Baltic States' Call for Freedom; 35 Years Since the First
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Helsinki Watch Committees in the Soviet Republics: Implications For
FINAL REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : HELSINKI WATCH COMMITTEES IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS : IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOVIET NATIONALITY QUESTIO N AUTHORS : Yaroslav Bilinsky Tönu Parming CONTRACTOR : University of Delawar e PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS : Yaroslav Bilinsky, Project Director an d Co-Principal Investigato r Tönu Parming, Co-Principal Investigato r COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 621- 9 The work leading to this report was supported in whole or in part fro m funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . NOTICE OF INTENTION TO APPLY FOR COPYRIGH T This work has been requested for manuscrip t review for publication . It is not to be quote d without express written permission by the authors , who hereby reserve all the rights herein . Th e contractual exception to this is as follows : The [US] Government will have th e right to publish or release Fina l Reports, but only in same forma t in which such Final Reports ar e delivered to it by the Council . Th e Government will not have the righ t to authorize others to publish suc h Final Reports without the consent o f the authors, and the individua l researchers will have the right t o apply for and obtain copyright o n any work products which may b e derived from work funded by th e Council under this Contract . ii EXEC 1 Overall Executive Summary HELSINKI WATCH COMMITTEES IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS : IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOVIET NATIONALITY QUESTION by Yaroslav Bilinsky, University of Delawar e d Tönu Parming, University of Marylan August 1, 1975, after more than two years of intensive negotiations, 35 Head s of Governments--President Ford of the United States, Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada , Secretary-General Brezhnev of the USSR, and the Chief Executives of 32 othe r European States--signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperatio n in Europe (CSCE) . -
Importance of European Remembrance for the Future of Europe
European Parliament 2019-2024 TEXTS ADOPTED P9_TA(2019)0021 Importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe European Parliament resolution of 19 September 2019 on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe (2019/2819(RSP)) The European Parliament, – having regard to the universal principles of human rights and the fundamental principles of the European Union as a community based on common values, – having regard to the statement issued on 22 August 2019 by First Vice-President Timmermans and Commissioner Jourová ahead of the Europe-Wide Day of Remembrance for the victims of all totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, – having regard to the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted on 10 December 1948, – having regard to its resolution of 12 May 2005 on the 60th anniversary of the end of the Second World War in Europe on 8 May 19451, – having regard to Resolution 1481 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of 26 January 2006 on the need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian Communist regimes, – having regard to Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law2, – having regard to the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism adopted on 3 June 2008, – having regard to its declaration on the proclamation of 23 August as European Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Stalinism and Nazism adopted on 23 September 20083, 1 OJ C 92 E, 20.4.2006, p. 392. 2 OJ L 328, 6.12.2008, p. -
Transformation of Communist Media Contentand Public
Contents lists available at Vilnius University Press Informacijos mokslai ISSN 1392-0561 eISSN 1392-1487 2020, vol. 90, pp. 53–79 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15388/Im.2020.90.50 Transformation of Communist Media Content and Public Space According to the Discourse ‘39Pact: Exiting the “Labyrinth” as an Act of Communication Andrius Vaišnys Vilnius University, Faculty of Communication E-mail: [email protected] Summary. This text is about one of the longest processes of political communication, which, decades on, influences politicians of various generations of the Central, Eastern and Western Europe, contents of media and self-awareness of the audience. The process isn’t over yet, this is obvious not only from the document adopted by the EP but also from an international political rhetoric. Analysis of consequences of the Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact signed on 1939 in media (D’39Pact) and related national and international decisions is the axis of information conflict between the East and the West concerning thousands of fates. Those thousands of people had and still have different historical narratives – some people justified the Pact and implemented it, others were fighting for the elimination of its consequences, yet others fell victims to it, with a death toll estimated in the millions. But not everybody’s narratives are based on true arguments. Let’s look at the way the system of propaganda collapsed and the public opinion was transformed in countries of Central and Eastern Europe in 1988-1989. Moving from a lie to (hopefully) the historical truth. Review of consequences of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was the main axis of such transformation (protection of envi- ronmental and cultural valuables, choice of one’s viewpoint, legislative requirements and other rights were contextual aspects of this axis). -
