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Perestroika and the Politics of the Revolutionary Left in Latin America

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Perestroika and the Politics of the Revolutionary Left in Latin America University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1991 Perestroika and the politics of the revolutionary left in Latin America. Stephen R. Pelletier University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Pelletier, Stephen R., "Perestroika and the politics of the revolutionary left in Latin America." (1991). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1811. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1811 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ummoo/ MwlntHbl ,, '»'‘‘*«'? ?-:ranSiI.Jh*„,*' 312Dbb D2T6 ] UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY AT AMHERST ARCHIVES LD 3234 M267 1991 P3885 BDDDDDDDaaDDaaDDDDDDDDODDDDD PERESTROIKA AND THE POLITICS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT IN LATIN AMERICA A Dissertation Presented by STEPHEN R. PELLETIER Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 1991 Department of Political Science Copyright by Stephen Raymond Pelletier 1991 All Rights Reserved PERESTROIKA AND THE POLITICS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT IN LATIN AMERICA A Dissertation Presented by STEPHEN R. PELLETIER Approved as to style and content by: Howard J. Wiarda, Chair , ABSTRACT PERESTROIKA AND THE POLITICS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT IN LATIN AMERICA SEPTEMBER 1991 STEPHEN R. PELLETIER, B.A., MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY Ph . D . , UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Howard Wiarda The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the impact of Soviet perestroika and foreign policy "new thinking" on the Revolutionary Left in Cuba, Nicaragua and El Salvador. Chapters on each of these nations examine the response of the Cuban Communist Party, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) , and the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) respectively, to the changes in the Soviet Union and the socialist world. Moreover, the question of what the "demise of communism" means for these actors is addressed in detail. The concluding chapter widens the discussion by asking if Soviet perestroika and the momentous changes it has ushered in signal the decline of the "revolutionary paradigm" in Latin America. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT Chapter 1.2. INTRODUCTION 1 Gorbachev, Perestroika and Foreign Policy "New Thinking" 2 The USSR and Latin America 10 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOVIET THINKING ABOUT THE THIRD WORLD AND LATIN AMERICA ... 21 3. Marx and the Colonial Question 23 Lenin and Stalin: 1917-1953 26 Latin American Communism: Growth and 4. Dissolution 37 Khrushchev and Brezhnev: 1953-1982 50 Latin American Communism 1953-1985: From Castro to the Sandinistas 70 5. GORBACHEV: PERESTROIKA AND FOREIGN POLICY NEW THINKING 88 Soviet Policy from Andropov to Gorbachev 90 The Gorbachevian Synthesis Foreign Policy 93 6. in Soviet PERESTROIKA AND THE POLITICS OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTION 117 Soviet-Cuban Relations 123 144 Castro's Response to Perestroika . Conclusions 161 PERESTROIKA AND THE SANDINISTA REVOLUTION IN NICARAGUA .169 The FSLN and the Sandinista Revolution 171 FSLN Ideology ^' The FSLN in Power ^ . .210 The USSR, Perestroika and Nicaragua's FSLN . PERESTROIKA AND THE REVOLUTION IN EL SALVADOR . .223 227 The Composition of the FMLN Strategic Thought 236 FMLN 252 The FMLN and the Demise of Communism . v 7 . PERESTROIKA AND THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT IN LATIN AMERICA 263 C ba Y 263 Nicaragua 270 El Salvador 277 The Demise of the Socialist Paradigm and the Revolutionary Left 280 BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 vi . , CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A recently published popular biography of Mikhail Gorbachev describes the Soviet leader as "the man who changed the world." 1 Anointing Gorbachev in this way is not pure hyperbole, as his policies of perestroika glasnost and foreign policy "new thinking" have altered the course of world history. The reforms initiated by Gorbachev, which many argue have engendered the global "demise of Communism," are a topic of debate among the Latin American Left. One can find both pro and anti- perestroika viewpoints held by Latin American leftists 2 x Gail Sheehy, The Man Who Changed the World: The Lives of Mikhail S. Gorbachev , (New York: Harper . Collins , 1990 ) 2 Arnoldo Martinez Verdugo, General Secretary of the Mexican Communist Party from 1963 to 1981, when the party became part of the Unified Socialist Party of Mexico says: "People ask me, 'What does Gorbachev's