Rethinking Representation Author(S): Jane Mansbridge Source: the American Political Science Review, Vol

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rethinking Representation Author(S): Jane Mansbridge Source: the American Political Science Review, Vol Rethinking Representation Author(s): Jane Mansbridge Source: The American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 4 (Nov., 2003), pp. 515-528 Published by: American Political Science Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3593021 . Accessed: 16/08/2013 04:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Political Science Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Political Science Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 88.119.17.198 on Fri, 16 Aug 2013 04:49:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions American Political Science Review Vol. 97, No. 4 November 2003 Rethinking Representation JANE MANSBRIDGE Harvard University long withthe traditional"promissory" form of representation,empirical political scientists have recently analyzed several new forms, called here "anticipatory,""gyroscopic," and "surrogate" representation. None of these more recently recognized forms meets the criteria for democratic accountability developed for promissory representation, yet each generates a set of normative criteria by which it can be judged. These criteria are systemic, in contrast to the dyadic criteria appropriate for promissory representation. They are deliberative rather than aggregative. They are plural rather than singular. ver the past two decades empirical political ing these more recently identified forms of represen- scientists have developed increasingly sophisti- tation are systemic, in contrast to the dyadic criteria cated descriptions of how American legislators appropriate for promissory representation. The crite- relate to their constituents. Yet although the empirical ria are almost all deliberative rather than aggregative. work has often been motivated by normative convic- And, in keeping with the conclusion that there is more tions that one way of relating is better than another, than one way to be represented legitimately in a democ- the normative theory of what constitutes "good" rep- racy, the criteria are plural rather than singular. resentation has not kept pace with current empirical The forms of representation identified here do not findings. This paper seeks to narrow the gap. map well onto the traditional dichotomy of "mandate" The traditional model of representation focused on and "trustee." Both mandate and trustee forms can the idea that during campaigns representatives made appear as versions of promissory representation (or, promises to constituents, which they then kept or failed alternatively, the trustee concept can figure as a subset to keep. I call this promissory representation. In addi- of gyroscopic representation), but the new concepts of tion, empirical work in the last 20 years has identified representation implied by recent empirical work do not at least three other forms of representation, which I have an obvious relation to the earlier dichotomy. call "anticipatory,""gyroscopic," and "surrogate" rep- In practice, representative behavior will often mix resentation. Anticipatory representation flows directly several of these forms. One cannot always tell by look- from the idea of retrospective voting: Representatives ing at a specific behavior what dynamics lie behind it. focus on what they think their constituents will approve Yet analyzing each form separately makes it possible at the next election, not on what they promised to do to identify the underlying power relation in each form, at the last election. In gyroscopic representation, the the role of deliberation in each, and the normative cri- representative looks within, as a basis for action, to teria appropriate to each. These normative criteria are conceptions of interest, "common sense," and princi- goals toward which to strive ("regulative ideals"), not ples derived in part from the representative's own back- standards that can be fully met. Conceiving of demo- ground. Surrogate representation occurs when legisla- cratic legitimacy as a spectrum and not a dichotomy, tors represent constituents outside their own districts. one might say that the closer a system of representation These are all legitimate forms of representation. comes to meeting the normative criteria for democratic None, however, meets the criteria for democratic ac- aggregation and deliberation, the more that system is countability developed for promissory representation. normatively legitimate. I argue that the appropriate normative criteria for judg- Addressing the norms appropriate to a system of representation assumes that representation is, and is intended to more than a de- Jane is Adams John School of