Non-Destructive Estimation of Root Pressure Using Sap Flow, Stem
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Plant Terminology
PLANT TERMINOLOGY Plant terminology for the identification of plants is a necessary evil in order to be more exact, to cut down on lengthy descriptions, and of course to use the more professional texts. I have tried to keep the terminology in the database fairly simple but there is no choice in using many descriptive terms. The following slides deal with the most commonly used terms (more specialized terms are given in family descriptions where needed). Professional texts vary from fairly friendly to down-right difficult in their use of terminology. Do not be dismayed if a plant or plant part does not seem to fit any given term, or that some terms seem to be vague or have more than one definition – that’s life. In addition this subject has deep historical roots and plant terminology has evolved with the science although some authors have not. There are many texts that define and illustrate plant terminology – I use Plant Identification Terminology, An illustrated Glossary by Harris and Harris (see CREDITS) and others. Most plant books have at least some terms defined. To really begin to appreciate the diversity of plants, a good text on plant systematics or Classification is a necessity. PLANT TERMS - Typical Plant - Introduction [V. Max Brown] Plant Shoot System of Plant – stem, leaves and flowers. This is the photosynthetic part of the plant using CO2 (from the air) and light to produce food which is used by the plant and stored in the Root System. The shoot system is also the reproductive part of the plant forming flowers (highly modified leaves); however some plants also have forms of asexual reproduction The stem is composed of Nodes (points of origin for leaves and branches) and Internodes Root System of Plant – supports the plant, stores food and uptakes water and minerals used in the shoot System PLANT TERMS - Typical Perfect Flower [V. -
Transcript Profiling of a Novel Plant Meristem, the Monocot Cambium
Journal of Integrative JIPB Plant Biology Transcript profiling of a novel plant meristem, the monocot cambiumFA Matthew Zinkgraf1,2, Suzanne Gerttula1 and Andrew Groover1,3* 1. US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, California, USA 2. Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, USA 3. Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, USA Article *Correspondence: Andrew Groover ([email protected]) doi: 10.1111/jipb.12538 Abstract While monocots lack the ability to produce a xylem tissues of two forest tree species, Populus Research vascular cambium or woody growth, some monocot trichocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis. Monocot cambium lineages evolved a novel lateral meristem, the monocot transcript levels showed that there are extensive overlaps cambium, which supports secondary radial growth of between the regulation of monocot cambia and vascular stems. In contrast to the vascular cambium found in woody cambia. Candidate regulatory genes that vary between the angiosperm and gymnosperm species, the monocot monocot and vascular cambia were also identified, and cambium produces secondary vascular bundles, which included members of the KANADI and CLE families involved have an amphivasal organization of tracheids encircling a in polarity and cell-cell signaling, respectively. We suggest central strand of phloem. Currently there is no information that the monocot cambium may have evolved in part concerning the molecular genetic basis of the develop- through reactivation of genetic mechanisms involved in ment or evolution of the monocot cambium. Here we vascular cambium regulation. report high-quality transcriptomes for monocot cambium Edited by: Chun-Ming Liu, Institute of Crop Science, CAAS, China and early derivative tissues in two monocot genera, Yucca Received Feb. -
Theories of Ascent of Sap
Theories of Ascent of Sap The following points highlight the top four theories of ascent of sap. The theories are: 1. Vital Force Theory 2. Root Pressure Theory 3. Theory of Capillarity 4. Cohesion Tension Theory. 1. Vital Force Theory: A common vital force theory about the ascent of sap was put forward by J.C. Bose (1923). It is called pulsation theory. The theory believes that the innermost cortical cells of the root absorb water from the outer side and pump the same into xylem channels. However, living cells do not seem to be involved in the ascent of sap as water continues to rise upward in the plant in which roots have been cut or the living cells of the stem are killed by poison and heat. 2. Root Pressure Theory: The theory was put forward by Priestley (1916). Root pressure is a positive pressure that develops in the xylem sap of the root of some plants. It is a manifestation of active water absorption. Root pressure is observed in certain seasons which favour optimum metabolic activity and reduce transpiration. It is maximum during rainy season in the tropical countries and during spring in temperate habitats. The amount of root pressure commonly met in plants is 1-2 bars or atmospheres. Higher values (e.g., 5-10 atm) are also observed occasionally. Root pressure is retarded or becomes absent under conditions of starvation, low temperature, drought and reduced availability of oxygen. There are three view points about the mechanism of root pressure development: (a) Osmotic: Tracheary elements of xylem accumulate salts and sugars. -
