by nomeans,‘thecenterofanagricultural enterprise’. relaxation, it is not the villa that is the primary building type, but the and enjoyment about thinking when that claim I assertions, Ackerman’s to Contrary research. my of focus main unique design. Ackerman’s formulations are significant but less helpful when thinking about Central Europe, the a in resulting tandem, in developed be should plan whose elements connected as estate an of parts agricultural villa accommodatesafantasywhichisimpervioustoreality’ imagination and asserts its modernity’. its asserts and imagination conserve to and structure ancient forms in that do simple not be require the to intervention of tends a farmhouse designer. The The villa is farm. typically the the product from of estate an architect’s villa the the from and farmhouse residence villa the distinguishes essentially what is factor pleasure the enterprise, agricultural an of center the be also may it Though relaxation. and enjoyment owner’s its for designed country the in building a 3 2 1 and healthyair,hadexistedforaverylongtimebeforethat. for escape, at least for a few hours a week, from the dense, overpopulated places need this in But state. order communist omnipresent to the by the enjoy controlled be the not to could open which area nature only turned the sphere, private citizens and prevalent, was brainwashing), political the – smog ideological the (including smog and smoke dust, dirt, the of out get to relax, to need The areas. populated sparsely and towns small in also but centres, urban large in II, only not War happened It World nature. to after countryside, the regimes to cities totalitarian from escaped by urban-dwellers overtaken countries In present. the about themselves asking are they questions to answers find will they think they because is history in interested are people most reason The Ivan Muchka in EarlyModernEurope A SuccessfulBuildingType Lusthaus orSummerPalace, Architectura recreationis: his ground-breaking text on villas, on text ground-breaking his of interpret bettertheconcreteexamplesofthistype. that type, building one of definition the examine will I article, this In types. building other into bleeding even features typical its individual degree, great an a to of vary type look building the could so greatly, vary may needs these as But building. certain a from expected was The term‘buildingtype’cameintoexistence–astructurethatbestembodiedtheneeds andcharacteristicsthat  Ackerman (seenote2),p. 9. James S.Ackerman, The Houses , Princeton1985. Villa. FormandIdeologyofCountry a desiredpoint’. p.235:‘Eyecatcher.of , London1999, , ruin,temple, orotherstructureinalandscape,such asgloriette,drawingthe eyeto is:JamesStevensCurl,ADictionary landscape parktoterminate avieworotherwisepunctuatethelayout.Seealsofolly’. Anotherexample p.151:‘Eye–catcher orgloriette. Adecorativebuilding,such asashamruin,builtonaneminence ina (firstpublished1966), 1991 use thetermeye-catcher, JohnFleming–HughHonourNikolausPevsner, forexample: The PenguinDictionaryofArchitecture , inGerman,wherethevieweriscapturedby beauty–Blickfang. Somearchitecturalwhere theeyecouldrest,or asonesays dictionaries . The focalpointordominantfeature ofsuchone couldenjoyaview–bellavista,Bellevue, aviewwasthepoint-de-vue,point innature‘onasmallscale’theirgardensorlocationsfromwhich Since classicaltimes,citydwellerscreatedsmalloases forrelaxation eo, wl ty o hw ht aldo as oehn es, ht e nesod h rsdnil n the and residential the understood he that else, something says Palladio that show to try will I Below, Another building type, very similar to the summer palace, but not quite identical, is that of the villa. In villa. the of that is identical, quite not but palace, summer the to similar very type, building Another functions. their in specialized become have they needs, our to adjusted have urbanism and architecture As 2 James S. Ackerman offers a definition in his introductory lines, ‘A villa is villa ‘A lines, introductory his in definition a offers Ackerman S. James 3 In the second paragraph, Ackerman’s statement is equally pointed: ‘The pointed: equally is statement Ackerman’s paragraph, second the In 1 Lusthaus . Lusthaus or summer palace. And those were, or summer palace, in order to be able to able be to order in palace, summer

