El salvador 4k wikipedia

Continue Country in Central America This article is about a country in Central America. For other purposes, see El Salvador (disambiguation). Coordinates: 13'41'N 89'11'W / 13.683'N 89.183'W / 13.683; -89.183 Republic SalvadorRepublic de Salvador (Spanish) Flag Herb Motto: Dios, Union, Libertad (Spanish)English: God, Union, LibertyGymn: Himno Nacional de Salvador (English: National Anthem of El Salvador) Capital And largest citySan Salvador13'41'56N 89'11'29W / 13.69889-N 89.19139'W / 13.69889; -89.19139Official languagesSpanishEthnic groups 86.3% Mestizo (mixed White and Indigenous)12.7% White1.23% Indigenous0.13% Black0.64% Other[1]Religion (2017)[2]84.1% Christianity—44.9% Roman Catholic—37.1% Protestant—2.1% Other Christian15.2% No religion0.7% Other religionsDemonym(s)Salvadorian, Salvadorean, SalvadoranGovernmentUnitary presidential constitutional republic• President Nayib Bukele• Vice President Félix Ulloa LegislatureLegislative AssemblyIndependence• Declared from Spain 15 September 1821• Declared from theFederal Republicof Central America 12 June 1824• International recognition[3] 18 February 1841 Area • Total21,041 km2 (8,124 sq mi) (148th)• Water (%)1.5Population• 2018 estimate6,420,746[4][5] (109th)• Density303.1/km2 (785.0/sq mi) (47th)GDP (PPP)2018 estimate• Total$53.667 billion[6] (101st)• Per capita$8,388[6] (111th)GDP (nominal)2018 estimate• Total$25.855 billion[6] (102nd)• Per capita$4,041[6] (111th)Gini (2016) 40.6[7]mediumHDI (2018) 0.667[8]medium · 121thCurrencyUnited States dollara (USD)Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)Driving siderightCalling code+503bISO 3166 codeSVInternet TLD.sv The United States dollar is the currency in use. Финансовая информация может быть выражена в долларах США и in the Salvadoran column, but the colon from circulation. Telephone companies (market share): Tigo (45%), Claro (25%), Movistar (24%), Digicel (5.5%), Red (0.5 ɛl ˈsælvədɔːr%). Spanish: el salβaˈðoɾ (listen) is officially the Republic of El Salvador (Spanish: Republic of El Salvador, literally Republic of the Savior) is the smallest and most populous country in Central America. For millennia, the region was controlled by several Mesoamerican peoples, especially Lenka, maya, and then cuzcatlecs. Archaeological sites also suggest the early presence of olmek around the first millennium BC. In the early 16th century, the Spanish Empire conquered Central American territory, it in Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City. However, the Viceroy of Mexico had little influence on the day-to-day affairs of the isthmus, which was colonized in 1524. In 1609, the area was declared a captain general of Guatemala by the Spaniards, which included the territory that would become El Salvador before its independence from Spain in 1821. It was forcibly incorporated into the First Mexican Empire and then separated, joning the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823. When the republic disintegrated in 1841, El Salvador became a sovereign state and then formed a short-lived alliance with Honduras and Nicaragua called the Great Republic of Central America, which lasted from 1895 to 1898. From the late 19th to the middle of the 20th century, El Salvador experienced chronic political and economic instability characterized by coups, uprisings and a succession of authoritarian rulers. Persistent socio-economic inequality and civil unrest led to el Salvador's devastating civil war from 1979 to 1992, in which clashes broke out between a military-led Government and a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups. The conflict ended with the Chapultepec Peace Accords. As a result of the negotiations, a multi-party constitutional republic was created, which remains in force to this day. El Salvador's economy has historically dominated agriculture, starting with the Spanish take control of the indigenous cocoa crop in the 16th century, with production concentrated in Izalco, and the use of balm from the la Libert and Ahuachapan ranges. This was followed by a boom in the use of the indigo plant (assil in Spanish) in the 19th century, mainly for its use as a dye. Since then, the focus has shifted to coffee, which accounts for 90 per cent of export earnings by the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, El Salvador has reduced its dependence on coffee and began to diversify its economy, opening trade and financial ties and expanding the manufacturing sector. Colon, the currency of El Salvador since 1892, was replaced by the US dollar in 2001. El Salvador ranks 14th among Latin American countries in the Human Development Index and third in Central America (after Panama and Costa Rica) partly because of the continued rapid industrialization. However, the country continues to struggle with high levels of poverty, inequality and gang-related violent crime. The etymology of Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado named a new province in honor of Jesus Christ - San Salvador (Lit. Holy Savior). The name of the territory, including the province of San Miguel, was later extended to the provincia de Nuestro Senor Jesus Cristo, Salvador Del Mundo (lit. Province of our Lord Jesus Christ, Savior of the World), shortened to the Republic of El Salvador, or El Salvador, during the post-federal republic, and like El Salvador. Story Home article: The Story of El Salvador This section needs additional quotes to verify. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. Find sources: El Salvador - news newspaper book scientist JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) Prehistoric megateria excavation site Tomayate Apopa. Skull fossils of an ancient horse in the Totayat site of Apopa. Tomiate is a paleontological site located on the riverbank of the same name in the municipality of Apopa. The site was home to abundant Salvadoran megafauna fossils belonging to the Pleistocene. The paleontological site was discovered by accident in 2000, and the following year excavations by the Natural History Museum of El Salvador found several remnants of Cuvieronia and 18 other species of vertebrates, including giant turtles, megateries, glyptodon, toxodon, extinct horses, paleolam. The site stands out from most Central American Pleistocene deposits, being more ancient and much richer, which provides valuable information about the Great American Junction, in which the Central American isthmus of the land bridge is of paramount importance. At the same time, it is considered the richest vertebrate site in Central America and one of the largest clusters of trunks in America. Pre-Columbian Temascal in Joya de Seren. The sophisticated civilization in El Salvador dates back to its resettlement of indigenous people by the lenca; their civilization was the first and oldest local civilization to settle there. They were an alliance of Central American tribes that controlled most of the isthmus from southern Guatemala to northern Panama, which they called Managuara. The lens of eastern El Salvador traces its origins from concrete caves with ancient pictograms dating back to at least 600 AD, and some sources say as far back as 7000 BC there was also the presence of Olmecs, although their role is unclear. Their influence is still recorded in the form of stone monuments and artifacts preserved in western El Salvador, as well as a national museum. The Mayan population settled there during the formative period, but their number decreased significantly when the eruption of the supervolcano Ilopango caused a mass exodus. Centuries later, the occupiers of the area were displaced by the Nahua-speaking Pipa, who migrated from Anauac around 800 AD and occupied the central and western parts of El Salvador. Nahua Pipil was the last indigenous people to come to El Salvador. They named their kuskatan territory, the word Nawat, meaning Place of Precious Jewels, back formed in the Classic Naouatl Kyouatlan, and Hispanic as Kukcatlan. It was the largest domain in the up to European contact. The term Cuzcatleco is commonly used to identify someone of Salvadoran heritage, although most of the eastern population has the indigenous heritage of Lenka's origin, as well as their names such as Intipuca, Chirilagua, and Lolotique. Most archaeological sites in western El Salvador, such as Lago de Gija and Joya de Seren, point to the pre-Columbian Mayan culture. Cihuatan shows signs of material trade with the northern culture of Nahua, the Eastern Mayan and Lenca culture, and the southern Nicaraguan and costa Rican indigenous culture. The smaller structure of the B1-2 Tazukala shows the style of talud-tablero architecture that is associated with Nahua culture and corresponds to their migration history from Anauak. In eastern El Salvador, Lenka's place in Kelep is singled out as a major pre-Columbian cultural centre and demonstrates links to the Maya Copan site in western Honduras, as well as to previously mentioned locations in Chapuapa and Kara-Sucia in western El Salvador. The investigation, conducted at la Laguna in Usulutan, also involved The Copador, which links it to the Lenka Maya trade route. European arrivals (1522) By 1521 the indigenous population of the Mesoamerican region had been drastically reduced as a result of the smallpox epidemic that was spreading throughout the territory, although it had not yet reached the pandemic level in Cuzcatl'n or northern Managuara. The first known visit of the Spaniards to the territory of El Salvador was made by Admiral Andres Nino, who led an expedition to Central America. He landed in Fonseca Bay on May 31, 1522, on the island of Meanguera, calling him Petronil, and then crossed into the Gulf of Jikilisco at the mouth of the Lempa River. The first indigenous peoples to contact the Spaniards were the sloth of eastern El Salvador. Conquest Cuzcatl'n and Managuara Home article: Spanish conquest of Salvador Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado. In 1524, after participating in the conquest of the Aztec Empire, Pedro de Alvarado, his brother Gonzalo, and their men crossed Rio Paz south into Cuzcatlec territory. The Spaniards were disappointed to discover that Pipil had no gold or jewelry like the ones they found in Guatemala or Mexico, but they recognized the richness of the earth's volcanic soil. Pedro Alvarado led the first invasion to extend his dominance of the Kukcatlan region in June 1524. When he arrived at the kingdom's borders, he saw that civilians had been evacuated. Cuzcatlec warriors moved to the coastal town of Acajutla and waited for Alvarado and his forces. Alvarado came up, confident that the result would be similar to what happened in Mexico and Guatemala. He thought he could easily cope with this new indigenous force because the Mexican allies were on his side and Pipil spoke a similar language. [41] described the cuzcatlec soldiers as having shields decorated with colorful exotic feathers, a vest-like armor of three inches of cotton, which the arrows could not penetrate, and long spears. Both armies have suffered many casualties, with the wounded Alvarado retreating and losing many of his men, especially among the Mexican Indian auxiliary. After his army regrouped, Alvarado decided to go to the capital of Kukkatlan and again encountered the armed Uzcatleks. Wounded, unable to fight and hiding in the rocks, Alvarado sent his Spanish men on his horses to approach Cuzcatlec to see if they would fear horses, but they did not retreat, Alvarado recalls in his letters to Hernanes. Cuzcatlec attacked again, and this time stole a Spanish weapon. Alvarado retreated and sent Mexican messengers to demand that the Cuzcatlec warriors