The SUPERAUDIOFORMER isagiant -2 transformer that - installed in any set - will g resultin an amazing improvement inthe The coils are designed to have a musical values in broadcast reception.Ratio 3 to 1-high enough for energy amplification of 500 to 1 per audio step-yet low enough so E low high frequency resistance and high E thathigherfrequenciesare not distorted. current -carrying capacity. Practically uniform amplification through six -E E octave cycles.Designed for power amplifica- E. E tion and for plate voltages up to 500 volts. Three types cover the range from The SUPERAUDIOFORMER is just one of . g the many PACENT contributions to Radio 5.- .02 to 18 AIH. PAcEST Progress.Forty leading manufacturers recog- E 11 SUPFRaCUIUFORMER nize the excellence of Pacent Parts and are E - unmounted Type using them as standard equipment on their sets. Do scriboi i'li Bullt.fin 506E. .E. Cat. ft E Price saw Let us send YOU our new illustrated catalog. It E- Type 107 Variometer - '. - S24.00 E- PACENT ELECTRIC COMPANY, Inc. -2 Mounted calibration curve S500. extra 91 Seventh Avenue, New York City g g Washington Minneapolis T.-. Chicago Philadelphia --1 Buffalo Detroit T.- GENERAL RADIO COMPANY Birmingham San Francisco 1/,2ri:/:',Icrw(r5 of El, ci Pica! and Radio Lat.uratoru F.. Jacksonville Pacent st. Louis --i, ston RADIO ESSENTIALS Pittsburgh .11,1,a,-atas (or u:Yr a decade -f- Canadian Licensed Manufacturers: White Radio, Ltd., Hamilton,Ont. 30 State Street FT Cambridge, Hass. g Ei a 111 IMPROVISE - PACENTIZE. E JAI ....363

