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In a nutshell

AP 2007-2008 Plant Diversity flowering

Bryophytes Angiosperm non-vascular seedless & & land plants vascular plants “naked” flowers &

pollen & seeds

vascular system xylem cells AP Biology common ancestor tracheids Animal vs. Plant life cycle Animal Plant

diploid diploid multicellular multicellular individual 2n 2n mitosis fertilization meiosis 1n 1n

fertilization mitosis mitosis haploid haploid unicellular multicellular gametes 1n 1n

AP Biology alternation of generations ƒ Mosses & liverworts

‹ non-vascular

‹ swimming diploid multicellular ‹ dominant haploid gametophyte sporophyte ‹ dependent sporophyte mitosis 2n ‹ spores for reproduction fertilization meiosis gametes spores 1n 1n

mitosis mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte 1n alternationAP Biology of generations Pteridophytes ƒ Ferns

‹ vascular

‹ swimming sperm diploid multicellular ‹ dominant sporophyte sporophyte ‹ independent gametophyte mitosis 2n ƒ fragile fertilization meiosis ‹ spores for reproduction gametes spores haploid 1n 1n

archegonia mitosis mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte antheridia 1n alternationAP Biology of generations Gymnosperm ƒ Conifers

‹ vascular

‹ pollen (sperm) diploid multicellular ‹ dominant sporophyte sporophyte ‹ dependent reduced gametophyte mitosis 2n ‹ cones, seeds for reproduction fertilization meiosis gametes spores 1n 1n

mitosis mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte male 1n

AP Biology Angiosperm ƒ Flowering plants

‹ vascular

‹ pollen (sperm) diploid multicellular ‹ dominant sporophyte sporophyte ‹ dependent reduced gametophyte mitosis 2n ‹ flowers, fruits, seeds for fertilization meiosis reproduction male gametes spores gametophyte 1n 1n in pollen (haploid) mitosis mitosis haploid multicellular female gametophyte gametophyte in 1n (haploid) AP Biology Angiosperm: flowering plants

AP Biology polar Angiosperm life cycle nuclei pollen male grains gametophyte in pollen cell (haploid)

fertilization

female gametophyte in ovary (haploid)

sporophyte in AP Biology (diploid) ƒ Modified with 4 rings

of modified Anther Style Carpel ‹ Ovary Filament ‹

‹ ƒ male ƒ pollen sepals petals ‹ carpel stamens ƒ female carpel ƒ egg

AP Biology What’s the adaptive advantage?

pollen grain

sperm cells

ovule (3n) ovary ƒ food in seed ƒ grains endosperm (3n) ƒ beans ƒ milk pollen tube polar nuclei (2n)

AP Biology Seed & Plant seed coat ƒ Seed offers…

‹ protection for endosperm embryo 3n

‹ stored nutrients for growth of cotyledons embryo embryo

cotyledonscotyledons == “seed”“seed” leaves,leaves, firstfirstAP Biology leavesleaves ofof newnew plantplant Identify the flower structures…

AP Biology Flower variations

AP Biology seeds Corn reproduction flowers & seeds

silk→stigma & style tassel pollen

AP Biology female→carpel male→stamens Co-: flowers &

How a bee sees a flower… see UV light = a bulls-eye to the

AP Biology Angiosperm: fruiting plants

AP Biology Other fruits…

AP Biology Fruit development ƒ Peach, plum, apricot, cherry

‹ 1 flower : 1 carpel : 1 ovary : 1 seed

AP Biology Fruit development ƒ ,

‹ 1 flower : 5 carpels : many ovaries : many seeds

AP Biology Fruit development ƒ fruit ‹ 1 flower : many carpels : many ovaries : many seeds

AP Biology Fruit development ƒ Raspberry,

‹ 1 flower : many ovaries : many seeds

AP Biology ƒ Plants produce enormous numbers of seeds to compensate for low survival rate

‹ vast amount of genetic variation for natural selection to screen r-strategy K-strategy

AP Biology Any Questions??

AP Biology 2007-2008