Plant Reproduction and Growth

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The moth orchid, which grows in Southeast Asia and Australia, has flowers that bloom for three months.

By the end of this lesson . . . ImagesVolat/Moment/Getty ©Jean-Michel © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: you will be able to explain how genetic and environmental factors affect the growth and reproduction of plants.

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Go online to view the digital version of the Hands-On Lab for this lesson and to download additional lab resources.

CAN YOU EXPLAIN IT?

How does the structure of the sacred lotus flower relate to reproduction?

The sacred lotus grows in soil that is submerged in water. An individual plant can live for a thousand years, and the seeds can remain viable for as long as 1,300 years.

Researchers have found that the sacred lotus has the ability to regulate the temperature of its flowers. As the air temperature cools, the flower maintains a steady temperature and emits a fragrant scent.

1. What function do you think a flower that stays warm at night might have for a plant? What function do you think a sweet smelling flower might have for a plant? © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©Danita Delimont/Gallo Images/Getty Images © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits:

EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK As you explore the lesson, gather evidence to help you explain the function of the sacred lotus flower.

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EXPLORATION 1

Investigating Reproductive Structures of Plants

Like all living organisms, plants use the process of reproduction to produce offspring. Different species have different ways of reproducing, but they all have specialized structures for reproduction. These structures come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. They can be a source of nutrition for animals, and objects of beauty highly valued by people.

Analyze Plant Structures

2. Examine the plant structures below. Which functions do you think each structure plays in the plant’s reproduction? attract animals disperse seeds Write the functions for each plant. protect seeds

Willow trees have flower clusters called catkins that can be male or female. The female catkins contain seeds, and they are covered with long, fluffy hairs.

Cherry trees have distinctive flowers that range in color from white to pink. The flowers contain sugary nectar and protein-rich pollen.

Pomegranate trees grow in warm, dry climates. Their seeds are housed inside colorful, juicy fruits.

Blue spruce trees have male and female cones, © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©Matthijs Wetterauw/Shutterstock; (tc) Wetterauw/Shutterstock; (t) ©Matthijs © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: Arras/Getty Images; (bc) ©ozgurdonmaz/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images; ©Joerg Jeseni?nik/Hemera/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images (b) ©Tomo both of which are covered with tough scales. These female cones contain lightweight seeds.

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© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©David Maitland/The Image Bank/Getty Images 3. grows intoastalk-like structure thatproduces spores, andthelifecyclecontinues. requirement forwater, manyseedless plantsliveinmoistenvironments. Afertilizedegg one plantmustswimthrough watertofertilizetheeggofanotherplant.Becausethis is dispersedfrom theparent plantandcangrow intoanewplantbody. Aspermfrom of seedless plantsgrow from spores. Aspore ofaseedless plantisatinystructure that Seedless plantsdonotproduce seedsforreproduction. Insteadofseeds,thebodies Plants Seedless of Reproduction changing environment. increases thechancethatsomeoffspring willhavetraits thathelpthemsurviveina genetically different from bothparents andfrom eachother. Thisgeneticvariation All plantscanreproduce sexually. Plantsproduced bysexualreproduction are Plants in Reproduction Sexual Reproductive Structures of Seedless Plants Seedless of Structures Reproductive Mosses are seedless plantsthatgrow onrocks, soil,trees, andevenbetweencracks inpavement. seedless plant? Howmightdryconditionsaffect thereproductive success ofa Discuss spores are produced. structure, onwhich grows intoastalk-like fertilized eggthen swims toanegg.A occurs whenasperm plant, fertilization In thispartofthe Fertilization new plantbody. plant andgrow intoa away from theparent Spores maylandfar plant, calledacapsule. this partofthemoss are released from conditions, spores Under theright Release ofSpores Lesson 3PlantReproduction and Growth 159 LONumber=6L1_0370; CorrectionKey=NL-B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “Fileinfo” 160 largest group ofplantsthatliveonland. Flowering plantsare thelargest group withinthePlantaekingdom.Theyare alsothe seeds enclosedinastructure calledacone.Floweringplantsproduce flowersandfruit. produce seedsthatare notenclosedinafruit.Mostnonfloweringseedplantsproduce or animals.After seedshavebeendispersed,theywillgrow intonewplants. protective coating.Seedscanbedistributedawayfrom theparent plantbywind,water, plant. Theovulebecomestheseed,structure thatcontainstheembryoinsidea get inside.Whenpollenreaches andfertilizesanegg,pollinationoccurs. a structure calledanovule.Thehasasmallopeningwhere transported pollencan like finedustandcanbetransported bywind,water, andanimals.Eggsdevelopinside In seedplants,spermare carriedinamicroscopic structure calledpollen.Pollen looks Plants Seed of Reproduction Unit 3Reproduction, Heredity, and Growth Conifers are nonfloweringplantsthatproduce maleandfemalecones. Reproductive Structures of Nonflowering Seed Plants Seed Nonflowering of Structures Reproductive Seed plantscanbeclassified asnonfloweringorflowering.Nonfloweringplants A fertilizedeggdevelopsintoanembryo.Theembryowillthen grow into anew the air. Pollen often travels by wind. by travels often air.Pollen the here. Mature maleconesrelease polleninto scales ofthemalecone.Pollen isproduced Pollen sacsare locatedonthe Male Cone breaks apart. develop intoseeds.Theseedsare dispersedwhenthecone an ovule.After theyare pollinated, thefertilizedeggswill scale. Pollination occurswhenpollenreaches anegginside Thefemaleconehasapairofovulesoneach Female Cone

