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New Heights of the Highest Peaks of Polish Mountain Ranges

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New Heights of the Highest Peaks of Polish Mountain Ranges remote sensing Communication New Heights of the Highest Peaks of Polish Mountain Ranges Krystian Kozioł and Kamil Maciuk * Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-12-617-22-59 Received: 8 April 2020; Accepted: 29 April 2020; Published: 2 May 2020 Abstract: The idea to verify the height of the highest peaks (summits) in the Crown of Polish Mountains arose after analyzing sources regarding the date and method of measuring the height of these mountain peaks. Our investigations revealed that this type of material is not usually available, and the first mention of height values is most often noted in the inter-war period, and occasionally before WWI (when Poland did not exist as an independent state); most of these values are still in use to this day. The problem of accurate measurement of the height of mountain peaks concerns not only the peaks analyzed by the authors, but also almost all mountain peaks worldwide. Therefore, as part of this work, several trips were organized to the highest peaks of several dozen mountain ranges in the territory of Poland. Measurement was made using a precise geodetic GNSS receiver an accuracy of within 10 cm and a DTM model based on ALS (airborne laser scanning). The results showed that commonly published heights can differ by up to several meters from the actual ones. The most important element of this work consists of the establishment of new measurements of the heights of the highest peaks of all mountain ranges in Poland, which may result in an alteration of the officially recorded heights based on this article. Apart from verification of these heights, this work also aimed to address the issue of the heights of all characteristic objects whose heights must be verified by using modern satellite techniques. Keywords: GNSS; height verification; mountain; peak; RTK; summit 1. Introduction The Crown of Polish Mountains (CPM) is a list of the 28 highest peaks of the main mountain ranges (mesoregions) in Poland (Figure1). The concept of CPM was established in 1997 [ 1]. Currently, the CPM club, a club bringing together Polish mountain enthusiasts, has over 40,000 members including over 2000 members who have summited all the 28 peaks listed (https://kgp.info.pl/). The idea of verification of the height of the peaks included in the CPM list arose after verification of the height of two of the highest summits in Ukraine—the Hoverla and Pop Ivan peaks, where inaccuracies of up to several meters were also found [2]. In addition, the analysis of available cartographic materials confirmed numerous inconsistencies related to the heights of mountain peaks. Although the highest peaks of each range are frequently visited as mountain tourism destinations (e.g., Tarnica, Snie˙zkaor´ Babia Góra), in numerous materials we analyzed, including historical maps, current maps and guidebooks, and the Internet, significant discrepancies appeared, amounting to as much as several meters. Figure2 illustrates how the published height of Babia G óra has changed since the beginning of the 19th century. The current height of this summit is listed as 1725 m a.s.l (above sea level). All heights in the article are shown in meters above sea level. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1446; doi:10.3390/rs12091446 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 5 Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1446 2 of 9 Remote Sens. 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 5 Figure 1. Distribution of the Crown of Polish Mountains (CPM) summits. Although the highest peaks of each range are frequently visited as mountain tourism destinations (e.g., Tarnica, Śnieżka or Babia Góra), in numerous materials we analyzed, including historical maps, current maps and guidebooks, and the Internet, significant discrepancies appeared, amounting to as much as several meters. Figure 2 illustrates how the published height of Babia Góra has changed since the beginning of the 19th century. The current height of this summit is listed as 1725 Figure 1. Distribution of the Crown of Polish Mountains (CPM) summits. m a.s.l (above seaFigure level). 1. All Distribution heights in of the the article Crown are of Polish shown Mountains in meters (CPM above) summits. sea level . Although the highest peaks of each range are frequently visited as mountain tourism destinations (e.g., Tarnica, Śnieżka or Babia Góra), in numerous materials we analyzed, including historical maps, current maps and guidebooks, and the Internet, significant discrepancies appeared, amounting to as much as several meters. Figure 2 illustrates how the published height of Babia Góra has change1754d since† m (1824 the 1beginning) of the 19th 1722century.‡ m (1880 The1 )c urrent height of1725 this m summit (18962) is listed as 1725 m a.s.l (above sea level). All heights in the article are shown in meters above sea level. 