11 Looking for Leissure and even ‘i palazzi per fabricar in villa per gran Prencipi’. rusticana’ areused. translations into Italian, which were easier to get in Central Europe, where the terms ‘casa fatta in villa’ and casa ‘ Vitruvius inthisrespect. Lusthäuser situated in them. Thus, later architectural theoreticians were not able to draw much inspiration from partium dispositione’.Vitruviusmentionsneitherthepleasuregardens,Lustgarten,norbuildingsor chapter where he speaks about the typology of the Greek residential house, ‘De graecorum aedificiorum eorumque features – barns, stables, kitchens, granges, granaries etc. Vitruvius describes the residential function in the next utilitarian mainly covering description a with countryside the in learn building private we a of characteristics Farmhouse’, the about ‘The as translated succinctly Morgan which rationibus’ aedificiorum rusticorum ‘De six, and solidityofthebuildingtechniquesorby‘beauty’,itsarchitecturalformforms. it may sound quite obvious - a building type is characterized most of all by its function, less so by the ‘durability’ (Libro II, pag. 61)’. pag. II, (Libro ordine istesso uno di sono villa di l’uso per quella e contrast between the villa (farm) and casa padronale is clearly expressed here: di villa; padrone, Palladio’s to thosethatcanstillbeadmiredinthegardensofHellbrunnnearSalzburg. facendosi ugualeàquelle delPadroneconbelezzadituttal’opera’. dignità, e ornamento, debito suo del accresce Villa di questa tanto questa; di eminente piu essere non per grandezza di sentence, complete ‘ Palladio’s read we if understood be also can idea This whole. beautiful a creating of aim the case of this concrete building in Campiglio, Palladio demoted the in where sentence, whole the of meaning the is here important is what but Palladio, from quotations other of 8 7 6 5 4 of Architecture’ of Alfonso fece edificare per suo diletto …’. gli altri luoghi ameni & dilettevoli che sono fuori della città, vi as ‘loggia’ and in the section on Naples he writes, Napoli… ‘ second chapter of the first book to describe one of the six basic terms of architecture in general. et ad regiones sui cuiusque generis apta et commoda distributio’. Vitruvius’s term this part a bit freely, as the original reads ‘utilitatis autem emendata et sine impeditione usus locorum dispositione, assigned to its suitable and appropriate exposure’. M. H. Morgan, the English translator of Vitruvius, formulated convenience and beauty’. statement of the three fundamental elements of building, ‘All these must be built with due reference detail to durability, more into famous his go formulated he paragraph, next the in Instead, individuals’. ‘private for not types building the not list and did Vitruvius unfortunately but types, building into division with system a have thus we theory, architectural European of onset very the From places’. public in arrangements similar other all and purposes utilitarian for third the and religious, for second the defensive, for first the buildings: public of classes three are There individuals. private for structures of up putting the is second the and places, public in use general for works of and towns fortified perche la parte per l’habitatione del padrone, e quella per l’uso di Villa sono di uno istesso ordine; quanto quella perde  Robert Tavernor,, Washington Palladio,edition Octavo 2000,p.266. p.121r. Ibidem, LibroIII, Tutte p.24, 6. Venezia LibroVII, Serlio, l’Opere d’Architettura diSebastiano 1584, 34. Vitruv, Lateinisch Architectura überArchitektur ZehnBücher Deutsch Libri Decem, –De Vitruvius, The Ten onArchitecture, translatedbyMorrisHicky Books Morgan,New York (firstedition1914). 1960 case per edificar nella villa’ nella edificar per ‘case term, similar a uses Europe, Central influenced greatly writings whose Serlio, the at and ‘villa’, term the uses he where original Latin the at look we when different is work Alberti’s Did Vitruvius describe a building type of a of type building a describe Vitruvius Did Palladio’s terminology is, of course, also of great interest. Robert Tavernor, the author of the critical edition of In his first book, Vitruvius offers a theory of building types, and in the third chapter titled ‘The Departments i coperti per le cose di villa; stanze del fattore, del gastaldo, cantine, granari, stalle, altri luoghi di villa, etc. The fabrica per governare e custodire l’entrate e gli animali animali gli e l’entrate custodire e governare per fabrica qualified: also are buildings other dominicale; casa , writes, d’architectura, Libri 4 we discover that, ‘Building is divided into two parts, of which the first is the construction of construction the is first the which of parts, two into divided is ‘Building that, discover we Let us concentrate on the second term, which is achieved when ‘each class of building is ‘The house of the owner is not called the villa, but the but villa, the called not is owner the of house ‘The 7 He then goes on to describe the villa’s playful water installations, similar … uh s abus mres clnae, ah, hars promenades, theatres, baths, colonnades, markets, harbours, as such or summer palace? Not quite. In book six, chapter six, book In quite. Not palace? summer or Lusthaus 6 In his third book, he describes the Vila Madama in Rome è cosi ben dodato di giardini, & di luoghi di piacere ... fra è un palazzo che si chiama Poggio Reale, il quale il Re the building of the owner to the level of a farm with 8 Tavernor could have mentioned a number number a mentioned have could Tavernor , ed.byFranzReber, and p. Wiesbaden p.36 2009, la parte per l’habitatione del padrone distributio appears already in the abitazione 5 In sum, although or casa del del casa