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©Maria Dryfhout/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images; (c) ©Anita Stizzoli/E+/Getty Images; (b) ©tomas del amo/Alamy Basedonthestructure oftheseedsbelow, decideifthemethod of dispersalis 4. milkweed seedlings the spaceprovided. wind palm seed dry burdock 5. EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK , water are dispersed? the flowertobendover. Howdoyouthinkthe sacred lotusflower’s seeds The sacred lotushasalarge seedpodthateventuallydriesoutandcauses Seed Structure , or animals . Thendescribeyourevidence.Write theanswerin Lesson 3PlantReproduction and Growth Dispersal Method Dispersal 161 LONumber=6L1_0370; CorrectionKey=NL-B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “Fileinfo” 162 6. Write identical totheparent. Asexual reproduction inplantsresults inoffspring thatare genetically a plant’s leaves.Theyeventuallybreak off anddevelopintonewplants. produce plantlets.Plantletsare tinyplantsthatgrow alongtheedgesof in thesoilandproduce anewplant.Otherplants,suchasspider a newplant.Tubers, suchaspotatoes,cansprout roots thattake hold plants, apartoftheparent plant,suchasaroot orastem,can grow into Many plantsare alsoabletoreproduce asexually. For example,insome Plants in Reproduction Asexual 7. Unit 3Reproduction, Heredity, and Growth table below. Supportyouranswers withreasoning. advantageous ineachenvironmental conditionshowninthe to indicatethetypeofreproduction thatwouldbemost success ofaplantspecies. argument aboutwhyproducing seedsmightbeadvantageoustothereproductive The majorityofplantsonEarthare seedplants.Useevidencetoconstructan becomes available. becomes for space A new growth isintroduced. species A pest Water scarce. becomes arelevels stable. Sunlight andnutrient asexual reproduction Environmental Construct Argument an Sm Language Condition Arts or sexual reproduction Type ofReproduction

structure thatcangrow intoanewplant. Each “eye” onthispotatoisanasexual Reasoning

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©Sang Ho Lee/EyeEm/Getty Images insects, birds, ormammalstocarrytheirpollenandseeds. growth. Windandwatercanassist plantreproduction. However, manyplantsrely on Plants cannotmovearound tofindmatesordeposittheirseedsintheperfectspotfor 9. its body. Thepollenisdepositedonthenext flowertheanimalvisits. meal ofnectar. Theplantbenefitsbecausetheanimalcarriesawaypollenthatsticksto animals. Animalsattracted totheflowersbytheircolor orscentare rewarded withatasty pollinators playanimportantrole incross-pollination ofplants. In thiscase,thepollenfrom oneplantistransferred totheeggofanotherplant.Animal pollen istransferred totheeggofsameplant.Othertypesplantscross-pollinate. kind ofplant,itiscalledpollination.Sometypesplantsself-pollinate.Thismeansthat The spermofseedplantsiscarriedinpollen.Whenpollenreaches aneggofthesame Plants Flowering in Pollination Night-bloomingplantsare usuallypollinatedbyanimalsthatare activeatnight,such 8. have adaptationsthatattract animalpollinators? Why mightitbebeneficialforaplanttoableself-pollinate andtoalso Discuss flower havetoattract nighttime feeders? as somespeciesofbeetles,moths,andbats.Whattraits mightanight-blooming Flowers containnectar, asugar-rich liquidthatprovides energy andnutrientsto Analyzing Reproductive Success of Flowering Plants Flowering EXPLORATION 2 Lesson 3PlantReproduction and Growth flowers atnight. The hawkmothvisits Explore ONLINE! 163 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” LONumber=6L1_0370; CorrectionKey=NL-B