normatively be, something Mansbridge Professor, E Kennedy fective substitute for direct Constituents Government, Harvard University, 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, MA democracy.1 02138 ([email protected]). choose representatives not only to think more care- This paper has evolved over time. Most recently I am grateful for fully than they about ends and means but also to nego- the suggestions of Douglas Arnold, David Brady, Martha Minow, tiate more perceptively and fight more skillfully than Mark Moore, Dennis Thompson, and participants in seminars at constituents have either the time or the inclination to Center for Advanced in the Behavioral Princeton Study Sciences, do. The difference between and direct University, the University of California Los Angeles, Stanford Uni- representation versity, and the University of Toronto. For excellent suggestions democracy creates a need for norms designed partic- on earlier versions I thank William Bianco, Carol Swain, Melissa ularly for democratic representation. Yet democratic Williams, Iris Marion Young, and participants in seminars at the Insti- comes in different with norms tute of representation forms, Governmental Studies at Berkeley, the Ohio State University, to each. Nuffield College Oxford, Indiana University, Princeton University, appropriate the University of California San Diego, Harvard University, and Northwestern University. I particularly thank Benjamin Page for his close reading and incisive comments at an early stage, and the insight- 1 Although deliberative forms of direct democracy can be effective ful reviewers for this journal. This paper, begun with support from methods of democratic governance in many circumstances, represen- the Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern University, was tative forms of democracy have their own uses, functioning not just completed while the author was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced as "transmission belts" for constituent opinion (Schwartz 1988; see Study in the Behavioral Sciences. I am grateful for financial support also Achen 1978, 476, Hibbings and Theiss-Morse 2002, Manin 1997, provided by National Science Foundation Grant SBR-9601236. and Pitkin [1967] 1972). 515 This content downloaded from 88.119.17.198 on Fri, 16 Aug 2013 04:49:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Rethinking Representation November 2003 PROMISSORYREPRESENTATION with the voter as principal, statically conceived, trying to exercise power over the representative as agent.3 the traditional fol- Promissory representation, model, Promissory representation works normatively thro- lows the classic format. The principal-agent prob- ugh the explicit and implicit promises that the elected lem for the Bristol or is one of principal (in Ohio) representative makes to the electorate. It works pru- some control over the London or keeping agent (in dentially through the sanction the voter exercises at The in does not differ Washington). problem politics the next election (Time 3). That sanction is a reward from the of economic greatly problem keeping any or punishment for acting or failing to act according to to the desires of the Eco- agent responsive principal. the promise made at the previous election (Time 1). nomic and have focused on history theory recently Both normatively and prudentially, the electoral au- the of trade when there was no problem long-distance dit at Time 3 focuses on whether or not the promises infrastructure to enforce contractual ar- governmental at Time 1 were kept. George Bush thus angered his In the Mediterranean in the fourteenth rangements. supporters deeply by breaking an explicit campaign this situation necessitated either ties century, kinship promise ("Read my lips: No new taxes").4 or above-market rates to ensure that payment ships Promissory representation has the advantage that, at loaded with the value of thousands of workers surplus least in its more mandated versions, it reflects in a rel- returned with the received in trade actually goods (see atively unmediated manner the will (although not nec- Greif When control in a seabound or 1993). (as ship) essarily the considered will) of the citizenry. It comes information in relations with an is (as expert) asym- closer than any other model to an ideal in which the the for the is to make sure metric, problem principal simple imprint of the voter's will is transmitted through that the the the agent (the captain, lawyer, accountant) institutions
Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Group Representation Quotas for Women and Minorities Worldwide Mona Lena Krook and Diana Z