12 Looking for Leissure human worldintoharmonywiththenatural(deussivenatura). the bring to managed they how and terrestre) (paradise Earth on paradise of visions the externalize to strived the colloquium’sposter.[Fig.2] on featured we which Caprarole, in casino a build to Vignola Jacopo to commission Farnese’s Cardinal as such an inspiration from the tradition. In today’s world, it is probably impossible to imagine building something new, our forefathers. Our life today, rather than being a break with the past, could be carried on as a of continuum, ingenuity a and link, forms of wealth the from inspiration rather but past the of imitation slavish a advocate not do appropriate, 12 11 10 9 an axisandthesummerpalaceoftenbecameasortofpointdevue. on placed were palace summer the and palace main the when period Baroque the in especially prominent more grew connection This . its in usually palace, main the near located palace summer the between always existed almost relationship a such while relationship, visual a have not do countryside the in or muros) (extra walls the outside villa his and residence city individual’s an that is them between distinction a make does that though detail One them. between distinguish to impossible, sometimes difficult, is it and villa European the of luoghi...’. simili e fontane, giardini, case, havendo contemplatione... alla & lettere, delle studii gli à attendere finalmente l’animo stanco delle agitationi della Città, prenderà molto ristauro, e consolatione, e equietamente potrà dove e robustezza, e sanità, sua la conserverà agevolmente piu corpo il cavallo, à & piedi, à fare suol si Villa nella & che l’esercitio, vedere, per ancho dove in facultà, le accrescer passerà dell’Agricoltura arte & si industria, con e possesioni, tempo sue le ornare del resto il dove Villa, di case dalle forse caverà consolatione e utilità, minore non Ma proprie: cose delle governo e Republica, della amministratione la per bisognerà li che tempo, quel tutto habitare ad esse in havendo commodità, e splendore, molto di Gentli’uomo al veramente sono Città della Case ‘Le is, villa’, into moredetailhere. Ulm, whose use of this term is discussed in Antonio Rosso’s essay in this volume, therefore we do not need to go this case, Lusthausalludestoacasaideale,anabstractidealofhappyandmeaningful life. In happiness. true brings which God, of Glory the beholding opposite, its with comparison in War Years’ and Paradise of the Heart]. [Fig. 3] The book is an allegorical interpretation of the era and the misery of the Thirty with it replaced Commenius Amsterdam, in edition second the in work in 1631 in Poland, its title was When John Amos Comenius, a world-renowned seventeenth-century Czech pedagogue, first published his major word German scene, it can be helpful to examine the etymology of the word, although this should not be overemphasized. The an artisticallyconceivedgarden,or‘Thiergarten’,meaningenclosedgameparkhuntingpreserve. archival sources, they are all called Central European context. In Prague, there are several examples of this building type that have been preserved. In road tohappiness.Farewell,anddonotcomewithouttheOrpheanLyre came to the villa of Careggi, not to cultivate my fields but my soul... I desire nothing so much as to know the best I ‘Yesterday agricultural: than rather spiritual, as countryside the in sojourn a of benefits the describes Cosimo which in Ficino, Marsilio to Medici Cosimo from letter 1462 quoted often a of content the known had Palladio

 Palladio, Quattrolibridell’architettura, Vicenza Del sitodaeleggersiperlefabriche diVilla, 1570, p.45. Cap.XII, LibroII, David R.Coffin,The Villa intheLifeofRenaissanceRome , Princeton1977, p.9. See alsoabook byUlrikeWeber-Karge, ‘Einemirdischen, Sigmaringen 1989. Paradeißzuvergleichen ...’:dasNeue Lusthaus inStuttgart (unlike theRoyal SummerPalaceatPrague Castlewhich onlyacquiredthename Belvederelater). by FrantišekJosefCountWallenstein in1715 This structurewas calledaBelvedereatthetimeofitsconstruction isaprimaryexample. ofthisvisualconnectionbetweenpalaceandsummer palace,butthesummerpalacein Prague-Letná, built There aredozensofexamples When we study the laws that such recreational buildings had in common, we may see how their architects their how see may we common, in had buildings recreational such that laws the study we When This discussion of the duality of activity and rest is timely, and our effort to learn from the past is more than When the issue is rest and relaxation (otium post negotium), the summer palace blends with different types di ‘fabriche countryside, the in buildings the explicating when follows Palladio which scheme basic The Now we come to the term The first theoretician who contributed to summer palace typology is the architect Joseph Furttenbach of Furttenbach Joseph architect the is typology palace summer to contributed who theoretician first The of genesis the understand To . Each period searches for its adequate stylistic expression, and of course we course of and expression, stylistic adequate its for searches period Each vitae. magistra historia has been taken over into Early Modern Czech language with the meaning ‘paradise’. meaning the with language Czech Modern Early into over taken been has Lusthaus Lusthaus, which describes the building type that is the focus of this article in the Labyrint světa a lusthauz srdce [ of the World and Lusthaus of the Heart] , or Lusthaus Lusthaus, perhaps because they were built in areas described as ‘Lustgarten’, and its emergence on the European architectural European the on emergence its and palace summer Labyrint světa a Ráj srdce [Maze of the World the of [Maze srdce Ráj a světa Labyrint 11 [Fig.1] 12

