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An Overview of the Pre-Suppression Society of Jesus in Spain Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies

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An Overview of the Pre-Suppression Society of Jesus in Spain Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies An Overview of the Pre-Suppression Society of Jesus in Spain Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies Editor Robert A. Maryks (Independent Scholar) Editorial Board Ariane Boltanski (Université Rennes 2) Carlos Eire (Yale University) Alison Fleming (Winston-Salem State University) Paul Grendler (University of Toronto, emeritus) Stephen Schloesser, S.J. (Loyola University Chicago) Volumes published in this Brill Research Perspectives title are listed at brill.com/rpjs An Overview of the Pre-Suppression Society of Jesus in Spain By Patricia W. Manning Volumes published in this Brill Research Perspectives title are listed at brill.com/rpjs LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. This publication is also available in Open Access at www.brill.com/rpjs thanks to generous support from the following institutions: – College of the Holy Cross, Worcester (MA) – Le Moyne College, Syracuse (NY) – Santa Clara University (CA) – Saint Louis University (MO) – Ateneo de Manila University (Philippines) – Georgia Southern University (GA) This paperback book edition is simultaneously published as issue 2.3 (2020) of Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies, DOI:10.1163/25897454-12340007. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020946476 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISBN 978-90-04-43430-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-90-04-43431-8 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Patricia W. Manning. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. Requests for re-use and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV via brill.com or copyright.com. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents An Overview of the Pre-Suppression Society of Jesus in Spain 1 Patricia W. Manning Abstract 1 Keywords 1 Glossary of Frequently Used Terms 1 1 Introduction 4 2 Ignatius of Loyola 8 3 The Early Years of the Society of Jesus in Spain 16 4 Borja and Mercurian’s Generalates 31 5 Encounters with the Inquisition 37 6 Admission Redux: Excluding Conversos from the Society 45 7 Aiding Catholics under Siege 50 8 The Question of Religiously Minded Women 54 9 Theological Debates 58 10 Jesuits’ Roles in the Inquisition in the Seventeenth Century 75 11 Jesuit Aprobación Writers 77 12 Pedagogy 79 13 Preaching 85 14 Publications by Jesuits 90 15 Jesuit Celebrations 114 16 Domestic Life in the Society 118 17 Seventeenth-Century Crises 119 18 Controlling Chocolate and Tobacco Usage in the Society 126 19 The Immaculate Conception, Part 2: The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 127 20 Publications Unfavorable to the Order 131 21 The Expulsion 134 22 The Aftermath 135 23 Conclusion 139 Bibliography 141 An Overview of the Pre-Suppression Society of Jesus in Spain Patricia W. Manning University of Kansas, USA [email protected] Abstract In An Overview of the Pre-Suppression Society of Jesus in Spain, Patricia W. Manning offers a survey of the Society of Jesus in Spain from its origins in Ignatius of Loyola’s early preaching to the aftereffects of its expulsion. Rather than nurture the nascent order, Loyola’s homeland was often ambivalent. His pre-Jesuit freelance sermonizing prompted investigations. The young Society confronted indifference and interference from the Spanish monarchy and outright opposition from other religious orders. This essay outlines the order’s ministerial and pedagogical activities, its relationship with women and with royal institutions, including the Spanish Inquisition, and Spanish members’ roles in theological debates concerning casuistry, free will, and the immacu- late conception. It also considers the impact of Jesuits’ non-religious writings. Keywords Society of Jesus – Jesuits – Spain, 1521–1772 – immaculate conception – probabilism – Ignatius of Loyola – Spiritual Exercises – Francisco de Borja – Baltasar Gracián – Juan Bautista Poza – Mateo de Moya – Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza – women’s spirituality Glossary of Frequently Used Terms Affective spirituality Devotional practices that involve the emotions in prayer life. Alumbradismo From the Inquisition’s point of view, this movement’s meditative practices were more passive than ortho- dox ones. Practices often varied from one individual © PATRICIA W. MANNING, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004434318_002 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. 