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Socio-Economic Status of Gram Panchayat Members 3

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Socio-Economic Status of Gram Panchayat Members 3 CHAPTERS SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF GRAM PANCHAYAT MEMBERS 3 Socio-econom ic status of Gram Panchayat m em bers This chapter presents the socio-economic background of the gram panchayat members. It analyzes social profile of the gram panchayat members through variables such as age, religion, caste, place of birth, marital status and educational qualification. The economic factors cover occupation, income of the family, landholdings and election expenditure. It also examines the status of women in the family before and after becoming panchayats members. The socio-economic conditions play an important role in characterizing social life and behaviour of an individual and so it is essential to analyze the socio-economic background of the respondents. Knowledge of the socio-economic background of a community is an indispensable prerequisite for understanding behaviour of its members. This hold good for all human communities and more so in case of rural communities, which are traditional in their structure. In a society like ours where religion, caste and kinship influence socicd life and acute disparity in the standard of living and the sub-culture among various 68 groups and religions exists, a study of socio-economic conditions of representatives would help reveal sociological significant dimensions. (Ambedkar and Nagendra, 2006: 147) The nature of leadership is greatly determined by different variables like age, religion, caste, education, occupation, income and landholdings. These variables besides giving insight into their personality makeup also enable us to analyze their social bias in terms of the dominant caste and class to which they belong. The socio­ economic, educational and political background of the representatives would help us to anticipate as to what they are capable of doing, what we should expect firom them and how well they are equipped to discharge the responsibilities devolved up on them by the electorate. As Gerait Pany observes “it is a wide spread assumption of political sociology that social background and upbringing of a decision-maker will influence his attitudes and policies.” (Ambedkar and Nagendra, 2006: 148) According to Milbrath, it is a tradition in almost all societies that politics is mainly men’s affair and women should fall in line with them politiccdly. The changes brought by modem industrial societies are eroding this sex difference but impart of tradition is still visible. Men tend to be more psychologically involved in politics than women. The reason for fewer women participating in politics may be prevailing in socio-economic conditions and biological make up on one hand and traditional and conservative outlook and general backwardness among the masses on the other hand. (Ambedkar and Nagendra, 2006: 148- 149) This chapter analysis the socio-economic data collected through questionnaires administered to 667 panchayat members which includes 205 women members from 1997-2002 term, 322 women members and 140 male members from 2002-2007 term. The study explores religion, caste, class and other socio-economic diversities which are central to the political processes and to women’s political participation. The major social factors considered for analysis includes age, religion, caste, place 69 of birth, marital status, education, constraints at family and community levels, membership of social organizations and gender role transformation. The economic factors cover occupation, annual family income, landholdings, occupation and election expenditure. Social Background of Gram Panchayat Members A numerical description of gram panchayats in Goa, panchayat members, reservation of seats for women and interviews conducted is provided in the table below. Table 3.1 Classification of gram panchayat members 1997- 188 1428 452 205 0 2002 2002- 189 1439 456 322 140 2007 A total number of 667 respondents were interviewed. From 1997- 2002 term 205 women members were interviewed, out of which 198 were elected from reserved seats and 7 from unreserved seats. And out of 205 respondents, 6 were elected unopposed from reserved seats. Among the 322 women members interviewed from 2002-2007 term, 283 were elected from reserved seats and 39 from open seats. From 322 respondents, 25 were elected unopposed and from them 23 were elected unopposed from reserved seats and 2 from open seats. It is important to note that 36 women from the previous term were re-elected in 2002- 2007 and out of which 19 women were elected from open seats. This shows that women are gradually showing interest in active politics. From 140 male respondents, 7 were elected unopposed. 