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A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 1363–1504 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF D. Peter Drotman EDITORIAL STAFF EDITORIAL BOARD Founding Editor Dennis Alexander, Addlestone Surrey, United Kingdom Joseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USA Ban Allos, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Michael Apicella, Iowa City, Iowa, USA Managing Senior Editor Barry J. Beaty, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Polyxeni Potter, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Martin J. Blaser, New York, New York, USA Associate Editors David Brandling-Bennet, Washington, D.C., USA Charles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Donald S. Burke, Baltimore, Maryland, USA David Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Arturo Casadevall, New York, New York, USA Patrice Courvalin, Paris, France Thomas Cleary, Houston, Texas, USA Stephanie James, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Anne DeGroot, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Brian W.J. Mahy, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Vincent Deubel, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Takeshi Kurata, Tokyo, Japan Ed Eitzen, Washington, D.C., USA Martin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Duane J. Gubler, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA David Morens, Washington, D.C., USA Scott Halstead, Arlington, Virginia, USA David L. Heymann, Geneva, Switzerland J. Glenn Morris, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Sakae Inouye, Tokyo, Japan Tanja Popovic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Charles King, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Patricia M. Quinlisk, Des Moines, Iowa, USA Keith Klugman, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Gabriel Rabinovich, Buenos Aires, Argentina S.K. Lam, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Didier Raoult, Marseilles, France Bruce R. Levin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Myron Levine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stuart Levy, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Mario Raviglione, Geneva, Switzerland John S. MacKenzie, Brisbane, Australia David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA Tom Marrie, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Copy Editors John E. McGowan, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, USA Maureen Marshall, Anne Mather, Carol Snarey, Stephen S. Morse, New York, New York, USA Cathy Young Philip P. Mortimer, London, United Kingdom Fred A. Murphy, Davis, California, USA Production Barbara E. Murray, Houston, Texas, USA Reginald Tucker, Ann Kitchen P. Keith Murray, Ames, Iowa, USA Editorial Assistant Stephen Ostroff, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Carolyn Collins Rosanna W. Peeling, Geneva, Switzerland David H. Persing, Seattle, Washington, USA www.cdc.gov/eid Gianfranco Pezzino, Topeka, Kansas, USA Richard Platt, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases Leslie Real, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases is published monthly by the David Relman, Palo Alto, California, USA National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Nancy Rosenstein, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop D61, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Telephone 404-371-5329, Connie Schmaljohn, Frederick, Maryland, USA fax 404-371-5449, email [email protected]. Tom Schwan, Hamilton, Montana, USA Ira Schwartz, Valhalla, New York, USA The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal Tom Shinnick, Atlanta, Georgia, USA do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Centers for Disease Robert Shope, Galveston, Texas, USA Control and Prevention or the institutions with which the authors Bonnie Smoak, Bethesda, Maryland, USA are affiliated. Rosemary Soave, New York, New York, USA All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in P. Frederick Sparling, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special Jan Svoboda, Prague, Czech Republic permission; proper citation, however, is required. Bala Swaminathan, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Robert Swanepoel, Johannesburg, South Africa Use of trade names is for identification only and does not Phillip Tarr, Seattle, Washington, USA imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Timothy Tucker, Cape Town, South Africa Department of Health and Human Services. Elaine Tuomanen, Memphis, Tennessee, USA ∞ Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid-free paper that meets Mary E. Wilson, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 9, No. 11, November 2003 A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends Vol.9, No.11, November 2003 Rapid Antigen-Capture Assay To Detect West Nile Virus in Dead Corvids . .1406 R. Lindsay et al. Serologic Evidence of Dengue Infection before Onset of Epidemic, Bangladesh . .1411 On the Cover: M.A. Hossain et al. Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (1746–1828). Cat Fight (1786–1788) Fluoroquinolones and the Risk for Oil on canvas,1.40 m x 4.38 m Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Museo Nacional Del Prado, Madrid, Spain in Hospitalized Patients . .1415 About the Cover, pg. 1506 S.G. Weber et al. Perspective Genetic Variation among Temporally and Geographically Distinct West Nile Virus Risks and Benefits of Preexposure Isolates, United States, 2001, 2002 . .1423 and Postexposure Smallpox Vaccination . .1363 C.T. Davis et al. M.I. Meltzer Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Transmission Synopses and Risk Factors of Contacts, Uganda . .1430 P. Francesconi et al. Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the United States, 1999–2000 . .1371 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, J.L. Jones et al. Southern Chile . .1438 R. Riquelme et al. Toxoplasma gondii and Schizophrenia . .1375 E.F. Torrey and R.H. Yolken Triosephosphate Isomerase Gene Characterization and Potential Zoonotic Transmission of Giardia duodenalis . .1444 Research I.M. Sulaiman et al. Coronavirus-positive Nasopharyngeal Aspirate as Predictor for Severe Acute Dispatches Respiratory Syndrome Mortality . .1381 O.T.-Y. Tsang et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–associated Coronavirus Infection . .1453 West Nile Virus Infection in Nonhuman P.K.S. Chan et al. Primate Breeding Colony, Concurrent with Human Epidemic, Southern Louisiana . .1388 Fluoroquinolone Resistance Linked to M.S. Ratterree et al. GyrA, GyrB, and ParC Mutations in Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Human Hantavirus Infections, Sweden . .1395 Isolates in Humans . .1455 G.E. Olsson et al. I. Casin et al. Fatal Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis, Cowpox with Severe Generalized Minas Gerais, Brazil . .1402 Eruption, Finland . .1458 M.A.M. Galvão et al. P.M. Pelkonen et al. A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends Vol.9, No.11, November 2003 Pulmonary Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium Letters bovis subsp. caprae in Captive Siberian Tiger . .1462 A. Lantos et al. Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–associated Coronavirus Infection . .1491 Dengue-1 Virus Isolation during First Dengue H.K.K. Lee et al. Fever Outbreak on Easter Island, Chile . .1465 C. Perret et al. Hepatitis C Antibodies among Blood Donors, Senegal, 2001 . .1492 Flow Cytometry and T-Cell Response J.-F. Etard et al. Monitoring after Smallpox Vaccination . .1468 F. Poccia et al. Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis due to Kytococcus schroeteri . .1493 Shigella dysenteriae Serotype 1, Kolkata, India . .1471 K. Becker et al. S. Dutta et al. When Is a Reservoir Not a Reservoir? . .1495 Levofloxacin Treatment Failure in R.W. Ashford Haemophilus influenzae Pneumonia . .1475 T. Bastida et al. Invasive Mycobacterium marinum Infections . .1496 T. Lahey Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility of Campylobacter Strains, Senegal . .1479 Rickettsialpox in Turkey . .1498 E. Cardinale et al. M.K. Ozturk et al. Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in Estonia . .1499 Absent from Isolates, Australia . .1482 T. Prukk et al. L. Unicombe et al. Cutaneous Melioidosis and Necrotizing Book Review Fasciitis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei . .1484 Atlas of Travel Medicine and Health Y.-S. Wang et al. (J. Chiodini and L. Boyne, authors) . .1501 L.H. Chen Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay and Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance in Remote Areas, Niger . .1486 News & Notes F. Sidikou et al. Conference Summary Northern Ireland Food Safety Night . .1502 Commentary J.E. Moore Frequency of Revaccination against Smallpox . .1489 Conference Summary S. Baron et al. W135 Meningococcal Disease in Africa . .1503 A.J. Pollard et al. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of About the Cover . .1506 Health and Human Services. P. Potter PERSPECTIVE Risks and Benefits of Preexposure and Postexposure Smallpox Vaccination1 Martin I. Meltzer* This article presents a model and decision criteria for Others have called for a large-scale, voluntary preexpo- evaluating a person’s risk of pre- or postexposure smallpox sure vaccination campaign open to the entire U.S. popula- vaccination in light of serious vaccine-related adverse tion (10,11). Some concur with such a position in part events (death, postvaccine encephalitis and progressive because they are skeptical that a postattack vaccination- vaccinia). Even at a 1-in-10 risk of 1,000 initial smallpox based response will be adequate (12). A telephone survey cases, a person in a population of 280 million has a greater risk for serious vaccine-related adverse events than a risk of the U.S. population, conducted during October to for smallpox. For a healthcare worker to accept preexpo- December 2002, found that 61% of the respondents would sure vaccination, the risk for contact with an infectious accept smallpox vaccination if “. offered as a precau- smallpox case-patient must be >1 in 100, and the probabil- tion against terrorist attacks” (13).