    The Politics of Group Representation Quotas for Women and Minorities Worldwide Mona Lena Krook and Diana Z. O’Brien In recent years a growing number of countries have established quotas to increase the representation of women and minorities in electoral politics. Policies for women exist in more than one hundred countries. Individual political parties have adopted many of these provisions, but more than half involve legal or constitutional reforms requiring that all parties select a certain proportion of female candidates.1 Policies for minorities are present in more than thirty countries.2 These measures typically set aside seats that other groups are ineligible to contest. Despite parallels in their forms and goals, empirical studies on quotas for each group have developed largely in iso- lation from one another. The absence of comparative analysis is striking, given that many normative arguments address women and minorities together. Further, scholars often generalize from the experiences of one group to make claims about the other. The intuition behind these analogies is that women and minorities have been similarly excluded based on ascriptive characteristics like sex and ethnicity. Concerned that these dynamics undermine basic democratic values of inclusion, many argue that the participation of these groups should be actively promoted as a means to reverse these historical trends. This article examines these assumptions to explore their leverage in explaining the quota policies implemented in national parliaments around the world. It begins by out- lining three normative arguments to justify such measures, which are transformed into three hypotheses for empirical investigation: (1) both women and minorities will re- ceive representational guarantees, (2) women or minorities will receive guarantees, and (3) women will receive guarantees in some countries, while minorities will receive them in others.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Democracy This Page Intentionally Left Blank PATTERNS of DEMOCRACY
    Patterns of Democracy This page intentionally left blank PATTERNS OF DEMOCRACY Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries SECOND EDITION AREND LIJPHART First edition 1999. Second edition 2012. Copyright © 1999, 2012 by Arend Lijphart. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the US Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail [email protected] (US offi ce) or [email protected] (UK offi ce). Set in Melior type by Integrated Publishing Solutions, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lijphart, Arend. Patterns of democracy : government forms and performance in thirty-six countries / Arend Lijphart. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-300-17202-7 (paperbound : alk. paper) 1. Democracy. 2. Comparative government. I. Title. JC421.L542 2012 320.3—dc23 2012000704 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (Permanence of Paper). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 for Gisela and for our grandchildren, Connor, Aidan, Arel, Caio, Senta, and Dorian, in the hope that the twenty-fi rst century—their century—will yet become more
    [Show full text]
  • American Political Science Review
    AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW AMERICAN https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000060 . POLITICAL SCIENCE https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms REVIEW , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at 08 Oct 2021 at 13:45:36 , on May 2018, Volume 112, Issue 2 112, Volume May 2018, University of Athens . May 2018 Volume 112, Issue 2 Cambridge Core For further information about this journal https://www.cambridge.org/core ISSN: 0003-0554 please go to the journal website at: cambridge.org/apsr Downloaded from 00030554_112-2.indd 1 21/03/18 7:36 AM LEAD EDITOR Jennifer Gandhi Andreas Schedler Thomas König Emory University Centro de Investigación y Docencia University of Mannheim, Germany Claudine Gay Económicas, Mexico Harvard University Frank Schimmelfennig ASSOCIATE EDITORS John Gerring ETH Zürich, Switzerland Kenneth Benoit University of Texas, Austin Carsten Q. Schneider London School of Economics Sona N. Golder Central European University, and Political Science Pennsylvania State University Budapest, Hungary Thomas Bräuninger Ruth W. Grant Sanjay Seth University of Mannheim Duke University Goldsmiths, University of London, UK Sabine Carey Julia Gray Carl K. Y. Shaw University of Mannheim University of Pennsylvania Academia Sinica, Taiwan Leigh Jenco Mary Alice Haddad Betsy Sinclair London School of Economics Wesleyan University Washington University in St. Louis and Political Science Peter A. Hall Beth A. Simmons Benjamin Lauderdale Harvard University University of Pennsylvania London School of Economics Mary Hawkesworth Dan Slater and Political Science Rutgers University University of Chicago Ingo Rohlfi ng Gretchen Helmke Rune Slothuus University of Cologne University of Rochester Aarhus University, Denmark D.