Explore Reproduction in a Flowering Plant

The structures of the reproductive organs found in a flower relate to their function in pollination.

Stamen The stamen is a flower’s male reproductive structure. A stamen consists of an anther, the pollen-producing part of the flower. The anther sits on top of a thin stalk. The anther produces spores that develop into pollen.

Pistil The pistil is the female reproductive structure of a flower. A pistil consists of the stigma, the style, and the ovary. The stigma is often sticky or covered in hairs. This makes it easier to collect pollen. The ovary contains the ovules, which produce eggs. After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds. The ovary develops into a fruit.

Pollinator As pollinators feed on nectar, pollen, and fruit, pollen from a flower’s anther rubs off on their bodies. When they fly to a second flower, pollen from the first flower rubs off on the second flower’s stigma. Meanwhile, pollen from the second flower’s anther rubs off on the pollinators’ bodies, ready to be delivered to another flower.

10. Based on the structure of the heliconia flower, which animal do you think is its pollinator? A.

long-nosed bat

B. Hercules beetle

C. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (tl) ©Zeliha Vergnes/iStock/Getty Images Plus/ Vergnes/iStock/Getty (tl) ©Zeliha © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (tcr) ©Johner Images/Getty Images; (cr) ©Jouan & Getty Images; (bl) ©NHPA/Superstock; Rius/Nature Picture library/Alamy; (bcr) ©Ondrej Prosicky/Shutterstock

heliconia flower

Heliconia is found in the rain forests of Central America and green hermit hummingbird southern Mexico.

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Hands-On Lab Investigate Flower Structures

You will dissect a flower and record drawings of the structures you discover. A flower contains the male and reproductive structures of a flowering plant. MATERIALS In addition, flowers have specialized leaves called sepals and petals. Sepals cover • flower and protect the flower while it is budding. Petals are often colorful and can help • hand lens attract animal pollinators. The pedicel is part of the stem that supports the flower. • lab gloves (as At the end of the pedicel is the receptacle, which forms the base of the flower. needed for allergies) • scalpel petal • surgical mask (as needed for allergies) anther stigma

lament style

ovary sepal

receptacle

pedicel

Procedure STEP 1 Use the scalpel to carefully dissect the flower. Sort the structures.

STEP 2 Draw Use the hand lens to examine each structure. Draw and label one example of each structure. Depending on the type of flower you dissect, the structures of your flower might look different than the structures in the illustration. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 3 Plant Reproduction and Growth 165 LONumber=6L1_0370; CorrectionKey=NL-B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “Fileinfo” 166 Manyanimalsthatdisperse plantseedsare birds ormammals. 13. Inwhatwaysmightthedispersalofseedsfarfrom theparent plant 12. are agoodexampleofthistypeanimal-assisted seeddispersal. germinate where theyare buried.Squirrels that bury oaktree acorns them later. Ifananimaldoesnotretrieve theburiedseed,seedsmay to attach toanimals. animals. Theseedshavehooks,barbs,orstickymucusthatallows them the parent plantastheanimaltravels. the animal’s digestivesystem.The seedsare thendepositedawayfrom flowering plants.Whenananimaleatsafruit,theseedspass through role inseeddispersal.Animalsare attracted tothetastyfruitsofsome Wind andwaterdispersetheseedsofmanyplants.Animalsalsoplaya Flowering of Dispersal Plants Seed Analysis and Conclusions STEP 4 STEP 3 Unit 3Reproduction, Heredity, and Growth seeds survive? seeds underground. Howmightthismethodofdispersalhelp Some insectsandfishalsospread seeds.Ants,forexample,carry be advantageousforthesurvivalofoffspring? Some animalsburytheseedsofplants,planningtoreturn andeat Other typesofseedscanhitcharideonthefurorfeetpassing 11. EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK an animalthatpollinatesthetypeoffloweryoudissected. Withapartner, discuss thebodyfeatures youwouldexpectof Collaborate Describe patterns youobservedinthearrangement ofthe flowerparts. traits ofthesacred lotusflowerhelpattract thesepollinators? The sacred lotusplantispollinatedbybeesandbeetles.Howdothe mammals, suchasthishorse. Burrs sticktothefurandfeetof seeds through itsdigestivesystem. This bird willexcrete thepricklypear

