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Download File AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE EU FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY U.S. Federal States in Transatlantic Trade and Investment Policy Making Actors, Access, Aspirations Julian Jaursch transatlanticties.com U.S. Federal States in Transatlantic Trade and Investment Policy Making: Actors, Access, Aspirations Dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the academic degree of Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) submitted to the Department of Political and Social Sciences of Freie Universität Berlin by Julian Jaursch Berlin, 2018 Primary adviser: Prof. Dr. Christian Lammert Freie Universität Berlin Secondary adviser: Prof. Justin H. Phillips, Ph.D. Columbia University in the City of New York Date of thesis defense: April 24, 2018 Acknowledgments The many academic and nonacademic advisers and the interviewees, who shared their experiences and knowledge to support my research, have my deepest gratitude. I am also thankful for the stipend from the Berlin Consortium for German Studies, which allowed me to be an exchange research student at Columbia University. iii Abstract In their negotiations for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between 2011 and 2016, the European Union and the United States of America (U.S.) aimed to not only reduce tariffs but to also establish regulatory coherence. For the U.S. federal states, the proposed comprehensive deal could offer both possibilities to expand transatlantic trade as well as threats to their legislative authority. This study investigates why and how some states represent their transatlantic trade promotion and trade policy interests despite constitutional limitations, why there is variation regarding these two topics of states’ interest representation and what intergovernmental conflicts arise. Based on original qualitative expert interviews, the analysis shows that U.S. states as noncentral governments are viable actors in transatlantic trade and investment relations. It is evident that a small number of mostly progressive state legislators actively engage U.S. federal and European officials to prevent the loss of state regulatory authority. Regarding the proposed trade deal, interest representation is centered around issues of federalism and sovereignty rather than economic growth opportunities. While trade promotion remains the key driver of states’ overall transatlantic activities, these findings expand our view on states’ international affairs beyond economic development. Keywords: federalism, international trade policy, paradiplomacy, subnational interest representation, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) iv Abstrakt In den Verhandlungen zur Transatlantischen Handels- und Investitionspartnerschaft (TTIP) zwischen 2011 und 2016 strebten die Europäische Union und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (U.S.) nicht nur eine Reduktion der Zölle an, sondern auch regulatorische Kohärenz. Für die U.S.-amerikanischen Bundesstaaten könnte dies sowohl eine Ausweitung des transatlantischen Handels bedeuten als auch eine Gefährdung ihrer legislativen Kompetenz. Diese Studie untersucht, warum und wie einige Bundesstaaten trotz verfassungsrechtlicher Einschränkungen ihre Interessen zu transatlantischem Handel und transatlantischer Handelspolitik vertreten, warum es bei dieser Interessenvertretung Varianz bei der Themensetzung der Bundesstaaten gibt und welche föderalen Konflikte entstehen. Basierend auf eigenen qualitativen Experteninterviews zeigt die Analyse auf, dass die Bundesstaaten eigenständige Akteure in den transatlantischen Handels- und Investitionsbeziehungen sind. Es wird gezeigt, dass eine kleine Zahl meist progressiver bundesstaatlicher Abgeordneter sich aktiv mit föderalen und europäischen Akteuren auseinandersetzen, um einen Verlust ihrer regulatorischen Kompetenzen zu verhindern. Bezüglich des vorgeschlagenen Abkommens dreht sich die Interessenvertretung eher um Fragen des Föderalismus und der Souveränität denn um wirtschaftliches Wachstum. Handelsförderung bleibt der Kern allgemeiner transatlantischer Aktivitäten der Staaten, doch erweitern diese Forschungsergebnisse die Perspektive auf die internationalen Beziehungen der Bundesstaaten über wirtschaftliche Aspekte hinaus. Schlüsselbegriffe: Föderalismus, internationale Handelspolitik, paradiplomacy, subnationale Interessenvertretung, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) v Chapter Overview 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Theoretical and Methodological Framework: Noncentral Governments in International Relations 2. International Trade Negotiations Past and Present ........................................................ 14 3. Theoretical Foundations ............................................................................................... 34 4. Research Structure........................................................................................................ 55 Empirical Findings: U.S. States in Transatlantic Trade Negotiations 5. State Trade Promotion Interests in the TTIP .................................................................. 83 6. State Trade Policy Interests in the TTIP ....................................................................... 100 7. Intergovernmental Conflicts in the TTIP ..................................................................... 148 8. Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 167 vii Detailed Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ iii Abstract............................................................................................................................. iv Abstrakt ............................................................................................................................. v Chapter Overview ............................................................................................................. vii Detailed Table of Contents ................................................................................................. ix List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures.................................................................................................................. xiv List of Maps ...................................................................................................................... xv List of Abbreviations and Symbols ................................................................................... xvi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Theoretical and Methodological Background............................................................... 3 Current State of Research and Analytical Framework ................................................. 4 Research Questions and Empirical Qualitative Research Methods .............................. 6 1.2 Significance and Argument ......................................................................................... 7 Theoretical and Empirical Significance of This Research ........................................... 7 Economy, Ideology and Personality Shaping States’ TTIP Interest Representation ...... 9 Theoretical and Methodological Framework: Noncentral Governments in International Relations 2. International Trade Negotiations Past and Present ........................................................ 14 2.1 Why Look at U.S. States in International Trade Negotiations? .................................... 14 Involvement of Governors and State Legislators in the NAFTA Negotiations ............. 15 Questions on State Sovereignty in the NAFTA Discussions ........................................ 16 States’ Achievements in the NAFTA.......................................................................... 17 2.2 Why Look at Transatlantic Trade Policies? ................................................................ 19 The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Relationship ............................................. 19 Transatlantic Economic Ties ............................................................................... 20 Transatlantic Cultural Ties .................................................................................. 24 Transatlantic Political Ties .................................................................................. 24 The TEC and High-Level Working Groups on Jobs and Growth ................................. 25 U.S. Constitutional Arrangements in Trade Agreements ........................................... 30 ix 2.3 Chapter Conclusion .................................................................................................. 33 3. Theoretical Foundations ............................................................................................... 34 3.1 What Can Noncentral Governments Do in International Affairs? ............................... 35 Complex Interdependence and Paradiplomacy ........................................................ 35 Noncentral Governments in International Trade Negotiations ................................. 39 Domestic Actors in International Relations .........................................................
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