.’ 10 9 As if As

13 Looking for Leissure in Prague in 1677, in Prague in Gartenhaus, monumental the is This it. place to category which in unsure are we that way a such in type building another describes also Goldmann book, his In view. 360° the and porticos four the are which of characteristics : ‘ Lustgarten: einiger massemersetzenwollen’. Lust-Gartens, ist, das Eden, Gartens gepflanzten selbst Gott allervortrefflichsten des Verlust den gleichsam man hat Blumen, Lust-Stücken, oder Statuen, Fontainen, und anderen, mehr zur Lust Parterren als zum Nutzen dienenden Dingen besetzet ist … Mit den Lustgärten Bind-Werck, Bogen-Gängen, und Spatzier- Spalieren, Hecken, mit Garten, welcher solcher ein heisset ‘Lust-Garten architecture. of function recreational the to superior is that something and paradise biblical the of symbol the is the Zedler, For use. optimal its helping garden, the to position Here, dienet’. selbst gartens des Gebrauch bequemeren und vergnüglicheren desto zu comprehensive dictionary by Günther Wasmuth from the 1930s the from Wasmuth Günther by dictionary comprehensive applied inBaroquePrague. die ‘Außwendig reads 53) was term page the widely how demonstrates (on which 5] [Fig. Jegerhaus’, picture oder Lusthaus oder kastell another einem zu Faszathen an describing caption The 51). (page Prague from Palace be can that Summer buildings Star the of plan ground several the shows it others Among features 46–55). 42–43, (pages palaces summer book as described The Carlsbad). near (Schlackenwerth Ohří nad Ostrov in palace summer the of designer the is himself Leuthner others. and Mitelli Agostino Montano, Battista Giovanni Huys, 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 feeling toit.Wasmuth’sdictionaryhasanentryforcasinobutthisdoesnotmentiongardenarchitecture. hermitages, including and centuries, other garden nineteenth features. In and German eighteenth usage between the the wars, from the word shapes quaint with houses garden room’ the surrounding area. surrounding the all sides where one can shelter from both rain and heat. It is also a place from where there is an excellent view of titled term the how of example interesting an offers also Sturm, encyclopaedia       , Prague1677. worden Vornehmben zusamben getragenundingewisseAußtheilungverfasset Baumeistern Abraham Leuthner, wiesolche Grundtliche vonderWeitberühmten DarstellungderfünffSeüllen undanderen Vitruvio Scamozzio Baumstämmen, Borke u. dgl. einer “naturgemäßen” Erscheinung, während im regelmäßigen Garten einestrengearchitektonische u.dgl. einer“naturgemäßen”Erscheinung, währendimregelmäßigen Garten Borke Baumstämmen, sich imlandschaftlichenIhre äußereGestaltung nähert durch (englischen) Verwendung Garten wieunbehauenen “natürlicher” Baustoffe, Grotten, Ruinen,Tempel Bellevue. u.dgl.AnbesonderenAussichtspunkten wieBelvedere, angelegt,führensiemeistBezeichnungen beliebten kleinen,meist Lust ; Lustschloß isteinfürstliches Lusthaus,veraltetfür Gartenhaus LandhauszumSommeraufenthalt, p.556: Wasmuth (seenote18),III, (P–Z) 1932.Volume Vwaspublishedlater, in1937. The authorofthetextscitedinnextfootnote isprobablyLeoAdler. Günther Wasmuth (ed.),Wasmuths Lexikon (H–O)1931,IV , I–IV, derBaukunst III Berlin1929–32; Volume I (C–G)1930, (A–B)1929,II columns1254–1260. Ibidem, Vol. XVIII, selbstdienet.’ bequemeren Gebrauch desgartens zudestovergnüglicheren und ‘Lusthaus, isteinvonLatten,BretternoderMauersteinen zusammengesetztesHaus,dasineinemGarten Großes vollständigesUniversal-Lexicon allerWissenschaften undKünste…,Halle–Leipzig1732–1754, column1260: Vol. XVIII, p.B91,Tab.sondern zugleich, Braunschweig getreulich 1699, entdekketwird...allesausdenbestenÜberrestendesAlterthums XVIII. aufzureissendeutlich gewiesen, ...aufeineneueundsonderbareArt nur die5OrdnungensamtdendazugehörigenFenster-Gesimsen inwelcher nichtNikolaus Goldmann–LeonhardChristophSturm,NicolaiGoldmannsvollständigeAnweisungzuderCivil-Bau-Kunst: allezeitaufderHöheangelegtwerdensoll,damitmanbesteweiterherumeinlieblichesdaß dergleichen Aussehenerlangenmöge.’ Bau, aber auch unterschiedener JahresZeitzumspeisengebrauchen. UberjedenVorschopfte solteeinGieblichen seyn,undistzumercken, freystünde,undforneStuffenhinaufhätte,alsoköntemandenrundenSahlzurZeit dergrössestenHitze, dieLauben auf dreySeiten hätte (Kupfer74). DareinköntemanmitteneinenkleinenHelmangeben,gegendievierWinde abervierVorschöpfte umher, dererjeden ‘Mankönteauch nachbook, chapter dieserErfindungderItalienereinLust=Hausbauen,damanseinesAussehen 23,pp.149–150: Nicolaus Goldmann,ErsteAusübungVortrefflichen IVth und Bau –Kunst...,Braunschweig 1699, Vollständigen AnweisungzuderCivil– In the German–speaking countries, the definition of the of definition the countries, German–speaking the In The term Nicolaus Goldmannm, a German architectural theoretician whose writings were later published by Ch. L. L. Ch. by published later were writings whose theoretician architectural German a Goldmannm, Nicolaus h mi suc fr rhtcua triooy o te ihenh etr i Jhn Hirc Zedler’s Heinrich Johann is century eighteenth the for terminology architectural for source main The Verdeutschungwarte, ; Wasmuth p.578: Bellevue fürBelvedere, bezeichnet II, dieingrößerenGärten Gartengebäude Gartenhaus, 14 Lusthaus ist ein von Latten, Brettern oder Mauersteinen zusammengesetztes Haus, das in einem Garten whichisonamuchlargerscalethantheLusthaus.