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt colony loss includeharshtemperatures, poornutrition,andqueendeath. including bacteria,parasites, pesticidesuse,andhabitatdestruction.Othercausesof losses sinceCCDwasfirstreported. Scientistsare investigatingvariouscausesofCCD collapse disorder (CCD).Beekeepers havebeenexperiencinghigherthanexpectedcolony since atleast2006,beeshavebeensuffering from aphenomenonknownascolony of apples,berries,almonds,andcucumbers,are pollinatedbybeeseachyear. However, Bees are importantpollinatorsfortheglobalfoodsupply. IntheUnitedStates$15billion Whatwastheaverage totalannualloss overthe yearsforwhichthisdatawas 15. 14. U.S.-Managed Honeybee Colony Loss Estimates Colony Honeybee Loss U.S.-Managed loss estimates(summerandwinter)were notreported between2006and2009. The graph showsthehoneybeecolonylosses reported overaten-yearperiod.Total annual

total annuallosses overthistimeperiod? What doesthistellyouabout thecontributionsofwinterandsummerlosses to the reported? Whatwastheaverage totalwinterloss overthissameperiodoftime? acceptable loss andtotalwinter loss thegreatest? these yearsexceedthisexpectation?Duringwhichyear wasthedifference between when CCDwasfirstreported? Howmuchdidthetotalwinterloss estimatesfor What percentage ofacceptableloss wasestimated2006–2007and2007–2008 Colony loss (%) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 The BeeInformedPartnershipNationalManagementSurvey2014–2015 Source: BeeInformedPartnership,2015, 2006– 2007 Analyze Honeybee Colony Loss the MathDo 2007– 2008 2008– 2009 2009– 2010 2010– 2011 2011– 2012 2012– 2013 2013– 2014 2015 2014– Lesson 3PlantReproduction and Growth Total winterloss Total annualloss Acceptable level 167 LONumber=6L1_0370; CorrectionKey=NL-B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “Fileinfo” 168 tolerance orleafsize,bothofwhichcanaffect thegrowth ofplants. planted inthesamegarden. Different formsofcertainplantgenes mayaffect drought different varietiesofthesameplantspeciesmaygrow atdifferent rates, eveniftheyare differences existbecausethere canbedifferent formsofthesamegene.For example, such different conditionsisduetogeneticdifferences betweenplantspecies. grow wellindry, full-lightconditions.The abilityofdifferent typesofplantstogrow in example, fernsgrow wellinthemoist,low-lightconditionsofforest floor, andcacti for thedifferences inthethousandsofplanttypes,orspecies,thatexistonEarth.For reproduction. Aplant’s genesaffect itstraits. Therefore, different genesare responsible Genetic factorsare thespecificformsofgenesthatparents pass ontooffspring during Plant Growth Affect Factors Genetic Explainhowseedgerminationiscausedby 16. right forplantgrowth. germination, orgodormant,untilconditionsare to grow canentertheseed.Seedsdelay coat sowaterandoxygenthatanembryoneeds temperatures canhelpbreak downahard seed such asfreezing orfire, forgermination.Extreme growth. Someseedsneedextreme temperatures, indicate thatconditionsare goodforplant moisture, andlight.Theseenvironmental cues inside theseedare triggered bytemperature, into asmallplant.Processes controlled bygenes requirements togerminate,ordevelopfrom aseed seeds ofdifferent plantsmayhavedifferent own specificrequirements. For example,the nutrients forgrowth. Eachplantspecieshasits Plants needair, sunlight,water, space,and Unit 3Reproduction, Heredity, and Growth factors. a combinationofgeneticandenvironmental Individual plantsofthesame speciescanalsohavegeneticdifferences. These Describing Factors that Affect Plant Growth EXPLORATION 3 Dutch irisseedsneedcoldtemperatures togrow.