perestroika signify for Latin America? ' My answer is nothing, and this is very good." "In Third World, The Legacy of Marx Takes Many Shapes," New York Times , 24 January 1989, p. 11. Conversely, Jose Riva, member of the Central Committee Political Commission and Central Committee secretary for international relations of the Dominican Communist Party posits that "some in the democratic movement view the change underway in the USSR with a considerable degree of skepticism. They believe that this change may end up weakening the revolutionary militancy of the Soviet Communists. This is a pessimistic attitude. At the same time, the conviction is widespread in the Left, democratic movement that perestroika in the Soviet Union will increase its 1 This study focuses on the impact of perestroika and "new thinking" in foreign policy on the revolutionary Left in Latin America. Specifically, it examines Soviet President Gorbachev's reforms, which have concrete foreign policy implications, and the effects of these changes on Marxist-Leninist movements in Cuba, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. This study will examine the receptivity to the new thinking of the Soviet Union on the part of these movements; the impact of "the demise of Communism" on the goals and tactics of the revolutionary Left; and the implications of Soviet reforms for the future of the revolutionary Left in Latin America. Gorbachev, Perestroika and Foreign Policy "New Thinking" Under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev the Soviet Union has embarked on major domestic reforms and proclaimed the need for new political thinking in international relations. A few years ago only the most serious specialists and scholars of Soviet affairs speculated about the prospects of internal reform in the Soviet Union. Today western policymakers in government and business, journalists, commentators, and the public economic potential and enable it . to step up assistance to the world's revolutionary forces." Jose Riva, "Perestroika in the USSR and the International Communist Movement," World Marxist Review 31 (September 1988): 92-109. 2 at large are interested in the incessant Soviet discussions of imminent domestic reform and foreign policy "new thinking." 3 Gorbachev's perestroika (restructuring), glasnost (speaking out publicly), and novoye myshleniye (new thinking) have prompted unprecedented debate about the present state of the Soviet economy, party leadership and foreign policy. 4 3 William E. Odom posits that while the change is being attributed to General Secretary Gorbachev, the new course was actually initiated under his predecessor Yuriy Andropov, temporarily set aside by Konstantin Chernenko, and reasserted by Gorbachev. However, Andropov's anti-corruption and anti-alcoholism campaigns, he asserts, did not signal so clearly the extent of the intended transformation as have Gorbachev's glasnost , perestroika , and novoye myshleniye . See William E. Odom, "How Far Can Reform Go?" Problems of Communism 36 (November /December 1987): 18-33. Similarly, Jerry Hough argues that the extent to which Andropov was willing to support radical domestic reforms is unclear. Andropov did attack the social policy that Brezhnev had followed, calling for increased "discipline." " [ D] iscipline meant not an unconditional right to a job, but a 'right' to lose a job if a person was not productive." Further, Andropov wrote about the need for prices to correspond to costs and hinted at the need to raise subsidized meat prices. These concerns will be shared by Gorbachev. In his foreign policy pronouncements "Andropov had been more urgent ... in pushing for improved relations with the West" and his international policy moved away from "Brezhnev's American-centered policy in the direction of a multipolar one." This desire to engage in a multi-polar foreign policy will also be shared by Gorbachev. See and Jerry Hough, Russia and the West , (New York: Simon Schuster, 1988), pp. 148-152. 4 There exists, of course, a range of interpretations of what is happening in the Soviet Union. Some think little is changing, except, perhaps in the "tone" of Soviet politics. See Adam Ulam, Alain Besancon, and Francoise Thom in "What's Happening in Moscow?" The National Interest , no. 8 (Summer 1987), pp. 11-13 and 27-30. Others see change —albeit 3 . Gorbachev defines perestroika as a revolutionary and radical "elimination of obstacles hindering social and economic development, of outdated methods of managing the economy and of dogmatic stereotype 5 mentality." Scholars of the Soviet Union, as well as Gorbachev himself, argue that perestroika is a "revolution" born of necessity. The Stalinist system in the Soviet Union was in crisis by the mid-1980s. The Soviet Union was, and still is, suffering from serious economic
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