Tansley Review Evolution of Development of Vascular Cambia and Secondary Growth
New Phytologist Review Tansley review Evolution of development of vascular cambia and secondary growth Author for correspondence: Rachel Spicer1 and Andrew Groover2 Andrew Groover 1The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; 2Institute of Forest Genetics, Pacific Tel: +1 530 759 1738 Email: [email protected] Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Davis, CA, USA Received: 29 December 2009 Accepted: 14 February 2010 Contents Summary 577 V. Evolution of development approaches for the study 587 of secondary vascular growth I. Introduction 577 VI. Conclusions 589 II. Generalized function of vascular cambia and their 578 developmental and evolutionary origins Acknowledgements 589 III. Variation in secondary vascular growth in angiosperms 581 References 589 IV. Genes and mechanisms regulating secondary vascular 584 growth and their evolutionary origins Summary New Phytologist (2010) 186: 577–592 Secondary growth from vascular cambia results in radial, woody growth of stems. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03236.x The innovation of secondary vascular development during plant evolution allowed the production of novel plant forms ranging from massive forest trees to flexible, Key words: forest trees, genomics, Populus, woody lianas. We present examples of the extensive phylogenetic variation in sec- wood anatomy, wood formation. ondary vascular growth and discuss current knowledge of genes that regulate the development of vascular cambia and woody tissues. From these foundations, we propose strategies for genomics-based research in the evolution of development, which is a next logical step in the study of secondary growth. I. Introduction this pattern characterizes most extant forest trees, significant variation exists among taxa, ranging from extinct woody Secondary vascular growth provides a means of radially lycopods and horsetails with unifacial cambia (Cichan & thickening and strengthening plant axes initiated during Taylor, 1990; Willis & McElwain, 2002), to angiosperms primary, or apical growth. -
Mechanical Properties of Blueberry Stems
Vol. 64, 2018 (4): 202–208 Res. Agr. Eng. https://doi.org/10.17221/90/2017-RAE Mechanical properties of blueberry stems Margus Arak1, Kaarel Soots1*, Marge Starast2, Jüri Olt1 1Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia 2Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Arak M., Soots K., Starast M., Olt J. (2018): Mechanical properties of blueberry stems. Res. Agr. Eng., 64: 202–208. In order to model and optimise the structural parameters of the working parts of agricultural machines, including har- vesting machines, the mechanical properties of the culture harvested must be known. The purpose of this article is to determine the mechanical properties of the blueberry plant’s stem; more precisely the tensile strength and consequent elastic modulus E. In order to achieve this goal, the measuring instrument Instron 5969L2610 was used and accompany- ing software BlueHill 3 was used for analysing the test results. The tested blueberry plant’s stems were collected from the blueberry plantation of the Farm Marjasoo. The diameters of the stems were measured, test units were prepared, tensile tests were performed, tensile strength was determined and the elastic modulus was obtained. Average value of the elastic modulus of the blueberry (Northblue) plant’s stem remained in the range of 1268.27–1297.73 MPa. Keywords: agricultural engineering; blueberry; harvesting; mechanical properties; elastic modulus Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium abandoned peat fields because of soils with high Ait.) is a native naturally occurring plant in North organic matter content and low pH (Yakovlev et America. -
The Genomics of Wood Formation in Angiosperm Trees
The Genomics of Wood Formation in Angiosperm Trees Xinqiang He and Andrew T. Groover Abstract Advances in genomic science have enabled comparative approaches that can evaluate the evolution of genes and mechanisms underlying phenotypic traits relevant to angiosperm forest trees. Wood formation is an excellent subject for com- parative genomics, as it is an ancestral trait for angiosperms and has undergone significant modification in different angiosperm lineages. This chapter discusses some of the traits associated with wood formation, what is currently known about the genes and mechanisms regulating these traits, and how comparative evolution- ary genomic studies can be undertaken to provide more comprehensive views of the evolution and development of wood formation in angiosperms. Keywords Wood formation • Wood development • Wood evolution • Transcriptional regulation • Epigenetics • Comparative genomics Genomic Perspectives on the Evolutionary Origins and Variation in Angiosperm Wood Introduction The evolutionary and developmental biology of wood are fundamental to under- standing the amazing diversification of angiosperms. While flower morphology and reproductive characters associated with angiosperms have been the focus of numer- ous genetic and genomic evo-devo studies, wood development is a relatively neglected trait of angiosperm evolution and development that is now tractable for comparative and evolutionary genomic studies. The ability to produce wood from a X. He School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China A.T. Groover (*) Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, Davis, 95618 CA, USA Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, 95618 CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 205 A.T. Groover and Q.C.B. -