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©Brent Hofacker/Shutterstock; (bl) ©Simon Maycock/Stockimo/Alamy; (bc) ©boonsom/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images; (br) ©Alan & Linda Detrick/Science Source tolerant ofcoolertemperatures. Sun Goldtomatoesare verysweetand tornadoes, candestroy crops andforests. or latespringfrosts, candisturbthelifecyclesofplants. Severe weatherevents,suchas becomes overcrowded, theycandie.Seasonalchanges, suchasunusuallydrysummers plant’s health.Plantscompete fortheresources theyneed. Ifthearea where theygrow water andnutrientstogrow. Drought andpoorsoilconditionscanseverely affect a Plant growth andsurvivalcanbeaffected byenvironmental conditions. Plantsneed Environmental Factors Plant Affect Growth plants havegeneticdifferences from theparent plants. (Think seedless grapes andwatermelon.) Theresulting domesticated Breeders alsoselectforflowercolor, larger fruit,oraseedless variety. might trytointroduce resistance todisease,drought, orpests. produce adesired trait ortraits intheoffspring. For instance,they Plant breeders cross-pollinate different typesofplantsinorder to Atomatobreeder hasnoticedthatahybridisnotattracting pollinatorstoits 18. Howmightacross betweentheSunGoldtomato andtheJuliettomatoresult ina 17. mean forthelong-termsurvivalofhybrid? flowers. Whatgeneticchangemayhaveoccurred inthishybrid?Whatdoesthat desirable hybrid? Explore Plant Hybrids Plant Explore It Engineer heat-tolerant. Grape tomatoesare sweet,small,and Lesson 3PlantReproduction and Growth resistant todisease. Juliet tomatoesare sweet,small,and taste, color, andunusualappearance. Heirloom tomatoesare valuedfortheir 169 LONumber=6L1_0370; CorrectionKey=NL-B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “Fileinfo” 170 Smallgroves ofaspentrees thatappeartobeseparate trees maybemultiplestems 22. Would youexpectanaspentree tobeabletolerate shade? Whyorwhynot? 21. Mountainaspensare often usedtolandscape 20. from asingleroot system. reproduce asexuallybysendingupmultiplestems area. Aspenscanreproduce sexuallybutmore often but theyoften dieoutastheconiferstake overthe disease. Theyprovide cover forconiferseedlings, that haverecently lostvegetation toerosion, fire, or Aspens are often apioneerspecies,populating areas Aspen trees are atypeoftree nativetocoldregions. Growth Aspen Analyze Readtheenvironmental conditions.Decidewhethertheconditionwillresult in 19. Unit 3Reproduction, Heredity, and Growth in agrove tobeable adapttoachangeintheenvironment? Explain. attached tooneextensiveunderground root system. Would youexpectindividuals the mountainaspeninnewhabitat? areas. Whatfactorsmightaffect thegrowth of homes inlower-elevation suburbanorurban increased Tall trees grew around plant. the added to soil. the Nutrient-rich organic matter was plant germinated to andbegan grow. Many seedsfell that parent near the well belownormalfor year. the habitatThe experienced rainfall levels or decreased Condition growth oftheplant. Effect onGrowth aspen trees

TAKE IT FURTHER

Continue Your Exploration

Name: Date:

Check out the path below or go online to choose one of the other paths shown.

Capsaicin • Hands-On Labs Go online to Levels in choose one • Seed Vaults of these other Peppers • Propose Your Own Path paths.

The sensation of “heat” experienced when a person eats a hot pepper is not taste. Instead the pain receptors in the mouth are triggered when a person eats a hot pepper. The Scoville scale is a measurement scale that was created to measure the heat of a pepper, which is caused by a chemical compound called capsaicin. The amount of capsaicin in a chili pepper is determined partially by its genetics and partially by the environmental conditions in which it grows. These conditions include factors such as temperature, humidity, soil conditions, light, and the availability of water. When chili peppers are grown in less-than-ideal conditions, peppers that genetically should have low heat will become hotter, while peppers that genetically should have high heat will become less hot.

ghost pepper

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (c) ©The Oxfordshire Chilli Garden/Alamy; © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (tcr) ©Andyworks/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images; (bcr) ©swa182/Shutterstock Red Savina habanero

Carolina Reaper

The Carolina Reaper is currently the hottest chili pepper in the world, with an average measurement of 1,569,300 SHU (Scoville heat units). The Carolina Reaper is thought to be a hybrid of the ghost pepper and the Red Savina.