1723 m (19261) 1725 m (19371) 1725 m (19673) 1754† m (18241) 1722‡ m (18801) 1725 m (18962) FigureFigure 2.2. ChangesChanges in in the the published published height height of the of theBabia Babia Góra G summitóra summit over the over years the, years,since 1824 since. 1824. 11 22 3 † Source:Source: http:http://www.mapywig.org///www.mapywig.org/,, https:https://polona.pl///polona.pl/, https:https://www.davidrumsey.com///www.davidrumsey.com/ , yViennaVienna ‡ footfoot= = 0.31610.3161 m [3],], zViennaVienna fathom fathom == 1.89661.8966 m m [3 []3 ]. InIn addition, addition, there there is ais lack a lack of research of research in this in area, this especially area, especially for little-known for little and-known rarely and frequented rarely summits.frequented As summit studiess. As of studies the literature of the literature have shown, have theshown, most the iconic most andiconic globally and globally recognized recogni peakszed 1723 m (19261) 1725 m (19371) 1725 m (19673) havepeaks already have already been thoroughly been thoroughly tested usingtested sameusing thesame GNSS the GNSS technique technique that we that used, we suchused, as such Mount as EverestMountFigure Everest [4–6 2.], Changes Mont [4–6] Blanc, Montin the [ 7publishedBlanc], Aconcagua [7], heightAconcagua [of8] the or Babia Kilimanjaro[8] or Góra Kilimanjaro summit [9,10 ].over [9,10 Polish the]. Polishyears summits, since summits 1824 have. have also also been measuredbeen Source:measured in 1 this http://www.mapywig.org/ in way, this but way, to abut very to limiteda ,very 2 https://polona.pl/ limited extent; theextent only 3 ; https://www.davidrumsey.com/the measurements only measurements conducted conducted with †Vienna geodetic with ‡ receiversgeodefoottic were= 0.3161receivers of m the [3 peaks], Viennawere of Rysyfathom [of11 = ]1.8966 andthe Snie˙zka(´m [3] peakshttp: //www.krkonose.euof Rysy [11/]pl /aktualityand /813Śnieżka/). (http://www.krkonose.eu/pl/aktuality/813/Therefore, in 2019 a project which was) named. ‘Setka w Koronie. Korona Gór Polski na 100-lecie AGH’ In addition, there is a lack of research in this area, especially for little-known and rarely (100 inTherefore the Crown:, in The2019 Crown a project of Polishwhich Mountains was named on ‘Setka the 100-year w Koronie. anniversary Korona Gór of AGHPolski Universityna 100-lecie of frequented summits. As studies of the literature have shown, the most iconic and globally recognized ScienceAGH’ (100 and in Technology the Crown: in KrakThe óCrownw) was of initiated. Polish Mountains The aim of on this the project 100-year was anniversary the measurement of AGH and peaks have already been thoroughly tested using same the GNSS technique that we used, such as verificationUniversity ofof theScience height and of theTechnology highest peaks in Kraków) of individual was initiated mountain. Th rangese aim of in Polandthis project using wa moderns the Mount Everest [4–6], Mont Blanc [7], Aconcagua [8] or Kilimanjaro [9,10]. Polish summits have also satellitemeasurement measurement and verification techniques. of the height of the highest peaks of individual mountain ranges in Polandbeen measured using modern in this satellite way, but measurement to a very limited techniques extent. ; the only measurements conducted with 2.geode Materialstic andreceivers Methods were of the peaks of Rysy [11] and Śnieżka 2.(http://www.krkonose.eu/pl/aktuality/813/ Materials and Methods ). 2.1. PreparatoryTherefore, Work in 2019 a project which was named ‘Setka w Koronie. Korona Gór Polski na 100-lecie AGH’ (100 in the Crown: The Crown of Polish Mountains on the 100-year anniversary of AGH The project was implemented from May to December 2019. The objects of study were the 28 highest University of Science and Technology in Kraków) was initiated. The aim of this project was the points on the CPM list. Based on the analysis of source materials, such as the DEM (digital elevation measurement and verification of the height of the highest peaks of individual mountain ranges in model), mountain forums, maps and guidebooks, as well as other sources, a list of potential peaks Poland using modern satellite measurement techniques. for height verification was determined. About 20 people participated in the measurements; a single measurement2. Materials and team Methods usually consisted of 5–7 people, and more than 30 measurement expeditions were carried out in this way. The characteristics of the selected ranges and peaks had a huge impact on the Remote Sens. 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 5 2.1. Preparatory Work The project was implemented from May to December 2019. The objects of study were the 28 highest points on the CPM list. Based on the analysis of source materials, such as the DEM (digital elevation model), mountain forums, maps and guidebooks, as well as other sources, a list of potential Remotepeaks Sens.for height2020, 12 ,verification 1446 was determined.
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