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ADVERTISERS PAGE PAGE Acme Wire Company, The ss Fennessy, David V PAGE 44 Ohio Brass Company, The 11 Alexander & Dowell 44 Flynn, Thomas F. 44 Okonite Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. 6 Ford, Bacon & Davis, Inc 44 Company, The ...Inside Back Cover Ambursen Construction Company. Inc 44 Fowle & Company, Frank F 44 Okonite-Callender Cable Co., Inc., The ....Cover 44 Ophuls & Hill, Inc. 46 American Appraisal Company, The Freyn Engineering Company . 44 American Bridge Company 33 Fynn. Val A 44 Pacent Electric Company, Inc 61 American Insulated Wire & Cable Co 34 Pacific Coast Steel Company 32 American Lava Corporation ss G & W Electric Specialty Company .. 11 Pittsburgh Transformer Company 31 American Lead Pencil Company se General Electric Company Insert Public Service Production Company 46 American Steel & Wire Company 61 General Radio Company . 51 Radio Patents Corporation American Transformer Company ss Hare, L. F Robinson & Co., Inc.., Dwight P 44 Anaconda Copper Mining Company 32 44 Rockwood Manufacturing Company 41/ Atlantic Insulated Wire & Cable Co 34 Hazard Manufacturing Company 33 25 Hoosier Engineering Company . 44 Roebling's Sons Company, John A 34 Bakelite Co 4 Hynes & Cox Electric Corporation 44 Roller -Smith Company 30 Barstow A Inc-, W. S. 44 Rowan Controller Company, The 43 =ray. Irvington Varnish & Insulator Company 40 Battey & Klyip, 44 Sanderson & Porter 45 . Belden Manufacturing Company.... 11 Jackson & Moreland . . . . Sangamo Electric Company 10 44 44 Sargent & Lundy, Inc. . Black A Veatch ewell Electrical Instrument Company 31 ...... 45 Biddle. James G 3$ ohns, Luther . 44 Science Abstracts $0 Boston Insulated Wire A Cable Co 34 Scofield Engineering Company . *tinsels Wanted 40 .. - .. as Bristol Company, The 30 Simplex Wire & Cable Company 39 Burke Electric Company 35 Kerite Insulated Wire & Cable Co., Inc 1 Sirnne & Ca, J. E.... 45 Burndy Engineering Company. Inc...... Kidde & Company, Inc., WalterBack Cover Spray Engineering Company 31 Byllesby Engineering & Management Corp. 44 K -P -F Electric Company 36 Standard Steel & Bearings, Inc 2 Kuhlman Electric Company 27 Standard Underground Cable Company 37 Century Electric Company...... 43 Star Electric Motor Company U Champion Switch Company. The... 13 Lapp Insulator Company, Inc 35 Stevens, John A 42 Lincoln, E. S as Chandeysson Electric Company 45 Stevens & Wood, Inc 45 Clark, Walter G 44 Locke Insulator Corporation 21 Stockbridge & Borst Clement, Edward E 44 Mahoney, J. N as 45 Stone & Webster, Inc 41 Clewell, C. E 44 Manufacturers' & Inventors' Elec. Co 42 Sturtevant, B. F., Company 11 42 Condit Electrical Manufacturing Corp Master Electric Company, The . 43 Sundh Electric Company 34 Copperweld Steel Company 31 MatthewsCoration,W. N. 49 Thomas, Percy H. McClellan & unkerdeld, Inc. 45 41 Deane, Harold A 44 Metropolitan Device Corporation. Thomas & Sons Company, TheR 34 Day & Zimmermann, Inc 44 54 Thoner & Martens Midwest Air Filters,, Inc 30 ss De Laval Separator Company 13 Midwinter Convention Number Timken Roller Bearing Company 4T Delta -Star Electric Company 36 41 Trumbull Steel Company, The. Minerallac Electric Company 35 .... 40 Dickinson, W. N 44 Moloney Electric Company Tullis, Russell & Co., Ltd 10 Doasert & Company 26 37 .... Moore & Company, W. E 45 U. G. I. Contracting Company,The as Dubilier Condenser & Radio Corp 15 bf organite Brush Company, The Viele, Blackwell & Buck Dudlo Manufacturing Corporation..... 34 40 41 National Carbon Company, Inc 9 Ward Leonard Electric Company 24 Duncan Electric Manufacturing Co. 36 West Va. Pulp & PaperCompany ss as National Vulcanized Fibre Company 5 Western Electric Company Electric Specialty Company Neall, N. j 43 14 Electrical Testing Laboratories 40 Nailer, Rich & Company Westinghouse Electric & Mfg.Co 19 Electro Dynamic Company. 4 45 Weston Electrical Instrument New Departure Manufacturing Co., The 3 Corp ...... 16 Engineering Directory . . . 44. 45 White Engineering Corp.,The J. G 41 New England Mica Company 40 Wildennann & Zwingenberger Fafnir Bearing Company, The Norma -Hoffmann Bearings Corporation 8 Wireless Specialty Apparatus 4$ Fansteel Products Company. The ... 16 Northwestern Electric Company 42 Company es Wray & Company, J. G 46 (For classified list of Advertisers see pages 46, 48 and50.) Pleasemention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 53

STANDARD CONDENSERS For CarrierWave Transmission All Voltages

Replace Long Inefficient Coupling Wires Improve Communication Possess High Factor of Safety for Surge Voltages Attaching toline does not increase normal hazard

Faradon Coupling Unit Made in .002 MFD. and .003 MFD. Typical Installations: ALABAMA POWER CO. Birmingham, Ala. EDISON ELECTRIC ILL. CO. Natick, Mass. ILLINOIS POWER & LIGHT CORP. Atchison, Kan. Preliminary estimating data NO. INDIANA GAS & ELECTRIC CO. withcomplete information Hammond, Ill. OKLAHOMA GAS & ELECTRIC CO. and quotations furnished on Oklahoma City, Okla. request. PHOENIX UTILITY CO. Hazelton, Pa. PUGET SOUND POWER & LIGHT CO. Wenatchee, Wash. Wireless Specialty Apparatus Company Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass. ELECTROSTATIC CONDENSERS FOR ALL PURPOSES

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertimerm. . I\'1,;11'1' I SI N( SE( "I'ION Journal A. 1. NETWORK E.