En En Motion for a Resolution
European Parliament 2019-2024 Plenary sitting B9-0184/2019 25.11.2019 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION to wind up the debate on the statements by the Council and the Commission pursuant to Rule 132(2) of the Rules of Procedure on recent actions by the Russian Federation against Lithuanian judges, prosecutors and investigators involved in investigating the tragic events of 13 January 1991 in Vilnius (2019/2938(RSP)) Anna Fotyga, Ryszard Czarnecki, Zdzisław Krasnodębski, Jadwiga Wiśniewska, Ruža Tomašić, Assita Kanko, Adam Bielan, Alexandr Vondra, Jan Zahradil, Evžen Tošenovský, Witold Jan Waszczykowski, Veronika Vrecionová on behalf of the ECR Group RE\1193468EN.docx PE643.353v01-00 EN United in diversityEN B9-0184/2019 European Parliament resolution on recent actions by the Russian Federation against Lithuanian judges, prosecutors and investigators involved in investigating the tragic events of 13 January 1991 in Vilnius (2019/2938(RSP)) The European Parliament, – having regard to its previous resolutions on Russia, – having regard to its resolution of 19 September 2019 on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe1, – having regard to Resolution 1481 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of 26 January 2006 on the need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian Communist regimes, – having regard to the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, adopted on 3 June 2008, – having regard to its declaration of 23 September 2008 on the proclamation of 23 August as European Day of Remembrance -
Independence Day Speech by Tunne Kelam 1989
INDEPENDENCE DAY SPEECH BY TUNNE KELAM 1989 This speech, calling for registration of Estonian citizens and the formation of a Congress of Estonia, was given by Tunne Kelam, member of the board of the Estonian National Independence Party and Chairman of the Citizens' Committees General Organizing Committee, at ceremonies commemorating the 71st anniversary of Estonian independence on 24 February 1989. The event was sponsored jointly by the Estonian Heritage Society and the Estonian National Independence Party in the concert hall "Estonia" theater. Independence Day Speech Tunne Kelam Dear compatriots, honored guests! Speaking for the Estonian National Independence Party, I am happy to announce that at its session of February 21st, the executive council of the E.N.I.P. approved a declaration analogous to the one just presented by the Estonian Heritage Society. We already know that the Estonian Christian Union joined with it on February 22nd. This signifies a unified platform of action by the Estonian Heritage Society, the Estonian National Independence Party and the Estonian Christian Union, enabling us to prepare for the formation of a real and true popular representative body, by first initiating an investigation to ascertain those individuals having the legal and moral right presently to participate in determining the future of Estonia. I call on all other independent organizations and individuals in Estonia to join this program and to embark on a road of true initiative, a road the people have truly chosen, a road that will take us toward true independence. The history of the observation of February 24 in occupied Estonia has proven the indispensability of such special days. -
The Centenary of Latvia's Foreign Affairs
THE CENTENARY OF LATVIA’S FOREIGN AFFAIRS IDEAS AND PERSONALITIES THE CENTENARY OF LATVIA’S FOREIGN AFFAIRS IDEAS AND PERSONALITIES THE CENTENARY OF LATVIA’S FOREIGN AFFAIRS IDEAS AND PERSONALITIES The upcoming centennial of Latvia’s statehood provides an important occasion to reflect on the country’s international achievements and offer a self-critical look at what remains to be done. This publication identifies main currents in Latvia’s foreign policy thinking and the most remarkable individuals that contributed to shaping them. A team of local and foreign experts reviews key ideational trends in Latvia’s foreign policy during the Interwar period and today, as well as assesses the trajectories of thinking during the periods of exile and regaining independence. Authors: Aldis Austers, Edijs Bošs, Raimonds Cerūzis, Mārtiņš Daugulis, Martyn Housden, Ivars Ījabs, Didzis Kļaviņš, Jordan T. Kuck, Andis Kudors, Andrejs Plakans, Diāna Potjomkina, Gunda Reire, Andris Sprūds, Valters Ščerbinskis, Jānis Taurēns Editors: Diāna Potjomkina, Andris Sprūds, Valters Ščerbinskis Scientific reviewers: Ainārs Lerhis, Toms Rostoks This project was made possible thanks to support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia and the Saeima of the Republic of Latvia The project was completed in cooperation with National Information Agency LETA The respective authors are accountable for the content of individual articles. The opinions expressed by the authors should not be construed as representing those of the Latvian Institute of International Affairs, project supporters or partners, other government institutions or entities. Cover design: Līga Rozentāle Layout: Oskars Stalidzāns Translations from Latvian: Alise Krapāne, Jurijs Saveļjevs, Pāvels Smišļājevs English language editor (select chapters): Dillon J. -