. as a building on the central axis in the middle of a garden, with porticos on porticos with garden, a of middle the in axis central the on building a as Lusthaus Italienisches Lusthaus also appears in another treatise on architectural theory by Abraham Leuthner, published 15 This encyclopaedia discusses the 17 which contains a number of engravings based on prints from works by Hans Blum, Frans Blum, Hans by works from prints on based engravings of number a contains which 13

einräumigen Baulichkeiten, dieimZeitalterderRomantikoftphantastischeeinräumigen Baulichkeiten, FormenannahmenalsEinsiedeleien, [Fig. 4] Goldmann’s 4] [Fig. 16 is what we would today describe as a as describe today would we what is Lusthaus Lusthaus very briefly, compared with the very long entry on the was used. Goldmann describes a central a describes Goldmann used. was Lusthaus building type is not particularly clear. A clear. particularly not is type building Lusthaus 18 has avoided this topic by mentioning ‘single- mentioning by topic this avoided has Lusthaus already had an antiquated has a subordinate a has Lusthaus , the primary the , Fürstliches 19

14 Looking for Leissure Cinquecento style’and‘Hrezda[sic]Castle,astarshapedhuntinglodge’ elegant most and purest the ‘in Belvedere palaces: summer of examples important two lists Dictionary Penguin the Architecture, Czechoslovak Under pavilion. under terms subordinate as only but house, pleasure and house summer building mention distinct does dictionary a The languages. as European other 1) in equivalent note no has (see term this eye-catcher although type, for entry an is There foolery. or folly of kind a were Prague in the for explanation no n tp o sal ulig n h gre, seily n nls gres f h Nolsia pro, .. what e.g. period, Neoclassical the of gardens English in The ruin. Gothic a calls Fleming especially garden, the in building small of type any summarizes that term a is It languages. European other in parallels no etymologically has which folly for entry for entry the in used is house country term (the it explain not did therefore and speakers also do not find an entry for country house but perhaps the authors considered it as self-explanatory for English 23 21 20 22 styles ‘More building refined very a be can in, interested are recently the we term has been terms given to buildings, of which are out group of ordinary, do the not conform of to any of part the recognized a also is which , because entries, the of net the in himself loses lexicographer the then but states), summer-house for entry the (as rustic’ ‘primitive, be to supposed are structures Such folly. a of case the is as use, a without completely says, Curl as them, of some or use, occasional with landscape, in and gardens in structures architectural of number a are There house’. country large a of grounds the ‘in casino, and building’ principal or larger a on ‘dependant pavilion, entries: two in pairing a such mention does dictionary Oxford The usage. of type newer and lighter a producing by complements it function whose palace, large the with together pair a of part is that (palazzotto) vs. (palazzo in interested are we relationship complementary there is a new term, yet we end up feeling that we cannot find what we have been looking for. We do not find the dictionaries. what countsaslarge–apalaceorvilla? and casino, for entry the in mean house’ country ‘small a does What used. being is size how also discrepancies are There center’. ‘cultural of term socio-political a choses he analysis, historical architectural an providing of Honour and Pevsner contains neither an entry for palace, its diminutive, unease when it comes to summer palace or palace summer to comes it when unease the and Architecture of include the dictionary by Pevsner;

