Two Literate Homes and Teachers' Perspectives Tracy Swinton Bailey University of South Carolina
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University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2013 Environments of Excellence: Two Literate Homes and Teachers' Perspectives Tracy Swinton Bailey University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Bailey, T. S.(2013). Environments of Excellence: Two Literate Homes and Teachers' Perspectives. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/1508 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENVIRONMENTS OF EXCELLENCE: TWO LITERATE HOMES AND TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVES by Tracy Swinton Bailey Bachelor of Arts College of Charleston, 1995 Master of Education Coastal Carolina University, 2009 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Language and Literacy College of Education University of South Carolina 2013 Accepted by: Pamela Jewett, Major Professor Susi Long, Committee Member Julia Lopez-Robertson, Committee Member Michelle Jay Bryan, Committee Member Lacy Ford, Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies © Copyright by Tracy Swinton Bailey, 2013 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Richard and Francis Swinton, who struggled and sacrificed so that I could achieve my dreams. I feel so blessed to have you in my life and so happy that you are here to celebrate this accomplishment with me. I also dedicate this paper to the families living in Gardners Corners who opened their homes to me and allowed me to become a part of their lives for a season. It has been an honor and a privilege to spend time with you. Thank you for sharing your experiences and your insight and for going that extra mile to provide environments of excellence for your children. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of a number of wonderful people, the most wonderful of which is my husband, Issac. His encouragement has kept me moving forward when I wanted to give up. My son, Kyle, and my daughter, Lyric, have been extremely patient, and it has meant the world to me to know that they believe in me. My adviser, Pamela Jewett, is not only brilliant, but wonderfully insightful. It has been a pleasure working with her to bring this paper to fruition. My heartfelt thanks go out to all of the people who took the time to send emails and prayers my way to keep me encouraged. Your support made all the difference. iv ABSTRACT African American children and other children of Color and children living in low- income areas are not performing at the same academic level as their European American counterparts. Some educators have blamed those children and their families for their failure. However, studies show that teaching and learning is happening in all familial settings, and that environments of excellence where the characteristics, conditions, dispositions and practices support student academic success are being established and maintained in all communities, including low-income African American communities. Disregard for this fact has led to a challenge for marginalized children and a widening of the gap between home and school. School districts and Colleges of Education must get involved. Addressing this problem, this study used qualitative methods to explore environments of excellence in a predominantly African American low-income community. Findings were: (1) In environments of excellence, parents incorporate the tenets of culturally responsive pedagogy, (2) The race, experience, and habitus of teachers influence the ways in which they sort students into categories, and (3) While there were both divergences and convergences between parents’ practices and teachers’ perceptions, within the convergences there were sites of possibility for critical conversations. The study examines both teacher and parent perspectives, and offers implications regarding the lessons learned about environments of excellence, as well as pedagogical strategies for teachers and teacher educators. v PREFACE It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness,--an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. (Dubois, 1903/1994, p. 2) From the days of slavery to the days of the Civil Rights Movement and through the age of this country’s first African American president, African Americans have struggled against seemingly insurmountable odds in order to obtain reading and writing skills. Abolitionist and orator Frederick Douglass’ (1845/1995) account of being denied the opportunity to learn to read by plantation owners characterized the intellectual brutality of the society in which he lived. Yet, Douglass and countless others like him continued to strive toward achievement in literacy, and Douglass went on to author a book about his struggle. This story is emblematic of the high esteem with which poor African Americans have historically viewed education and literacy development. Rituals such as the singing of “The Star Spangled Banner” and “Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing,” the Negro National Anthem, in segregated schools demonstrated a love for America as a nation coupled with a strong identity with the struggles associated with being African American. The prevailing narrative inside these schools, though, rested on the pillars of extraordinary achievement for African Americans as a counter-narrative to the ideology of African American intellectual inferiority (Hale 2001; Perry, Steele, & Hilliard, 2003). vi African American scholars in the wake of Douglass’ writing delve deeply into the notion that excellence in education is a key factor in obtaining economic freedom for marginalized groups -- which in the United States means any group that is culturally, linguistically, or economically different from the dominant group (Taylor, 1997). Researcher and educator Dr. Carter G. Woodson (1933/2012) exemplifies this sentiment and stated, “In the long run, there is not much discrimination against superior talent” (p. 54). Woodson’s belief that education, talent, and hard work trump discrimination is echoed in the work of Dubois (1903/1994) who calls on talented and successful African Americans to invest in the educational opportunities of those within the community who have not yet had the opportunity to succeed. Ladson-Billings (2009), Hale (2001), Gay (2010), and others build on this tradition by calling on teachers to see themselves as members of the communities in which they work, and help students embrace ways to enhance the community with knowledge gained in school. This study explores the legacy of excellence that is sustained in communities of Color and poses opportunities for what I have termed environments of excellence in communities to be recognized and emulated in classrooms and schools. The term environments of excellence refers to settings characterized by practices and conditions that lead to the acquisition of the skills needed to successfully solve problems and negotiate life’s demands. In other words, environments of excellence set learners up for success in their current circumstances and future situations as well. The significance of this phenomenon lies in the fact that in every society individuals use strategies to vii maintain or improve their social position, as well as their children’s position (Bourdieu, 1977). Although these strategies are different for children who face different challenges, the ability to read and write is a common thread in the lives of people considered to be successful by society at large. Reading and writing, however, are not the only practices involved in literacy and are not the only important aspects of environments of excellence. Instead, environments of excellence assist learners in gaining multiple literacies. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................v PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY……………………………………… ...…..1 CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE .....20 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................................60 CHAPTER FOUR: “LIFT EV’RY VOICE AND SING”: THE FINDINGS FROM A MULTIPLE CASE STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTS OF EXCELLENCE IN A LOW-INCOME COMMUNITY ..................118 CHAPTER FIVE: BLESSED BE THE TIES THAT BIND: