Angiosperm Phylogeny

, stamens (FLOWER) vessels in xylem Reproductive morphology

Hypericum sp. Reproductive morphology: ﬂower Flower parts

Flower parts (cont.)

Pedicel – stalk of a single flower (from Latin: ped=foot); Receptacle - end of stem on which flower is borne; Sepals - outer (lower) whorl of parts; often greenish; -often function to protect in bud, but sometimes more colorful and showy than petals and attract pollinators; Calyx - collective term for sepals of one flower (from Greek: kalux to cover); Petals - second whorl of parts; often colorful and showy -often function to attract pollinators; Corolla - collective term for petals of one flower (Latin = crown); Perianth – collective term for calyx and petals; Tepals -perianth parts that are not differentiated into sepals and petals (e.g., Tulip)

tepals sepal

petal Corolla

Polypetalous - Gamopetalous/sympetalous -

Actinomorphic/radially symmetric/ Zygomorphic/bilaterally regular symmetric/irregular - Flower parts (cont.)

Note: in this ﬂower, the pistil is compound, consisting of ﬁve fused carpels.

(5 fused carpels)

Flower parts (cont.)

Ovule -

Placenta (plural placentae) -

ovule Flower parts (cont.)

Stamens - pollen bearing part of the flower, consist of long filament (stalk) supporting the anther, where pollen is produced; - provide ‘male’ function in reproduction; Androecium - collective term for ‘male’ portion of flower (G. andro=male, oecium from oikos=house); Carpel - ovule producing structures, consists of swollen ovary at base, elongate style supporting the stigma at the tip, where pollen is deposited and germinates. Style is the structure via which pollen travels down to ovules. -provides ‘female’ function in reproduction;

Flowers may have a single carpel or many carpels; the carpels may be separate or fused together Pistil - generalized term for each individual female structure in a ﬂower; When single or separate, each carpel equals one pistil – simple pistil When fused together, one pistil may consist of many carpels - compound pistil

Gynoecium - collective term for ‘female’ portion of ﬂower (may be one or many pistils) Carpel vs. Pistil Ovary position Ovary position

Superior ovary: ovary arising above the point of insertions of the other ﬂower parts (i.e., perianth parts and stamens); The ﬂowers thus hypogynous, With perianth parts and stamens arising from below the ovary.

Inferior ovary: ovary that is beneath the point of insertions of the other ﬂoral parts; The ﬂowers epigynous, with perianth and stamens apparently borne upon the ovary.

Hypanthium: Flat, cuplike, or tubular structure on which the sepals, petals, and stamens are borne; usually formed from the fused bases of the perianth parts and stamens or from a modiﬁed receptacle;

Half inferior ovary: A floral condition where the floral parts attach midway on the ovary such that it is partly superior and partly inferior. In this case, the flowers are perigynous, with perianth parts and stamens borne on an hypanthium that surrounds, but is not fused to, the ovary Ovary position quiz

hypanthium