return the stolen weapons and surrender to the king of his enemy. Cuzcatlec responded with the famous answer: If you want your weapons, come get them. Over the course of the day, Alvarado, fearing an ambush, sent more Mexican envoys for negotiations, but these envoys never returned and were presumably executed. The ruins of Tazumal in Santa Ana, El Salvador. Spanish efforts were strongly opposed by Pipil and their Mayan-speaking neighbors. They defeated the Spaniards and what was left of their allies Tlaxcalan, forcing them to leave for Guatemala. Injured, Alvarado gave up the war and appointed his brother, Gonzalo de Alvarado, to continue the task. Two subsequent expeditions (first in 1525 and then a smaller group in 1528) took Pipil under Spanish control, as Pipil was also weakened by a regional smallpox epidemic. In 1525, the conquest of Kuzcatlan was completed and the city of San Salvador was founded. The Spaniards faced great resistance from Pipil and were unable to reach the eastern part of El Salvador, the Lencas region. In 1526, the Spaniards founded the garrison town of San Miguel in northern Managuara, a territory of Lenka headed by another explorer and conquistador, Luis de Moscoso Alvarado, nephew of Pedro Alvarado. Oral history says that Crown Princess Maya-Lenka Atu Silan Ulap I organized resistance to conquistadors. The Kingdom of Lenca was alarmed by the invasion of de Moscoso, and Atu Silan traveled from village to village, uniting all the cities of Lenca in present-day El Salvador and Honduras against the Spaniards. Thanks to unexpected attacks and overwhelming numbers, they were able to drive the Spaniards out of San Miguel and destroy the garrison. For ten years, the sloths prevented the Spaniards from building a permanent settlement. The Spaniards then returned with a large number of soldiers, including some 2,000 forced conscripts from indigenous communities in Guatemala. They chased Lenka's leaders further into the Intibuce Mountains. Atu Silan eventually handed over control of the resistance of Lenk Lempir (also called Empira). Lempira was notable among indigenous leaders for mocking the Spaniards by wearing their clothes after capturing them and using their weapons captured in battle. Lempira fought under the command of thousands of Lenka forces for another six years in Managuara until he was killed in battle. The rest of Lenka's forces retreated to the mountains. The Spaniards were able to restore their garrison city of San Miguel in 1537. Colonial Period (1525-1821) Painting of the celebration of the First Independence Movement in San Salvador. Downtown Jose Matias Delgado. Manuel Jose Arce joined the independence movement from Spain, joining the first Scream for Independence on November 5, 1811, in San Salvador. During the colonial period, San Salvador and San Miguel were part of the Captain General of Guatemala, also known as the Kingdom of Guatemala (Spanish: Reino de Guatemala), established in 1609 as the administrative arm of New Spain. The Salvadoran territory is administered by the Mayor of Sonsonate, and San Salvador was established in 1786. In 1811, a combination of internal and external factors prompted the Central American elites to try to gain independence from the Spanish crown. The most important internal factors were the desire of local elites to control the affairs of the country without the participation of the Spanish authorities, as well as the long-standing Creole aspirations for independence. The main external factors motivating the independence movement were the success of the French and American revolutions in the 18th century and the weakening of the military power of the Spanish crown as a result of the Napoleonic wars, which led to the inability to effectively control their colonies. In November 1811, the Salvadoran priest Jose Matias Delgado called the Igliasia La Merced in San Salvador, calling for a rebellion and launching the Independence Movement of 1811. This uprising was suppressed and many of its leaders were arrested and served their sentences in prison. Another uprising began in 1814, which was also suppressed. Independence (1821) In 1821, in the light of the unrest in Guatemala, the Spanish authorities capitulated and signed the Central American Independence Act, which exempted all Guatemalan captaincy (including the present-day territories of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica and the Mexican state of Chiapas) from Spanish rule and declared its independence. In 1821, El Salvador joined Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua in an alliance called the Federal Republic of Central America. In early 1822, the authorities of the newly independent Central American provinces, meeting in Guatemala City, voted to join the newly created First Mexican Empire under the leadership of Agustan de Iturbide. El Salvador resisted, insisting autonomy for Central American countries. The Mexican military sent to San Salvador and suppressed dissent, but with the fall of Iturbide on March 19, 1823, the army returned to Mexico. Shortly thereafter, the provincial authorities reversed the vote to join Mexico, choosing instead to form a federal union of the five remaining provinces. (Chiapas has consistently joined Mexico at this stage.) When the Federal Republic of Central America disintegrated in 1841, El Salvador retained its own government until it joined Honduras and Nicaragua in 1896 to form the Greater Republic of Central America, which disintegrated in 1898. After the mid-19th century, the economy was founded on the cultivation of coffee. As the global indigo market withered, the economy prospered or suffered as global coffee prices fluctuated. The huge profits that coffee brought as an export of monoculture, served as an impetus for the concentration of land in the hands of the oligarchy of several families. Throughout the second half of the 19th century, a number of presidents from the ranks of the Salvadoran oligarchy, nominally both conservative and liberal, generally agreed to promote coffee as the main monetary culture, the development of infrastructure (rail and port facilities) primarily in support of the coffee trade, the elimination of communal land to facilitate the further production of coffee, the adoption of laws to combat vagrancy to ensure that to ensure that displaced campesinos and other villagers provide sufficient labour for fincas (plantations) and to suppress rural discontent. In 1912, the National Guard was established as a rural police force. General Tomasz Regalado of the 20th century in 1898, General Thomas Regalado gained power by force, overthrowing Rafael Antonio Gutierrez and rule the president until 1903. Since taking office, he has revived the practice of presidents visiting his successors. After serving his sentence, he remained active in the Salvadoran army and was killed on 11 July 1906 in El Gicaro during the war against Guatemala. Until 1913, El Salvador was politically stable, with undercurrents of popular discontent. When President Manuel Enrique Araujo was assassinated in 1913, many hypotheses were put forward for the political reasons of his assassination. Dios, Union, Libertad (God, Union, Liberty) Salvador 1912 Flag. The administration of Araujo was followed by the Melendez-Kinones dynasty, which lasted from 1913 to 1927. Pio Romero Bosque, a former government minister and trusted ally of the dynasty, succeeded President Jorge Melendez and in 1930 announced free elections in which Arturo Araujo came to power on March 1, 1931, as a result of the country's first freely contested elections. His government lasted only nine months before it was overthrown by junior military officers, accused him of the Labour Party of lacking political political governmental experience and inefficient use of government agencies. President Araujo faced general discontent as the people expected economic reforms and land redistribution. Demonstrations have been held in front of the National Palace since the first week of his administration. Its vice-president and minister of war was General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez. In December 1931, junior officers staged a coup d'etat led by Martinez. Only the First Cavalry Regiment and the National Police defended the presidency (the national police were on his payroll), but later that night, after hours of fighting, far outnumbered human rights defenders surrendered to the rebel forces. The directorate, made up of officers, hid behind a dark figure, a wealthy anti-communist banker named Rodolfo Duke, and later installed a hot fascist Martinez as president. The uprising was probably caused by the army's dissatisfaction with the fact that President Araujo had not paid him for several months. Araujo left the National Palace and tried unsuccessfully to organize forces to defeat the uprising. The U.S. Secretary of State in El Salvador met with the Office and then recognized the Martinez government, which had agreed to hold presidential elections. He resigned six months before his re-election, winning the presidency as the only candidate in the election. He ruled from 1935 to 1939, then from 1939 to 1943. He began his fourth term in 1944, but resigned in May after a general strike. Martinez said he would respect the constitution, which stipulates that he cannot be re-elected, but he refused to keep his promise. La Matanza Since December 1931, the year of the coup that brought Martinez to power, there has been a brutal suppression of the rural resistance. The most notable development was the uprising of The Salvadoran Peasants in February 1932, originally led by Farabundo Marti and Abel Cuenca, as well as students at Alfonso Luna University and Mario Sapata, but these leaders were captured before the planned uprising. Only Cuenca survived; other rebels were killed by the government. After the capture of the movement's leaders, the uprising erupted in a disorganized and mob-controlled manner, leading to a crackdown by the government, later dubbed La Matanza, because tens of thousands of citizens died in the ensuing chaos on the orders of President Martinez. In the volatile political environment of the previous few years, public figure and revolutionary leader Farabundo Marti helped create the Communist Party of Central America and led a communist alternative to the Red Cross called International Red Aid by acting as one of its representatives. Their goal was to help the poor and disadvantaged through Marxist-Leninist ideology (resolutely rejecting Stalinism). In December 1930, at the height of the and social depression, Marty was re-expelled because of his popularity among the poor country and rumors of his impending presidential nomination next year. After Arturo Araujo was elected president in 1931, Marti returned to El Salvador, and together with Alfonso Luna and Mario Sapata began a movement that was later truncated by the military. Jose Napoleon Duarte They helped launch a guerrilla uprising by indigenous farmers. In response, the government killed more than 30,000 people at a peace meeting in 1932. The peasant uprising against Martinez was suppressed by the Salvadoran army ten days after it began. The Communist uprising, fueled by falling coffee prices, enjoyed some initial success, but soon sank into a bloodbath. President Martinez, who had overthrown the elected government just weeks earlier, ordered the defeated Marty to shoot after a superficial hearing. Historically, El Salvador's high population density has contributed to tensions with neighbouring Honduras, as poor Salvadorans have emigrated to less densely populated Honduras and have established themselves as