GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS in FINLAND 1990-2005 National
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1 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN FINLAND 1990-2005 National Inventory Report to the UNFCCC April 15th 2007 2 PREFACE Finland’s National Inventory Report (NIR) under the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and the Kyoto Protocol (voluntary reporting in accordance with decision 15/CMP.1) contains the following parts: Part 1 Finland’s national greenhouse gas emission inventory report (NIR) under the UNFCCC prepared using the reporting guidelines (UNFCCC 2006). IPCC and other methods applied in the calculation of the emissions are described, as well as changes to the previous submission. Several summarising tables and graphs of the emission data and emission trends for the years 1990–2005 are included. Part 2 CRF (Common Reporting Format) data tables of Finland’s greenhouse gas emissions for the years 1990–2005. The CFR tables are compiled with the latest UNFCCC CRF Reporter software (version 3.1). Since the submission of Finland’s initial report under the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC secretariat on 22 December 2006, no changes in the national system or registries have occurred. Information on emissions and removals related to Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as on Article 3, paragraph 14 will be included in the inventory submissions from the year 2010 onwards. Main methodological improvements and changes since the inventory submission in 2006 are listed in Chapter 10. Statistics Finland (Pia Forsell, Kari Grönfors, Aila Heinilä, Tuija Lapveteläinen, Teemu Oinonen, Riitta Pipatti, Leena Raittinen, Kai Skoglund, Jani Torniainen), MTT Agrifood Research Finland (Paula Perälä, Kristiina Regina), Finnish Forest Research Institute (Erkki Tomppo, Tarja Tuomainen, Timo Kareinen), Finnish Environment Institute (Päivi Lindh, Johanna Mikkola-Pusa, Jouko Petäjä, Kristina Saarinen, Tuulia Toikka), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (Kari Mäkelä) and Finavia (Niina Rusko) have made the inventory calculations, as well as the description of the methodologies and other information included in the national inventory report. Statistics Finland is the National Authority in Finland’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory System and responsible for the compilation and finalisation of inventory reports and their submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat and the European Commission. Statistics Finland approves the inventory submissions to the EC and UNFCCC independently. The Finnish inventory report as well as the CRF tables can be downloaded from the address: www.stat.fi/greenhousegases The contact person at Statistics Finland is Dr Riitta Pipatti, Head of Greenhouse Gas Inventory Unit, PB 6 A, FIN-00022 Statistics Finland tel + 358-9-1734 3543 fax +358-9-1734 3429 email [email protected] 3 PREFACE ________________________________________________________________________2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ___________________________________________________________6 ES.1 Background information on greenhouse gas inventories and climate change __________________6 ES.2 Summary of trends in national emissions and removals ___________________________________6 ES.3 Overview of source and sink category emission estimates and trends ________________________8 1. INTRODUCTION_______________________________________________________________11 1.1 Background information on greenhouse gas inventories and climate change __________________11 1.2 A description of the institutional arrangement for inventory preparation_____________________13 1.3 Brief description of the process of inventory preparation __________________________________14 1.4 Brief general description of methodologies and data sources used ___________________________16 1.5 Brief description of key categories _____________________________________________________18 1.6 Information about the QA/QC plan including verification and treatment of confidentiality issues 20 1.7 Summary of the uncertainty analysis ___________________________________________________27 1.8 General assessment of completeness____________________________________________________29 2.TRENDS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ______________________________________30 2.1 Description and interpretation of emission trends for aggregated greenhouse gas emissions _____30 2.2 Description and interpretation of emission trends by gas __________________________________32 2.3 Description and interpretation of emission trends by category ______________________________34 2.4 Description and interpretation of emission trends of indirect greenhouse gases and sulphur oxides _____________________________________________________________________________________40 3. ENERGY (CRF 1)_______________________________________________________________42 3.1 Overview of sector (CRF 1) ___________________________________________________________42 3.2 Emissions from fuel combustion (CRF 1.A)______________________________________________45 3.3 Fugitive emissions from fuels (CRF 1.B) ________________________________________________82 3.4 Reference approach _________________________________________________________________87 3.5 International bunkers _______________________________________________________________87 Appendix_3a __________________________________________________________________________89 Appendix_3b __________________________________________________________________________93 4. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (CRF 2) _______________________________________________96 4.1 Overview of sector __________________________________________________________________96 4.2 Mineral Products (CRF 2.A) __________________________________________________________99 4.3 Chemical Industry (CRF 2.B) ________________________________________________________106 4.4 Metal Production (CRF 2.C) _________________________________________________________112 4.5 Other Production (CRF 2.D) _________________________________________________________117 4.6 Consumption of Halocarbons and SF6 (CRF 2.F) ________________________________________118 Appendix_4 __________________________________________________________________________132 5. SOLVENT AND OTHER PRODUCT USE (CRF 3) __________________________________138 5.1 Overview of sector _________________________________________________________________138 4 5.2 Paint application (CRF 3.A), Degreasing and dry cleaning (CRF 3.B) and Chemical products, manufacture and processing (CRF 3.C)___________________________________________________140 5.3 Other (CRF 3.D) ___________________________________________________________________142 6. AGRICULTURE (CRF 4) _______________________________________________________144 6.1 Overview of sector _________________________________________________________________144 6.2 Enteric Fermentation (CRF 4.A) _____________________________________________________148 6.3 Manure Management (CRF 4.B) _____________________________________________________154 6.4 Agricultural Soils (CRF 4.D) _________________________________________________________161 Appendix_6 __________________________________________________________________________168 7. LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY (CRF 5)_________________________173 7.1 Overview of sector _________________________________________________________________173 7.3 Cropland (CRF 5.B) ________________________________________________________________196 7.4 Grassland (CRF 5.C) _______________________________________________________________201 7.5 Wetland (CRF 5.D)_________________________________________________________________204 7.6 Settlements (CRF 5.E) and Other land (CRF 5.F) _______________________________________208 7.7 Non-CO2 emissions _________________________________________________________________209 7.7.1 Direct N2O emissions from fertilisation (CRF 5 (I))_____________________________________209 7.7.2 N2O emissions from drainage of soils (CRF 5 (II))______________________________________210 7.7.3 N2O emissions from disturbance associated to land use conversion to cropland (CRF 5 (III)) __211 7.7.4 Biomass burning (CRF 5 (V))_______________________________________________________211 Appendix_7 __________________________________________________________________________215 8. WASTE (CRF 6) _______________________________________________________________223 8.1 Overview of sector _________________________________________________________________223 8.2 Solid Waste Disposal on Land (CRF 6.A) ______________________________________________226 8.3 Wastewater Handling (CRF 6.B) _____________________________________________________234 8.4 Waste Incineration (CRF 6.C)________________________________________________________239 8.5 Composting (CRF 6.D)______________________________________________________________239 Appendix_8a _________________________________________________________________________242 Appendix_8b _________________________________________________________________________244 9. OTHER (CRF 7) _______________________________________________________________245 10. RECALCULATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS _____________________________________246 10.1 Explanations and justification for recalculations, implications on emission levels and trends including time series consistency_________________________________________________________246 10.2 Implications for emission levels______________________________________________________252 10.3 Implications for emission trends, including time series consistency ________________________252 10.4 Recalculations, including in response to the review process, and planned improvements to the inventory ____________________________________________________________________________253