2 Manning to another and from group to group within the move- ment, so it is difficult to pinpoint a system of beliefs for all practitioners, but alumbradismo generally favored mystical contact with the divine over formal religious ceremonies. Alumbrado or alumbrada A person who practices alumbradismo. An alumbrada is a woman who practices alumbradismo. Aprobación Literally, approbation. This is one of the terms used for official approvals of printed texts by the Consejo de Castilla (Council of Castile). Auto de fe Literally, act of faith. An often public ceremony in which the sentences of those found guilty by the Inquisition were read. Beata A devout laywoman who led a religiously motivated life- style. Some beatas were renowned for their visionary ca- pacities; some took vows as tertiaries. Calificadores Assessors who were charged with evaluating the doctri- nal soundness of texts or ideas expressed by defendants of the Inquisition. Casuistry The study of cases of conscience, which is to say sacra- mental confession cases, in order to consider both the individual’s circumstances and decision-making pro- cess in addition to more broad concepts of morality. Cátedra A chaired teaching position at a university. Censura Literally, censorship. This is one of the terms used for official approvals of printed texts by the Consejo de Castilla (Council of Castile); calificadores for the Spanish Inquisition also sometimes titled their assessments in this fashion. Colegio Outside of the Society of Jesus’s usage, either a school or college, including a residential college at a university. In Jesuit usage and in this narrative, a colegio is any Jesuit institution that houses Jesuits who have completed their formations along with those who are still in the process of formation. Converso Initially, a person whose family had converted from Judaism. The term also later came to be applied to those whose families had converted from Islam. De auxiliis Literally, on help; the debate concerning the role of grace and free will in the Catholic Church. An Overview of the Pre-Suppression Society of Jesus in Spain 3 Holy Office The Holy Office of the Inquisition. The unqualified term references the Spanish Holy Office. I will specify when I refer to the Roman body. Illuminism The translation of alumbradismo. Immaculate conception The theological concept that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was free from original sin from the moment of her conception. Immaculist The point of view that favored the idea that the Virgin Mary was free from original sin from the moment of her conception. Ilusa Literally, dreamer or naïve in contemporary Spanish. The term was used by the Inquisition for mystics whose vi- sions were not considered authentic. Infused contemplation The concept that the mind becomes totally centered on God after being given this ability from the divine. Inquisition At times, I employ the unmodified term to reference the Spanish Inquisition. A 1478 papal bull authorized the Spanish monarchs to appoint inquisitors. The Spanish Inquisition was abolished for the final time in 1834. I will add the adjective Roman when I refer to that body. Junta A temporary royal council. Several Spanish monarchs formed juntas to promote the immaculate conception. Limpieza de sangre Literally, purity of blood. Statutes were enacted to make people demonstrate that their lineages were free from Jewish (and eventually Muslim) ancestors in order to ob- tain certain positions in Spanish society. Maculist The point of view that believed that the Virgin Mary was cleansed of original sin at some point after her conception. Memoriales Documents that make a request or ask for a favor from an authority. This was a common practice in early modern Spain; many people wrote memoriales to officials. Memorialistas People who write memoriales. Morisco A term for a person of Muslim lineage. Motín de Esquilache The Esquilache riots. A series of protests in 1766 that began in Madrid and became the pretext for the expul- sion of the Society of Jesus from Spain. Portada The frontispiece of a printed book. This initial page gen- erally contains information about the dedicatee in addi- tion to the title, author, and publication details. 4 Manning Probabilism A moral theory that allows an individual to choose an option that favors free will even if another option is more probable in decid- ing whether a course of action is permissible or not. Probabiliorism This moral theory limits the degree of choice in probabilism. According to probabiliorism, one must follow the option one be- lieves is more probable. Reales Estudios Literally, royal studies. A program of university-level courses at the Colegio Imperial in Madrid. Relación An account, often made to inform a person in authority. Suprema The Supreme Council of the Spanish Inquisition.
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