The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory William J.H
NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law Volume 6 Article 5 Number 2 Volume 6, No. 2, 1985 1985 The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory William J.H. Hough III Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/ journal_of_international_and_comparative_law Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Hough, William J.H. III (1985) "The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory," NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law: Vol. 6 : No. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_international_and_comparative_law/vol6/iss2/5 This Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. THE ANNEXATION OF THE BALTIC STATES AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW PROHIBITING FORCIBLE SEIZURE OF TERRITORY TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 303 II. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAW PROHIBITING FORCIBLE SEIZURE OF TERRITORY ................................ 305 A. European Origins ............................... 305 B. Legal Development After the Peace of Westphalia 308 C. Title to Territory in the Colonial Era ............ 319 D. Post World War I Development .................. 321 E. Birth of the Stimson Doctrine of Nonrecognition of Forcible Seizure of Territory ..................... 326 III. THE ANNEXATION OF THE BALTIC STATES ................. 351 A. Origins of the Baltic States ...................... 351 B. Independence of the Baltic States ................ 355 C. Soviet Invasion and Incorporation of the Baltic S ta tes .......................................... 369 IV. -
International Conference
International Conference “THE MOLOTOV–RIBBENTROP PACT. THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE OF THE BALTIC STATES” 28 September 1999, Vilnius, Lithuania Vilnius 2000 UDK 327(47+57:430)(091)(06) Mo-91 The map on the cover of the book is printed with the permission of National Service of Geodesy and Cartography under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania Ukmergës str. 41, LT-2600 Vilnius, Lithuania Romualdas Požerskis photos ISBN 9986-18-067-8 © The Publishing House of the Seimas, 2000 Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................7 Baltic Assembly Awards Ceremony ......................................................................9 Opening of the Conference H. E. Valdas Adamkus, President of the Republic of Lithuania.....................14 Sigitas Tamkevièius, Metropolitan Bishop (Lithuania) ...................................16 Dr. Laima Andrikienë, MP, Chairperson of the Organisational Committee of the International Conference “The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The Present and the Future of the Baltic States” (Lithuania) .........................17 Valeriu Matei, MP, Head of the Party of Democratic Forces, Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on the Relations with the European Parliament (Moldova) ........................................................19 I. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Its Historical and Political Evaluation Janis Straume, Chairman of the Saeima (Latvia) .............................................23 Francoise Thom, Senior Lecturer, -
The Curving Mirror of Time Approaches to Culture Theory Series Volume 2
The Curving Mirror of Time Approaches to Culture Theory Series Volume 2 Series editors Kalevi Kull Institute of Philosophy and Semiotics, University of Tartu, Estonia Valter Lang Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Estonia Tiina Peil Institute of History, Tallinn University, Estonia Aims & scope TheApproaches to Culture Theory book series focuses on various aspects of analy- sis, modelling, and theoretical understanding of culture. Culture theory as a set of complementary theories is seen to include and combine the approaches of different sciences, among them semiotics of culture, archaeology, environmental history, ethnology, cultural ecology, cultural and social anthropology, human geography, sociology and the psychology of culture, folklore, media and com- munication studies. The Curving Mirror of Time Edited by Halliki Harro-Loit and Katrin Kello Both this research and this book have been financed by target-financed project SF0180002s07 and the Centre of Excellence in Cultural Theory (CECT, European Regional Development Fund). Managing editors: Anu Kannike, Monika Tasa Language editor: Daniel Edward Allen Design and layout: Roosmarii Kurvits Cover layout: Kalle Paalits Copyright: University of Tartu, authors, 2013 Photograps used in cover design: Postimees 1946, 1 January, 1 (from the collection of the Estonian Literary Museum Archival Library); Postimees 2013, 2 January, 1 (copyright AS Postimees) ISSN 2228-060X (print) ISBN 978-9949-32-258-9 (print) ISSN 2228-4117 (online) ISBN 978-9949-32-259-6 (online) University of Tartu Press www.tyk.ee/act Contents List of figures ................................................. 7 Notes on editors and contributors ................................ 9 Introduction ................................................. 11 Halliki Harro-Loit Temporality and commemoration in Estonian dailies ................. 17 Halliki Harro-Loit, Anu Pallas Divided memory and its reflection in Russian minority media in Estonia in 1994 and 2009 ............................................ -