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TAKE IT FURTHER

Continue Your Exploration

1. How could a farmer increase his or her chances of growing a pepper with a certain heat measurement on the Scoville scale?

2. A chili pepper plant that produces fruit with a low heat level is grown in an area that experiences a drought. What might the farmer expect will happen to the plant? Why?

3. A farmer wants to create a chili pepper that has a higher SHU measurement than the Carolina Reaper. What could he or she do to achieve this goal? © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

4. Collaborate Why do you think pepper fruits contain capsaicin? How might capsaicin affect the reproduction or growth of a pepper plant? Research hypotheses about the function of capsaicin. Use multiple, credible sources to collect your data. Present your findings in a short paper or multimedia presentation.

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LESSON 3 SELF CHECK

Can You Explain It?

Name: Date:

How does the structure of the sacred lotus flower relate to reproduction?

EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK Refer to the notes in your Evidence Notebook to help you construct an explanation for how the structure of the sacred lotus flower contributes to the reproductive success of the plant.

1. State your claim. Make sure your claim fully explains the function of the sacred lotus flower.

2. Summarize the evidence you have gathered to support your claim. Explain your reasoning. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©Danita Delimont/Gallo Images/Getty Images © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits:

Lesson 3 Plant Reproduction and Growth 173 LONumber=6L1_0370; CorrectionKey=NL-B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “Fileinfo” 174 5. Use the photo to answer 5. Question Numberthestatementsinorder todescribehowananimalpollinator 4. 3. Use the photo to answer 3and 4. Questions lesson. of your the following to check the understanding questions Answer Dopeoplewhocreate ahybridplantalwaysknowtheexacttraits thatthehybridwill 6. Unit 3Reproduction, Heredity, and Growth D C. B. A. Select allthatapply. Which statementsare true aboutbonsaitrees? They canbegrown from seedsorcuttings. be smallusingtheartoftrimmingandshaping. Bonsai trees are plantsthathave“ aids inthepollinationofafloweringplant. Theflowerscares awaybirds lookingforameal. C. Theflowerattracts beesthatthinktheyare meetingamate. B. Theshapeoftheflower’s petalsattracts pollinators. A. of theplant? How doyouthinkthisflowercontributestothereproductive success D. No.Abreeder maysucceedinbreeding ahybridthathasthespecifictrait they C. No.People cannotpredict every trait thatahybridwill have. B. Yes. People create hybridplantsbecausetheywanttocombinethe desirable A. have? Selectallthatapply.

asexually. Bonsaitrees canreproduce sexuallybutnot asexually. Bonsai trees canreproduce sexuallyand nutrients required bytheplantspecies. Bonsai trees needthesame light,water, and species. water, and nutrientsrequired by theplant Bonsai trees donotneedthe samelight, Yes. Theoutcome ofreproduction can bepredicted with100%certainty. find desirable, butthehybridmayalso haveanothertrait thatisless desirable. traits ofoneplantwiththedesirable traits ofanotherplant. The animalpollinatorfeeds onnectar, andtheflower’s pollen Thespermwithinthepollenfertilizeseggs. The pollinatorfliestoanother flowerwhere thepollenrubs Theovulesdevelopintoseeds. attaches toitsbody. off ontheflower’s stigma. trained” to LESSON 3 SELF CHECK 3 LESSON Checkpoints

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©Tomo Jeseni?nik/Hemera/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images; (c) ©Zeliha Vergnes/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images; (b) ©Toby Adamson/Design Pics/Alamy Both environmental andgeneticfactorshaveaneffect onplantgrowth. water, andthey canself-pollinate.Theyalsorely onthehelpofanimalpollinators. All plantshavespecializedreproductive structures. Plantscanbepollinatedby windor reproduce asexually, producing geneticallyidenticaloffspring. All plantscanreproduce sexually, producing geneticallydiverseoffspring. Manycanalso Complete this to review section the main concepts of the lesson. Interactive Review LESSON 3 SELF CHECK 3 LESSON Draw acause-and-effect diagram withexamples C. Describe howanimalscancontributetothe B. A. affect plantgrowth. of howgeneticandenvironmental factorscan reproductive success ofaplant. plants similaranddifferent? How are non-floweringseedplantsandflowering Lesson 3PlantReproduction and Growth 175