Fleming –HonourPevsner (see note1). monumentale StraßenfrontundeinenArkadenhofimInnern. Imübrigenvgl.Schloßbauten. auch aufstädtischeItalien Wohngebäude typische (palazzo)nichtfürstlicher italienische Der Palazzobesitzeine Personenübertragen. bezeichnet ein schloßartiges Wohngebäude. Wohngebäude) DerNameistherzuleitenvomlat.Palatium(kaiserliches undwirdim späteren Wochenendhaus; Wasmuth IV, p.715Wochenendhaus Haus,inderRegelausHolz…; Wasmuth istkleinesortsfestes IV, p.11:Palast oder fürganzeLustschlösser mit schöner; Wasmuth Fernsicht, Jahrhundert namentlich im18. IV, compare Sommerhäuser p.398: inSchloßgärten Bauten (ital.=schöne fürturm-odertempelartige Bezeichnung Aussicht, Belvedere franz.Bellevue). I, p.454 Casino (frz.cassine=Villa) bezeichnet einGesellschaftshaus, Versammlungshaus mitTanz-, Speisesälenusw. Konzert-, ; Wasmuth Gestaltung vorherrscht, dievongrößerEinfachheit biszurreichsten PrunkentfaltungalleGestaltungsmittelumfaßt;Wasmuth p.11: II, gazebo; Curl, p. 69: Belvedere. Any raised structure or tower erected over the roof of a dwelling-house or on a vantage-point inalandscapefrom which Belvedere. Anyraisedstructure ortowererectedovertheroof ofadwelling-houseoronvantage-point gazebo; Curl,p. 69: the roofofahouse orabelvederesummer-house inagardencommanding anextensiveprospect;Fleming –HonourPevsner, p.42: Belvedere.See Gazebo. 1.Gardenhousebuiltatthecorner ofagarden-wallwithwindows onallsidescommanding views.2.Turret,Curl, p.268: lantern,orlook-out on look-out towerorsummerhouse withaview, usually inagardenorparkbutsometimesontheroofofhouse; inlattercaseitisalsocalledabelvedere; such asgazeboorsummer-house,often,butnotalways,dependent onalargerorprincipalbuilding;Fleming–Honour Pevsner, p.176: Gazebo. Asmall building, ornamental Pavilion…4.detached lightly constructed,oftenuseas apleasure-houseorsummerhouseingarden…;Curl(see note1),p.486: structure inagardenorparkto provideshadedseatingduringhotweather. Itmaybeaneyecatcher; building, ibidem,p.327: Pavilion.Anornamental Summer-house. Primitiveorrustic Place ofrecreation,publicsemi private,withfacilitiesforvariousactivities(e.g.concertsor dances);ibidem,p.650: Casino (pl.casinos).1.Smallcountry-house, lightlyfortified.2.Pleasure-pavilion, summer-house,villaetc.inthegrounds of alargecountryhouse.3. Fleming –HonourP Curl (seenote1). bdm p 117. p. Ibidem, To conclude, it might be useful to glance at these most important terms in comparison between the two the between comparison in terms important most these at glance to useful be might it conclude, To This overview of architectural terminology needs to include two English dictionaries, the h Ofr dcinr b Cr lss nme o lxcgahc ore fo te at u de nt list not does but past the from sources lexicographic of number a lists Curl by dictionary Oxford The …’. In the entry for villa Curl hesitates as he contrasts antique and Renaissance architecture and instead and architecture Renaissance and antique contrasts he as hesitates Curl villa for entry the In 23 Both volumes omit the term hunting lodge or hunting castle, which are sometimes compared to compared sometimes are which castle, hunting or lodge hunting term the omit volumes Both evsner (see note 1), p. 85: Casino. An ornamental pavilionorsmallhouse,usuallyinthegrounds ofalargerhouse;Curl,p.132: evsner (seenote1),p.85:Casino.Anornamental ee tog oe ih sy ht ulig sc a te tr umr Palace Summer Star the as such buildings that say might one though even Lusthaus, . When reading these entries, one gets the feeling of feeling the gets one entries, these reading When Architecture. of Dictionary Oxford as building type existed prior to the folly, but the dictionary provides dictionary the but folly, the to prior existed type building as Lusthaus 22 one gets the impression of running in a circle. The terms repeat, sometimes as a building type. The Penguin dictionary by Fleming, by dictionary Penguin The type. building a as Lusthaus ), nor does it list the diminutive form diminutive the list it does nor palazzuolo), palazzotto, nor for summer house. . 21