LESSON 5: LEAVES and TREES
LESSON 5: LEAVES and TREES LEVEL ONE This lesson might also be called “more about the vascular system.” We are going to study leaves, which are part of the vascular system, and trees, whose trunks and bark are also a part of the vascular system. Let’s look at leaves first. There are names for the parts of a leaf: Some of you may be thinking the same thought that our friend is. Why do scientists always have to make things more difficult by using hard words? It’s because science requires precision not just with experiments, but with words, too. Some of the words on the leaf diagram appear in other branches of science, not just botany. For instance, the word “lateral” pops up in many branches of science, and no matter where you see it, it always means “side,” or something having to do with sides. “Apex” always means “tip,” and the word “lamina” always refers to something flat. Leaves come in a great variety of shapes, and botanists have come up with names for all of them. (That’s great news, eh?) Every leaf can be classified as one of these: simple palmate pinnate double pinnate triple pinnate Look carefully at the patterns of the double and triple pinnate leaves. Can you see how the same pattern is repeated? In the triple pinnate leaf, the tiny branches and the intermediate branches have the same pattern as the whole leaf. There are a great variety of simple leaf shapes and some of these shapes don’t look so simple. -
Plant Structure | Topic Notes
Plant Structure | Topic Notes A cotyledon is an embryonic seed leaf. Types of tissue in angiosperms (flowering plants): 1. Dermal (or epidermal): this is the outer covering of the plant. As well as providing protection, in the roots it’s specialised to absorb water &minerals from the soil while in the leaves it secretes a waxy cuticle to prevent loss of water. 2. Ground: makes up the bulk of a plant, providing support, photosynthesis and storage for water and food. 3. Vascular: involves xylem tissue (transports water and minerals up the plant), and phloem tissue (transports food up and down the plant). The meristem is composed of unspecialised cells that are continuously dividing by mitosis. (It develops into each of the three tissue types). The functions of a shoot system include photosynthesis, reproduction (sexual & asexual), storage of food, gas exchange andtransport. Parts of the flowering plant: differences between monocots &dicots: . Stems of monocots are usually herbacaeous, meaning they’re green in colour and capable of photosynthesis. Lenticlesare small pores on a stem that function in gas exchange. In the center of a stem the ground tissue is called the pith, whereas the outer region is called the cortex. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that captures the energy in sunlight to make food in the process of photosynthesis. 1 . The leaf functions in photosynthesis and transpiration (the loss of water from the leaf) . The edge of a leaf is called the leaf blade or lamina. The leaf is attached to the stem or branches by a leaf stalk or petiole. There are two types of venation in plants. -
INTRODUCTION Cialized Epidermal Cells of the Plant, Chaetachme
NEGATIVE TRANSPORT & RESISTANCE TO WATER FLOW THROUGH PLANTS1"2 R. DUANE JENSEN, STERLING A. TAYLOR, & H. H. WIEBE3 UTAH AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, LOGAN INTRODUCTION I. Some investigators have considered the entire soil-plant-atmosphere system (1, 6, 19, 24). They Negative transport is the downward conduction applied an analogue of Ohm's law and showed that of water in the plant. This phenomenon has been water transport is controlled by the potential dif- studied by several investigators, yet oonsiderable con- ference across the section and the resistance within troversy about several aspects of the problem still the segment. This theory also proposes the im- exists. portant consideration that the rate of movement is The portion of the leaf through which water en- governed by the point or region of greatest resistance ters is obscure. Meidner (16) suggested that spe- in the system. Those who have studied this theory cialized epidermal cells of the plant, Chaetachme agree that the greatest resistance under natural con- aristata were involved in the phenomenon. Gessner ditions is usually located at the leaf-atmosphere inter- (8) decided that most of the water was absorbed face where the water is converted from liquid to directly through the cuticle. Most investigators (4, vapor. Most of these studies seem to be based more 23) have considered that no water enters through the upon theoretical arguments than direct experimental stomates (except perhaps a small amount of water results. vapor). II. Other scientists have investigated the move- Breazeale, McGeorge, and Breazeale (2, 3) in- ment of water in plants by studying some particular vestigated the absorption of water by leaves and its part of the system, such as the flow of water in the subsequent transport through the plant to the soil roots, leaves, or stem. -
