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Missoula Historic Underground Project: Urban Archaeology, Landscape, and Identity

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Missoula Historic Underground Project: Urban Archaeology, Landscape, and Identity University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2014 MISSOULA HISTORIC UNDERGROUND PROJECT: URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY, LANDSCAPE, AND IDENTITY Nikki Manning The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Manning, Nikki, "MISSOULA HISTORIC UNDERGROUND PROJECT: URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY, LANDSCAPE, AND IDENTITY" (2014). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4354. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4354 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MISSOULA HISTORIC UNDERGROUND PROJECT: URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY, LANDSCAPE, AND IDENTITY By NIKKI MARIE MANNING Bachelor of Arts in Sociology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 1997 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology, Cultural Heritage The University of Montana Missoula, MT August 2014 Approved by: Sandy Ross, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Gregory Campbell, Chair Anthropology Kelly J. Dixon Anthropology Pei-Lin Yu Cultural Specialist and Affiliate Faculty Michael Monsos Missoula Historic Preservation Committee © COPYRIGHT by Nikki Marie Manning 2014 All Rights Reserved ii Manning, Nikki, M.A., Spring 2014 Anthropology Missoula Historic Underground Project: Urban Archaeology, Landscape, and Identity Chairperson: Gregory Campbell The American West’s urban undergrounds are laced with mystique and lore. Well- known historic undergrounds exist throughout the American West in cities such as Portland, Pendleton, Seattle, Boise, and Butte. Tales exist of secret underground passages to houses of prostitution, Chinese opium dens, and Prohibition-era alcohol smuggling operations. While in some cases these stories can be based in fact, it appears that many underground spaces were less nefarious than imagination might suggest. In Missoula, Montana, a local, urban archaeological survey was conducted to see what evidence remained of the puzzling historic underground landscape. This study of Missoula’s subterranean archaeological features included an analysis and inventory of steam tunnels, sidewalk voids, and a mix of mundane and clandestine basement spaces. An integration of archival, architectural, and archaeological evidence, and local collective memories aided in identifying the physical remains of Missoula’s historic, urban underground landscape. This data was analyzed to determine if identity in early Missoula affected the use of space and the built environment throughout the community’s history of urban development. The hope is that this could empower preservation needs by more closely linking them with cultural and natural resources, and design planning. iii Contents Abstract iii Contents iv List of Figures vi Acknowledgements xii Preface xviii 1 Introduction 21 1.1 Context and Hypothesis 21 1.1.1 Significance and Scope 22 1.1.2 Units of Analysis and Definitions 23 2 Scholarly and Historical Context 30 2.1 Theoretical Framework 30 2.1.1 Spatial Analysis and Landscape 31 2.1.2 Archaeology of Identity 35 2.1.3 Collective Memory 38 2.2 Historical Overview 40 2.2.1 Chinese in the American West 41 2.2.2 The Chinese in Missoula 46 2.2.3 The “Chinese Tunnels” 49 3 Methods 56 3.1 Methodology and Research Design 56 3.1.1 Project Stages 57 3.1.2 Community-Based Archaeology 59 3.2 Data Collection and Analysis Procedures 61 3.2.1 Archival Research 62 3.2.2 Oral History 63 3.2.3 Archaeological Survey 64 3.3 Ethics and Limitations 66 4 Results and Analysis 69 4.1 Hammond Arcade (24MO0346) 72 4.2 The Top Hat Bar (24MO1111) 80 4.3 MacKenzie River Pizza (24MO1113) 89 4.4 Montgomery Distillery (24MO1110) 97 4.5 Piece of Mind (24MO1207) 103 4.6 The LaFlesch Building (24MO1206) 111 4.7 Riverside Café (24MO1119) 118 4.8 Missoula Mercantile/Garden City Drug (24MO0342/24MO0348) 127 5 Discussion and Conclusion 143 5.1 Discussion 143 5.2 Future Directions 154 5.3 Conclusion 156 iv Bibliography 158 Appendix 1: The Chinese Exclusion Act 169 Appendix 2: Blank Forms used for Survey 171 Appendix 3: Listing of Archives Collections Examined 176 Appendix 4: Institutional Review Board Consent Form for Oral History 209 Appendix 5: Individual Property Features and Photos 211 5.1 – Hammond Arcade (24MO0346) 211 5.2 – Top Hat Bar (24MO1111) 222 5.3 – MacKenzie River Pizza Company (24MO1113) 229 5.4 – Montgomery Distillery (24MO1110) 233 5.5 – Piece of Mind (24MO1207) 242 5.6 – LaFlesch Building (24MO1206) 277 5.7 – Riverside Café (24MO1119) 317 5.8 – Missoula Mercantile/Garden City Drug (24MO0342/24MO0348) 326 v List of Figures 1.1. Map of the Downtown Missoula Historic District 23 1.2. Sketch of Missoula steam tunnel system, date unknown 25 1.3. Steam tunnel under Higgins Avenue, Missoula 25 1.4. Underground closet full of fallout shelter supplies 26 1.5. Tunnel of unknown use in the basement of the Missoula Mercantile 26 1.6. Another section of the tunnel under the Missoula Mercantile showing the rail tracks found there 26 1.7. Bricked-in underground doorway in the basement of Piece of Mind 27 1.8. Door and windows in the basement of Garden City Drug 27 1.9. Sealed sidewalk void entrance showing the stairs descending from the street and the window into the basement business 28 2.1. 