EU EOM Report on El Salvador Parliamentary and Municipal

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

EU EOM Report on El Salvador Parliamentary and Municipal 333333 European Commission EL SALVADOR Election Observation Mission FINAL REPORT January – March 2018 This project is funded by the European Union EUROPEAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION EL SALVADOR, Legislative and Municipal Elections, 4 March 2018 TaBle of Contents I. Executive Summary and Priority Recommendations...................................................................1 II. Introduction...............................................................................................................................4 III. Political Context .........................................................................................................................4 IV. Implementation of Previous EOM Recommendations ................................................................5 V. Legal Framework .......................................................................................................................6 A. International Principles and Commitments ........................................................................... 6 B. Constitutional Human Rights ................................................................................................ 7 C. Electoral Legislation .............................................................................................................. 7 D. Election System and Constituency Delimitation .................................................................... 8 VI. Election Administration..............................................................................................................9 A. Structure and Composition of the Election Administration .................................................... 9 B. Administration of the Elections ........................................................................................... 10 VII. Voter Registration .................................................................................................................... 11 A. The Right to Vote ................................................................................................................ 11 B. Voter Registration Procedures ............................................................................................ 11 VIII. Registration of Candidates and Political Parties ........................................................................ 12 A. Registration of Candidates .................................................................................................. 12 B. Registration of Political Parties ........................................................................................... 13 IX. The Election Campaign ............................................................................................................. 13 A. The Election Campaign ....................................................................................................... 13 B. Campaign Finance............................................................................................................... 15 C. Voter Education .................................................................................................................. 15 X. Domestic and International Election Observation .................................................................... 16 XI. Media and Elections ................................................................................................................. 16 A. Media Environment ............................................................................................................ 16 B. Legal Framework for the Media .......................................................................................... 18 C. Media Monitoring Findings and Campaign in the Media ..................................................... 19 D. TSE and the Media .............................................................................................................. 20 XII. Political Participation of Women .............................................................................................. 21 XIII. Political Participation of Persons with Disabilities ..................................................................... 22 XIV. Political Participation of the LGBTI Community ........................................................................ 22 XV. Political Participation of Indigenous Citizens ............................................................................ 23 XVI. Electoral Disputes .................................................................................................................... 24 A. Overview of Disputes .......................................................................................................... 24 B. Actions Taken by the Electoral Prosecutor’s Office .............................................................. 25 i EUROPEAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION EL SALVADOR, Legislative and Municipal Elections, 4 March 2018 C. Petitions to the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice (CSJ) ................... 25 XVII. Polling, Counting and Tabulation of Results.............................................................................. 26 A. Overview of Voting ............................................................................................................. 26 B. Counting ............................................................................................................................. 26 C. Transmission and Publication of Preliminary Results ........................................................... 