Plant Terminology
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Hamamelis.Pdf
Amer. J. Bot. 77(1): 77-91. 1990. COMPARATIVE ONTOGENY OF THE INFLORESCENCE AND FLOWER OF HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA AND LOROPETALUM CHINENSE (HAMAMELIDACEAE)' Department of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 A B S T R A C T A comparative developmental study of the inflorescence and flower of Hamamelis L. (4- merous) and Loropetalum (R. Br.) Oliv. (4-5 merous) was conducted to determine how de- velopment differs in these genera and between these genera and others of the family. Emphasis was placed on determining the types of floral appendages from which the similarly positioned nectaries of Hamamel~sand sterile phyllomes of Loropetalum have evolved. In Hamamelis virginiana L. and H. mollis Oliv. initiation of whorls of floral appendages occurred centripetally. Nectary primordia arose adaxial to the petals soon after the initiation of stamen primordia and before initiation of carpel primordia. In Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliv. floral appendages did not arise centripetally. Petals and stamens first arose on the adaxial portion, and then on the abaxial portion of the floral apex. The sterile floral appendages (sterile phyllomes of uncertain homology) were initiated adaxial to the petals after all other whorls of floral appendages had become well developed. In all three species, two crescent shaped carpel primordia arose opposite each other and became closely appressed at their margins. Postgenital fusion followed and a falsely bilocular, bicarpellate ovary was formed. Ovule position and development are described. The nectaries ofHamamelisand sterile phyllomes of Loropetalum rarely develop as staminodia, suggesting a staminodial origin. However, these whorls arise at markedly different times and are therefore probably not derived from the same whorl of organs in a common progenitor. -
Homologies of Floral Structures in Velloziaceae with Particular Reference to the Corona Author(S): Maria Das Graças Sajo, Renato De Mello‐Silva, and Paula J
Homologies of Floral Structures in Velloziaceae with Particular Reference to the Corona Author(s): Maria das Graças Sajo, Renato de Mello‐Silva, and Paula J. Rudall Source: International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 171, No. 6 (July/August 2010), pp. 595- 606 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/653132 . Accessed: 07/02/2014 10:53 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Plant Sciences. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 186.217.234.18 on Fri, 7 Feb 2014 10:53:04 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Int. J. Plant Sci. 171(6):595–606. 2010. Ó 2010 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/2010/17106-0003$15.00 DOI: 10.1086/653132 HOMOLOGIES OF FLORAL STRUCTURES IN VELLOZIACEAE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE CORONA Maria das Grac¸as Sajo,* Renato de Mello-Silva,y and Paula J. Rudall1,z *Departamento de Botaˆnica, Instituto de Biocieˆncias, Universidade -
Auxin Regulation Involved in Gynoecium Morphogenesis of Papaya Flowers
Zhou et al. Horticulture Research (2019) 6:119 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-019-0205-8 www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access Auxin regulation involved in gynoecium morphogenesis of papaya flowers Ping Zhou 1,2,MahparaFatima3,XinyiMa1,JuanLiu1 and Ray Ming 1,4 Abstract The morphogenesis of gynoecium is crucial for propagation and productivity of fruit crops. For trioecious papaya (Carica papaya), highly differentiated morphology of gynoecium in flowers of different sex types is controlled by gene networks and influenced by environmental factors, but the regulatory mechanism in gynoecium morphogenesis is unclear. Gynodioecious and dioecious papaya varieties were used for analysis of differentially expressed genes followed by experiments using auxin and an auxin transporter inhibitor. We first compared differential gene expression in functional and rudimentary gynoecium at early stage of their development and detected significant difference in phytohormone modulating and transduction processes, particularly auxin. Enhanced auxin signal transduction in rudimentary gynoecium was observed. To determine the role