    [Show full text]
  • Hasidic Public Schools in Kiryas Joel
    The Draw and Drawbacks of Religious Enclaves in a Constitutional Democracy: Hasidic Public Schools in Kiryas Joel JUDITH LYNN FAILER' INTRODUCTION Recent work in political and constitutional studies has celebrated the salutary effects of robust civil societies for democracies.' Robert Putnam, for example, has described how Italian communities with stronger civic traditions have political leaders who are less "elitist" and are "more enthusiastic supporters of political equality" while their citizens' political involvement is characterized by "greater social trust and greater confidence in the law-abidingness of their fellow citizens than... citizens in the least civic regions."' William Galston makes a case for how civic organizations in civil society can foster the development of liberal virtues Jean L. Cohen and Andrew Arato have argued that civil society is "the primary locus for the potential expansion of democracy under 'really existing' liberal-democratic regimes." 4 * Assistant Professor of Political Science and American Studies, Indiana University-Bloomington. Prepared for presentation at a symposium on Civil Society, Indiana University School of Law, March 29, 1996. Thank you to Fred Aman and Steve Conrad for their generous invitation. I am grateful to Jane Mansbridge for helping me think through the ways by which Kiryas Joel poses particular challenges in democratic theory as an enclave group. Thank you also to Mark Brandon, Dana Chabot, David Orentlicher, and Jean Robinson for helpful conversations in preparation of this article, and to Jeffrey Isaac and Sanford Levinson for their suggestions for revisions. 1. For the purposes of this paper, Iam following John Gray's definition of "civil society" as "that sphere of autonomous institutions, protected by a rule of law, within which individuals and communities possessing divergent values and beliefs may coexist in peace." JOHN GRAY, POST LIBERALISM: STUDIES IN POLITICAL THOUGHT 157 (1993).
    [Show full text]
  • APSA Contributors AS of NOVEMBER 10, 2014
    APSA Contributors AS OF NOVEMBER 10, 2014 This list celebrates the generous contributions of our members in Jacobson Paul Allen Beck giving to one or more of the following programs from 1996 through 2014: APSA awards, programs, the Congressional Fellowship Pro- Cynthia McClintock John F. Bibby gram, and the Centennial Campaign. APSA thanks these donors for Ruth P. Morgan Amy B. Bridges ensuring that the benefi ts of membership and the infl uence of the Norman J. Ornstein Michael A. Brintnall profession will extend far into the future. APSA will update and print T.J. Pempel David S. Broder this list annually in the January issue of PS. Dianne M. Pinderhughes Charles S. Bullock III Jewel L. Prestage Margaret Cawley CENTENNIAL CIRCLE Offi ce of the President Lucian W. Pye Philip E. Converse ($25,000+) Policy Studies Organization J. Austin Ranney William J. Daniels Walter E. Beach Robert D. Putnam Ben F. Reeves Christopher J. Deering Doris A. Graber Ronald J Schmidt, Sr. Paul J. Rich Jorge I. Dominguez Pendleton Herring Smith College David B. Robertson Marion E. Doro Chun-tu Hsueh Endowment Janet D. Steiger for International Scholars Catherine E. Rudder Melvin J. Dubnick and Huang Hsing Kay Lehman Schlozman Eastern Michigan University Foundation FOUNDER’S CIRCLE ($5,000+) Eric J. Scott Leon D. Epstein Arend Lijphart Tony Affi gne J. Merrill Shanks Kathleen A. Frankovic Elinor Ostrom Barbara B. Bardes Lee Sigelman John Armando Garcia Beryl A. Radin Lucius J. Barker Howard J. Silver George J. Graham Leo A. Shifrin Robert H. Bates William O. Slayman Virginia H.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of Political Economy: Revisiting Elinor Ostrom and Garrett Hardin
    POLITICS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY: REVISITING ELINOR OSTROM AND GARRETT HARDIN Will Parsley TC 660H Plan II Honors Program The University of Texas at Austin November 29, 2016 __________________________________________ Dr. Alexandra K. Wettlaufer French and Italian, Plan II Honors Supervising Professor __________________________________________ Joseph Bailey Jr. Plan II Honors Second Reader ABSTRACT Author: Will Parsley Title: Politics of Political Economy: Revisiting Elinor Ostrom and Garrett Hardin Supervising Professors: Dr. Alexandra K. Wettlaufer and Joseph Bailey Jr. The goal of this thesis is to provide perspective on Prof. Elinor Ostrom’s (d. 2012) challenges and achievements in the field of Political Economy. Her works, chiefly Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions of Collective Action published in 1990, are emblematic of a consensus change in the lens through which policy makers, economists, and everyday human beings view management of shared