27 D. Tabulation of Final Results .................................................................................................. 28 XVIII. Results and Post-Election Environment .................................................................................... 30 A. Publication of Results ......................................................................................................... 30 B. Complaints Relating to the Election Results ........................................................................ 30 C. Political Overview of the Election Results ............................................................................ 31 XIX. Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 34 XX. Annexes ................................................................................................................................... 44 ii EUROPEAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION EL SALVADOR, Legislative and Municipal Elections, 4 March 2018 I. Executive Summary and Priority Recommendations The 4 March 2018 elections were the ninth legislative and municipal elections in El Salvador since the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords, which had put an end to the twelve-year-long civil war. They were also the second legislative elections under cross-voting, a list system permitting a voter to select names from more than one party list. The electoral landscape was dominated by the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) and Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), the two competing parties that have held the executive and legislative power in successive elections. The European Union Election Observation Mission (EU EOM), led by Carlos Iturgaiz, Member of the European Parliament from Spain, was deployed to the country between 27 January and 25 March in response to an invitation from the Government of El Salvador and the Supreme Electoral Court (TSE). Two key political stakes in these elections were whether one of the main parties would lose its veto power in the Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa – AL) for qualified majority legislation and also the fact that the new AL would elect members of key state institutions, including the TSE, the Court of Audit, the Attorney General, the Human Rights Ombudsperson and four of the five members of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice for a nine-year term. The latter appointments are particularly relevant given the fundamental institutional and political changes triggered by the decisions of the current Constitutional Chamber. The legal framework provides a sufficient basis for the conduct of democratic and competitive elections and the Constitution safeguards fundamental human rights, which are protected jurisdictionally before the Supreme Court of Justice. Despite its broad investigative functions, the Human Rights Ombudsperson’s Office has no enforcement or penalty powers. In response to petitions seeking the protection of constitutional rights, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice pioneered electoral reforms and issued since 2013 some 10 rulings which impacted on the election system and conduct of polls. The de-politicisation of poll workers is one such reform, as is the suspension of public financing to political parties who fail to provide financial disclosure. Some Chamber decisions still require integration in the legal framework, such is the case for out-of-country voting for legislative and municipal elections planned for 2021 and transparency obligations for independent candidates. Some stakeholders consider the Chamber’s rulings contribute to democratic advancement, others feel the Chamber is overstepping its legal competencies and interfering with the electoral process. Despite abundant electoral reforms and the conformity to international standards and best practices, the EU EOM observed the persistence of several weaknesses in
Recommended publications
  • Core Document Forming Part of the Reports of States Parties El Salvador
    United Nations HRI/CORE/SLV/2011 International Human Rights Distr.: General 12 November 2012 Instruments English Original: Spanish Core document forming part of the reports of States parties El Salvador* [5 January 2011] * In accordance with the information transmitted to States parties regarding the processing of their reports, the present document was not edited before being sent to the United Nations translation services. GE.12-47562 (EXT) HRI/CORE/SLV/2011 Contents Paragraphs Page I. General information about the reporting State ........................................................ 1–136 3 A. Demographic, economic, social and cultural characteristics of the State ....... 1–54 3 B. Constitutional, political and legal structure of the State ................................. 55–136 15 II. General framework for the protection and promotion of human rights................... 137–223 34 A. Acceptance of international human rights norms............................................ 137–140 34 B. Legal framework for the protection of human rights at national level............ 141–174 38 C. Framework within which human rights are promoted at national level.......... 175–212 43 D. Reporting process at national level................................................................. 213–223 49 III. Information on non-discrimination and equality and effective remedies................ 224–247 50 A. Non-discrimination and equality..................................................................... 224–232 50 B. Effective remedies .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Encuesta Pre-Electoral Enero 2021: Nuevas Ideas Se Consolida Como Primera Fuerza, Arena Sube Y Gana Baja En Intención De Voto… El FMLN En Cuidados Intensivos