squatters on unused or underutilized land. This phenomenon was the main cause of the 1969 football war between the two countries. Up to 130,000 Salvadorans were forcibly expelled or fled Honduras. The Christian Democratic Party (HDP) and the National Reconciliation Party (PCH) were active in Salvadoran politics from 1960 to 2011, when they were dissolved by the Supreme Court because they failed to obtain enough votes in the 2004 presidential elections; Both sides have since been restored. They share common ideals, but one represents the middle class and the latter interests the Salvadoran military. PDC leader Jose Napoleon Duarte was mayor of San Salvador from 1964 to 1970, winning three elections under the regime of PCN President Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo, who allowed free elections for mayors and the National Assembly. Duarte later ran for president from a political group called the National Union of The Opposition (UNA), but was defeated in the 1972 presidential election. He lost to the former Minister of the Interior, Colonel Arturo Armando Molina, in an election that was deemed fraudulent; Molina was declared the winner, despite Duarte being said to have won a majority. Duarte, at the request of some army officers, supported the uprising in protest against electoral fraud, but was captured, tortured and then exiled. Duarte returned to the country in 1979 to enter politics after working on projects in Venezuela as an engineer. El Salvador Civil War (1979-1992) Additional information: Civil War in El Salvador 15 1979, a coup brought to power the revolutionary government of El Salvador. It nationalized many private companies and took over most of the private property ownership The purpose of this new junta was to stop the revolutionary movement, which is already underway in response to Duarte's stolen elections. Nevertheless, the oligarchy opposed agrarian reform, and a junta was formed with young liberal elements from the army, such as General Majano and General Gutierrez, as well as progressives such as Guillermo Ungo and Alvarez. The billboard serves as a reminder of one of the many massacres that took place during the Civil War. Pressure from the oligarchy soon dissolved the junta because of its inability to control the army in repressions against people fighting for rights to unite, agrarian reform, wage increases, affordable health care and freedom of expression. Meanwhile, the guerrilla movement extends to all sectors of Salvadoran society. Secondary and high school students were organized in MERS (Movimiento Estudiantil Revolucionario de Secundaria, Revolutionary Movement of Secondary School Students); students were associated with AGEUS (Asociacion de Estudiantes Universitarios Salvadorenos; Association of Salvadoran College Students); and the workers were organized in the BNR (Bloque Popular Revolucionario, People's Revolutionary Bloc). In October 1980, several other large guerrilla groups on the Salvadoran left formed the Farabundo-Marti National Liberation Front, or FMLN. By the late 1970s, under contract with the government, death squads were killing about 10 people every day. At the same time, FMLN had 6,000 to 8,000 active guerrillas and hundreds of thousands of militias, supporters and sympathizers over time. ERP combatants in Perquan, 1990. The United States supported and financed the creation of a second junta to change the political environment and stop the spread of leftist rebellion. Napoleon Duarte was recalled from his exile in Venezuela to lead this new junta. However, the revolution had already begun and his new role as head of the junta had been seen by the public as opportunistic. He could not influence the outcome of the uprising. Oscar Romero, Archbishop of San Salvador, condemned the injustice and massacres committed by government forces against the civilian population. He was considered the voice of the voiceless, but was killed by a death squad during Mass on March 24, 1980. Some believe that this is the beginning of a complete civil war in El Salvador that lasted from 1980 to 1992. An unknown number of people disappeared during the conflict, and the UN says more than 75,000 people have been killed. The U.S.-trained Talcatl Battalion of the Salvadoran Army is responsible for the El Mozota massacre, in which more than 800 civilians were killed, more than half of them children, the Al-Calaboso massacre and the killing of UCA scientists. Reconstruction of Radio Venceremos, at the Palabra-e-la-Image Museum, San Salvador. 16 January 1992, the Government of El Salvador President Alfredo Cristiani and FMLN, represented by the commanders of five guerrilla groups - Shafiq Khandal, Joaquin Villalobos, Salvador Sanchez Seron, Francisco Jovel and Eduardo Sancho - signed peace agreements brokered by the United Nations to end the 12-year civil war. The event, which took place at Chapultepec Castle in Mexico, was attended by senior UN officials and other representatives of the international community. By signing the truce, the president stood up and shook hands with all the now former guerrilla commanders, which was widely revered. The post-war (1992-present) so-called Chapultepec peace accords ordered the reduction of the army and the dissolution of the national police, the Treasury Police, the National Guard and the Civil Defence, a paramilitary group. A new civilian police force will be organized. Judicial immunity for crimes committed by the armed forces has been terminated; the Government has agreed to submit recommendations to the Commission for Truth in El Salvador (Comisi'n de la Verdad Para El Salvador), which will investigate the serious acts of violence that have taken place since 1980, as well as the nature and consequences of violence, and ... recommend methods to promote national reconciliation. In 1993, the Commission published its findings, which included reports of human rights violations on both sides of the conflict. Five days later, the Salvadoran Legislature passed an amnesty law for all acts of violence during that period. From 1989 to 2004, Salvadorans preferred the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party, voting in arena presidents in all elections (Alfredo Cristiani, Armando Calderon Sol, Francisco Flores, Antonio Saca) until 2009. The leftist party's failed attempts to win the presidential election have led to it being chosen as a journalist's candidate rather than a former partisan leader. On March 15, 2009, Mauricio Funes, a TELEVISION presenter, became the first president of the National Liberation Front (FMLM) party, Farabundo Marti. It was opened on June 1, 2009. One of the activities of the Funes Government was to uncover alleged corruption by the previous government. ARENA officially expelled Saka from the party in December 2009. With 12 loyalists in the National Assembly, Saka formed his own party, GANA (Grand Alianza por la Unidad National or Great Alliance for National Unity), and entered into a tactical legislative alliance with FMLN. After three years as president, when Saka's Ghana party won a legislative majority, Funes took no steps to investigate or bring corrupt former officials to justice. Economic reforms since the early 1990s have brought significant benefits in terms of improving social conditions, export sector and access to international financial markets at the investment level. Crime remains a major for the investment climate. At the beginning of the new millennium, the Government of El Salvador established the Ministry of Environment and Nature, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARN), in response to climate change. Geography Main article: Geography of El Salvador Panoramic Coatheke Caldera, Cerro Verde and Izalco (volcano) Map of the topography of Salvador Salvador. El Salvador sits on the isthmus of Central America between latitudes 13 and 15 degrees Celsius, and longitude 87 and 91W. It stretches for 270 km (168 miles) from west to northwest to east-southeast and 142 km (88 miles) from north to south, with a total area of 21,041 sq km (8,124 sq m). As the smallest country in continental America, Salvador is affectionately called Pulgarcito de America (Tom Big Finger America). El Salvador borders Guatemala and Honduras, with a total length of 546 km (339 miles): 126 miles (203 km) with Guatemala and 343 km (213 miles) from Honduras. It is the only Central American country that does not have a Caribbean coast. El Salvador has more than 300 rivers, the most important of which is Rio Lempa. Originally from Guatemala, Rio Lempa cuts through the northern ridge of the mountains, flows along much of the central plateau, and cuts through the southern volcanic ridge to empty into the Pacific Ocean. It is El Salvador's only navigable river. He and its tributaries are depleting about half of the country. Other rivers tend to be short and deplete Pacific lowlands or flow from the central plateau through gaps in the southern mountain range to the Pacific Ocean. These include Goascoron, Giboa, Torola, Paz and Rio Grande de San Miguel. El Salvador has several lakes surrounded by volcanic craters, the most important of which are Lake Ilopango (70 km2 or 27 sq m) and Lake Koatepeke (26 sq km or 10 sq m). Lake Guia is the largest natural lake in El Salvador (44 km2 or 17 sq m). Several artificial lakes have been created as a result of the Lempa Dam, the largest of which is the Embalse Cerrone Grande (135 km2 or 52 sq m. There is a total of 320 km2 (123.6 sq m) of water within the borders of El Salvador. embracing the Pacific Ocean. These physical features divide the country into two physiographic regions. Mountain ranges and the central plateau, covering 85% of land, make up the inland highlands. The rest of the coastal plains are called Pacific lowlands. Climate Main article: The climate of Salvador Copppen climate classification of El Salvador. El Salvador has a tropical climate with a pronounced humid and Seasons. The temperature changes primarily from the height and show little seasonal changes. Pacific lowlands are evenly frying; central plateaus and mountainous areas are more temperate. The rainy season will last from May to October; this time of year is called invierno or winter. Almost all annual precipitation falls during this period; The annual total, especially on the southern mountain slopes, can be up to 2170 mm. Protected areas and the central plateau receive smaller, albeit significant, amounts. Precipitation during this season usually falls from low pressure systems formed over the Pacific Ocean and usually falls during severe daytime thunderstorms. From November to April, the north-eastern trade winds control weather conditions; this time of year is called verano, or summer. During these months, air from the Caribbean lost most of its precipitation as it passed over the mountains in Honduras. By the time this air reaches El Salvador, it is dry, hot and foggy, and the country is experiencing hot weather, except for the northern higher mountain ranges, where temperatures tend to be cooler. Natural Disasters Extreme Weather Events Volcanic Range, Cordillera de Apaneka, a view from the position of Elcoatitan El Salvador in the Pacific Ocean also makes it the subject of severe weather conditions, including heavy downpours and severe droughts, both of which can be made more extreme as a result of El Nino and La Nina effects. Hurricanes sometimes form in the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of Hurricane Mitch, which formed in the Atlantic and crossed Central America. In the summer of 2001, severe drought destroyed 80 per cent of El Salvador's crops, causing famine in rural areas. On 4 October 