auxin plays in the papaya gynoecium, auxin transport inhibitor (N-1-Naphthylphthalamic acid, NPA) and synthetic auxin analogs with different concentrations gradient were sprayed to the trunk apex of male and female plants of dioecious papaya. Weakening of auxin transport by 10 mg/L NPA treatment resulted in female fertility restoration in male flowers, while female flowers did not show changes. NPA treatment with higher concentration (30 and 50 mg/L) caused deformed flowers in both male and female plants. We hypothesize that the occurrence of rudimentary gynoecium patterning might associate with auxin homeostasis alteration. Proper auxin concentration and auxin homeostasis might be crucial for functional gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya flowers. -
An Ancient Technique for Ripening Sycomore Fruit in East.Mediterranean Countries
An Ancient Technique for Ripening Sycomore Fruit in East.Mediterranean Countries J. GALIL 1 Introduction was always very short on trees, the wood of Sycomore trees (Ficus sycomor~s L.) are the sycomore was highly valued. The ancient widespread in the Near East, in Egypt, Egyptians used it to make a wide assortment Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. They grow of household utensils and factory imple- chiefly in plains and along rivers, where the ments, houses, all kinds of boxes and espe- soil renmins humid even during the hot and cially coffins (23). Figuratively speaking dry s']mmer. They are tall trees with a broad and from the standpoint of construction crown and spreading branches, standing out timber, the ancient Egyptian civilization conspicuously from other plants. may be said to have been firmly based on the Sycomores originate fro.m the savannas of sycomore tree (17). Although the taste of eastern Central Africa and from Yemen, sycomore fruit is not superlative, in Egypt where they grow spontaneously and repro- it has been held in high esteem since earliest duce by seeds. The flowers are pollinated times. regularly by the small chalcidoid wasp Cera- The Egyptians of old expressed their tosolen arab@us Mayr. affection and appreciation for the sycomore It is not known how the sycomore was in many ways. It was held sacred to various introduced into the Near East. Perhaps deities, especially to Iiathor, the goddess of seeds or branches were swept with the Nile love. Representations of the tree and its flood, or man may have brought it along fruit are to be found on bas-reliefs and from the south (20). -
Transcript Profiling of a Novel Plant Meristem, the Monocot Cambium
Journal of Integrative JIPB Plant Biology Transcript profiling of a novel plant meristem, the monocot cambiumFA Matthew Zinkgraf1,2, Suzanne Gerttula1 and Andrew Groover1,3* 1. US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, California, USA 2. Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, USA 3. Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, USA Article *Correspondence: Andrew Groover ([email protected]) doi: 10.1111/jipb.12538 Abstract While monocots lack the ability to produce a xylem tissues of two forest tree species, Populus Research vascular cambium or woody growth, some monocot trichocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis. Monocot cambium lineages evolved a novel lateral meristem, the monocot transcript levels showed that there are extensive overlaps cambium, which supports secondary radial growth of between the regulation of monocot cambia and vascular stems. In contrast to the vascular cambium found in woody cambia. Candidate regulatory genes that vary between the angiosperm and gymnosperm species, the monocot monocot and vascular cambia were also identified, and cambium produces secondary vascular bundles, which included members of the KANADI and CLE families involved have an amphivasal organization of tracheids encircling a in polarity and cell-cell signaling, respectively. We suggest central strand of phloem. Currently there is no information that the monocot cambium may have evolved in part concerning the molecular genetic basis of the develop- through reactivation of genetic mechanisms involved in ment or evolution of the monocot cambium. Here we vascular cambium regulation. report high-quality transcriptomes for monocot cambium Edited by: Chun-Ming Liu, Institute of Crop Science, CAAS, China and early derivative tissues in two monocot genera, Yucca Received Feb. -