    Encuesta pre-electoral enero 2021: Nuevas Ideas se consolida como primera fuerza, Arena sube y Gana baja en intención de voto… el FMLN en cuidados intensivos Ficha técnica Tipo de estudio: Cuantitativo. Técnica de registro: Cuestionario individual pre-estructurado. Tipo de entrevista: Visita a hogar. Informante: Personas mayores e iguales a 18 años con DUI vigente y residente en el municipio. Trabajo de campo: Del 13 al 17 de enero de 2021. Entrevistas efectivas: 1,536 boletas efectivas a nivel nacional. Muestreo: Sistemático probabilístico con ajación proporcional a la población, con un nivel de conanza 95 %, error muestral ± 2.5 Made with 1. ¿Está usted decido en ir a votar para las próximas elecciones de Alcaldes, diputados y Parlacen? NC /NS 0.60% No estoy seguro 8.70% No 3.50% Si 87.20% Made with 2. A partir de este año y para las próximas elecciones, ¿ha cambiado usted de preferencia política? NC /NS 2.90% Sí he cambiado 45.75% No he cambiado 51.35% Made with 3. Si su respuesta anterior fue “SÍ HE CAMBIADO”, ¿a qué se debe el cambio? 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 47.2% 35.6% 5.4% 8% 3.8% El partido me ha defraudado Los candidatos no me convencen Por la campaña electoral Otra razón NC /NS Made with 4. De las alternativas que le leeré, ¿Cuál se acerca más al porqué de su intención de voto? Porque está en contra de la corrupción Porque está a favor de Nuevas Ideas Por las propuestas (del partido Porque está en 37.3% 17.5% o candidatos) contra de los 16.3% partidos tradicionales (Arena, FMLN, etc) 8.2% Porque he recibido ayuda durante la pandemia 16.5% NS/NR 4.2% Made with 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Revista De Estudios Sociales, 73 | 01 Julio 2020, «Violencia En América Latina Hoy» [En Línea], Publicado El 19 Junio 2020, Consultado El 04 Mayo 2021
    Revista de Estudios Sociales 73 | 01 julio 2020 Violencia en América Latina hoy Edición electrónica URL: https://journals.openedition.org/revestudsoc/47847 ISSN: 1900-5180 Editor Universidad de los Andes Edición impresa Fecha de publicación: 1 julio 2020 ISSN: 0123-885X Referencia electrónica Revista de Estudios Sociales, 73 | 01 julio 2020, «Violencia en América Latina hoy» [En línea], Publicado el 19 junio 2020, consultado el 04 mayo 2021. URL: https://journals.openedition.org/revestudsoc/ 47847 Este documento fue generado automáticamente el 4 mayo 2021. Los contenidos de la Revista de Estudios Sociales están editados bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. 1 ÍNDICE Dossier Violencia en América Latina hoy: manifestaciones e impactos Angelika Rettberg Untangling Violent Legacies: Contemporary Organized Violence in Latin America and the Narrative of the “Failed Transition” Victoria M. S. Santos Glass Half Full? The Peril and Potential of Highly Organized Violence Adrian Bergmann Jóvenes mexicanos: violencias estructurales y criminalización Maritza Urteaga Castro-Pozo y Hugo César Moreno Hernández Letalidade policial e respaldo institucional: perfil e processamento dos casos de “resistência seguida de morte” na cidade de São Paulo Rafael Godoi, Carolina Christoph Grillo, Juliana Tonche, Fábio Mallart, Bruna Ramachiotti y Paula Pagliari de Braud “Si realmente ustedes quieren pegarle, no nos llamen, llámenos después que le pegaron y váyanse”. Justicia por mano propia en Ciudad de México Elisa Godínez Pérez El cuerpo de los condenados. Cárcel y violencia en América Latina Libardo José Ariza y Fernando León Tamayo Arboleda La política de seguridad en El Salvador: la construcción del enemigo y sus efectos en la violencia y el orden social Viviana García Pinzón y Erika J.
    [Show full text]
  • Boletín Preelectoral 2020
    Los capitalinos opinan sobre la elección para la alcaldía del municipio de San Salvador Al cierre de 2020, los datos de este estudio de opinión concentrado en la capital indican queErnesto Muyshondt y Mario Durán son los candidatos a la Alcaldía de San Salvador más conocidos por los capi- talinos. Entre el grupo de capitalinos que indicó sen�r alguna emoción al pensar en el candidato Mario Durán, un 46% declaró sen�r esperanza; mientras que en el caso deErnesto Muyshondt las emociones señaladas por una pro- porción mayor de capitalinos fueron la esperanza, la preocupación y el entusiasmo. Las preferencias electorales de cara a las elecciones del 28 de febrero favo- recen mayoritariamente a la coalición GANA-Nuevas Ideas. Bole�n de prensa Año XXXV, No. 2 Ins�tuto Universitario de Opinión Pública 1 FICHA TÉCNICA Introducción Ins�tución responsable: El Ins�tuto Universitario de El obje�vo principal de esta Ins�tuto Universitario de Opinión Pública (Iudop) de la Opinión Pública realizó pesquisa fue aproximarse a Universidad Centroamericana “José Simeón Cañas” (UCA) entre el 6 y el 15 de las preferencias par�darias diciembre un amplio de los capitalinos frente a la Forma de realización: levantamiento de elección del próximo alcalde información que incluyó de San Salvador, de cara a Entrevista personal mediante visita a la vivienda de residencia de una muestra representa�va las próximas elecciones los encuestados de la población que reside municipales, legisla�vas y en el municipio de San del PARLACEN del 28 de Fecha de realización: Salvador. febrero de 2021. Del 6 al 15 de diciembre de 2020 Esta encuesta preelectoral En este estudio de opinión Días efec�vos de trabajo de campo: contó con una muestra pública los capitalinos 10 días calendario representa�va del total de expresaron, también, sus la población salvadoreña de valoraciones sobre las Tipo de muestreo: 18 años en adelante que ins�tuciones estatales, la Polietápico por cuotas de área urbana, sexo y grupos de edad siguiendo reside en dicho municipio.
