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Nature and the Social Sciences Examples from the Electricity and Waste Sectors Klintman, Mikael

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Nature and the Social Sciences Examples from the Electricity and Waste Sectors Klintman, Mikael Nature and the Social Sciences Examples from the Electricity and Waste Sectors Klintman, Mikael 2000 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Klintman, M. (2000). Nature and the Social Sciences: Examples from the Electricity and Waste Sectors. Department of Sociology, Lund University. http://www.fpi.lu.se/en/klintman Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Klintman; sida 1 NATURE AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Klintman; sida 2 Klintman; sida 3 Mikael Klintman Nature and the Social Sciences Examples from the Electricity and Waste Sectors Lund Dissertations in Sociology 32 Klintman; sida 4 © Mikael Klintman 2000 Kjell E. Eriksson Kjell E. Eriksson August Strindberg Staden (The Town) 1903 Oil on canvas 94.5 by 53 cm © Nationalmuseum, Stockholm Dept. of Sociology, Lund University 2000 --- Dept. of Sociology, Lund University P. O. Box 114 SE-221 00 Lund Fax 046 222 47 94 E-mail [email protected] Klintman 3 Nature and the Social Sciences Examples from the Electricity and Waste Sectors By Mikael Klintman 4 Klintman Klintman 5 Acknowledgements This book has its main roots in two different research projects as well as in an exchange program abroad. The first project (1994-1996) was called “Att ändra livsstil—Individuella möjligheter och strukturella hinder” (English trans. The Change of Lifestyles—Individual Opportunities and Structural Obstacles). It took place in Ystad, a town in Southern Sweden.1 The second project (1997-1999) was interna- tional, and was based on a comparison of greening processes in public utility sectors across the Netherlands, the UK, and Sweden. It had the title: Citizen Involvement in the Ecological Modernisation of Household-Related Public Utility Sectors in the EU; From Captive to Authoritative Consumer? (Domestic Consumption and Utility Sectors, with the acronym DOMUS).2 In both projects, Anna-Lisa Lindén, Dept. of Sociol- ogy at Lund University has been the Swedish contractor.3 Between the two projects, I did the academic year of 1996—1997 as a Ph.D. candidate on exchange at Univer- sity of California in Berkeley. This was made feasible through a scholarship from Lund University under the University of California Educational Abroad Program, and a grant which I received from the Sweden-America Foundation. Thanks are due, and gladly given, to several people with whom I have had the opportunity of sharing the different work phases. Anna-Lisa Lindén, my advisor, keeps impressing me in several ways. Unlike many other researchers, she constantly puts her ambition into practice of sharing her knowledge with, and of learning from, people and groups outside academia. As an advisor of doctoral candidates, she generously shares her deepened understanding that is the result of an open and experienced mind. Aside from her role as a provider of cognitive input, she takes a personal interest in her Ph.D. students’ wellbeing on the basis of our daily lives in the academic world. This concern, together with her trust in us, is both comforting and energizing. Anna-Lisa has my profound thanks. It goes without saying that I sincerely hope that our collaboration will continue in new and exciting research contexts, not least with the Environmental Group at the Department of Sociology in Lund. 1 My part of the project was financed by Avfallsforskningsrådet, AFR, Stockholm: Swedish Waste Re- search Council (Dnr 296/94), and Statens Naturvårdsverk, SNV, Stockholm: The Swedish Envi- ronmental Protection Agency (011-074-97-01). 2 The project was funded and supported by the European Union (EU) Directorate-General for Sci- ence, Research, and Development (DGXII). 3 Gert Spaargaren at the Agricultural University Wageningen in the Netherlands was the coordinator of the EU project. Elizabeth Shove at Lancaster University in the UK was the British contractor. 6 Klintman Several other people have contributed advice and inspiration. At UC Berkeley, Claude Fischer, Richard Norgaard and Robert Bellah are a few of those who have been instrumental in creating the intellectual space in which I was able to generate the lines of thought for this study. I also want to acknowledge the contributions made by the DOMUS team—particularly Bas van Vliet at the Agricultural Univer- sity Wageningen in the Netherlands and Heather Chappells at Lancaster University in the UK. Their insights and reinforcing critiques of my efforts in the EU-project resulted in a much improved analysis which has now become part of this book. In Sweden, a special word of appreciation goes to my co-interviewer in the elec- tricity part of the DOMUS-project—Erika Jörgensen. With great sensitivity she has conducted interviews on the basis of the principles that we had set up together. Fur- thermore, she has spent many hours carefully transcribing these interviews into text. Two other persons ought to be mentioned here: Åsa Thelander and Åsa Waldo at the Environmental Group of the department. They have, at all times, been encouraging and stimulating to talk to, not only about work. Moreover, I owe special debts of gratitude to the large number of people who have let me take their time and effort in interviews: people at the local authorities, housing organizations, tenant owners’ associations, energy companies, the windpower coop- erative, and—not least, the households. Alan Crozier and Scott Barretta, finally, deserve thanks for their sterling job of cor- recting my English. Mikael Klintman Lund, March 21, 2000 Klintman 7 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................11 Research Aim ..............................................................................................................11 The Empirical Choice: The Electricity and Waste Sectors ..........................................12 The Structure of the Book ..........................................................................................13 Part I The Metatheoretical Context ....................................................... 17 CHAPTER ONE WHO IS MOTHER NATURE? ..............................................................................19 1.1 Definitions and Cultural Views of Nature ............................................................19 1.2 Nature and Humanity as One, Two, or Many ......................................................22 1.3 The Fallacies of Inferring Norms from Nature ......................................................24 1.4 Three Perspectives of Nature: Ontologies .............................................................28 1.5 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................34 CHAPTER TWO WHAT IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM? ........................................................37 2.1 The Sociological Focus: What Is a Social Problem and What Is Its Relation to the Environmental Condition? ...............................................................................38 2.2 What Is Social about Environmental Problems? ....................................................41 2.3 Are Ecological Risks a Form of Environmental Problems? ....................................44 2.4 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................46 CHAPTER THREE WHO CAN LEARN WHAT ABOUT NATURE? .......................................................49 3.1 What Are Environmental Statements Really Worth? .............................................50 3.2 Who Has Got the Best Environmental Knowledge? ..............................................54 3.3 What Could Be the Role of Social versus Natural Sciences for Learning about the Environment? ..................................................................................................58 3.4 Conclusion: Toward Critical Knowledge Democracy ...........................................63 8 Klintman CHAPTER FOUR WHAT ARE THE MOST USEFUL LEVELS FOR SOCIAL ANALYSES OF ENVIRONMEN- TAL PROBLEMS? .............................................................................................67 4.1 Studying Environmental Action ...........................................................................67 4.2 The Roles of Social Scientists when Studying Environmental Implications of Modernity .........................................................................................................75
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