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Reconfiguring the Spanish Identity: Historic Memory, Documentary Films and Documentary Novels in Spain (2000-2002)

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Reconfiguring the Spanish Identity: Historic Memory, Documentary Films and Documentary Novels in Spain (2000-2002) RECONFIGURING THE SPANISH IDENTITY: HISTORIC MEMORY, DOCUMENTARY FILMS AND DOCUMENTARY NOVELS IN SPAIN (2000-2002) By MARIA GUERRERO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Maria Guerrero 2 To my parents and sister 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all the members of my committee, Dr. Geraldine Nichols, Dr. Andrés Avellaneda, Dr. Luis Álvarez-Castro, and Dr. Nora Alter. I also want to thank Dr. Montserrat Alás-Brun, who guided me during the first years of my graduate studies and the initial stages of my doctoral work. Their invaluable assistance enabled me to turn years of hard work and research into this dissertation. Especially Dr. Nichols provided me with much needed support and encouragement at a very difficult time in my life. My parents and sister have played a crucial role in the writing of this project as well; I cannot thank them enough for their love and support. Finally, I would like to give a very special thanks to Susana Braylan, Karina Vázquez, Cristina Moreno, and Jon Martínez; this dissertation would not have been possible without them. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 9 2 THEORIES AND CONTEXT ................................................................................................... 17 Methodology................................................................................................................................ 17 Nation, Nationalism and National Identity ................................................................................ 21 Memory ........................................................................................................................................ 24 Spanish nation and nationalism: from 1808 to 1975................................................................. 29 Memory and Nation in Democratic Spain ................................................................................. 33 The Emergence of Memory Politics .......................................................................................... 40 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 42 3 THE DOCUMENTARY NOVEL ............................................................................................. 45 Some Concepts and History ....................................................................................................... 45 The Pseudofactual Novel .................................................................................................. 47 The Historical Novel ......................................................................................................... 48 The Modernist Documentary Novel ................................................................................ 49 The Afro-American Documentary Novel ........................................................................ 50 The Documentary Novel in Holocaust Literature ........................................................... 51 The Documentary Novel in Spain (1926-1936) .............................................................. 54 Sender’s Viaje a la Aldea del Crimen .............................................................................. 55 From the Background: the Civil War in the Spanish Novel (1975-2000) ..................... 58 On the Front Page: the Memory of the Civil War in Documentary Novels (2000-2002) ................................................................................................................................ 60 Soldados de Salamina: Re-enfranchising the Assertive Power of Fiction .............................. 65 A Pseudofactual Novel ..................................................................................................... 68 Spengler’s Soldier Was a Communist ............................................................................. 70 A Catalan Republican Hero Sighs for Spain ................................................................... 76 Pasodobles, Folklóricas and Españoladas........................................................................ 77 Redefining the Meaning of “Suspiros de España” .......................................................... 80 La voz dormida: Affect and Memory as a Response to Trauma .............................................. 83 Traditional Fighting Mothers, Rather Than Feminist Women Soldiers ........................ 87 A Testimonial Novel ......................................................................................................... 91 Tensi: Symbol of the Other Mother Spain ....................................................................... 94 Pepita: A Real Fighting Mother ....................................................................................... 97 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 102 5 4 THE DOCUMENTARY FILM................................................................................................105 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 105 Defining Documentary.............................................................................................................. 106 The Poetic Mode ............................................................................................................. 109 The Expository Mode...................................................................................................... 109 The Observational Mode ................................................................................................ 111 The Reflexive Mode........................................................................................................ 112 The Participatory Mode .................................................................................................. 114 The Performative Mode .................................................................................................. 116 The Beginnings of Documentary Filmmaking in Spain ......................................................... 117 Documenting the Franco Regime’s “Spanish Liberation War” ............................................. 119 Documentaries from the 1970s: Self-Reflexive Reconstructions of the Past........................ 124 The Recent Boom of Documentaries and Memories of the Civil War: No Longer a Love Story ................................................................................................................................. 129 Los niños de Rusia .................................................................................................................... 134 La guerrilla de la memoria ....................................................................................................... 140 La guerra cotidiana................................................................................................................... 146 Exilio149 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 154 5 FINAL CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................156 LIST OF REFERENCES .................................................................................................................160 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...........................................................................................................174 6 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy RECONFIGURING THE SPANISH IDENTITY: HISTORIC MEMORY, DOCUMENTARY FILMS AND DOCUMENTARY NOVELS IN SPAIN (2000-2002) By Maria Guerrero August 2010 Chair: Geraldine C. Nichols Major: Romance Languages - Spanish This dissertation examines a number of recent documentary films and documentary novels that deal with the memory of the Spanish Civil War and the Franco dictatorship: Soldados de Salamina (2001), La voz dormida (2002), Los niños de Rusia (2001), La guerrilla de la memoria (2002), La guerra cotidiana (2002), and Exilio (2002). They came out in the middle of a wide socio-political and cultural movement that demanded the end of the political “pact of forgetting,” and public recognition of those who defended the Republic during the Civil War. Following the theories of Barbara Foley in literature, and Bill Nichols in film, this study shows how the authors of these films and novels use narrative strategies associated to non-fiction to deconstruct the Francoist representation of Republicans as the “anti-Spain.” Moreover, these documentary films and novels offer readers and viewers new epic narratives in which Republicans are presented as mythical heroes: not only did they fight for Spain as much as those who won
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