70 . 1 - Table 3.2 Classification of women gram panchayat members Elected through 96.6 (198) 87.9 (283) NA reserved seats Elected through 3.4 (7) 12.1 (39) NA unreserved seats From 1997-2002 term 205 women members were interviewed, out of which 198 were elected from reserved seats and 7 from unreserved seats. From 322 respondents fi-om the 2002-2007 term, 283 were elected from reserved seats and 39 fi*om unreserved seats. This shows that women are developing interest in politics and so are contesting elections even from open seats. Women are no longer depending only on reserved seats. 71 Table 3.3 Census data indicators for Goa and India Geographical area (in ‘000 Sq.Kms.) 3.7 3287 Population (in lakhs) 13.48 10286 Total no. of females (in lakhs) 6.61 4964 Total no. of males (in lakhs) 6.87 5322 Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 961 933 Proportion of SC population to the 1.77 (23791) 16.20 total population (%) Proportion of ST population to the 0.04 8.20 total population (%) Literacy rate (per 1000 population) 820 648 Female literacy rate 754 537 Male literacy rate 884 753 The above table reveals social indicators for Goa and India from Population Census 2001. The total population of Goa is 13.48 lakhs, out of this 6.61 are females and 6. 87 are males. Sex ratio is 961 females per 1000 males, which is higher than the female sex ratio for India. There is 1.77 per cent SCs and 0.04 per cent STs in Goa. Overall literacy rate as well female literacy rate is also higher in Goa compared to India. In Goa female literacy rate per 1000 population is 754 and males it is 884. 72 Table 3.4 Agewise distribution of gram panchayat members Women Women Men Age in years (1997-2002) (2002-2007) (2002-2007) 21 -30 7.3 (15) 12.1 (39) 6.4 (9) 3 1 -4 0 38.5 (79) 51.3 (165) 38.6 (54) 4 1 -5 0 38 (78) 27.6 (89) 33.6 (47) 5 1 -6 0 13.7 (28) 8.4 (27) 15.7 (22) 61 - 70 2(4) 0 .6 (2) 5.7 (8) 7 1 -8 0 0.5 (1) 0 0 Age of the gram panchayat members is one of the significant variables in panchayat politics. It is important in terms of experience aind maturity of Judgment. Age to a large extent determine behaviour and attitude of a person. Traditionally it was the privilege of male elders to occupy important positions in rural politics and youngsters were supposed to obey their elders who enjoyed unquestionable authority of dictation. However, this concept is also changing. But at present we find more number of youngsters occupying leadership roles in politics. The youth display a greater initiative, courage and confidence, but sometimes their decisions may be immature and rash. On the contrary elder people are more cautious and mature, but they may be comparatively conservative, inactive and lethargic. Therefore tilt may be towards middle age people. 73 The above table indicates the age-wise distribution of gram panchayat members in Goa. Before the panchayat elections took place after the Seventy-third Amendment Act was passed, there was a belief that mainly older women would come forward in local politics. The perceptions were built upon the reckoning that they have lesser household duties as their children would be groAvn up and they might also have daughter-in-law to look after the household responsibilities. The other reason was that higher age also stands for maturity and experience, which is respected and valued in rural society. Surprisingly, in Goa it was found that this is generally not the case and rather younger women came to the fore. Age of all the three groups of respondents varied between 21 to 70 years, however there was just one woman representative of 75 years from 1997-2002 term. The above table shows that more than 70 per cent gram panchayat members were in the age group of 31-50 years. About 76.5 per cent women members from 1997-2002 term were in the age group of 31-50 years. From 2002-2007 term 78.9 per cent women were in the age group of 31-50 years, while 72.2 per cent men from the same term were in the age group of 31-50 years. It is interesting to note that among all the three groups of representatives, participation in active politics declined with growing age. Among women representatives from 1997-2002 term 13.7 per cent were between 51-60 years and 2 per cent i.e. two members were from 61-70 years age group. And from 2002-2007 term 8.4 per cent and Q.6 per cent i.e. only two women members were between 51-60 years and 61-70 years of age respectively, and among men representatives 15.7 per cent were in the age group of 51-60 years and just 5.7 per cent were from 61-70 years of age group. This is significant in the context of rural Indian tradition where old age people are respected and younger people are not supposed to occupy positions of leadership.
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