natural resources. Elinor “Lin” Ostrom’s thinking typifies that of the model 21st-century political economist: combining creative vision with dogged empirical research to address wholly new and distinctly modern sets of problems. Professor Ostrom tackled problems such as wildlife preservation, urban water management, and fishery conservation among others. Despite receiving the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2009, her body of work on institutions for collective action is often undercut by its unearned reputation as a direct rebuttal to Garrett Hardin’s controversial essay “The Tragedy of the Commons,” published in 1968. However, Ostrom's work stands alone. A clear-eyed review of political economics reveals the triumph of her indomitable conviction in her method over barriers created by gender- prejudice. 2 Introduction Political Economy is young academic field that features creative combinations of economics, political science, and ecology to solve humankind’s oldest resource problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Science & Politics
    Political Science & Politics Volume XXI Number 2 Spring 1988 "/ <£lVE. TbU A MAM WHO 6 RELI&10U5, QUX Cb NO fAhKTlc; A MAM VVHO ^V&RS ^ ro A eo/Mr; /\ MAN WHO LIKES Private Lives and Public Careers Bruce Buchanan, Ronald Elving and Sanford Levinson 1988 Annual Meeting Preview Chatham House Checklist Box One, Chatham, NJ 07928 Telephone: (201) 635-2059 * Arian: Politics in Israel it Ball: Modern Politics and Government 4ed * Cannon and O'Brien: Views from the Bench * Dalton: Citizen Politics in Western Democracies * Dogan and Pelassy: How to Compare Nations * Dolbeare: American Political Thought * Dolbeare: Democracy at Risk rev ed * Dragnich et al.: Politics and Government 2ed •sir Fry: Masters of Public Administration it Godwin: Direct Marketing of Politics * Goodsell: The Case for Bureaucracy 2ed •sir Hancock: West Germany •sir Hancock et al.: Politics in Western Europe ~k Hershey: Running for Office it Hinckley: The Symbolic Presidency * Hood: Tools of Government * Jacobs et al.: Comparative Politics * Jones: The Reagan Legacy * Kaufman: Time, Chance, and Organizations * King: The State in Modern Society it Lynn &. Wildavsky: Public Administration * McFarland: Common Cause * Meehan: The Thinking Game: A Guide to Effective Study * Orren and Polsby: Media and Momentum: New Hampshire * Peters: American Public Policy 2ed •sir Rose: The Post-Modern Presidency * Sartori: The Theory of Democracy Revisited * Savas: Privatization: The Key to Better Government * Wilson: Business and Politics * Published it Forthcoming On your request for exam copies, please state course title, present text, and enrollment on your letterhead and send it to Edward Artinian, publisher, Chatham House Publishers, Inc., Box One, Chatham, New Jersey 07928 or telephone (201) 635-2059.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction James S. Fishkin & Jane Mansbridge
    Introduction James S. Fishkin & Jane Mansbridge Democracy is under siege. Approval ratings for democratic institutions in most countries around the world are at near-record lows. The number of rec- ognized democratic countries in the world is no lon- ger expanding after the so-called Third Wave of dem- ocratic transitions.1 Indeed, there is something of a “democratic recession.”2 Further, some apparently democratic countries with competitive elections are undermining elements of liberal democracy: the rights and liberties that ensure freedom of thought and ex- pression, protection of the rule of law, and all the pro- tections for the substructure of civil society that may be as important for making democracy work as the JAMES S. FISHKIN, a Fellow of the electoral process itself.3 The model of party compe- American Academy since 2014, is tition-based democracy–the principal model of de- Director of the Center for Delib- mocracy in the modern era–seems under threat. erative Democracy, the Janet M. That model also has competition. What might be Peck Chair in International Com- munication, Professor of Commu- called “meritocratic authoritarianism,” a model in nication, and Professor of Political which regimes with flawed democratic processes nev- Science (by courtesy) at Stanford ertheless provide good governance, is attracting at- University. tention and some support. Singapore is the only suc- JANE MANSBRIDGE, a Fellow of cessful extant example, although some suggest China the American Academy since 1994, as another nation moving in this direction. Singapore is the Charles F. Adams Professor is not a Western-style party- and competition-based of Political Leadership and Dem- democracy, but it is well-known for its competent civil ocratic Values at the Harvard Ken- servants schooled in making decisions on a cost-ben- nedy School.