View taken Pulling of a through cover switch blade or of distributor box loosening of a . screw disconnects showing installation of feeder. Metropolitan Subway SectionalizingUnits Offering the most economical and convenientway of Branching main feed- alr/PV/Cej JE,?V/CE Connecting sub feeders, connecting trans- - ers, taps and tie lines formers to a low ten- and connectingserv- sion network. ices.

lo o 0 000

fee' /)-7.7/4/si- /r1,744/..r

0 0(0 0 0 D

METROPOta 1 OA577f/E/C/7-0/9 6'0A 4-17770.'z'oi. 7,17v 9Le11(1.AI lit. , ;:ITS ,feclr/o/vriv/z//v6-UN/T C/97 NO 2/33 Wiring diagram of installation pictured.The neutral wire of the three wire secondary is not shown to avoid confusing the drawing.The neutral connections are tied in solid.

METROPOLITAN DEVICE CORPORATION 1250 Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Gentlemen: Please send 16 -page catalog describing Metropolitan Subway Sectionalizing Units.

Company._ Address Title. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. Okonite Products OKONITE INSULATED WIRES AND CABLES VARNISHED CAMBRIC CABLES OKONITE INSULATING TAPE MANSON & DUNDEE FRICTION TAPES OKONITE CEMENT HANDBOOK: OKONITE INSULATEDWIRE AND CABLE-This handy vclume of 100 the subject OKOCORD pages contains just thatdata one would expect to find in a real Handbook on Okonite Products are made, covers each principal OKOLOOM treated. In addition it tells how carefully kind of wire and cable, and explains each stepin their manufacture. Profusely illustrated with Okonite- views of our factory, processes, and"close-ups" of the finished products. Callender THE STORY OF STEEL -TAPED CABLE-Youlearn the "Why" of this popular type of cable, Products sometimes called "Parkway"; its development, purposeand advantages. Illustrations show actual construction in detail of Okonite Steel-Taped Cable and typical installations for IMPREGNATED Alarm Systems, Railroad Signals and Lighting PAPER Ornamental Street Lighting, Police and Fire CABLES Circuits. Complete "Specifications" and Tables forservice up to 7,000 volts. SUPER - T ENSION SPLICES AND TAPES FOR RUBBER INSULATEDWIRES-Sixteen pages of worth -while CABLES information on The Importance of a Perfect Splice; The ImportantProperties of Tape; How SPLICING to Recognize These Properties; and How to Make aPerfect Splice. Interesting description of MATERIALS "Okonite", "Manson", and "Dundee" "A" and "B" Tapes.Fully illustrated. THE OKONITE COMPANY THE OKONITE-CALLENDER CABLE COMPANY,INC. FACTORIES: PASSAIC, N. J. PATERSON, N. J. SALES OFFICES:NEW YORK . CHICAGO . PITTSBURGH . ST. LOUIS ATLANTA . BIRMINGHAM SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES F. D.Lawrence Electric Co., Cincinnati, 0. Novelty Electric Co., Phila., Pa. Pettingell-Andrews Co., Boston, Mass. Canadian Representatives: Engineering Materials Limited, Montreal Cuban Representatives: Victor G. Mendoza Co., Havana

CHECK THE BOOKLETS YOU WANT AND MAIL COUPON TODAY. THE OKONITE COMPANY, PASSAIC, N. J. Please send me booklets as marked below: Name Street Number City and State Official Position with

I- OKONITE HANDBOOK 1 SPLICES AND TAPES r 1 "PARKWAY" CABLE INCORPORATI NG THEBEST

IN MATERIALS - IN ENGINEERING DESIGN IN FIRE PROTECTION

THE EDGAR (WEYMOUTH)STATION Stone & Webster, Inc., Builders

THE TWO 30,000 K.W. GENERATORS - protected by - THE LUX CARBON DIOXIDEFIRE SYSTEM

In selecting only the Best, the LUX SYSTEMwas chosen by Stone & Webster, Inc., Builders of the Edgar(Weymouth) Station, to Protect the Main and AuxiliaryGenerators of The Edison Electric Illuminating Co., Boston.

San Francisco San Pedro Walter Kidde & Company, The Hague Seattle Inc. Hamburg Montreal 140 Cedar Street London Paris Milan New York City Tokio