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Effect of Nitrogen and Boron on the Yield of Wheat Cv. Kanchan

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Effect of Nitrogen and Boron on the Yield of Wheat Cv. Kanchan J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 3(2): 215-220, 2005 ISSN 1810-3030 Effect of nitrogen and boron on the yield of wheat cv. Kanchan M.M. Khan', A.K. Hasan2, M.H. Rashid2, and F. Ahrned3 Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), Sher-e-Banglanagar, Dhaka, 2Department of Agronomy and 3 Department of Agroforestry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh Abstract An experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from January to April 2004 to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and boron on the yield of wheat cv. Kanchan. The treatments included four levels of nitrogen VIZ., 45, 60, 85 and 110 kg N ha-1 and four levels of boron viz., 0, 1, 2 and 3 kg B ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The results revealed that Yield and yield contributing characters were influenced significantly by both levels of nitrogen and boron. Among the levels of nitrogen, 110 kg N ha-1 produced the highest grain (5.54 t ha-1)and straw (8.21 t ha-1 ) yields. The lowest grain (3.23 t ha-1) and straw (5.52 t ha-1) yields were observed with the application of 45 kg N ha-1. The highest grain (4.95 t ha-1)and straw (7.38 t ha 1) yields were produced With 3 kg B ha-1. The minimum grain (3.59 t ha-1)and straw (6.14 t ha-1)yields were found in the control treatment. Highest plant height (103.23cm) and grains spike-1 (62.53) was observed due to interaction of 110 kg N ha-l and 3 kg B ha-1. • Keywords: Nitrogen, Boron, Kanchan variety, Wheat yield Introduction Scarcity of food has become a chronic problem of Bangladesh. To mitigate the food Shortages, measures should be taken to increase total food production. Since the area is fixed, the scope of horizontal expansion of cropping is limited. The shortage of food grains can not be easily met by growing rice alone. To solve the food problem more attention should be given to cultivate rice along with supplementary grain crops like wheat, maize and other cereals. The use of fertilizers as a means of supplementing the natural food 'supplies in the soil is very important among the various factors involved in the crop production as well as in proper maintenance of soil fertility. Essential nutrients, which are deficient in soil, must be added in the form of fertilizers in order to obtain optimum production. Rate of N application has a great influence on growth, development and yield of wheat. Grain . yield of wheat increases with increasing nitrogen level up to 120 kg ha-1 (Malik et al., 1987). Very low levels of N fertilizer do not supply proper nutrient to plants while the higher levels encourage over growth of the crop, which eventually reduces the yield. Application of nitrogen above the optimum dose decreases seed and straw yields (Gehi et a/., 1990). Boron, an essential micronutrient, plays a vital role in the physiological process of wheat Plant such as cell elongation, cell maturation, sugar translocation, meristematic tissue - development, protein synthesis and ribosome formation (Mengel and Kirkby, 1982). It helps to develop root system, fruit setting and grain formation. The deficiency and toxicity level of boron is 15ppm and above 200ppm, respectively (Stevenson, 1985). 216 Nitrogen and boron effect on wheat yield Boron deficiency causes grain yield reduction through impaired development of anthers and pollen grains, and ultimately failure of seed setting. The soils of Bangladesh in some areas are deficient of some microelements and boron is one of them. However, there are a few reports of the effects of boron in wheat in Bangladesh (BINA, 1993; BAR I, 1978). Hence, the present experiment was undertaken to study the effect of nitrogen and boron using the cultivar "Kanchan" to find out the effect of rate of nitrogen and boron on the yield and yield components of wheat as well as to determine the optimum rate of nitrogen and boron for better wheat production. Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from January to April 2004. The experimental soil belongs to Sonatola series of dark-grey floodplain soil type (AEZ-9). The texture is silt loam having non-calcareous soil with pH 6.7. The soil is low in organic matter content and its general fertility level is also low (UNDP and FAO, 1988). The experiment consisted of the following factors (a) levels of nitrogen viz., 45, 60, 85, 110 kg N ha-1 and (b) levels of boron viz., 0, 1, 2, 3 kg B ha-1. `Kanchan', a wheat variety used as the test crop. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. There were altogether 48 plots each of which measuring 4.0m x 2.5m. Nitrogen and boron were applied through urea and boric acid. The land was fertilized with 80 kg TSP, 60 kg MP, 60 kg gypsum and 10 kg Zn ha-1. Boron, TSP, MP, gypsum, Zn and one-third of urea were applied as basal dose. The rest of nitrogen was top dressed in two equal splits on 20 and 55 days after sowing (DAS). Seeds were sown continuously by hand in 20cm apart rows on 2 January 2004 at the rate of 120 kg ha-1. Weeding and irrigation were done twice before urea application. The crop was harvested at 5 April, 2004 when the crop attained full maturity. Five hills excluding border rows and central 1m2 area were randomly selected and uprooted from each unit plot prior to harvest for recording the data on yield and yield contributing characters. Grains were threshed, cleaned and sun dried and the grain yield p1011 was recorded at 14% moisture content. Straw was also dried at same moisture content to record the straw yield p1011. Data were collected on the yield and yield components and analyzed statistically and mean differences were adjudged by DMRT (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Results and Discussion Effect of nitrogen Nitrogen levels showed significant variation in respect of all the characters of wheat (Table 1). Plant height increased with the increasing levels of nitrogen. The maximum plant height (97.11cm) was found by applying 110 kg N ha-1 and the lowest one (82.02cm) was obtained by applying 45 kg N had. Nitrogen induced exuberant vegetative growth and for this reason higher rates of nitrogen resulted increase in plant height in this experiment. Similar effect of nitrogen on plant height has also been expressed by Awasthi and Bhan (1993), Patel et al. (1995) and Kumar et al. (1999). These authors observed that plant height increased as the higher doses of nitrogen applied. The maximum number (6.23) of effective tillers hill-1 was found at 110 kg N ha-1 and 45 kg N ha-1 produced the lowest number (3.65). Spike length increased with the increasing rates of N up to 110 kg N ha-1. The longest spike (12.87cm) was recorded from the plots when N was applied at 110 kg N ha andthe shortest spike Khan et 217 (9.58cm) was obtained at 45 kg N ha-1. Nitrogen takes part in spike formation as well as spike elongation and for this reason spike length increased with the increase of N fertilizer. Similar • result was found by Kumar et al. (1999). Number of grains spike- increased with the increase of N up to 110 kg N ha-1, the highest number of grains spike-1 (53.02) was recorded by nitrogen applied at 110 kg N ha-land the lowest number (39.02) was found at 45 kg N Similar effect of nitrogen in wheat was also recorded by Bellido et a/. (2000), who expressed that number of grains spike-1 increased significantly with increase of the nitrogen rate. The highest number of Spikelet spike-1 (23.10) was produced when the crop was fertilized with 110 kg N ha-land the lowest number (17.98) was produced at 45 kg N ha-1 which was statistically identical with 60 kg N ha-1. Similar trend was expressed by Dhuka et al. (1991). Nitrogen probably encouraged Spikelet production and for that reason number of spikelets spike-1 increased with the increase of N fertilization. The maximum 1000-grain weight (37.62g) was found from 110 kg N ha-land the lowest weight (22.40g) was at 45 kg N ha-1. Nitrogen produced heavy and plum grains, thus 1000-grain weight was increased. Similar result was also observed by Kumar et aL (1999). Grain yield is generally the produced of five components, namely number of effective tillers hill-1, number of spikes plant-1, number of spikelets spike-1, number of grains spike-1 and individual grain weight. Different levels of nitrogen treatment had a significant influence on grain yield of wheat. The highest grain yield (5.54 t ha-1)was observed when the crop was fertilized with 110 kg N ha-1. The lowest grain yield (3.23 t ha-1) was found at 45 kg N ha-1. A similar result was reported by Bellido et al. (2000) who got better grain yield by increased amount of N fertilizer over the declined rates of N fertilizer. The highest straw yield (8.21 t ha-1) was produced by the application of 110 kg N ha-land the lowest straw yield (5.52 t ha-1) found at 45 kg N ha-1, which was statistically identical with 60 kg N had.
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