Crimes of Communism and the Struggle for Estonia's
CRIMES OF COMMUNISM AND THE STRUGGLE FOR ESTONIA’S FREEDOM Museum Dungeons of the KGB CRIMES OF COMMUNISM AND THE STRUGGLE FOR ESTONIA’S FREEDOM Text: Pearu Kuusk CRIMES OF COMMUNISM AND THE STRUGGLE Translation and editing: Ago Ambre/Liina Keerdoja FOR ESTONIA’S FREEDOM Design: Kadri Kuusk Photographs from the collection of Tartu City Museum Cover photo: Exhumation in July of 1941 of innocents murdered by the Communists in the basement of the infamous “gray house.” Museum Dungeons of the KGB Riia 15b, Tartu 5101 Telephone: +372 746 1717 +372 746 1914 [email protected] http//:www.tartu.ee/linnamuuseum This publication was underwritten by the Estonian American Fund for Economic Education, Inc. Copyright© by Tartu Linnamuuseum ISBN 9949-13-109-X Printed in Estonia by Aktaprint 2006 Tartu 2006 DUNGEONS OF THE KGB A large modern building was constructed in 1938 on the corner of Riia and Pepler Streets in Tartu. Shortly after the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940 the NKVD, later born again as the KGB, moved in. The building became known as the “gray house,” a site of extraordinary evil. Top fl oors were occupied by NKVD interrogators, and the basement was converted into a veritable dungeon for those suspected of anti-Soviet activities. Innocent people by the thousands passed through on their way to jails and prison camps in Siberia. Many did not make it beyond the courtyard. Among those subjected to inquisition and torture was Jaan Tõnisson, a prominent Estonian statesman. In July 1941, the Communists murdered most of the prisoners held in the Tartu town prison and in the “gray The “gray house” as it stands today. -
Networks of Resistance and Opposition During the Cold War Era
Department of History and Civilization Bridging the Baltic Sea: Networks of Resistance and Opposition during the Cold War era Lars Fredrik Stöcker Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, July 2012 EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE Department of History and Civilization Bridging the Baltic Sea: Networks of Resistance and Opposition during the Cold War era Lars Fredrik Stöcker Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board: Prof. Philipp Ther, University of Vienna (Supervisor) Dr. Juhana Aunesluoma, University of Helsinki Prof. Karsten Brüggemann, University of Tallinn Prof. Federico Romero, EUI © 2012, Lars Fredrik Stöcker No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. v List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. vii I. Introduction: The Baltic Sea Region and the Cold War ....................................................................... 1 II. Entangling -
Speech by Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the Awarding of the Peace of Westphalia Prize to the Baltic States in Münster on 14 July 2018
The speech online: www.bundespraesident.de page 1 to 5 Speech by Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the awarding of the Peace of Westphalia Prize to the Baltic states in Münster on 14 July 2018 When the Peace of Westphalia had been signed in the autumn of 1648, following five years of protracted negotiations, confusion in the very last days – indeed the very last hours – and above all “thirty miserable years of war”, to quote Schiller, Venetian Envoy Alvise Contarini spoke of a “wonder of the world”. Our generation has the advantage of having experienced a “wonder of the world” of a similar magnitude, the fall of the Berlin Wall, the end of the division of Europe and the end of the Soviet occupation of large parts of Europe. Many people here will remember the images they saw on television on 9 November 1989, when GDR citizens crossed the border, repeatedly crying out “this is madness!” And they were right. Who could have imagined such a thing? Those who saw themselves as rational beings believed that an event of this kind would only happen in the distant future – if at all. It was not something they expected to see in their own lifetime. Whether people saw it as a miracle or madness, there was sheer amazement at this completely unforeseen event. However, no matter how wonderful those global moments of 1648 or 1989 may appear, there were prerequisites for them. In the case of the peace of Münster and Osnabrück, these prerequisites included the patience and diplomatic skill of the negotiating parties, the willingness to refrain from laying down absolute truths, not least as regards religious matters, and above all, the profound desire for peace, particularly among the Imperial Estates, which had to bear the burden of the decades-long violence.