2005, heavy rains led to dangerous floods and landslides, killing at least 50 people. Earthquakes and volcanic activity of the San Miguel volcano in 2013 are located along the Pacific Ring of Fire and are thus subject to significant tectonic activity, including frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity. The capital, San Salvador, was destroyed in 1756 and 1854, and it suffered severe damage in 1919, 1982 and 1986 aftershocks. Recent examples include the 13 January 2001 earthquake, which was 7.7 on the Richter scale and triggered a landslide that killed more than 800 people; and another earthquake only a month later, on 13 February 2001, which killed 255 people and damaged about 20 per cent of the country's housing. A 5.7 MW earthquake in 1986 killed 1,500 people, injured 10,000 and left 100,000 homeless. El Salvador has more than twenty volcanoes; two of them, San Miguel and Izalco, have been active in recent years. From the early 19th century to the mid-1950s, Izalko erupted with regularity, which brought him the name Lighthouse of the Pacific His gleaming flashes were clearly visible for the great big into the sea, and at night its glowing lava turned it into a brilliant glowing cone. The last devastating volcanic eruption occurred on 1 October 2005, when the Santa Ana volcano dumped a cloud of ash, hot mud and rocks that fell on nearby villages and killed two people. The strongest volcanic eruption in the area occurred in the 5th century AD, when the Ilopango volcano erupted with the force of VEI 6, producing widespread pyroclastic flows and destructive Mayan cities. The flora and fauna of Toroogoz is the national bird of El Salvador. El Salvador is estimated to be home to 500 species of birds, 1,000 species of butterflies, 400 species of orchids, 800 species of trees and 800 species of marine fish. There are eight species of sea turtles in the world; six of them nest on the coast of Central America, and four make their home on the Salvadoran coast: a leather turtle, hawks, a green sea turtle, and an olive ridley. The Hawks are endangered. Recent conservation efforts offer hope for the future of the country's biodiversity. In 1997, the Government established the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. In 1999, the National Assembly approved a general environmental law. A number of non-governmental organizations are doing work to protect some of the country's most important forest areas. Chief among them is SalvaNatura, which manages El Impossible, the country's largest national park under an agreement with El Salvador's environmental authorities. The Government and Politics Constitution of 1983 is the highest legal body in the country. El Salvador has a democratic and representative Government, three of which are: Salvadoran cadets in the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador Executive Branch, headed by the President of the Republic, which is elected by direct vote and remains in office for five years without re-election, but he can be elected after one electoral period. The President has a Cabinet of Ministers, whom he appoints, as well as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The legislative branch, called the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador (unicameral), consists of 84 deputies. The judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court, consists of 15 judges, one of whom is elected president of the judiciary. The political foundation of El Salvador is a representative democratic republic with a multi-format, multi-party system. The President, currently Miib Bukele, is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power belongs to both the Government and the Legislative Assembly. The country also has an independent judiciary and the Supreme Court. Politics Home Article: Politics of El Salvador Additional information: List of political El Salvador's Legislative El Salvador el Salvador has a multi-party system. The two political parties, the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) and the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), tend to dominate the elections. Arena candidates won four consecutive presidential elections before the election of Mauricio Funes of FMLN in March 2009. The FMLN party is left-wing in ideology and is divided between the dominant Marxist-Leninist faction in the legislature and the social-liberal wing led by President Funes.However, bilateral power was broken after the victory in the presidential elections in El Salvador, Ryiba Bukele, a candidate from the Nuevas Ideas party. Geographically, the departments of the Central Region, especially the capitals and coastal areas known as south-west, or red departments, are relatively left-wing. Departamentos azula, or blue departments in the east, west and highlands regions are relatively conservative. The winner of the 2014 presidential election, Salvador Sanchez Seren, belongs to the FMLN party. In the 2015 elections of mayors and deputies of the National Assembly, ARENA was the winner with tight control of the National Assembly. Information on International Relations: The international relations between El Salvador and the Armed Forces of El Salvador U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo participates in the signing ceremony of the CSL lease extension with President Laib Bukele Salvador, a member of the United Nations and a number of its specialized agencies, including the Organization of American States, the Central American Parliament, and the Central American Integration System. It is actively involved in the central American Security Commission, which seeks to promote regional arms control. El Salvador is a member of the World Trade Organization and holds regional free trade agreements. An active participant in the Summit of North and North America, El Salvador chairs the Market Access Working Group of the Americas Free Trade Area Initiative. In November 1950, El Salvador assisted the newly minted Dalai Lama by supporting a telegram from his Tibetan government minister asking the United Nations General Assembly to stop the Chinese People's Liberation Army's invasion of Tibet. Only the tiny country of El Salvador has agreed to sponsor the call of Tibet. No one at the UN wanted to stand next to El Salvador. Other countries have vested interests, making it impossible for them to support San Salvador's attempt to invade the General Assembly. Despite the support of other countries, the UN unanimously rejected the Tibetan appeal from its agenda. El Salvador has an army, an air force and a modest Fleet. There are about 17,000 people in the armed forces. In 2017, El Salvador signed a UN treaty on nuclear weapons. The main article on human rights: Human rights in El Salvador, Amnesty International, drew attention to several arrests of police officers for unlawful killings of police officers. Other issues to be addressed by Amnesty International include missing children, the inability of law enforcement agencies to properly investigate and prosecute crimes against women, and the provision of illegal organized labour. Discrimination against LGBT people in El Salvador is very common. According to a 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center, 62% of Salvadorans believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society. Administrative Units Additional information: Departments of El Salvador El Salvador are divided into 14 departments (departamentos), which in turn are divided into 262 municipalities (municipios). Departmental names and capitals for 14 Salvadoran departments: Departments of El Salvador West Salvador Ahuachapan (Auachapan)Santa Ana (Santa Ana) Sonsonate (Sonsonate) Central Salvador La Liberta (Santa Tecla) Chalatenango (Chalatenango)Kusatlan (Kojutep) )San Salvador (San Salvador))La Paz (Sunset)Cabanas (Sensuntepec)San Vicente (San Vicente) East Salvador Usulutan (Usulutan)San Miguel (San Miguel)Morasan (San Francisco-Gotera) La Union (La Union) Note : The capitals are in brackets. Economy Home article: The economy of El Salvador Proportional representation of The Salvadoran economy exports of El Salvador is sometimes constrained by natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes, government policies that provide large economic subsidies, and official corruption. Subsidies became such a problem that in April 2012 the International Monetary Fund suspended a $750 million loan to the central government. The head of Funes's cabinet, Alex Segovia, acknowledged that the economy was at the point of collapse. Gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at USD 25.895 billion by purchasing power parity in 2008. The services sector is the largest component of GDP at 64.1%, followed by the industrial sector at 24.7% (2008). Agriculture accounts for 11.2% of GDP (2010) of GDP grew year-on-year after 1996, averaging 3.2% of real growth. The Government is committed to free market initiatives, with real GDP growth of 4.7 per cent in 2007. In December 1999, net international reserves amounted to US$ 1.8 billion, or about five months of imports. With this hard currency buffer to work, the Salvadoran government has adopted a currency integration plan since January 2001, in which the U.S. dollar became legal tender along with the Salvadoran colon, and all formal the data was made in US dollars. Thus, the Government has officially restricted the implementation of open market monetary policy to influence short-term variables in the economy. With the adoption of the United States. United States. El Salvador has lost control of monetary policy. Any anti-cyclical policy must be based on fiscal policy, which is constrained by the legislative requirements of a two-thirds majority to approve any international funding. As of September 2007, El Salvador's net international reserves amounted to $2.42 billion. The country has produced gold and silver in the past, but recent attempts to reopen the mining sector, which was expected to add hundreds of millions of dollars to the local economy, collapsed after President Saka shut down Pacific Rim Mining Corporation. Nevertheless, according to the Central American Institute for Fiscal Studies (Instituto Centroamericano for Estudios Fiscales), the contribution to the extraction of metal products amounted to a paltry 0.3% of the country's GDP between 2010 and 2015. Saq's decision, although not politically motivated, had strong support from locals and grassroots movements in the country. President Funes later rejected the company's application for additional permission based on the risk of cyanide contamination from one of the country's main rivers. As with other former colonies, El Salvador was considered a mono-export economy (an economy that relied heavily on one type of export) for many years. In colonial times, El Salvador was a thriving exporter of indigo, but after the invention of synthetic dyes in the 19th century, the newly created modern state became coffee as the main export. San Miguel is an important economic center of El Salvador and home to the San Miguel Carnival, one of the largest entertainment and food festivals in Central America. The government sought to improve the collection of its current income by focusing on indirect taxes. The 10 per cent value-added tax (IVA in Spanish) introduced in September 1992 was raised to 13 per cent in July 1995. Inflation was stable and one of the lowest in the region. Since 1997, inflation has averaged 3 per cent and has risen to almost 5 per cent in recent years. As a result of free trade agreements, total exports grew by 19% from $2.94 billion to $3.51 billion from 2000 to 2006, and total imports