    [Show full text]
  • El Salvador: Political, Economic, and Social Conditions and U.S
    El Salvador: Political, Economic, and Social Conditions and U.S. Relations Clare Ribando Seelke Specialist in Latin American Affairs January 3, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS21655 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress El Salvador: Political, Economic, and Social Conditions and U.S. Relations Summary Throughout the last few decades, the United States has maintained a strong interest in El Salvador, a small Central American country with a population of 7.2 million. During the 1980s, El Salvador was the largest recipient of U.S. aid in Latin America as its government struggled against the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) insurgency during a 12-year civil war. A peace accord negotiated in 1992 brought the war to an end and formally assimilated the FMLN into the political process as a political party. After the peace accords were signed, U.S. involvement shifted toward helping the government rebuild democracy and implement market- friendly economic reforms. Mauricio Funes of the FMLN was inaugurated to a five-year presidential term in June 2009. Funes won a close election in March 2009, marking the first FMLN presidential victory and the first transfer in political power between parties since the end of El Salvador’s civil war. Funes’ victory followed strong showings by the FMLN in the January 2009 municipal and legislative elections, in which the party won a plurality of the seats in the National Assembly and the largest share of the municipal vote. President Funes still has relatively high approval ratings (69% in November 2010), but faces a number of political, economic, and social challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Se Cumplen Vaticinios En Elecciones En El Salvador
    Se cumplen vaticinios en elecciones en El Salvador Reuters. Por María Josefina Arce El presidente de El Salvador, Nayib Bukele, tiene libre el camino para extender su poder. Tal y como vaticinaban las encuestas, Nuevas Ideas, el partido que ayudó a conformar, se impuso ampliamente en las elecciones legislativas y municipales de este domingo. De acuerdo con resultados preliminares, esa organización y su aliada Gran Alianza por la Unidad Nacional, que llevó a Bukele al poder en 2019, dominarán el Congreso, en manos hasta el momento de la oposición y que había sido en cierta medida un freno para las autoritarias acciones del presidente. El ultraderechista ARENA, Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, y el izquierdista FMLN, Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, no pudieron retener el control del órgano legislativo. Los dos partidos que habían dominado la escena política del país centroamericano, tras la firma de los acuerdos de paz de 1992, sufrieron un marcado revés, reflejo de un desgaste en los últimos años. Ahora poco detendrá al presidente que extiende su poder y que podrá incidir en los nombramientos en la Fiscalía, la Corte Suprema y la Contraloría, con las que ha tenido serias desavenencias. Con la actual Corte Suprema, por ejemplo, ha tenido varios enfrentamientos, al negarse a cumplír sus dictámenes de poner fin a sus métodos extremos de detener a quienes violaran los confinamientos por la COVID 19. Para el catedrático Oscar Picardo, director de la Unidad de Investigaciones de la Universidad Francisco Gavidia, citado por la agencia noticiosa Prensa Latina, la mayoría ganada por el oficialismo en la Asamblea Legislativa amenaza el balance entre los poderes legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide for El Salvador 2 | Doing Business 2020 a Guide for El Salvador 3
    Doing Business 2020 A guide for El Salvador www.pwc.com/interamericas 2 | Doing Business 2020 A guide for El Salvador 3 Preface Foreword Central America is a region brimming with opportunities to As part of the added value that PwC Interamericas offers to learn and innovate. The strategic commercial advantages all of its clients and the business community who want to do include cheaper manufacturing costs and labor, as well as a business in the Central America and the Dominican Republic great deal of arable lands. It is a region with a continuously reegion, it is a great honor to publish the sixth edition of the growing economy, which year after year receives increasing amounts of investment and tourism, which helps it to business guide called Doing Business 2020, containing interconnect with the world. important information, which allows us to understand cultural aspects, the climate for investment, and the most important On the other hand, the Dominican Republic has a promising things to consider on legal, commercial and fiscal matters and rapidly growing economy. Despite the fact that it does not belong to Central America, its proximity to the region on the region, that we have complemented with international and the fact that we share the same language and culture, standards and the best world practices. makes it a key contributor for the region. It’s very close Current business opportunities place Central America and commercial relationship with the United States in regard to tourism, the remittances, and exportations, help keep its the Dominican Republic as a highly attractive region for economy more stable.