). We do find an find do We villa). Penguin Dictionary 20 We

15 Looking for Leissure 26 25 24 albeit onethatalreadyexisted,isJ.N.Durand’slittle-usedhandbook. 2012) contains about 350 types. Pevsner’s book offered historians of European architecture a methodological the tool, while types, building twenty about with works Pevsner era. book and architecture gardens, theirusefulnessforthestudyofbuildingtypesoutsideEnglish-speakingworldislimited. art, British of study the for useful very certainly are sources these While castle. summer the uiu bidn o a ae id Te rhtcs f ale pros acknowledged periods earlier of architects it. put Vitruvius as The constet ’), architectura rebus quibus kind. (‘ex consists’ architecture which rare ‘of requirements many a of building unique a Art’, seltenster Unicum ‘ein opposite oftriviality,thoughtlessduplicity. creativity, or capriccio and surprise, while Renaissance and Baroque architects appreciated the need of permutation - used mainly as a place of rest after hunting and for festivities. Scholars today value principles such as originality was it functions; its in ordinary but form, its in extravagant is Palace Summer Star The 7] [Fig. study. case a as functions, buildersandarchitectsareabletoachievemorerefinedcultivatedresults. examining the genesis, development and progress of types. In validating the formal possibilities and refining the unusual todaywhenarchitects’feesarecalculatedaspercentagesoftheoverallbuilding costs. is requirement a Such resources. of wasting no be specified would there and that so amplified adequacy, that economic e.g. elements three, first six the further a plus Vitruvius, of principles three the were requirements so thatfromtheonsetofnineteenthcentury, wecanassumethat architect Heinrich Koch dating from c. 1830. [Fig. 11] In period sources, this building is already described as a villa, the back. The last example is the Kinský Summer Palace in Prague-Smíchov, an outstanding building in farmhouses by and stables Viennese riding the see can one decoration, facade elaborate with building one-story a to next left, the On preserve. game the in residence a as and and Prague between trip the on night the spend to a captions ‘Haus auf der Herrschaft ’ and ‘Maison de Campagne’. [Fig. 10] The building probably served as a place with Plaňany, in palace summer Liechtenstein an the showing is (1687–1765) Delsenbach example Adam Johann Another by engraving 9] [Fig. engraving. period a on seen be can and army French the by demolished was it when 1742 until Prague-Letná in located was palace summer Wallenstein The 8] [Fig. 1893. in demolished was it dispensary in a large garden in the Lesser Town is known from engravings A and river. a Vltava the photograph to taken proximity shortly close before in buildings recreational dispensaries, so-called the are These Prague. of for three Jesuit communities in Prague, the Jesuit colleges in the Old Town, the Lesser Town, and the New Town 1700)? According to Palladio, it was important that a building fulfilled all requirements at the same time. same the at requirements all fulfilled building a that important was it Palladio, to According