1890 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map for West Front Street 38 2.2. Example of 1890s anti-Chinese propaganda 43 2.3. Example of 1890s anti-Chinese propaganda 43 2.4. Anti-Chinese Missouri Steam Washing Machine advertisement 44 2.5. Anti-Chinese rat poison advertisement 45 2.6. Anti-Chinese toy cap gun 45 2.7. 1884 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map for the 200 block of West Front Street 48 2.8. The Willamette River waterfront during high tide, Portland, Oregon, ca. 1915 51 2.9. Portion of the Seattle underground which can be seen on the tour 52 2.10. Example of industrial jacks used to raise and level out the buildings in Sacramento, CA 53 vi 2.11. Portion of the Sacramento underground that can be seen on the tour 53 3.1. First public event to introduce the Missoula Historic Underground Project to the public in Missoula, Montana 60 3.2. Sidewalk void entrance at the Top Hat Bar during the “Historic Downtown Missoula and Underground” walking tour 60 3.3. Students in the University of Montana Urban Archaeology Field School engaging in public archaeology 61 4.1. Table of current property names, addresses, and site numbers for the eight properties investigated during this thesis 71 4.2. The Hammond Arcade located at 101 South Higgins Avenue, 2012 72 4.3. The Hammond Block, circa 1900 73 4.4. 1890 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map for the not quite finished Hammond Block 74 4.5. 1891 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map in which Hammond Block appears for the first time 74 4.6. 1902 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map of the Hammond Building 75 4.7. 1912 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map of the Hammond Building 75 4.8. Feature map for 101 South Higgins Avenue, 2012 77 4.9. Hammond Arcade Feature 1 - a grouping of windows which face south and once overlooked the river 78 4.10. Hammond Arcade Feature 3 - a door leading to the sidewalk void which used to be the Missoula Drug Company’s “Candy Room” 78 4.11. Hammond Arcade Feature 5 - a now sealed doorway that leads to the West Front Street sidewalk void 79 4.12. The Top Hat Bar located at 130 West Front Street, 2012 80 4.13. 1891 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map for 130 West Front Street 82 4.14. 1893 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map for 130 West Front Street 82 vii 4.15. Plan map of basement and sidewalk void at 130 West Front Street 84 4.16. Door found under the stairs during basement demolition at the Top Hat Bar 85 4.17. Exterior of same door (4.16) found during excavation in the rear of the building 85 4.18. Plan map drawing of 130 West Front Street basement with 1888 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map overlay 86 4.19. Dr. Lesure’s Family Liniment, Keene, New Hampshire, bottle found during construction excavation at the Top Hat Bar 87 4.20. Tar Bucket, found during construction excavation at the Top Hat Bar 87 4.21. The MacKenzie River Pizza Company located at 137 West Front Street, 2012 89 4.22. 1884 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map for 137 West Front Street 92 4.23. 1888 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map for 137 West Front Street 92 4.24. 1891 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map for 137 West Front Street 92 4.25. 1902 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the first mention of a Chinese restaurant at 137 West Front Street 93 4.26. MacKenzie River Pizza closet leading to sidewalk void 95 4.27. Plan map of excavation area in closet at 137 West Front Street 95 4.28. Profile map of excavation area in closet at 137 West Front Street 95 4.29. Montgomery Distillery at 129 West Front Street, 2012 97 4.30. Artist illustration of the Schilling Block, circa 1889 99 4.31. Plan map of the basement at 129 West Front Street 100 4.32. One of two inverted arches in the Montgomery Distillery sidewalk void 101 4.33. Piece of Mind at 123 West Main Street, 2013 103 viii 4.34. Chinese, English, and perhaps Japanese writing on the wall in the basement of Piece of Mind 104 4.35.
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