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Plant Reproduction

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Plant Reproduction Plant Reproduction In a nutshell AP Biology 2007-2008 Plant Diversity mosses ferns conifers flowering plants Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm non-vascular seedless pollen & flowers & fruit land plants vascular plants “naked” seeds flowers & fruits pollen & seeds vascular system xylem cells AP Biology common ancestor tracheids Animal vs. Plant life cycle Animal Plant diploid diploid multicellular multicellular individual sporophyte 2n mitosis 2n mitosis meiosis fertilization meiosis gametes spores 1n 1n fertilization mitosis mitosis haploid haploid unicellular multicellular gametes gametophyte 1n 1n AP Biology alternation of generations Bryophytes Mosses & liverworts non-vascular swimming sperm diploid multicellular dominant haploid gametophyte sporophyte dependent sporophyte mitosis 2n spores for reproduction fertilization meiosis gametes spores 1n 1n mitosis mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte 1n alternationAP Biology of generations Pteridophytes Ferns vascular swimming sperm diploid multicellular dominant sporophyte sporophyte independent gametophyte mitosis 2n fragile fertilization meiosis spores for reproduction gametes spores haploid 1n 1n archegonia mitosis mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte antheridia 1n alternationAP Biology of generations Gymnosperm Conifers vascular pollen (sperm) diploid multicellular dominant sporophyte sporophyte dependent reduced gametophyte mitosis 2n cones, seeds for reproduction fertilization meiosis gametes spores 1n 1n mitosis mitosis haploid female multicellular gametophyte male 1n AP Biology Angiosperm Flowering plants vascular pollen (sperm) diploid multicellular dominant sporophyte sporophyte dependent reduced gametophyte mitosis 2n flowers, fruits, seeds for fertilization meiosis reproduction male gametes spores gametophyte 1n 1n in pollen (haploid) mitosis mitosis haploid multicellular female gametophyte gametophyte in ovary 1n (haploid) AP Biology Angiosperm: flowering plants AP Biology polar Angiosperm life cycle nuclei pollen male grains gametophyte egg in pollen cell (haploid) fertilization female gametophyte in ovary (haploid) sporophyte in seed AP Biology (diploid) Flower Modified shoot with 4 rings of modified leaves Stigma Anther Style Carpel sepals Stamen Ovary Filament petals stamens male pollen sepals Petal petals carpel stamens Ovule female carpel Sepal egg AP Biology What’s the adaptive Double Fertilization advantage? pollen grain sperm cells pollen tube pollination ovule Endosperm (3n) ovary food in seed grains endosperm (3n) beans coconut milk pollen tube polar nuclei zygote (2n) egg cell AP Biology Seed & Plant embryo seed coat Seed offers… protection for endosperm embryo 3n stored nutrients for growth of cotyledons embryo embryo cotyledonscotyledons == “seed”“seed” leaves,leaves, firstfirstAP Biology leavesleaves ofof newnew plantplant Identify the flower structures… AP Biology Flower variations AP Biology seeds Corn reproduction flowers & seeds silk→stigma & style tassel pollen AP Biology female→carpel male→stamens Co-evolution: flowers & pollinators How a bee sees a flower…insects see UV light = a bulls-eye to the nectar AP Biology Angiosperm: fruiting plants AP Biology Other fruits… AP Biology Fruit development Peach, plum, apricot, cherry 1 flower : 1 carpel : 1 ovary : 1 seed AP Biology Fruit development Apple, pear 1 flower : 5 carpels : many ovaries : many seeds AP Biology Fruit development Citrus fruit 1 flower : many carpels : many ovaries : many seeds AP Biology Fruit development Raspberry, strawberry 1 flower : many ovaries : many seeds AP Biology Seed dispersal Plants produce enormous numbers of seeds to compensate for low survival rate vast amount of genetic variation for natural selection to screen r-strategy K-strategy AP Biology Any Questions?? AP Biology 2007-2008.
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