Fruits: Kinds and Terms
FRUITS: KINDS AND TERMS THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFTEN IGNORED Technically, fruits are the mature ovaries of plants that contain ripe seeds ready for dispersal • Of the many kinds of fruits, there are three basic categories: • Dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds, • Indehiscent dry fruits that retain their seeds and are often dispersed as though they were the seed, and • Indehiscent fleshy fruits that turn color and entice animals to eat them, meanwhile allowing the undigested seeds to pass from the animal’s gut We’ll start with dehiscent fruits. The most basic kind, the follicle, contains a single chamber and opens by one lengthwise slit. The columbine seed pods, three per flower, are follicles A mature columbine follicle Milkweed seed pods are also large follicles. Here the follicle hasn’t yet opened. Here is the milkweed follicle opened The legume is a similar seed pod except it opens by two longitudinal slits, one on either side of the fruit. Here you see seeds displayed from a typical legume. Legumes are only found in the pea family Fabaceae. On this fairy duster legume, you can see the two borders that will later split open. Redbud legumes are colorful before they dry and open Lupine legumes twist as they open, projecting the seeds away from the parent The bur clover modifies its legumes by coiling them and providing them with hooked barbs, only opening later as they dry out. The rattlepods or astragaluses modify their legumes by inflating them for wind dispersal, later opening to shed their seeds. -
Parts of a Plant Packet - Parts of a Plant Notes - Parts of a Plant Notes Key - Parts of a Plant Labeling Practice
Parts of a Plant Packet - Parts of a Plant Notes - Parts of a Plant Notes Key - Parts of a Plant Labeling Practice Includes Vocabulary: Stigma Stamen Leaf Style Petal Stoma Ovary Receptacle Cuticle Ovule Sepal Shoot System Pistil Xylem Root Hairs Anther Phloem Roots Filament Stem Root System Parts of a Plant Notes 18 14 13 (inside; for food) 15 12 (inside; for water) 16, these are 19 massively out of proportion… 21 17, covering 20 Picture modified from http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/index.html 1. __________- sticky part of the pistil that pollen sticks to 2. __________-long outgrowth of the ovary that collects pollen from the stamens 3. __________- base part of the pistil that holds the ovules 4. __________- unfertilized seed of the plant 5. __________- female part of the flower that contains the stigma, style, ovary and ovules. 6. __________- part of the flower that holds the pollen 7. __________- long thread-like part of the flower that holds the anthers out so insects can get to the pollen. 8. __________- male part of the flower that contains the anther and the filament. 9. __________- colorful part of the flower that protects the flower and attracts insects and other pollinators. 10. __________- stalk that bears the flower parts 11. __________- part that covers the outside of a flower bud to protect the flower before it opens 12. _________- transports water. 13. _________- transports food 14. _________- transport and support for the plant. 15. _________- cells of this perform photosynthesis. 16. _________-holes in the leaf which allow CO2 in and O2 and H2O out. -
Tansley Review Evolution of Development of Vascular Cambia and Secondary Growth
New Phytologist Review Tansley review Evolution of development of vascular cambia and secondary growth Author for correspondence: Rachel Spicer1 and Andrew Groover2 Andrew Groover 1The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; 2Institute of Forest Genetics, Pacific Tel: +1 530 759 1738 Email: [email protected] Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Davis, CA, USA Received: 29 December 2009 Accepted: 14 February 2010 Contents Summary 577 V. Evolution of development approaches for the study 587 of secondary vascular growth I. Introduction 577 VI. Conclusions 589 II. Generalized function of vascular cambia and their 578 developmental and evolutionary origins Acknowledgements 589 III. Variation in secondary vascular growth in angiosperms 581 References 589 IV. Genes and mechanisms regulating secondary vascular 584 growth and their evolutionary origins Summary New Phytologist (2010) 186: 577–592 Secondary growth from vascular cambia results in radial, woody growth of stems. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03236.x The innovation of secondary vascular development during plant evolution allowed the production of novel plant forms ranging from massive forest trees to flexible, Key words: forest trees, genomics, Populus, woody lianas. We present examples of the extensive phylogenetic variation in sec- wood anatomy, wood formation. ondary vascular growth and discuss current knowledge of genes that regulate the development of vascular cambia and woody tissues. From these foundations, we propose strategies for genomics-based research in the evolution of development, which is a next logical step in the study of secondary growth. I. Introduction this pattern characterizes most extant forest trees, significant variation exists among taxa, ranging from extinct woody Secondary vascular growth provides a means of radially lycopods and horsetails with unifacial cambia (Cichan & thickening and strengthening plant axes initiated during Taylor, 1990; Willis & McElwain, 2002), to angiosperms primary, or apical growth. -
Botany for Gardeners Offers a Clear Explanation of How Plants Grow
BotGar_Cover (5-8-2004) 11/8/04 11:18 AM Page 1 $19.95/ £14.99 GARDENING & HORTICULTURE/Reference Botany for Gardeners offers a clear explanation of how plants grow. • What happens inside a seed after it is planted? Botany for Gardeners Botany • How are plants structured? • How do plants adapt to their environment? • How is water transported from soil to leaves? • Why are minerals, air, and light important for healthy plant growth? • How do plants reproduce? The answers to these and other questions about complex plant processes, written in everyday language, allow gardeners and horticulturists to understand plants “from the plant’s point of view.” A bestseller since its debut in 1990, Botany for Gardeners has now been expanded and updated, and includes an appendix on plant taxonomy and a comprehensive index. Twodozen new photos and illustrations Botany for Gardeners make this new edition even more attractive than its predecessor. REVISED EDITION Brian Capon received a ph.d. in botany Brian Capon from the University of Chicago and was for thirty years professor of botany at California State University, Los Angeles. He is the author of Plant Survival: Adapting to a Hostile Brian World, also published by Timber Press. Author photo by Dan Terwilliger. Capon For details on other Timber Press books or to receive our catalog, please visit our Web site, www.timberpress.com. In the United States and Canada you may also reach us at 1-800-327-5680, and in the United Kingdom at [email protected]. ISBN 0-88192-655-8 ISBN 0-88192-655-8 90000 TIMBER PRESS 0 08819 26558 0 9 780881 926552 UPC EAN 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:20 AM Page 1 Botany for Gardeners 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:21 AM Page 2 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:21 AM Page 3 Botany for Gardeners Revised Edition Written and Illustrated by BRIAN CAPON TIMBER PRESS Portland * Cambridge 001-033_Botany 11/8/04 11:21 AM Page 4 Cover photographs by the author. -
Studies on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth, and in Vitro Shoot
HORTSCIENCE 44(3):751–756. 2009. plantlets are detached from the mother plant that are dried and planted. However, seed propagation is more feasible and recommen- Studies on Seed Germination, Seedling ded for survival of rare species (Van Wyk and Smith, 1996). If this species has to be Growth, and In Vitro Shoot Induction propagated on a large scale by means of seed or tissue culture methods, then currently there of Aloe ferox Mill., a Commercially is no basic information available on these aspects. Aloes are succulent and warm-cli- mate plants, where both temperature and Important Species water play an important role in establishing Michael W. Bairu, Manoj G. Kulkarni, Rene´e A. Street, Rofhiwa them. This study was therefore conducted to B. Mulaudzi, and Johannes Van Staden1 examine 1) the effects of different temper- atures, growth-promoting substances, and Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological watering frequencies on seed germination