rose 54% from $4.95 billion to $7.63 billion, which increased the trade deficit by 102%, from $2.01 billion to $4.12 billion. tourism is the fastest growing sector of the Salvadoran economy. El Salvador promoted an open trade and investment environment and launched a wave of privatization that extended to telecommunications, electricity distribution, banking and pension funds. At the end of 2006, the Government and the Challenge Corporation signed a five-year agreement for 461 million dollars to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty in the country region, the main conflict zone during the civil war, through investments in education, utilities, enterprise development and transport infrastructure. In 2006, El Salvador became the first country to ratify the Central American-Dominican Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), agreed by five Central American and Dominican Countries with the United States. CAFTA requires the Salvadoran government to adopt policies that promote free trade. CAFTA has increased exports of processed foods, sugars and ethanol, and supported investment in the clothing sector, which has faced Asian competition since the expiration of the Multifibre Agreement in 2005. In anticipation of a decline in the competitiveness of the garment sector, the previous administration sought to diversify the economy by promoting the country as a regional distribution and logistics centre and by promoting investment in tourism through tax incentives. Exports to imports from the country - Country - United States 66% United States 43.4% Caribbean 26% Guatemala 8.2% Mexico 1% Mexico 7.8% Spain 1% Europe 7.0% Other 6% Other 33.6% Remittances from abroad leads El Salvador in the region of remittances per capita, with an influx equivalent to almost all export income; about a third of all households receive these financial incomes. Remittances of Salvadorans living and working in the United States sent to family members in El Salvador are the main source of foreign income and make up for a significant trade deficit of $4.12 billion. Remittances have grown steadily in the past decade and reached a record high of $3.32 billion in 2006 (an increase of 17% compared to the previous year). about 16.2% of GDP. Remittances had positive and negative effects on El Salvador. According to a report by the United Nations Development Programme, in 2005 the number of people living in extreme poverty in El Salvador was 20 per cent. Without remittances, the number of Salvadorans living in extreme poverty would rise to 37 per cent. Although the level of education in El Salvador has improved, wage expectations have increased faster than skills or productivity. For example, some Salvadorans are no longer willing to work to pay them less than they receive monthly from family members abroad. This has led to an influx of Hondurans and Nicaraguans who are willing to work on the basis of prevailing wages. There has also been an increased local propensity to consume about investments. Remittances have raised the prices of some commodities, such as real estate. With much higher wages, many Salvadorans abroad can afford higher house prices in El Salvador than Salvadorans, and thus push up the prices that all Salvadorans have to pay. Torre Futura at the World Trade Center of San Salvador Official Corruption and Foreign Investment In an analysis of arena's defeat in the elections in 2009, the year, The Embassy in San Salvador cited official corruption under the Saka administration as a significant reason for publicly abandoning the arena government. According to a secret diplomatic cable released by WikiLeaks, while the Salvadoran public may be used to the self-serving behavior of politicians, many in ARENA believe that the brazen way that Saka and his people are widely perceived as using their positions for personal enrichment has gone beyond the pale. ARENA MP Roberto D'Obusson, son of ARENA founder Roberto D'Obusson, told the American diplomat that Saka had deliberately ignored a scheme to roll back government contracts for the public works minister, even after the case was exposed to the press. In addition, there is significant evidence, including from U.S. business sources, that the Saka administration insisted on laws and selective enforcement of the rules with the specific intention of benefiting Saka's family business interests. The subsequent policy under the Funes administration improved El Salvador with foreign investment, and the World Bank in 2014 rated El Salvador at 109, slightly better than Belize (118) and Nicaragua (119) in the World Bank's annual Ease of Doing Business Index. According to santander Trade, a Spanish foreign investment think tank, Foreign investment in El Salvador has been growing steadily over the past few years. FDI inflows increased in 2013. However, El Salvador receives less FDI than other Central American countries. The Government has not made much progress in improving the business climate. In addition, the real obstacles for investors are the limited size of the domestic market, weak infrastructure and institutions, as well as high crime rates. However, El Salvador is the second most business-friendly country in South America in terms of business taxation. It also has a young and skilled workforce and a strategic geographical location. The country's membership in DR-CAFTA, as well as its enhanced integration into the C4 countries (cotton producers), should lead to an increase in FDI. Foreign companies have recently resorted to arbitration in international trade tribunals in full opposition to the policies of the Salvadoran Government. In 2008, El Salvador filed an international arbitration against Italy's Enel Green Power on behalf of Salvadoran state-owned electricity companies for a geothermal project in which Enel invested. Four years later, enel said it would seek arbitration against El Salvador, accusing the government of technical problems that prevented it from completing its investment. The Government defended itself, arguing that Article 109 of the Constitution does not allow any government from the party to which they belong) to privatize the resources of national land (in this case geothermal energy). The dispute came to an end in 2014, when both sides came to a settlement, from which no details were published. The small country succumbed to pressure from Washington's powerful ICID. The U.S. Embassy warned in 2009 that the Salvadoran government's populist policy of artificially low electricity prices was hurting the profitability of the private sector, including the interests of U.S. investors in the energy sector. The U.S. Embassy noted corruption in El Salvador's judicial system and quietly called on U.S. businesses to include arbitration clauses, preferably with a foreign location, when doing business in the country. A 2008 report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development indicates that one third of El Salvador's electricity production is publicly owned, while two thirds of them are in the hands of Americans and other foreign ownership. It is only natural that a small, underdeveloped country, like El Salvador, subsidizes some of its resources for the vast majority of its poor. In terms of corruption in 2014, El Salvador ranks 80th out of 175 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index. El Salvador's rating compares relatively well with Panama (94 out of 175) and Costa Rica (47 out of 175). Tourism Additional information: Tourism in El Salvador It was estimated that 1,394,000 international tourists visited El Salvador in 2014. In 2013, tourism contributed $855.5 million to El Salvador's GDP. This amounted to 3.5% of total GDP. Tourism directly supported 80,500 jobs in 2013. This represents 3.1 per cent of the total number of jobs in El Salvador. In 2013, tourism indirectly supported 210,000 jobs, representing 8.1% of the total number of jobs in El Salvador. El Salvador surfs because of the big waves from the Pacific Ocean. Most North American and European tourists are looking for the beaches and nightlife of El Salvador. The tourist landscape of El Salvador is somewhat different from other Central American countries. Because of its geographical size and urbanization there are not many nature-themed tourist destinations such as ecotours or archaeological sites open to the public. According to the Salvadoran newspaper El Diario De Hoy, the top 10 attractions: coastal beaches, La Libertad, Ruta Las Flores, Suchitoto, Playa Las Flores in San Miguel, La Palma, Santa Ana (the place of the country's highest volcano), Nahuizalco, Apaneca, Juayua, and San Ignacio. Surfing is a natural tourism sector that has gained popularity in recent years as Salvadoran beaches become increasingly popular. Surfers visit many beaches on the coast of La Liberta and eastern El Salvador. Using the U.S. dollar as a Salvadoran currency and direct flights from 4 to 6 hours from most cities to States are factors that attract American tourists. Urbanization and Americanization Salvadoran culture has led to an abundance of American-style shopping malls, shops and restaurants in three major urban areas, especially San Salvador. Infrastructure access to water and sanitation has improved significantly. A 2015 study by the University of North Carolina called El Salvador the country that has made the most progress in the world in terms of increasing access to water and sanitation and reducing inequalities in access between urban and rural areas. However, water resources are severely contaminated and most of the wastewater is discharged into the environment without any treatment. Institutionally, one government agency is de facto responsible for the development of sector policy and is the main provider of services. Attempts to reform and modernize the sector through new laws have failed in the past 20 years. The airport serving international flights to El Salvador is Monsignor Oscar Arnulfo Romero International Airport. This airport is located about 40 km southeast of San Salvador. Demography Main article: Demographics of the population of El Salvador (4) year Million 1950 2.2 2000 5.8 2018 6.4 Population of El Salvador in 2018 was 6,420,746 people compared to 2,200,000 people in 1950. In 2010, the proportion of the population under the age of 15 was 32.1%, 61% were between the ages of 15 and 65, while 6.9% were 65 years of age or older. The capital, San Salvador, has a population of about 2.1 million people. It is estimated that 42 per cent of El Salvador's population lives in rural areas. Since the 1960s, urbanization in El Salvador has been expanding at a phenomenal pace, with millions of people moving to cities and creating related problems in urban planning and services. Up to 100,000 Nicaraguans live in El Salvador. Ethnic Groups ethnic groups in El Salvador Ethnic Group Proportion Mestizo 86.3% White 12.7% Indigenous 0.23% Black 0.13% Other 0.64% Salvadoran model Irma Dimas was crowned Miss Salvador in 2005. She recently made headlines for her entry into Salvadoran politics. The population of El Salvador is made up of mixed races as well as indigenous, European or Afro-descendants among small diaspora Middle Eastern and Far Eastern groups. Eighty-six percent of Salvadorans identify with the ancestors of mestizo. 12.7% of Salvadorans consider themselves white, mostly ethnic Spaniards, while there are also Salvadorans of French, German, Swiss, English, Irish and Italian origin. Most Salvadorans of Spanish origin have Mediterranean features: olive skin and dark hair and eyes (black or dark brown). Most Central European immigrants to El Salvador arrived during World War II as refugees from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Switzerland. There are also small communities of Jews, Jews, Christians and Arab Muslims (particularly Palestinians). 