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VU Research Portal A Linguistic History of Awyu-Dumut Wester, R. 2014 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Wester, R. (2014). A Linguistic History of Awyu-Dumut: morphological study and reconstruction of a Papuan language family. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 A Linguistic History of Awyu-Dumut morphological study and reconstruction of a Papuan language family c 2014, Ruth Wester Cover: artwork from Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, 1984 Cover design: Flip Wester sr. and Ridderprint BV Typeset in LATEX Printed and bound by Ridderprint BV, Ridderkerk ISBN: 978-90-5335-793-4 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT A Linguistic History of Awyu-Dumut morphological study and reconstruction of a Papuan language family ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. F.A. van der Duyn Schouten, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Letteren op donderdag 20 maart 2014 om 15.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Ruth Wester geboren te Ukarumpa, Papoea Nieuw Guinea promotor: prof. dr. L.J. de Vries copromotor: dr. G.P. Reesink Acknowledgments The writing of a PhD thesis can be compared to going on a long journey, in which the traveller amasses numerous experiences and learns about herself in the process. I can honestly say that writing “A Linguistic History of Awyu-Dumut Languages” has been a pleasant journey, no doubt largely due not only to the exciting research topic, but also to all those who travelled with me, supporting and encouraging me along the way. I would like to begin by acknowledging the excellent work done by Petrus Drabbe, a Catholic priest of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart in New Guinea between 1935 and 1960. Each page of his clear and detailed grammar descriptions communicates his love of languages and his deep insight into how they work. I could not have wished for better data, and hope this book does his life’s work at least some justice. My promotor Lourens de Vries is the one who got me started on this journey, and I cannot thank him enough. After Lourens secured the funding by the Nether- lands Research Council (NWO) for the project “The Awyu-Dumut language family in its cultural and linguistic context”, I joined him and Wilco van den Heuvel as the third member of the ‘Awyu-Dumut family’ at the VU University in Amsterdam. Lourens, thank you for your contagious enthusiasm, your ability to always inspire, your encouragement whenever I was stuck, and your availability and willingness to answer questions whenever I felt like asking them. Thanks also for graciously let- ting me disagree with you on the origins of Awyu-Dumut switch reference. I have learned much from you, not just about linguistics but also about life, and will miss our collaboration. Ever since I can remember, wantok is the term used by those with the surname ‘Wester’ to refer to those with the surname ‘Reesink.’ Ger, you have been an excel- lent wantok the past four years, and going back to the origin of this Tok Pisin word, I would like to thank you for ‘speaking the same language’ as I. The endless hours you selflessly put in as co-promotor, as well as your wisdom, insight and eye for detail, will not quickly be forgotten. Thank you for coming along on this journey. The highlight of my PhD journey was without a doubt my three-month stay at the Australian National University in Canberra, funded by the Australian Nether- lands Research Collaboration (ANRC) and the VU University Amsterdam. The re- searchers at the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific provided a welcoming and sti- mulating research environment. I would like to thank Nick Evans, Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross, Harold Koch, Mark Donahue, Bethwyn Evans, Gwendolyn Hyslop, Alexander François, Julia Miller, Christian Döhler, Darja Hoenigman, Fanny Cottet, Niko Kobepa, Aung Si, Charlotte van Tongeren and Matthew Carroll for their inte- rest in and comments on my research, and for sharing their own research with me. A special thank you goes to my housemates at Wongoola Close for making my time in Australia unforgettable. However, most of my time was not spent in Australia but in Amsterdam at the VU. Bertie Kaal and Agata Cybulska, thank you for being such great roommates, putting up with my sighs, exclamations and inexplicable stories about Drabbe and Awyu-Dumut languages, and for enjoying so many coffees (or ‘wiener melanges’) with me. Good luck on finishing your own PhD journeys. Wilco, thank you for your continual support, your ability to listen, your gentle encouragement along the way and for always believing my research was going well and meaning something. Thank you also for your meticulous – and fast – reading of the entire draft version just before your summer holidays. I have thoroughly enjoyed working together and can only hope I will have colleagues like you in the future. I would like to thank my reading committee for taking the time to read and comment on the thesis. An additional thank you to Laura Robinson for commenting on draft versions of chapters 4 and 6 at an early stage, giving me much-needed confidence, and mercietjes to Michael Dunn for helping me with the phylogenetics section. I would also like to thank my friend and fellow linguist Cindy Groff Heiner for editing my thesis. Throughout my journey I have been supported by my wider community of friends and family. I am grateful to my parents for an upbringing that instilled a deep appreciation of diversity in me, and to my dad for suggesting I study lin- guistics when I was 16 years old. Furthermore, I would like to thank my eldest brother Flip for making it look so difficult to do a PhD, as that made it much eas- ier. And thank you Thomas for your timely suggestion that I use LATEX instead of Word to format this book, saving me numerous frustrations and opening up a whole new world. A big thank you also goes to all my friends and family members who cheered me on, both to those who were truly intrigued and to those who still cannot remember the names ‘Awyu-Dumut’ and ‘Drabbe’ after four years. Lastly, I would like to thank Gerben Dekker. Your belief in me and your unwavering love kept and keep me going. You are the very best travel companion, and I look forward to the many journeys ahead that we will share. Oslo, January 2014 Ruth Wester Contents Introduction1 1 Setting the Scene3 1.1 Location and Sources of Data ....................... 3 1.2 Previous Study of Awyu-Dumut Languages............... 10 1.3 Awyu-Dumut Languages are Constructs................. 14 1.4 Methodology: the Comparative Method................. 16 1.5 The Structure of the Book.......................... 19 1.6 A Note on Glossing............................. 20 2 Proto Phonology and Phylogenetics 21 2.1 Data...................................... 22 2.2 Orthography and Morphophonemics................... 22 2.3 Sound Correspondences.......................... 24 2.4 PAD Consonant Reconstruction ...................... 33 2.5 Note on Korowai .............................. 33 2.6 Sound Changes and Subgrouping..................... 34 2.7 Note on Awyu-Dumut Vowels....................... 36 2.8 Phylogenetics ................................ 40 2.9 Summary................................... 47 3 Nouns and Adjectives 49 3.1 Adjectives .................................. 49 3.2 Compound Nouns ............................. 50 3.3 Possession .................................. 53 3.4 Plurality ................................... 53 3.5 Kinship Terms................................ 54 3.6 Coordination of Nouns........................... 57 3.7 Summary................................... 64 4 Awyu-Dumut Pronouns 65 4.1 Reconstruction of Awyu-Dumut Personal Pronouns.......... 65 4.2 Awyu-Dumut Possessive Pronouns.................... 72 4.3 Awyu-Dumut Emphatic Pronouns .................... 74 4.4 Summary................................... 75 5 Subject Person-Number Marking 77 5.1 First Person Singular Subject Marker................... 78 5.2 Non-first Person Singular Subject Marker................ 80 5.3 First Person Plural Subject Marker .................... 83 5.4 Non-first Person Plural Subject Marker.................. 84 5.5 Summary................................... 85 6 Mood 87 6.1 Verb Stems and Mood............................ 88 6.2 Irrealis Mood................................. 91 6.3 Realis Mood................................. 93 6.4 Reconstruction................................ 102 7 Tense 105 7.1 Past Tense .................................. 106 7.2 Future Tense................................