    [Show full text]
  • JEFFREY C. ISAAC BORN: 5/20/1957 3807 Callery Ct
    JEFFREY C. ISAAC BORN: 5/20/1957 3807 Callery Ct. BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA 47408 PHONE: (812) 345-1586 James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science, Indiana University EDUCATION Ph.D., Yale University Department of Political Science, December 1983 (Dissertation:"Power: A Realist View," under the supervision of Professor Robert A. Dahl). M.A., Yale University Department of Political Science, November 1980. B.A., Queens College, City University of New York, June 1979. Doctoris Honoris Causa, National School of Political Science and Public Administration (SNSPA), Bucharest, Romania, June 2018 EMPLOYMENT Summer 1999-Present: James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science, Indiana University, Bloomington. Summer 2009-May 2017: Editor in Chief, Perspectives on Politics (a flagship journal of the American Political Science Association; in 2017 I received APSA’s Frank Goodnow Award for Distinguished Public Service to the Profession for my work). Fall 2003-Spring 2009: Department Chair, Political Science. Summer 2005-Summer 2009: Book Review Editor, Perspectives on Politics Summer 1994-Summer 1999: Professor of Political Science, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, Jewish Studies and American Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Fall 1987-Spring 1994: Associate Professor of Political Science, Adjunct Associate Professor of Philosophy and Jewish Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Spring 1984-Spring 1987: Assistant Professor of Political Science, Social Science Division Fordham University, Lincoln Center. Fall 1983-Spring 1984: Instructor of Political Science, Social Science Division, Fordham University, Lincoln Center. Fall 1982-Spring 1982: Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Queens College, City University of New York. Spring 1981: Teaching Assistant, "Political Theory Since Hobbes," Department of Political Science, Yale University. BOOKS Power and Marxist Theory: A Realist View (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • The Prospects & Limits of Deliberative Democracy
    on the horizon: Dædalus Civil Wars & Global Disorder: Threats & Opportunities edited by Karl Eikenberry & Stephen Krasner with James D. Fearon, Bruce Jones & Stephen John Stedman, Stewart Patrick, Martha Crenshaw, Paul H. Wise & Michele Barry, Sarah Kenyon Lischer, Vanda Felbab-Brown, Hendrik Spruyt, Stephen Biddle, Will Reno, Aila M. Matanock & Miguel García-Sánchez, and Barry Posen Ending Civil Wars: Constraints & Possibilities Democracy Summer 2017 The Prospects & Limits of Deliberative Dædalus edited by Karl Eikenberry & Stephen Krasner Francis Fukuyama, Tanisha M. Fazal, Stathis N. Kalyvas, Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Steven Heydemann, Chuck Call & Susanna Campbell, Sumit Ganguly, Clare Lockhart, Thomas Risse & Summer 2017 Eric Stollenwerk, Tanja A. Börzel & Sonja Grimm, Seyoum Mesfi n & Abdeta Beyene, Nancy Lindborg & Joseph Hewitt, Richard Gowan & Stephen John Stedman, The Prospects & Limits of Lyse Doucet, and Jean-Marie Guéhenno Deliberative Democracy Native Americans & Academia edited by Ned Blackhawk, K. Tsianina Lomawaima, James S. Fishkin & Jane Mansbridge, guest editors Bryan McKinley Jones Brayboy, Philip J. Deloria, Loren Ghiglione, Douglas Medin, and Mark Trahant with Claus Offe · Nicole Curato John S. Dryzek · Selen A. Ercan Carolyn M. Hendriks · Simon Niemeyer Bernard Manin · Hélène Landemore Representing the intellectual community in its breadth Arthur Lupia · Anne Norton · Ian Shapiro and diversity, Dædalus explores the frontiers of Cristina Lafont · André Bächtiger · Simon Beste knowledge and issues of public importance. Alice Siu · Cass R. Sunstein · Roy William Mayega Lynn Atuyambe · Nathan Tumuhamye Julius Ssentongo · William Bazeyo Baogang He · Mark E. Warren U.S. $15; www.amacad.org; @americanacad Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences “The Prospects & Limits of Deliberative Democracy” Volume 146, Number 3; Summer 2017 James S.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptive Representation in at Least Four Contexts