0.23% of the population report that they are completely indigenous. Kakavira Ethnic Groups, which makes up 0.07% of the total population of the country, Nawat (0.06%), Lenka (0.04%) and The National Group (0.04%). Very few Indians have maintained their customs and traditions, eventually assimilated into the dominant mestizo culture. However, the descendants of enslaved Africans had already integrated into the Salvadoran population and culture long before that, in the colonial and post-colonial period. Palestinian Christians stand out among the immigrant groups in El Salvador. Although few, their descendants have achieved great economic and political power in the country, as evidenced by the election of Pesident Antonio Saca, whose opponent in the 2004 elections, Shafiq Khandal, was also of Palestinian origin, and the thriving commercial, industrial and construction firms owned by this ethnic group. Some 3.2 million Salvadorans live outside El Salvador in 2004, and the United States has traditionally been a destination for Salvadoran economic migrants. By 2012, there were about 2.0 million Salvadoran immigrants and Salvadoran Americans in the U.S., making them the sixth-largest immigrant group in the country. The second destination of Salvadorans living outside the country is Guatemala, where more than 111,000 people are located, mainly in Guatemala City. Salvadorans also live in other nearby countries such as Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua. Other countries with notable Salvadoran communities include Canada, Mexico, the UK (including the Cayman Islands), Sweden, Brazil, Italy, Colombia and Australia. Salvadoran children hold a photograph of Oscar Romero during his beatification of castilian languages, also known as Spanish, is the official language and is spoken by almost all residents, although some indigenous peoples also speak their native languages such as Nawat and Poqomam. The language of Guatemalan and Belizean indigenous emigrants living in El Salvador is spoken by Ekki. As in other regions of Central and South America, Salvadorans use voseo. This refers to the use of vos as a second pronoun of the face, not a tz. The local Spanish folk is called caliche, which is considered unofficial. Largest Cities Additional information: List of cities in El Salvador Religion Main article: Religion in El Salvador Religious Origin in El Salvador Religion Ratio Roman Catholic 47% Protestant 33% No 17% Other 3% Majority El Salvador is a Christian. Christian. Catholics (47%) Protestants (33%) are the two main religious groups in the country, with the Catholic Church the largest denomination. Those who are not affiliated with any religious group make up 17 per cent of the population. The rest of the population (3%) consists of Jehovah's Witnesses, Krishna, Muslims, Jews, Buddhists, Latter-day Saints and those who adhere to indigenous religious beliefs. The number of evangelicals in the country is growing rapidly. Oscar Romero, the first Salvadoran saint, was canonized by Pope Francis on October 14, 2018. Education Additional information: Education in El Salvador Dr. Prudencio Llach Observatory Public Education Systems in El Salvador seriously lack resources. Classes in public schools can be up to 50 children in the classroom. Salvadorans who can afford these costs often prefer to send their children to private schools that are considered to be better than public schools. Most private schools follow American, European or other advanced systems. Low-income families have to rely on public education. Education in El Salvador is free in high school. After nine years of basic education (primary and secondary school), students have the option of a two-year high school or three-year high school. A two-year high school course prepares a student for university transfer. The three-year high school allows the student to graduate and enter the job market in a vocational career, or go to university for further education in their chosen field. The universities of El Salvador include the Central Public Institution, the University of El Salvador and many other specialized private universities. Main crime article: Crime in El Salvador National Civil Police el Salvador helicopter since the beginning of the twenty-first century, El Salvador has experienced a high crime rate, including crimes related to gangs and juvenile delinquency. El Salvador had the highest homicide rate in the world in 2012, but in 2019 it experienced a sharp decline with the new centrist government. It is also considered the epicenter of the gang crisis, along with Guatemala and Honduras. In response, the Government had set up countless programmes to try to drive young people away from gang membership; so far his efforts have not yielded any quick results. One of the government's programs was a reform of a gang called Super Firm Hand. Super Mano Dura has not had much success and has been heavily criticized by the United Nations. It had its temporary success in 2004, but the crime rate had been increasing since 2005. In 2004, 41 murders per 100,000 citizens were committed, with 60% of homicides committed In 2012, the homicide rate increased to 66 per 100,000 inhabitants, more than three times as many as in Mexico. There's Tam Tam. an estimated 25,000 gang members are at large in El Salvador and another 9,000 are in prison. The most famous gangs, called maras in colloquial Spanish, are Mara Salvatrucha and their rivals Barrio 18. Maras is hunted by death squads, including Sombra Negro. New rivals also include the rise of Mara, the Rebels 13. As of March 2012, El Salvador experienced a 40% decrease in crime because of what the Salvadoran government called a gang truce; however, extortion affecting small businesses was not taken into account. At the beginning of 2012, an average of 16 homicides per day were committed; at the end of March of the same year, that number had fallen to less than five per day. April 14, 2012 The first in more than 3 years in El Salvador there were no murders. A total of 411 homicides were committed in January 2012 and 188 in March, more than 40 per cent less, while crime in neighbouring Honduras has risen to a once high level. Crime in El Salvador rose by 56% in 2014, with the government attributed it to a truce gap between two major gangs in El Salvador that began production. Alto al Crimen or Crime Stoppers is currently in the works, which provides a financial reward for information leading to the capture of gang leadership. Rewards often range from $100 to $500 per call. Cultural main article: The Culture of El Salvador Cult statue of Christ on the globe of planet Earth is part of Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo (The Monument to the Divine Savior of the World) in Salvador del Mundo (Savior of the World Square), a landmark located in the capital Of San Salvador. As a result, a constituent population has been formed between indigenous people, European settlers and enslaved Africans. The Catholic Church plays an important role in Salvadoran culture. Archbishop Oscar Romero is a national hero for his role in countering human rights abuses that took place in the run-up to El Salvador's civil war. Painting, ceramics and textiles are the main handmade artistic environments. Writers Francisco Gaveria, Salarrois (Salvador Salazar Arrua), Claudia Lars, Alfredo Espino, Pedro Jeffrey Rivas, Manlio Argeta, Jose Roberto Cea and poet Roque Dalton are important writers from El Salvador. Famous 20th-century characters include the late director Baltasar Polio, female director Patricia Chica, artist Fernando Llort and cartoonist Togno Salazar. Among the most famous representatives of graphic art artists Augusto Crespin, Kanjura, Carlos Cagnas, Giovanni Gil, Julia Diaz, Mauricio Mejia, Maria Elena Palomo de Mejia, Camilo Minero, Ricardo Carbonell, Roberto Uezo, Miguel Angel Cerna (artist and writer better known as MACLo), Esael Araujo and many others. Public Holidays Date English title Local name Following March/April Holy Week/Easter Semana Santa is celebrated with carnival-like events in different cities of the large Catholic population. May 1 Labor Day Diaz del Trabajo International Workers Day May 3 Is the Day of the Cross Diaz de la Cruz Celebration with pre-colonial origins associated with the onset of the rainy season. People decorate the cross in the yards with fruit and garlands, believing that if they do not come true, the devil will appear and dance in their yard. They then go from house to house to kneel in front of the altar and make a sign of the cross. May 7 Soldier's Day Diaz del Soldado marks the founding of its armed forces in 1824. May 10 Mother's Day Diaz de las Meres Day to celebrate motherhood, as in many other countries Mother's Day. June 17 Father's Day Diaz del Padre Day to celebrate fatherhood, as in other countries Father's Day. August 1-7 Fiestas de Agosto Festival Week Festival in honor of Salvador del Mundo, patron saint of San Salvador. On September 15, The Independence Day of Diaz de la Independence celebrates independence from Spain, achieved in 1821. On October 1, Dea del Nino Children's Day is celebrated across the country. October 12 is the Day of Ethnic Pride of Diaz de la Raza Celebration dedicated to the arrival of Christopher Columbus in America. November 2 is the Day of the Dead El de los Difuntos day when most people visit the graves of deceased loved ones. (November 1 can also be marked.) November 7-13 National Festival Pupusa Festival Nacional De La Pupusa This week is a national celebration of national cuisine (Pupusa). November 21 Is the Day of Our Lady of the World Dia de la Reina de la Paz Day of the queen of peace, patron saint. Also celebrated is the San Miguel Carnival, (The San Miguel Carnival), celebrated in San Miguel City as Mardi Gras in New Orleans, where you can enjoy about 45 musical groups on the street. December 25 Christmas (celebrated December 24) Noche Buena In many communities, December 24 (Christmas night) is the main day of celebration, often to the point that it is considered the actual day of Navida - with December 25 serving as a day of rest. 31 December New Year Fin de Agno The last day of the Gregorian year, and the day before the New Year is celebrated in El Salvador with family reunion. Kitchen Home article: Salvadoran cuisine Pupusas, the national and most famous dish of El Salvador. Sopa de pata One of El Salvador's most notable dishes is the pupuz. Pupusas handmade corn tortillas (from Masa Maiz or Masa de Arroz, a dough made of corn or rice flour used in Latin American cuisine, stuffed with one or more of the following: cheese (usually soft Salvadoran cheese, such as cesillo, similar to mozzarella), chicharron or fried beans. Sometimes the filling queso con loroco (cheese in combination with loroco, grape flower bud native to Central America). Pupusas revueltas are navel-filled beans, cheese and pork. There are also vegetarian dishes. Some enterprising restaurants even offer dolls stuffed with shrimp or spinach. The name pupusa comes from the word Pipil-Nahuatl, pupushahua. The origin of pupusa is discussed, although its presence in El Salvador is known before the arrival of the Spaniards. Two other typical Salvadoran dishes are yuka frita and glass con pollo. Yuca frita is a roasted cassava root served with curtico (marinated cabbage, onions and carrots) and pork peel with pescite (fried baby sardines). Yuca is sometimes served boiled instead of fried. Pan con pollo/pavo (chicken/turkey