    [Show full text]
  • Qel Salvador's New Legislative Assembly
    LATIN AMERICA ADVISOR A DAILY PUBLICATION OF THE DIALOGUE www.thedialogue.org Friday, May 14, 2021 BOARD OF ADVISORS FEATURED Q&A TODAY’S NEWS Diego Arria Director, Columbus Group POLITICAL Devry Boughner Vorwerk Is El Salvador’s Venezuela to Hold Chief Corporate Affairs Officer, Grubhub Local, Regional Joyce Chang Global Head of Research, Bukele Undermining Elections Nov. 21 JPMorgan Chase & Co. Venezuela will hold regional and Paula Cifuentes local elections in November, said Director of Economic & Fiscal Affairs, the Rule of Law? Pedro Calzadilla, the president of Latin America & Canada, Philip Morris International the country’s electoral council. Marlene Fernández The announcement came after Corporate Vice President for Venezuela named two opposition Government Relations, members to the council. Arcos Dorados (McDonald’s) Page 2 Peter Hakim President Emeritus, Inter-American Dialogue ECONOMIC Donna Hrinak Senior VP, Corporate Affairs, Brazil Joins South Royal Caribbean Group American Effort Jon E. Huenemann Council Member, for Undersea Cable GLG Inc. Brazil has joined an effort to build James R. Jones Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele’s Nuevas Ideas party this month ousted the attorney Chairman, general and the five magistrates of the constitutional chamber of the country’s Supreme Court . an 8,200-mile undersea fiber optic Monarch Global Strategies // File Photo: Salvadoran Government. cable from South America to Asia. Officials are planning the project Craig A. Kelly El Salvador’s new Legislative Assembly, controlled by the Senior Director, Americas to improve Internet connectivity. Int’l Gov’t Relations, Exxon Mobil New Ideas party of President Nayib Bukele, in its first Page 2 John Maisto session on May 1 voted to remove the five magistrates of Director, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • EL SALVADOR 2019 Final Report
    European Union Election Observation Mission EL SALVADOR 2019 Final Report [Flag of host Presidential Election 3 February 2019 Table of Contents I. Executive Summary and Priority Recommendations ......................................................................... 1 II. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 4 III. Political Context ................................................................................................................................. 4 IV. Implementation of Previous EOM Recommendations ....................................................................... 5 V. Legal Framework ............................................................................................................................... 6 A. International Principles and Commitments .............................................................................. 6 B. Constitutional Human Rights ................................................................................................... 6 C. Electoral Legislation ................................................................................................................ 7 D. Election System ....................................................................................................................... 7 VI. Election Administration ..................................................................................................................... 8 A. Structure and Composition
    [Show full text]
  • NSIAD-91-166 El Salvador: Military Assistance Has Helped Counter But
    ll~liftvl St.at,ths (;thnt*ral At~t~ollrll,irrb~~fi~e ___ “.-- -.__II..,“-1- __..I ._ ..” _^“_l_ __“”..__ _,. ._. .._... ,”.. *“, 11- -_-_._.... __-. --.-----l_-..-.--- -_--_---- Report, t,o the I-IorWY~able GAO Kd ward M. Kcmr~ody, IJ .S. Stmde .l__l-l” _-_1 “--m-“1.. April I!)91 EL SALVADOR Military Assistance Has Helped Counter but Not Overcome the Insurgency -.-“_(- _.~ ._-. _.- _-.l___l_^-__l_-__ - -... -“----p--m- -.-.-- --- National Security and International Affairs Division B-242216 April 23,199l The Honorable Edward M. Kennedy United States Senate Dear Senator Kennedy: In responseto your request, this report describeswhat impact U.S. military assistanceto El Salvador has had on that country’s ability to counter insurgent forces, how the assistance has changed that country’s military capabilities, and how the assistancehas attempted to instill and support respect for democracy and human rights. Unless you release its contents earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 30 days from its issue date. At that time, we will send copies of the report to appropriate congressional committees and the Secretariesof Defenseand State. Major contributors to this report are listed in appendix I. If you have any questions, please call me on (202) 2754128. Sincerely yours, Joseph E. Kelley Director, Security and International Relations Issues l3xecutive Swnmary Since 1980, the United States has provided over $1 billion in military aid Purpose to El Salvador to assist the government in its fight against an insur- gency. Senator Edward M. Kennedy requested that GAO review the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Perestroika and the Politics of the Revolutionary Left in Latin America
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1991 Perestroika and the politics of the revolutionary left in Latin America. Stephen R. Pelletier University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Pelletier, Stephen R., "Perestroika and the politics of the revolutionary left in Latin America." (1991). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1811. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1811 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ummoo/ MwlntHbl ,, '»'‘‘*«'? ?-:ranSiI.Jh*„,*' 312Dbb D2T6 ] UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY AT AMHERST ARCHIVES LD 3234 M267 1991 P3885 BDDDDDDDaaDDaaDDDDDDDDODDDDD PERESTROIKA AND THE POLITICS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT IN LATIN AMERICA A Dissertation Presented by STEPHEN R. PELLETIER Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 1991 Department of Political Science Copyright by Stephen Raymond Pelletier 1991 All Rights Reserved PERESTROIKA AND THE POLITICS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT IN LATIN AMERICA A Dissertation Presented by STEPHEN R. PELLETIER Approved as to style and content by: Howard J. Wiarda, Chair , ABSTRACT PERESTROIKA AND THE POLITICS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT IN LATIN AMERICA SEPTEMBER 1991 STEPHEN R. PELLETIER, B.A., MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY Ph . D . , UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Howard Wiarda The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the impact of Soviet perestroika and foreign policy "new thinking" on the Revolutionary Left in Cuba, Nicaragua and El Salvador.
    [Show full text]
  • University Micrdnlms International 300 N
    INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the Him is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy.
    [Show full text]