    ARTICLES Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent "Yes" Jane Mansbridge Harvard University Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential knowledge of descriptive representatives enhances their substantive representation of the group's in- terests by improving the quality of deliberation. In contexts of historical political subordination and low de facto legitimacy, descriptive representation helps create a social meaning of "ability to rule" and increases the attachment to the polity of members of the group. When the implementation of de- scriptive representation involves some costs in other values, paying those costs makes most sense in these specific historical contexts. In at least four contexts, for four different functions, disadvantaged groups may want to be represented by "descriptive representatives," that is, individuals who in their own backgrounds mirror some of the more frequent experiences and out- ward manifestations of belonging to the group. For two of these functions—(1) adequate communication in contexts of mistrust, and (2) innovative thinking in contexts of uncrystallized, not fully articulated, interests—descriptive represen- tation enhances the substantive representation of interests by improving the quality of deliberation. For the other two functions—(1) creating a social mean- ing of "ability to rule" for members of a group in historical contexts where that ability has been seriously questioned, and (2) increasing the polity's de facto le- gitimacy in contexts of past discrimination—descriptive representation promotes goods unrelated to substantive representation. In the contexts of group mistrust, uncrystallized interests, a history suggesting inability to rule, and low de facto legitimacy, constitutional designers and in- This article was completed while the author was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Jane S. Jaquette Professor of Politics, Emerita
    Jane S. Jaquette Professor of Politics, Emerita Department of Politics [email protected] Occidental College 925 Yale Street 1600 Campus Road Santa Monica, CA 90405 Los Angeles, CA 90041 310-828-5434 74 Williams Path West Barnstable, MA 02668 508-375-9373 Education Ph.D. Cornell University (Government) 1971 B.A. Swarthmore College (Political Science) 1964 Employment Occidental College: Professor of Politics, Emerita, 2005 Teaching two courses a year. Bertha Harton Orr Professor in the Liberal Arts (1996-2005; emerita 2005- ) Professor of Politics (1982- 2005) Associate Professor of Political Science (1975-82) Assistant Professor of Political Science (1969-1972) Social Science Analyst,/Office of Women and Development. USAID (1979-81) Teaching: At Occidental, I have taught a range of courses in International Relations and Women’s Studies in the Politics and Diplomacy and World Affairs Departments, and I have team-taught courses in the Core Program and in the Critical Theory and Justice Studies department. Administrative Responsibilities at Occidental College Chair, Department of Diplomacy and World Affairs (1995-99; 2001; 2002-2004) Chair, Women’s Studies (1977-79, 1983-88, 1990-91) Director, Core Program in the Liberal Arts (1986-88) Chair, Department of Political Science (1972-3, 1981-84) Chair, Latin American Studies (1981-98) Member, Educational Policy and Curriculum Committee (1970-73, 1986-88) Member, Advisory Council (Tenure and Promotions) (1974-77, 1981-84, 1991-94, 1995-98) Organizer of Mellon Faculty Seminars on “Feminist Theory”
    [Show full text]