contenesse’. quell’opera, che utile fusse,maperpocotempo;overo che permolto nonfussecomoda;overo c’havendo amenduequeste;niuna gratiapoiinse lequali niunoedificio meriteraesselodato;& queste sono,l’utile,o commoditá, laperpetuitá,&belezza: percioche nonsipotrebbe chiamare perfetta Palladio, title. Vitruvius, architectura libridecem , LiberI,CaputII, De Compare Jean-Nicolas-LouisDurand, Rome. Renaissance feature ofC15-16domesticarchitecture inRome;Curl,p.17: Loggia,coveredwoodroof-terraceorbelvedere, commoninmedievalVenice Altana. and above theroof,likeabelvedere. Venetian in originandusuallyinwood,itwasintendedfordryingclothesisstillsousedVenice. Itlater becomea Eye-catcher, orpavilioninagardenfromwhich viewsmaybeenjoyed;Fleming–HonourPevsner, p.10: Acoveredterraceorloggiaraised Altana. pagoda, orothercharming fabriquesetinaPicturesquegarden;Fleming–HonourPevsner: theentryGlorietteismissing;Curl p.278: Gloriette. tent,chinoiserie, usually abuildingincontrivedlandscape,oftenotherwiseuseless. Itmightbeintheformofashamruin,Classicaltemple,oriental Folly.usually atowerorshamGothicclassicalruininlandscaped parkintendedtoenhancethevieworpicturesqueeffect;Curl,p.250: Eyecatcher, house; Fleming–HonourPevsner, Folly. p.158: thewhimofsomeeccentricandthoughttoshowhisfolly; Acostlybutuselessstructurebuilttosatisfy scenerymaybeviewed.Such abuildingingardenmightbetheformofClassicaltemple,andisalsotermed‘gazebo’, miradororsummer- pleasant Nikolaus Pevsner is generally considered as an important initiator of this study, even though the focus of his fud n fruain eciig h Sa Sme Plc i a ieenhcnuy ore clig it calling source, nineteenth-century a in Palace Summer Star the describing formulation one found I The Star Summer Palace in Prague-Liboc, built in 1555–1562 in the so-called New Game Preserve, can serve by architecture of evaluation and analysis our improve us helps types building of history the of study The What happened to the We can name summer palaces built by the outstanding late Baroque architect Kilián Ignác Dientzenhofer Ignác Kilián architect Baroque late outstanding the by built palaces summer name can We A History of Building Types (London 1976) is on the nineteenth century and does not cover the Early Modern Quattro libridell’architettura, Vicenza 1570, LibroI,pag.‘Tre 6: coseinciascunafabrica(comediceVitruvio) deonoconsiderarsi,senza . These are timeless axioms of architecture, along with uniqueness, as the as uniqueness, with along architecture, of axioms timeless are These l’invenzione. Lusthaus later, outside of the chronological scope of the PALATIUM program (1400– , 1800. Recueil etparallèlesdesédifices detoutgenre,Paris1800. by Ernst Seidl (Stuttgart Seidl Ernst by Bautypen der Lexikon Lusthaus finallygavewaytootherterms. 24 [Fig.6] il variare, surprise, 26 Palladio’s 25

16 Looking for Leissure Photo: I.Muchka 1. JohannHeinrichZucalli,Schleissheim,LustschlossLustheim.

17 Looking for Leissure Photo: I.Muchka 2. GiacomoBarozzidaVignola,Caprarola,Casino.

18 Looking for Leissure 3. JohnAmosComenius, Labyrintsvětaalusthaus,s.l.1631,titlepage. srdce

19 Looking for Leissure zu derCivil-Bau-Kunst.. ., Braunschweig1699. Erste AusübungVortrefflichen undVollständigenAnweisung 4. ItalienischeLusthaus, from:NicolaiGoldmann,

20 Looking for Leissure gewisse Außtheilungverfasset worden,Prague1677,p.53. und anderenVornehmben Baumeisternzusambengetragenundin fünff Seüllenwiesolche vonderWeitberühmtenVitruvioScamozzio 5. Lusthaus,from:Abraham Leuthner,GrundtlicheDarstellung der

21 Looking for Leissure Recueil etparallèlesdes édificesdetoutgenre...,Paris1800. 6. Serlio,Maisond’Italie, adetailfrom:Jean-Nicolas-LouisDurand,

22 Looking for Leissure Photo: I. Muchka 7. Prague,Lusthaus Star,model locatedinStarSummer Palace.

23 Looking for Leissure , Prague 1946, pict.21 From: C.Merhout–Z.Wirth, ZmizeláPraha2.MaláStranaaHradčany , Prague1946, photo byJ.Eckert,around1890. 8. KiliánIgnácDientzenhofer,Prague,Jesuit’s Lusthaus,

24 Looking for Leissure From: R. Pytlík, ToulkyFrom: R.Pytlík, Prahou7, Prague2001 Belvedere, before1743. 9. FriedrichBernardWerner,Prague,Wallenstein’sLusthaus

25 Looking for Leissure From: mapy-mzk.cz after 1721. 10. JohannAdamDelsenbach,Planany,Maison deCampagneLiechtenstein,

26 Looking for Leissure Photo: I.Muchka 11. HeinrichKoch,Prague,SummerpalaceKinsky.

27 Looking for Leissure