Measurement of Root Hydraulic Conductance
Measurement of Root Hydraulic Conductance Albert H. Markhart, III Department of Horticulture Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Barbara Smit Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Plant root systems provide water, nutrients, and growth regulators transpiration at the shoot and osmotic potential. The latter is gen- to the shoot. Growth and production of a plant are often limited by erated by the combination of active solute accumulation, passive the ability of the root to extract water and nutrients from the soil solute leakage, and rate of water movement from the soil to the and transport them to the shoot. The transport of most nutrients and xylem. This is difficult, if not impossible, to determine. Conduc- growth regulators occurs via the transpiration stream. The velocity tivity of the radial pathway is determined by structures through and quantity of water moving from the root to the shoot determines which the water flows. Water flows along the path of least resis- the quantity and concentration of substances that arrive at the shoot. tance. Resistance of the interstices in the cell wall is considered Understanding the forces and resistances that control the movement lower than across plasmalemma and cytoplasm. For these reasons, of water through the soil-plant-air continuum and the flux of po- it is thought that water moves apoplasticly across the root until a tential chemical signals is essential to understanding the impact of significant barrier is encountered, at which point the water is forced the soil environment on root function and on root integration with through the plasmalemma. -
Chemical Composition of the Periderm in Relation to in Situ Water
Chemical composition of the periderm in relation to in situ water absorption rates of oak, beech and spruce fine roots Christoph Leuschner, Heinz Coners, Regina Icke, Klaus Hartmann, N. Dominique Effinger, Lukas Schreiber To cite this version: Christoph Leuschner, Heinz Coners, Regina Icke, Klaus Hartmann, N. Dominique Effinger, et al.. Chemical composition of the periderm in relation to in situ water absorption rates of oak, beech and spruce fine roots. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2003, 60 (8), pp.763-772. 10.1051/forest:2003071. hal-00883751 HAL Id: hal-00883751 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883751 Submitted on 1 Jan 2003 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ann. For. Sci. 60 (2003) 763–772 763 © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2004 DOI: 10.1051/forest:2003071 Original article Chemical composition of the periderm in relation to in situ water absorption rates of oak, beech and spruce fine roots Christoph LEUSCHNERa*, Heinz CONERSa, Regina ICKEb, Klaus HARTMANNc, N. Dominique EFFINGERd, Lukas SCHREIBERc a Abt. Ökologie und Ökosystemforschung, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Universität Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany b Abt. -
Common Signs and Symptoms of Unhealthy Plants
® EXTENSION Know how. Know now. EC1270 Common Signs and Symptoms of Unhealthy Plants Amy D. Timmerman, Associate Extension Educator James A. Kalisch, Entomology Extension Associate Kevin A. Korus, Assistant Extension Educator Stephen M. Vantassel, Wildlife Program Coordinator Ivy Orellana, Extension Assistant Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United States Department of Agriculture. University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension educational programs abide with the nondiscrimination policies of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the United States Department of Agriculture. © 2014, The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension. All rights reserved. Common Signs and Symptoms of Unhealthy Plants Amy D. Timmerman, Associate Extension Educator James A. Kalisch, Entomology Extension Associate Kevin A. Korus, Assistant Extension Educator Stephen M. Vantassel, Wildlife Program Coordinator Ivy Orellana, Extension Assistant Plant symptoms may be caused Along with the type of a plant part may be a sign of a by biotic (living organisms) or symptoms being expressed by the saprophyte (a nonparasitic fungus abiotic (nonliving) agents. Many plant, it can be important to observe growing on nutrients and organic abiotic factors can cause symptoms the colors that are associated with matter on the plant surface) and thus in a landscape or garden. These those symptoms. When making a might not be related to the actual factors include nutrient imbalances, diagnosis, description of color can be cause of disease. drought or excess soil moisture, a useful tool, such as the yellowing limited light, reduced oxygen of leaves associated with chlorosis.