bread) is a warm turkey or chicken-filled submarine sandwiches. The bird is marinated and then fried with spices and hand-pulled. This sandwich is traditionally served with tomatoes and watercress along with cucumber, onion, lettuce, mayonnaise and mustard. One of El Salvador's typical breakfasts is fried plantain, usually served with cream. It is common in Salvadoran restaurants and homes, including immigrants to the United States. Alguashte, a condiment of dried, ground pepitas, is usually included in salty and sweet Salvadoran dishes. Maria Luisa is a dessert commonly found in El Salvador. It is a multi-layered cake soaked in orange marmalade and sprinkled with powdered sugar. One of the most popular desserts is the Pastel de tres leches (Cake of three milks), consisting of three types of milk: evaporated milk, condensed milk and cream. A popular drink that Salvadorans enjoy horchata. Horchata most often from morro seeds to ground into powder and add to milk or water and sugar. Gorchata drank all year round and can be drunk at any time of the day. Basically it is accompanied by a plate of dolls or fried yuki. Horchata from El Salvador has a very different taste and should not be confused with the Mexican horchata, which is rice-based. Coffee is also a regular morning drink. Other popular drinks in El Salvador include ensalada, a drink made from sliced fruit floating in fruit juice, and Kolachampan, a fizzy drink with sugar cane. Music Main Article: Music of Salvador Traditional Salvadoran Music is a mixture of indigenous, Spanish and African influences. It includes religious songs (mostly used to celebrate Christmas and other holidays, especially the feast of saints' days). Another musical consists of danza, pasillo, march and which are compsed out by parading bands, street performances, or on-stage dancing, either in groups or in pairs. Satirical and rural lyrical themes are common. Traditional instruments are marimba, tepehuaste, flutes, drums, scrapers and pumpkins, as well as guitars and others. The famous folk dance of El Salvador is known as Xuc, which originated in Cojutepeque, Cuscatlan. Caribbean, Colombian and Mexican music has become a common radio and party audition in the country, especially bolero, cumbia, merengue, Latin pop, salsa, bachata and reggaeton. Sports Home article: Sports in El Salvador Stadium Cuscatl'n in San Salvador is the largest stadium in Central America Football is the most popular sport in El Salvador. El Salvador's national football team qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1982. Their qualification for the 1970 tournament was marred by a football war, a war against Honduras, whose team in El Salvador was defeated. The national football team plays at Cuscatl'n Stadium in San Salvador. It opened in 1976 and seats 53,400 people, making it the largest stadium in Central America and the Caribbean. See also the El Salvador portal Central America portal Latin America portal Index Salvador-related articles Description of Salvador's List of Salvadoran Health Links in El Salvador Links - CIA The World Factbook: People and Society - El Salamor. International Report on Religious Freedom 2017: El Salvador. www.state.gov received on December 31, 2018. As a percentage, he refers to a may 2017 study by the Institute of Public Opinion of the Central University. David Scott Fitzgerald (April 22, 2014). Culling the masses. Harvard University Press. page 363. ISBN 978-0-674-36967-2. a b c d World Population Perspective - population division. population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Received on November 9, 2019. a b c d Total Population - World Population Perspectives: Review 2019 (xslx). population.un.org (user data obtained through the website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Received on November 9, 2019. b c d World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018. IMF.org International Monetary Fund. Received on March 7, 2019. GINI Index (World Bank Assessment). data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Received on March 7, 2019. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. December 10, 2019. Received on December 10, 2019. The main aspects of the law. Archive from the original july 8, 2007. Received on July 8, 2007. bcr.gob.sv b Chevez, Lionel (July 24, 2017). Ice Age. Received On April 4, 2020. Joya De Seren Archaeological Park. A FUNDAR. Received On April 4, 2020. Campbell, Lyle (1985). The Pipil language of El Salvador. Mouton Publishers. page 9. Joyce Joyce Kelly Archaeological guide to North Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Google Books. page 288. ISBN 9780806128610. Received On April 4, 2020. Boland, Roy (January 1, 2001). The culture and customs of El Salvador. Greenwood Publishing Group. page 2. ISBN 978-0-313-30620-4. Ihri, Maureen; Oropesa, El Salvador (October 20, 2011). World Literature in Spanish: Encyclopedia (3 volumes): Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. page 332. ISBN 978-0-313-08083-8. - Haskin, Jeanne M. (2012). From conflict to crisis: the danger of U.S. action. Algora Publishing. page 152. ISBN 978-0-87586-961-2. Tommy Sue Montgomery (1995). The revolution in El Salvador: from civil unrest to civil peace. Westview Press. page 27. ISBN 978-0-8133-0071-9. Kevin Murray (January 1, 1997). El Salvador: Peace on trial. Oxfam. page 8-. ISBN 978-0-85598-361-1. Boland, Roy (January 1, 2001). The culture and customs of El Salvador. Greenwood Publishing Group. page 8. ISBN 978-0-313-30620-4. Piercy, Thomas L. (2006). History of Central America. Greenwood Publishing Group. page 43. ISBN 978-0-313-32293-8. Erin Foley; Hapipi, Rafiz (2005). El Salvador. Marshall Cavendish. page 43. ISBN 978-0-7614-1967-9. GDP of each country. Klugman, Janie (2010). Human Development Report 2010 (Report). Palgrave Macmillan. page 152. Received on October 18, 2013. - El Nombre de la Repubblica de Salvador. Gobierno de la Repubblica de Salvador. 2015. ISBN 978-99923-0-274-3.CS1 maint: location (link) - Managuara. Lenkas. Received On April 4, 2020. The rock art of The Corinto Cave is El Salvador. Bradsaho Foundation. Received On April 4, 2020. Penland, Paige R. (October 4, 2010). Explorer Salvador's guidebook: Great Direction. Google Books. page 208. ISBN 9781581571141. Received on April 5, 2020. Christopher M. White (November 30, 2008). The history of El Salvador. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. page 23. a b Campbell, Lyle (1985). The Pipil language of El Salvador. Walter de Gruiter. 924-925. ISBN 978-0-89925-040-3. William R. Fowler Jr. (August 6, 1991). The formation of a complex society in the southeastern Mesoamerica. CRC Press. page 8. ISBN 978-0-8493-8831-6. Juan Luna Cardenas (1950). Tratado de etimolog'as de la lengua aztekatl: para uso de profesores y estudiantes de historias de America y de Mexico, de ciencias naturales y ciencias sociales de las escuela secundarias, norms y prep. W. Tl. I. Aztekatl. page 27. Maria de Baratta (1951). Cucsatlan pecico: ensayo sobre etnofona de El Savator, folklore, folkwisa y folkway. Ministerio de Culture. page 15. Juan Luna Cardenas (1964). Aztequismos en el Espanyol de Mexico. The secret of de Educacion Peblik. page 47. Olson Bruns, Karen. Chihuatan. Chihuatan: The ancient city of El Salvador. April 5, 2020. Stephanie True Peters (2005). Smallpox in the New World. Marshall Cavendish. 13-18. ISBN 978-0-7614-1637-1. Map, Jeb J. (2007). Ceramics of colonial Ciudad Vija, El Salvador: Cultural contacts and social change in Mesoamerica. page 99. ISBN 978-0-549-26142-1. - El Salvador Explorer Guide: An excellent destination. Countryman Press. October 4, 2010. page 36. ISBN 978-1-58157-114-1. Gonzalo Fernandez de Ovierdo and Valdez (August 28, 2006). Letter from the Edge of The World: Memories of Darion, 1514-1527. University of Alabama Press. page 164. ISBN 978-0-8173-1518-4. Minahan, James B. (March 14, 2013). Ethnic Groups of America: Encyclopedia: Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. page 295. ISBN 978-1-61069-164-2. Deborah L. Nichols; Pool, Christopher A. (October 18, 2012). Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology. Oxford University Press. page 94. ISBN 978-0-19-539093-3. Lily de Jong Osborne (1934). El Salvador. The pan-American Union Bulletin Index. 1-12. LXVII. The Pan American Union. page 182. Amaroli, Paul (1986). En la Beskeda de Cosquetlan (PDF). A FUNDAR. Received On April 4, 2020. International Group on Minority Rights. World Minority Catalog (PDF). Received on June 3, 2016. Anderson, Thomas. Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-92883-4. Received on July 29, 2012 - through Google Books. Anderson, Thomas. (1992). Matanza: 1932 Murder that traumatized the nation, shaping U.S.-Salvadoran politics to this day. Kerstone Press. ISBN 978-1-880684-04-7. Received on July 29, 2012. El Salvador - Demography. The country is studying the United States. Library of Congress. Received on March 17, 2020. El Salvador - MIGRATION. The country is studying the United States. Library of Congress. Received on March 17, 2020. The Supreme Court of El Salvador has dissolved two parties. BBC News. April 30, 2011. Received on July 2, 2014. Roman Mayorga asume embajada en Venezuela. elsalvador.com. October 29, 2009. Archive from the original on August 11, 2014. Received on March 17, 2020. Timeline of the civil war in El Salvador. Kellogg Institute for International Studies. University of Notre Dame. Archive from the original on April 8, 2017. Received on March 17, 2020. Mason, T.D.; D.A. Krahne (1989). Political economics of death squads: to the theory of the impact of state-sanctioned terror (PDF). International research is quarterly. 33 (2): 175–198. doi:10.2307/2600536. JSTOR 2600536. Golden, Rennie (February 25, 2009). Oscar Romero: Bishop of the Poor. American Catholic. Received on March 17, 2020. Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (March 29, 1993). Un Truth Commission report on El Salvador. El Evorio Low- Euro. United Nations Security Council. Received on March 17, 2020. Tracy Wilkinson (December 9, 1992). Famous Battalion disbanded: disbanded: The U.S.-trained Atlacatl unit was known for its combat prowess, but was also implicated in atrocities. Los Angeles Times. Received on March 17, 2020. Betancourt, Belisario; Planchart, Reynaldo Figueredo; Buergental, Thomas (January 1, 1993). From madness to hope: The 12-year war in El Salvador: a report by the Truth Commission for El Salvador (PDF). Institute for Peace of the United States. Truth Commission in El Salvador. Received on March 17, 2020. Funes saca a luz corrupci'n en gobiernos de ARENA (in Spanish). Diario Colatino. 2009. Archive from the original dated July 6, 2014. ARENA expels former President Saq. Wikileaks. The United States Embassy in San Salvador. December 15, 2009. Received on March 17, 2020. El Salvador is building resilience in the face of a turbulent future. Climate and development knowledge network. December 24, 2013. Received on March 17, 2020. El Salvador builds resilience in the face of a turbulent climate future and the development of a knowledge network, 24 December 2013 - Photo Essay: El Salvador, The Creation of Gangland. Pbs.org july 11, 2006. Received on May 2, 2010. El Salvador (PDF). Fiu.edu archive from the original (PDF) dated July 2, 2007. Received on May 2, 2010. a b c Salvadoran landslide. Travel.state.gov archive from the original on May 10, 2010. Received on May 2, 2010. Harlow, David H. (1993). The San Salvador earthquake on 10 October 1986 and its historical context. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 83 (4): 1143–1154. Julian Bommer; Ledbetter, Stephen (1987). Earthquake in San Salvador on October 10, 1986. Disasters. 