and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, and seedling growth of A. ferox; and 2) to Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa assess the applicability of an in vitro propa- gation protocol developed for other Aloe spp. Additional index words. cytokinins, growth regulators, multiplication rate, smoke solutions, temperature, tissue culture Materials and Methods Abstract. A study was done to investigate the effects of some physical and chemical factors on growth and development of Aloe ferox ex vitro and in vitro. The effects of light, Seed collection. Dried seeds of A. ferox temperature, and smoke–water on seed germination, ex vitro seedling growth require- were collected between the middle to the end ments, and effect of germination medium and cytokinins on shoot induction and of August from the Botanical Garden, Uni- multiplication in vitro were investigated. -
Chapter 5: the Shoot System I: the Stem
Chapter 5 The Shoot System I: The Stem THE FUNCTIONS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SHOOT SYSTEM PRIMARY GROWTH AND STEM ANATOMY Primary Tissues of Dicot Stems Develop from the Primary Meristems The Distribution of the Primary Vascular Bundles Depends on the Position of Leaves Primary Growth Differs in Monocot and Dicot Stems SECONDARY GROWTH AND THE ANATOMY OF WOOD Secondary Xylem and Phloem Develop from Vascular Cambium Wood Is Composed of Secondary Xylem Gymnosperm Wood Differs from Angiosperm Wood Bark Is Composed of Secondary Phloem and Periderm Buds Are Compressed Branches Waiting to Elongate Some Monocot Stems Have Secondary Growth STEM MODIFICATIONS FOR SPECIAL FUNCTIONS THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WOODY STEMS SUMMARY ECONOMIC BOTANY: How Do You Make A Barrel? 1 KEY CONCEPTS 1. The shoot system is composed of the stem and its lateral appendages: leaves, buds, and flowers. Leaves are arranged in different patterns (phyllotaxis): alternate, opposite, whorled, and spiral. 2. Stems provide support to the leaves, buds, and flowers. They conduct water and nutrients and produce new cells in meristems (shoot apical meristem, primary and secondary meristems). 3. Dicot stems and monocot stems are usually different. Dicot stems tend to have vascular bundles distributed in a ring, whereas in monocot stems they tend to be scattered. 4. Stems are composed of the following: epidermis, cortex and pith, xylem and phloem, and periderm. 5. Secondary xylem is formed by the division of cells in the vascular cambium and is called wood. The bark is composed of all of the tissues outside the vascular cambium, including the periderm (formed from cork cambium) and the secondary phloem. -
ISB: Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
Longleaf Pine Preserve Plant List Acanthaceae Asteraceae Wild Petunia Ruellia caroliniensis White Aster Aster sp. Saltbush Baccharis halimifolia Adoxaceae Begger-ticks Bidens mitis Walter's Viburnum Viburnum obovatum Deer Tongue Carphephorus paniculatus Pineland Daisy Chaptalia tomentosa Alismataceae Goldenaster Chrysopsis gossypina Duck Potato Sagittaria latifolia Cow Thistle Cirsium horridulum Tickseed Coreopsis leavenworthii Altingiaceae Elephant's foot Elephantopus elatus Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Oakleaf Fleabane Erigeron foliosus var. foliosus Fleabane Erigeron sp. Amaryllidaceae Prairie Fleabane Erigeron strigosus Simpson's rain lily Zephyranthes simpsonii Fleabane Erigeron vernus Dog Fennel Eupatorium capillifolium Anacardiaceae Dog Fennel Eupatorium compositifolium Winged Sumac Rhus copallinum Dog Fennel Eupatorium spp. Poison Ivy Toxicodendron radicans Slender Flattop Goldenrod Euthamia caroliniana Flat-topped goldenrod Euthamia minor Annonaceae Cudweed Gamochaeta antillana Flag Pawpaw Asimina obovata Sneezeweed Helenium pinnatifidum Dwarf Pawpaw Asimina pygmea Blazing Star Liatris sp. Pawpaw Asimina reticulata Roserush Lygodesmia aphylla Rugel's pawpaw Deeringothamnus rugelii Hempweed Mikania cordifolia White Topped Aster Oclemena reticulata Apiaceae Goldenaster Pityopsis graminifolia Button Rattlesnake Master Eryngium yuccifolium Rosy Camphorweed Pluchea rosea Dollarweed Hydrocotyle sp. Pluchea Pluchea spp. Mock Bishopweed Ptilimnium capillaceum Rabbit Tobacco Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium Blackroot Pterocaulon virgatum