11 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1987.tb00620.x. - Dumb, Robert A.; Southon; Sheets (2001). Volcanism, ecology and culture: re-evaluation of the eruption of mount ilpango Tbie in the southern Mayan kingdom. Latin American antiquity. 12 (1): 25–44. doi:10.2307/971755. JSTOR 971755. a b c Laird, Thomas (2006). History of Tibet: Conversations with His Holiness the Dalai Lama. New York: Press Grove. 303-305. ISBN 9780802118271. NationMaster.com. Chapter XXVI: Disarmament - No. 9 of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Gathering the United Nations Treaties. July 7, 2017. El Salvador becomes the 21st State party to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Pressenza - International Press Agency. January 30, 2019. El Salvador's human rights. Amnesty International. Archive from the original on April 29, 2011. Received on March 17, 2020. LGBT people in El Salvador: beatings, intolerance, death. Al Jazeera. August 12, 2015. 'Terrorized at Home', LGBT Central America Run for Their Lives: Report Reuters. November 27, 2017. The global divide in homosexuality. Pew Research Center. June 4, 2013. Kintanilla, Lourdes (April 26, 2012). FMI suspend acuerdo de prestamo con el pais. La Prensa Graphics. Archive from the original July 2 Received on March 17, 2020. Gross domestic product, annual rates, major sectors of the economy. Central Bank of El Salvador. Archive from the original on November 7, 2007. Received on November 17, 2007. Saldos fin de agno o mes (in Spanish). Central Bank of El Salvador. Archive from the original on October 14, 2007. Received on November 17, 2007. Uancea, Dan (January 2009). Mining in Central America (PDF). MINING.com. Archive from the Original (PDF) dated May 16, 2011. Received on March 17, 2020. Estudio sobre minera met'lica en tri'ngulo norte se presenta en El Salvador. April 7, 2017. Pacific rule threatens El Salvador's national sovereignty. NAKLA. Herrera-Sobek, Maria (July 31, 2012). Celebration of Latin American folklore. ABC-CLIO. page 459. ISBN 978-0-313-34340-7. Trade balance, annual and monthly accumulated. Central Bank of El Salvador. Archive from the original on October 14, 2007. Received on November 17, 2007. Family remittances. Central Bank of El Salvador. Archive from the original on November 7, 2007. Received on November 17, 2007. Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (in Spanish). Archive from the original on May 27, 2007. Received on May 23, 2007. Eisenman, North Carolina (May 13, 2006). Money earned in the U.S. is pushing up prices in El Salvador. The Washington Post obtained the Article on May 2, 2010. Reorganization arena: Parties of the future after the defeat of Avila. Wikileaks. The United States Embassy in San Salvador. October 6, 2009. Received on March 17, 2020. An archival copy. Archive from the original on February 6, 2015. Received October 1, 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as headline (link) Annual Index, Doing Business 2014, World Bank. Foreign investment in El Salvador is Santandertrade.com. en.santandertrade.com. - CEL a punto de ir a otro arbitraje. elsalvador.com May 21, 2012. Archive from the original on November 29, 2014. Received on March 17, 2020. El Salvador y Enel ponen fin a litigio por acciones de la CEL. La Pagina. December 7, 2014. Archive from the original on November 7, 2016. Received on March 17, 2020. U.S. Embassy in San Salvador, Electricity Reforms threaten the profitability of the private sector, December 14, 2009, released by WikiLeaks, ID No. 09SANSALVADOR1184 Archive 2013-01-16 on Wayback Machine. U.S. Embassy in San Salvador, El Salvador: 2009 Investment Statement, Diplomatic Cable, January 15, 2009, released by WikiLeaks, ID No. 09SANSALVADOR47 Archive 2013-01-16 on Wayback Machine. E.V., Transparency International. How corrupt is your country? transparency.org. - Travel and tourism, economic impact of 2014 - El Salvador, World Travel and Tourism Council, 2014, page 5 (PDF). a b c Travel and Tourism, Economic Impact 2014 - El Salvador, World Travel and Tourism Council, 2014, page 1 (PDF). Cruz (24 июня 2007 года). The 10 most desired tourist destinations. Desired. Archive from the original on February 23, 2008. Received on May 2, 2010. Institute of Water Resources; University of North Carolina CEPA - Aeropuerto Internacional de Salvador. Aeropuertoelsalvador.gob.sv archive from the original on February 13, 2006. Received on May 2, 2010. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Perspectives: Archive 2012, Archive Archive 6 May 2011 in the machine Way back - Nicaragua case_M Orozco2 REV.doc (PDF). Archive from the original (PDF) dated May 11, 2011. Received on May 2, 2010. CIA - World factbook - El Salvador. Cia. Received on October 12, 2013. Jose Napoleon Duarte, Hernandez Martinez, Ungo, Matanza, Central American Common Market, CACM, Urban Middle Class, Christian Democratic Party, Influential Families, Death Squads, Organization of American States, PRUD, International Court of Justice, Urban Center, Rapid Population Growth. countriesquest.com - Salamanca, Elena (October 23, 2005). NO 'los otros' (in Spanish). La Prensa Grefica. Archive from the original on January 2, 2008. Received on December 29, 2007. Tommy Sue Montgomery (1995). The revolution in El Salvador: from civil unrest to civil peace. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-0071-1. La invisible herencia Africana de Salvador. elfaro.net. received on September 2, 2020. Marin-Guzman, Roberto (2000). The centenary of Palestinian immigration to Central America: the study of their economic and cultural contribution. San Jose, CR: University of Costa Rica. - U.S. Census Bureau 2012 American Community Survey B03001 1-year-old Estimates of Hispanic or Hispanic origin by specific origin. Received September 20, 2013 - Eisenman, North Carolina (September 24, 2009). Salvadorans are looking for a voice to match their numbers. The Washington Post on March 17, 2020. Aaron Terrazas (January 5, 2010). Salvadoran immigrants in the United States. The source of migration information. Institute of Migration Policy. Received on March 17, 2020. Comunidad Salvadoren: Republic of Nicaragua (PDF). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriors de Salvador. Archive from the original (PDF) dated March 3, 2009. Received on January 6, 2008. Assessment of the Salvadoran Bureau of Statistics for 2007 (PDF). General (Salvadoran) Institute of Statistics and Census. April 2008. Received on September 2, 2011. b c International Report on Religious Freedom 2012. U.S. State Department. Received on March 27, 2014. Offutt, Stephen (February 23, 2017). New centers of global evangelism in Latin America and Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107435216. AFFORDABLE NON-GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS IN EL SALVADOR (PDF). www.r4d.org. like el Salvador. web.stanford.edu received on January 29, 2018. Peter Pitch (June 2008). Youth, crime and state responses: states: violence in Costa Rica, El Salvador and Nicaragua (PDF). GIGA work documents. 80. Salvador cerrar'a 2019 con una tasa de 36 homicidios por cada 100,000 habitantes. Gobjerno de Salvador. Received on March 30, 2020. A global murder investigation. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Received on March 17, 2020. b Ribando, Claire (May 10, 2005). Gangs in Central America (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Library of Congress. Received on June 30, 2007. a b Alma Guillermoprieto (2011-11-10). In New Gangland, New York Book Review, p.46 - Bresnahan, Ryann (August 21, 2006). El Salvador is sending an additional contingent to Iraq: internal issues are allaying concerns about the war. Hemisphere Council (COHA). Received on June 30, 2007. Workers dig near a yellow police line during an exhumation at an underground cemetery in Villa Madrir. Yahoo News. May 2012. Archive from the original dated July 9, 2012. Numero de Victimas and Tasas de Homicidios Dolosos en Salvador (1999-2006) (PDF) (in Spanish). Centroamericano sobre Violencia Observatory. Archive from the original (PDF) dated March 25, 2009. Received on December 26, 2007. El Salvador celebrates a day free from murder. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Reuters. April 15, 2012. Received on March 17, 2020. Archibold, Randall K. (March 24, 2012). The murders in El Salvador fall, and questions arise. The New York Times. Honduras is among the most dangerous places in the world. Jamaica Observer. April 10, 2012. Received on March 17, 2020. El Salvador: The murder rate is soaring. The New York Times. Reuters. December 30, 2014. Lorena Byres (March 10, 2012). El Salvador: The remuneration program encourages crime-fighting recall. Infosurhoy.com archive from the original on February 16, 2013. Received on June 15, 2013. Eaton, Helen-May (1991). Influence of the union of Archbishop Oscar Romero with the struggle for the liberation of the Salvadoran people: Discussion of church-state relations (Salvador) (thesis of M.A.) of the University of Wilfried Laurier - Nuestra Signora de la Paz (Our Lady of the World). Catholic.net (in Spanish). Received on April 24, 2020. a b Pobladores prehisp'nicos inventaron las pupusas. Elsalvador.com. 31 October 2003. Archive from the original on May 3, 2011. Received on May 2, 2010. The culture of El Salvador is traditional, history, people, clothes, women, beliefs, food, customs, family. everyculture.com. Kussatlan Stadium. Radio Guanaca. Received on February 25, 2014. Further reading background Notes, background notes: El Salvador, January 2008. Received on March 6, 2008. Bonner, Raymond. Weakness and deception: U.S. and El Salvador politics. New York: Times Books, 1984. CIA World Factbook, El Salvador, February 28, 2008. Received on March 6, 2008. Country Specific Information, U.S. State Department, 3 2007. Received on March 6, 2008. Danner, Mark. Massacre Massacre El Mozote: The Parable of the Cold War. New York: Vintage Books, 1994. Foley, Erin. Cultures of the world, El Salvador. 1995 Montgomery, Tommy Sue. The revolution in El Salvador: from civil unrest to civil peace. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995. Rose, Audrey Celeste (1998). Courage to Change: Salvadoran Stories of Personal and Social Transformation (Salvador) (M.A. Thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University. Stadler, Sidney. It all started with Oysters: Memories of Sidney M. Stadler, CBE. Penna Press 1975. The autobiography of a British businessman and diplomat in El Salvador, much about Salvadoran society and politics from the 1920s to the 1950s. Between earthquakes and volcanoes: the market, the state and the revolution of America. New York: Monthly Press Review. 1995. External links Salvadorat Wikipedia sister projectsIndeciment from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia News from Wikinews from Wikiquote texts from Wikisource Travel Tutorials from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Embassy of El Salvador in London - Content is a rich site about every aspect of Salvadoran life, government, business and politics. Head of state and cabinet members of El Salvador. World Fact Book. Central Intelligence Agency. El Salvador at the UCB Library GovPubs El Salvador in Curlie Salvador profile from BBC News Wikimedia Atlas Salvador Salvador American Humanitarian Fund (SAHF) Foundation Salvador Para la Salud y El Desarullo Humano (FUSAL) Key development forecasts of El Salvador from the International Futures World Bank Summary of Trade El Salvador Training Central America extracted from the

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